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    Daya Krishna's classic take on the nature and presuppositions of Indian philosophy!

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    Daya Krishna's classic take on the nature and presuppositions of Indian philosophy!

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    228 views108 pages

    The Problematic and Conceptual Structure of Indian Classical Thought About Man, Society and Polity

    Uploaded by

    Umang Kumar
    Daya Krishna's classic take on the nature and presuppositions of Indian philosophy!

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    The Problematic and Conceptual Structure of Classical Indian Thought about Man, Society and Polity Daya Krishna OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS BOMBAY CALCUTTA. MADRAS sor Universi Pres, don Set, Orford OX2 60 ein ner rk ed Lona ads Mood Mebane aoe ‘iene Nae Por Sgore . ‘ern ten 43th le ssn death dro eof find and th ier Eporimet of al. ont ey Ps 8 ‘al onal apes Prove ot Sw Pi. O Pak Noida cpus ao Od Uneray Pre | S By ulin Jt Singh Hoo New Dl 1001 Preface The genesis of our coucem with Fadia intellectual wadons dnd Gets dincve problematic and concepoalsuctres has ius pels out by ae nthe noduction 1 Zndla'sIfelecuat Traltins Wel the ee ory ofthe eipar experiment” as temenged fom a letre by Profesor SC. Dube sometime in 1968. The ‘collective thinking’ on the subject by the ited Cipinary group ela ar well ar ther convergent ‘experiment? ‘Sitated by Potenor MLE Rog romited inthe publlaon of ‘Sued? Talo led to what Vhave elsewhere called the Sarah fxperimeat’ where, forthe Brat ume, more than a bundeed ‘upayhan fom all over India met under the lendersip of the Inte Pant Badnath Shukla fo dics some rooder les ‘pect of Nyaye, The Samad experimen? as later eontnaed TE Mga and Roshe Savst a Tropa and Seinagar Fespectvely under his leadership, Then experiment eo Teo the tempt at foating traitiona! ‘Sansktcrebolas in vaio Glds of Knowledge allover Icia find the resol psicalon of toe Whe Who of Sans Seblars i ia bythe Sabtyn Academy, New Dell.” ‘The alpur experient ot it momenta someie afer 1985, and tiugh cereal mocings of tho group cootinied, we rdually began to reals that we could not proceed sigacanly ‘jand what had been achieved ao far. 1 cealzod then that ‘lamately, ony individual tre would enable ws to take any Taree tps towar the gale we had at ourcves. decided todo some thinking and make at temp nth eg ‘The preven work hae are out of tis elt ad, however tect, presents forte Ent ne the way Inds otelectal Ccnerprises appear to thee Tocted sa contemporary des. T a ChasicalInion Thought focus onthe problems that they adcesed an the conceal fst t om of wchthy arculed tht tho Purpost, 21 have repented sled nthe bok stoke bd OF Ti lle atte a undergoes fd poliy'so that one aay rake tof Kwok Saye Sang the present realty About ese penne ba a developing them fare i the conten ot test an eof be pent =the book wa gly wren ding the gant of «maa ‘elowaip by the indian Counc of Sod See Resse Et whi i to Sitoy Cray who wax Chron he ‘ws girmly responnble The mang penty based en he Ecal Sod eae comments of Br Mked ta wes sendin eigen nage in some perien af fn beck Heavy selance fas been ptcal onthe Dnata of Poet Ucn Shstt Jr ote of dhe mot comprehen eyrlopcierefrnce wok desing hom th ee essa ‘onjuin ron, Hever for the te reson, Bet se Jia sources have been compstlynelewed whch of ene ir «ges fling ofthe work hoped tt fates eee {as domatnwil ake into sect tee source she sd tect how fr the ple bul ow We batt f the source he Dharma equ t betolied inkl The ees in Ingunges or than Sac a ate sod oe Saraly"been uted fo the study of the ites tdony Ci, Equal, here has bee ide atlempe aso the hong ‘aint th nara adenine othe tis rbot td conceal arate orl pect on taskg oes Als which re mere fanart schol of Ian sgh ea stare Aa for the fare, hi can ony be undraen ifthe swppcition tha all one toler af bnoeedge ee tee nponeded by the event ween Dough te hae ' sbandoned Thi, however, can ony taper when te seach politcal and isa! roo of ought alg ire ee ‘ead od sat pero tndentned i tea ve contents elaborates uch th Cerise A heowlaige’ andthe arcu of oui a seee Bae One hast rl the rltonbetyoen power and lnewage Prface & ne teed : peeotice tn thal own, oa rane pons tre melee) {na elo ae king on ot et fh ihose pater, The question f not wheter the a ding Sone of sto open url the Hh of ‘tin en al ps i ain et iste ce ow expereee dl o many oe rs ‘Bhnkesen te pas. To be bound by te pat intellects tains Sana atin ws mda tsb oan ye trier nes cuest ‘usage i in complete accord with that in | Tee creat tte pt preenin i hope tha ie | “onan wcung te roblemate nd concept suc Tage noagbt about man, aocey ad ply ee wo flow ates Ind and aon =r inot but help fondly recalling all those ae a in ait apa epee Si AM Ghosh, o whom rer eam oe a nie meet po oh tsa ae yp Avec stein Srfadn iene Snr anne pe Ni wal mamr R De TURP wc bray wot Be pico ts book ty be fed oa te ‘eter howeve teins eta bosom Notes as em! Pais Dei: Cnc Pe nce lM Bat 17 x ClaticalInion To RC: Dus Wh lf See So oa a oda ava Kuseana 1 1 m we vit vat Contents srodision PARTI he Vedie Roos ofthe Probleme ‘The Seaman Tradtons and Thor Problematic “The Theoty of Asma andthe Thoortes of Purortha, The Sages and Aims of Le ‘The Smt Sistas, the Vosahre Sere and the Arthtaire: Thelr Confleng Penpecives and Problematce parr iL “The Conceptual Sructure of Casal Indan Thought about Man, Society and Poly “The Conceptal Srcture of Clase Indian Thought sboat Socty “The Conceptual Structure of Cel Indi ‘Thought about Poy Fpllogue Index 76 109 193 Introduction Catan have seam been sie inter llecta Son etna problems Sy encountered and ed to oe hse omg sory over lt ri tena of he anes 12 tk van quency oat in rent his, We have ao se ed to undestand vans in toma ofthe concep race they fold i order to ak ther own experiences itlgble wd the prbles crested by Une cone fr the {ks fans down te ag Ys man sea seffconsios bring neviby flats bi inking In tems of concep tic ge some fon mod shape t Bs experteces wo hat Wavelet end aie wth dem Soh oration, ‘Seamed end developed ver vce geeratns by diverse {Brdors gh an enya cation dine rm hal of Sle ich hve in rn faulted thr on experience in toon ofa diferent peblea and conceptual sete. And sex tects all nanan beings sare someting common, dhe Yay tht sy ctaaon lone ntl sod extent eer abiding nee 0 ee "Thus th coguteenerpte thn batons which ve scttonsouy deveoped concep dierent domals sd {Sisco for lana dk tern, From te one {She thse un an nigh note clinton concomed, snd their inks val othe concep ane theo Gaines ofan shermveveson ofl enterpis caved Satin te wet The svlabiy ofthe alematve coguliveexespsies and a coca eta in wich eye enbeed ses Sh ove he unconaewsporohiny of th lect exer She rite preset Io celleger fo une he fom 2 lassialIedon Thole center Enited mous of Ue yan deep em Tia ego cotenporsy a ‘Al wg ta sod ed al Ts » conoung clear theo wee eens cach a ag SN coc ato rate cn Sr tse fn at esl rane Kec wich makes doublons OAT Of “Sn om, howe, mp nee tank of he cogaive celeron patty ae tt bop tse pas scaly set nl eer word eo Aw ied alae os eats be nse ia ir in br ely sndogela e at deg. The Wea ft Be India eon ao vets hs ade et tah of wing comes sol ndbeonmentaea sae tex ob Bg sai dt However ate spr vow of Sonal Her, hugh nent 6 ivi by che sd lp ae hie es? ‘ne fate aeogtened by Be uma! prseatton he {kal wnt of dire cope dnlinen ey rhe wee tn actount he dcopve sr of eft Jo yap ono coring be tnt te ae tated Sane te copie peel ndan tuo husnrcy eps rec he Sr te bite xn of devcloping nei dough he ‘ot fom pee dt kts agit neon, hanged een ae epg inept aa stan a ont oe tea one of sae be prs ‘Hehe dein tyra cg when bas et comet ges iim ownogcouterpaton sal coencrenpteas ets ‘fing tn oxi ene own si ane tee ts skal onl oan al en te eed ete ‘uc nt i ly cao oh otjeton aed by tnken andl nceay taser a Ths succenve commenti on a bac text or eve lar ‘omen oh ele coats Sn geal ee Semin the posos held none emedy aes weer Iitructon a pointed out by cries fom oer schools of hough, a well Pegoelop some nptat stbschools within the dion of the ‘hain schol ell Thee ave hut been ether gral or sudden ‘modictons inal schools of Taian thought over a pesod of time. ‘ut n spe of the many diferences, dey al hare a common ducoure ad addres thenashver to common problematic eich aries ut ofthe pele eonsteliton ofspec cecum i providing the breediag round for inletlUaaling about nay socety and poy. Te dacoure andthe problema relate {o the fick that mano, asa aelFeomscous belng, nds himsel fmbedded both i nue and sci and yotconldars himself St fom der in enna ene. While he cannot disown thorn ae pat of is being or pretend tat they re not there, he yt doesnot fs that hi inermos being ca be undersicod tr defined in ens of his eaenship th mare and society. A Siar station, hough on sb level, ext in terms of hi Feltonip to tely an whl, in Both Hs banscendent and Tmanent pe: one Knows? tht one i par of wider realy which mscends both pace and Une and yt manifests in space Soe ine, and What one fe somebow integrally and deeply related tot all the time. With espace eo thin wider realty, one has to Feel spat foo iin ode to be elite to Jot ae ones ‘elton to ate and society, wher, athe empl level, one Teal oneself tobe a ptt of therm and yet sbeve of beyond them all so lo one fel defied in a even mere radial nimate ‘nano by this ranscendenl ely. The demas and par les tha such auton give rite oi te socal beng ofa a wll ar athe ransempal level have ben artiste ‘now in alent flan Htertare which as viewed man pray in relion to ie own ideal lf rather hap im term of his ‘eltonship to aythng ela, wher transcendental or empl The laters not been denied biel ther rebonship have ‘heen given secondary pace, This obvioualy had wemendous ‘mplctons for thinkers who were primary concerned wah a, ts socio polizal being ot thowe who were primary concerned ‘wish relatonahip o te traracendeatal “ether, whether com {eived personaly or impersonal. ‘Hever, dhe problematic ation of man i any of these a ‘ Clase Inon Thre of demands ace rade on him with equal inisence and fom (0 the conceptalaructre whtn whieh a vizeon scales Unmands tbe tuted and tndé abort to el comsdess feewepecar a tarea {the primary socal nyt rooted in a logged! ncman ‘tends to generate conflict between the norms and values of what Introduction 5 my be calle public fe ond the aera of the fy which viably remains the pray okt of Wenfiction for dhe dvd. On the other tod, fe ie of the householder, being aly parca sage inthe blogs) cyto of on individual ‘Sandwiched bern important phase in whichis connection Wal the Me of the bowcholder se secondary and. pesaps “RevaallyInseumontl, If we add to this the fat dt the Inca, ay selfeooaclows being, els apt fom all thes, bod indiduds and ston, nd Bad tat his Heal sel ‘mitt ever be celod ia terms of these rlatnships which (Ge uanatory and etn, avenues reopened fo he reakzlion Fe songenraly athe householders Be ands eseatal ont wih the, deren tbe rally anes "Th whe the howselder fa an abvaentrlaonsup swan the socal ream cxmpisay both law and. poly, che Tal who lead the be of he bousebolde, which is primary fer in nom exp ene hasan mbt ede oitnat (by duc to dhe fact tha fe hae to ener Ha 2 cet tage of Ir biologi fe bt abo because he has to gradually dance Than om tas his caldon gow up and temselves enter the hhoucholde’ he, and becaace in he own stfconscious Dein, foe caot but fel tate somes tnposed ca him by the olopel eye and tht Xb not exactly an senda pat of it Doing Thi of course, rns counter tothe sccptedpeychology tf the human personally wich sees an indvidus Westy ‘primal in teas of hi socialiagon and the sodocutral ex Finenco isthe ndergocs during proces and itenaizes Pec of his selteonclonsoe Bu sch a iw of individual leat, thugs widely holdin moderates alien tothe eae ff the clesseal Indian elvan, std even if the curently {alonable decry a acopted ae core would imply hat the ‘en ofthe sels lmplared inde india by a caltore tough the procs of socaaton Infact oat ofthe thinkers anene {tras hae held sch an dew of he teed, ven though fn Toda wns cated to exe lis an, trough soa tim ad acculturation, mace pac ofthe pyehe atthe deepest Inve of dose who prtipated in t The problematic created by ch an interaction wil lage over de sory of Toda fre where sodely, trough the creation of nnn, procaine ST 6 (ClasiclFadian Thong {ov secondary cheracter and ds este inthe indi & The dicotomy beter his empire being which comprises the bologiea, soca legal and poll resis andi tes ntl being to which al of ti an objec, at something “othe thas what his cwn seal al ‘he frmer hae generally bean designate jn nthe Tndlan ton, wi the lat uly boon torned dima, even though the Badd donot accept aay such subasssiveonlologeal resi. Ie i thes the Aichoomy beweea te feu and the man ad te coneting ‘denteton with oem which Inthe Indien perspective, ty be sald define the human tao, The Sastlya ema fr tse ‘re furua sid prez, the ater compridng not only the kar. ‘menos ae te jasendis, ha all he seen hich sre her inauments of knowledge or of action, bot alo mana, ud sd aha, that ithe mind, Inlet andl the ego. However the term ow’ seems to conv beter he Idea of an ‘mpi beng tha the tr “pst? ‘The ae, io coxa ‘patnce, doesnot convey te tae escaing even though, wed fn echnical ene, does cay the same mening spel out ‘in more diferented manne. The arculaton of what «gest ciation thought about nan, soxsey and play ntreting a tel Te becomes even mote to when the bzory ofthe evlbaton over eas se in teams ofthe problema tha such avaion gave rie to both at ‘he here anl exten level, diving a dncve shape to thought folig and aston ove long period of ine. Also, 1 the problematic creed by the formuliens i connouy stempled to be solved ad levels of thought feng anata Tyymuccomive generations which have tied fo cnet ea wih A the history of the eatin Hl becomes hitory of the ‘problematic tnd its waccsave sltions whch a tor, lad fo new problems, provid both contin and change In the ‘indenting ofthe rion fell. Th e elected in Ue ciengen, ‘odifistions and exensios of te concepts which formated ‘he problemas italy encountered diferent aes of human experience and the development of ew concepts to cape tupect of changing rey ad experiences not caine in the encepsfonaslted eater. An exploration ef the problematic of cael Indi hough about man, soclty and aly aad he ‘Bovlicd, thus attempts not only to provide an insight into one of PARTI CHAPTER 1 ‘The Vedic Roots of the Problematic tent na ented rough reflections ou the earliest text available to us—the Vedas, ie ny melphalan weve lng known, ed a consnnned eo fot ie pa eae SSN mend ne et oe ee Ste Vein mls te aly pau 4 aa {in their contents; for not anly does the Samaveda have lite by lair tte Vous lave masa itech accepted by them, and hence there i litle point in go ie ‘ur interast fs notin the text fer se, but tn Uae problematic for the vray of concn ta ae foun nie oe Pe oa ie mony apne (ae aa ing man tothe universo with its muifarious gods in enna o The Vee Rots of the Problematic 9 coneopt of the boysocal or the fost paryaadumtrated in Sie Pougy Sika The ft tnds ta most mxpring aad ae ‘tsping exprion wit has come to be known as Go ‘Madge Sia (0.12) Ther 10129 open withthe anonshing atomon ha ere was then nether nor ana and coset Sih he oven move soihig sttmes that erp formed {halter peapet didnot, Te one who Took dowa omit fram dehghst henvens, only ke over perbap even he doesnot Tow! No tenn can evr capers the power ofthe oral rs, the deep, reversing echoing sound form 2 dank Ihlennitan-ie long pes of Indl cation coming to wa ff we ed pat our eve to 3 conchabell and heard te ound of the oceania whove depts i had grown and developed. Ad ‘rho ean ong the evenquesoning, opening query of yan TOudis aking ‘Kamal dye hand oldema (What God tall we worship th oblaons orto whom al we acter), even Rough th question ethereal in vie ofthe ser gens thee ofthe yan, The awe, at no answer, for he Nad Stic supped to boa tery and uggs that the en of lord of eration a the exer God thats Pips, reson tobe ight proemate “The dean there an immanent rescndent Godhead in verging tat we encour eleay evident inthe hyane of the Reveda. Every meni i spond 0 have a rand © dea tat iy a eer oF 8 Yona ad 3 god speccaly Asrochled wih i A-seted vache tha etcompased al iin man encountered, bah ote and wn sc eno foi mace hi fe a home inte universe, Dut abo let inet Ti Feng of wander, a folng tat comes 0 natal to man then he sts mfr phenome unburdened by dhe anu ve causal Inowedge tithe may lave of them, eis wt at the cauiinctional knowlege was not sought afer valued tr equd Iso nly th well ee of Mahenjodro and hoop tat eyo iy prempposing se hey do the selene fof eopceng, public heey ete but the perfomance of the Vee yofa oat tat requed all the knowledge speccally ‘ered ts sda i ado ere ing know iedge of astenomy sa got Tn fa, ome af the bys of the Reda hve boen Sed oa he Dass of te astronomical 10 (lati! Indian Thght herwise, most cultures in the past appear eo have happily fntcgated te wo gece ‘rely oomtve ‘meaning whatsoever? ” Siesb aa eacetppainhte ate mea tens renee een the reas, bt which can only he performed ‘by brane ‘The Vee Raat ofthe Probenatc r longa to a cvan bape or gle, Ax tho evhas are pl ‘plied sci fee for pforming the saci for the yj seeta who ts normaly deious of auaing some bene through {be pefornance ofthe saci, yar an economic tase “Toca dhe acendantpeoblen which econemic exchanges involve. Thre i alo hierarchy, slong with a specliston of Funct, mong ine lan nesta co-ordination beioen thediferen peels, farcion permed by the rk desig haied ae Brahma fe the ecasion Besides thes, the performance of yaya required a knowledge cof amonomy to delennine the sispiiou tine for the pesor ‘rane of hose anda kandedge of geometry forthe correct “onmruton ofthe falar where the yaa wast be performed ‘Sonal mall twas le fsa, a manyalded undertaking ‘Si vast implications forthe development of knowledge, sola Felton and econo interchange. And ithelped inte deveop- ent ofa dase of thera concerned sly wih the preservation rine Velasand developing the echnigeno oral preservation nd easumislon on te one hand, and the knowledge ofthe ‘hac ritalsie procedures toe flowed tn diferent Kinds of Jf, on te ober These two, however, futher reed 18 an 2Ehuty which was plosopbicaly more nieresing an aed to {he queaton of how lo undentaad and iirpet a Vedl tex. “rhe yaa cet Inertia cone the Vedas to const primasy of njnctony, hat of prescptions and probibiions Fegan what was to be done azd what was not 0 be done Such a way of boking a the Vedar was sought to be burs by bull theory of language an which the verb was the prin utr foc of meanings sentence and not he now Sian we thas seen pray aan ‘actoncented’ beng, mot ated by dese dt fallen of whlch he sought throw the perfume of diese types of ya Buta ‘esrecentrc’ vow FFscton can only real hypoteteal imperatives an not ka fny categoria inperative, a2 harme e wally undersood to 1 Sarpningy, ough avemsbly Jamin prodlims dara to be the subject aie of his wellknown Aan Sir, he does fee ave the neces of mang din eaieion which cena {othe very motion of dharma, Not oly the confines lamselt fnly to dicwsang the procedures of the vaious yan ae ft lasical Sedan Thought desc the Brtnan ets Suey thet could beno eter even thn di ifwe ab wo ue enon of ama Scriomly. Bren dhe trpeaion of yan coals a re Itoraip wah the comic der whch was eal ey the Vedic sy, ot mated bythe way Jam wea the a subject tt sar ao the way Sab expe i ‘Baye om The whole ext ale hy dal oncored withthe pionae of someting th Sele! pr fee of which the stn of we ec, geod Gerd by erdinry ote " ‘But oven the ober mor txt which ao elms to be con: ened with daca snes tobe equal uneonene whine Ise. Tis the Paes Se of Kap ich prom tat snovledge of his we farts fener) wl cause ba ipadye (worl welding dha fibre) bch Arms lone is sapped to provid, Pepe dana beng ‘sed in hee tents a ese wih yah ferent os te ‘nen whe ie i ye Rayan ote Male where dhamaraite oft confit of dates and ie gros forts teatuon i the he of diana, Dhanayof oooe, sho ied, specaly in technical Buddhist philosophy, Tor hat tony be elle proper’ o quite’ Bat Un Vega te of hams an ial become a saloons tat tae for fe spe teaser tht gona which comet dav to het emvoyod by dhe tr propery equal Wil teeta ‘dara oi sytem NY ® Messed The close reaon beeen ‘dsr’ and ‘xeon’ of ie and arog clealy acai the welsy Mle tjcaon “evan ed on tone band tothe ime trae Sale tt szton aay lea to bondage and, on he oe, the idea ofan acion whi baw nothing to wih deste oe dane karma. Bit i ot cla hy aon notated by deste ‘ould vay eal o bondage, or een why ation ne tessa of ay apetiede shuld nat eto bandage A ‘ction pried fom a seme of dy may gute wel bas sinwelcome consequence, jot ms an acon uederaken fee As, sy, fore ep of nie, nay retin nating more an the glalivog of senosr ov Soncenmous dees Suc fe dete to hear ining mae or ced good lature oes Th Vl Rats of the Podenatc u eitinown pee of aacture do ntl lead to nthing [it ny reonbly be eld Hondage The GPs cons 0 tia ic thers wy Ka wh eacdg to born ‘PMc, muse neeoery Tea to esrcson. Bat hae Srey cau for pots why hima should “Goapele wold o ange, ange to dese, and 0 on ‘Boat itwe read the modem sequence of dae usraon-ag- ‘Poston gut reprenton esr io wi nt help ates ects fo dere ead nee econ Ted to fston or fsuebn to represen. The node sequence I cooingee pom ads ke te an, devs sug Fon, he tat Tometnes happens tobe tue "Thorlo of eeto bondage, ds, array 2 lo ts supposedly inaerble tele ron wo acton, The Ca bel nes om theft at nots Stet yam cto ne ani de {kina on the sar Fr example te dea or moe dhe Sew th dene fy ony or lovee ane oe he deste ely othe: Simi oration a “acto! © 9, ‘pa vic h tenel by inane os hanna nhs SH Tha onthe Brena Star Dut evn if paneled to Inoue al oti cos tht might go to F would be [oper inert asl the ae ese, Sy wag Bt weve we ny tak of se elas, there ile dott et een ers Gh 8 mae poly ea, ke fle ker edo ppp wh te. A protien, ‘Eamets wha lox poblen in ne, ee pee ‘knd i afl tanbe tpenor cn be made fo el Ht there tsa prolem sequag 8 soho, we have « haa rdton ed scene se who lake des onions fiat ge te lo een scons seupads wih Weis vm ‘raul oy and eat “hana of dese ul lon tfling and bondage cn th one nme and fo pleanus, hupines and fine though econ wwe acai wash Vt yon oer, proved cae mich robles Tan lon dy von pio sult he once of mae od ese eg ot ‘Stocco onto enn wy of loka tan ane “ Classical Inion Tought ‘is empl Meat India etre rly ever seoveed fom {tthe Sibliyans sho tlked of apie dua nt he enaton of the very panty of eeflenng, Difere then Sse nh exch er ore dng fe aan santo te snggeit basi erate fora ada and permanent cue Seman bythe aa “The ya cent vew of He, slo se hua ie cated fn des, bt de not tk tha hve wa opting eer ‘rong with k. Tater, posed wae pes facies own wn yaa to tanto dear The poe al per Lrming iene yea wa, Rowen, not nly sed by ‘nse athoryand own sly o yes wi dlone could peor them on bel poople on payment of revered fs, but by a staage ti of lg Jaa were nat lowed ta be performed fr everyone and ths oa nies ‘ly jn wher they cold ely have become widewnend "The desi the sight yan bythe ona herpes cf the Vedio ds dove thse raf at vera Shim which nd me for al al which was rade on etal by thers The varascentie ery of eae as dated fromthe Veda and econ in sch way a to mae toll and excel yaoi and dope the Fis the elt to hem gave 8 pemanentdblng tis to nln Mougt about man and sokty wich mys aera ree sBeson by ean parce i hay ec beling thea or her. ve the ‘kaowldge con: tought of {Se Upontad led to tchde the fee nn pte tb rata ens nterpretton ofthe oxy Balas ch 2 jai stk to the iw tht according othe Sa ool ths das could nc be allowed sce fo # The on avegent scams of vole Intepeton, dy conered on he ea {tof esi exon of the fom te el vie eta whether eons fo taf kg The problems rested by sch an excson were oth internal sn extn Th configemen ff vars Jas flor reed the problem of how oe the mya groupe exiting in sod snder thet fn wigan ale” Ever tae coment of Ue ‘ede ya, he question nese a fo the ont vans ofthe ‘The Velie Ross ofthe Prbenatc 15 athe (he chit maker) ad henge (he bal cit siMtcordng to the text toy could ot be scconsmodsted ‘Shere te vara, sy the Elam, Fata o ay ‘Wholund sendy been goed dhe seasons fo perforin ste TRetce ad ho coud not be Sida ete, for sud were Seok tom performing scribes, whereas hes vo cegries Sf petted by designation to pon ses, ner the rennin cere wes a0, opdon but to regard therm a Fetnging to 9 van oder than these fou, a salon dat id Tor ptr uch ny ty there was fo geeried nae Terra a ara an, sendy, a ony Bo aon to an of hee problem creed by cea pasages in the ‘rman tots which were regded 4 comsiuet pat of the Voda because of 8 yeni nteprtten by fu ‘ha he flower, hey, bowery fled ose tha! by dang fe bey were Inducing an loner cotrudiction betwen the Mord and the Driimoga portions ofthe Veda a tere wa ‘ho meaton ef any vary ter th the wsual four the Pons Steen the ba of which the theory of vam geet {o eve eentbly been forte, Eon ean have sews ols abut genanener ef commit wo the sled ‘utgramaie of bth Jaana dary, dhe founders of the fo shoo of Vile exegess. Both the Brikanas and the unas whch ze epee accepted by Jet and Race saan the fndanena att for th sates they Ba HeTccient mata to pent dilzent postions t be taken Gm the queen ofthe is orto at. Tho welinown oxy ot Kava the Alara Bday aed at of Sayama [Jista i the Chandgya Uperid® provide sfciet warrant for {his Not ony this cael recon onthe Par Sta tl reveals «ellen interpretation more In cosonance th dhe {en than de unl uv fled by todo sis Pt the Commie pst divides himsel no only it the four vamas Ieoned tnt but so fata the ctr tgs composing, te thiverse mal asthe Sy te aecond, qe cle ays ak ie dale ony wah one fourth o tunseif sthevsble unre the other Gaeefouris of Masel tensends ths wives, oF er conuied wisi ef neice, ascendant esrce. Now: ths enganeandimmaneattansenent ew of te comic 6 CascalIndion Thong purus in which al ely rote could easy have given nse Tew of soca ax costed by all the ou vrnas together, Where mo one wes intially syperior or fair tothe thet in whore sack was not only complementary to the ctet, But equi all tho others for sown competgss as esenal ‘nner as sity required nature a wich was embedded Seades ths, each pardeigted and dvek win te tavisble pps, Uhe tanscendent Braman which excoeded the vile Enivene by tneeZouths of i really and ssapod the liter nly by ewefoonh of All the warps, ke everyting ese, rere thus an itegal pact of ts betng. Sach was the. leat Imossage ef the Puasa Silt andthe Gt that ever Biya, ‘tno dl so mach o propagate the Sakman-entc interpretation wribe Upmninas,sacomnbed tte tboory of te exchon of the Sader from acces tos speaks yekuos for the socal Geirminaion of the interpretation ofthe Vedic texts even fen tines In fc the Sula Yjerda gives a whole Int of ‘evsons nnd prfenons in Adlyja 30, parsons dosipses as mana, arr and yet whom i comdos prajpayah t inthe chen of Prop The excision of the Sidar frm any acces to the Vedas uber teu the pevormance of yaar oe ough the know ledge of Brahman vos Gulenged om strange quarter. Dhara, Theautor of the Natya Sa or the Nate Yous id not only ‘Gaim for the sta of th Veda, but ao called see Serve, that byw belonging ll he arg in contrat tthe four Vedes which were srerable nly to the three vanes. Not only this the Sis poobably oceupied the cane sage ta the ‘Sow wer all the olier vacar were relegated the pies {pevslora The shley coutdned tm the Daya with yajna ‘rocnimed by Dhara by cain & sarepraatakon, tht LS provtdng the incentive forthe development ofall the cal, ot only di es cined to be saroarmadriako swell as “Tarmaemeaderehen hal mors o prays all human cons sd tec tral dsmeasions in all specs. Besides chy hast has called lolaytrnaganna, okseadise- rugininal, ad okeseisavnidda, tat, $8 concemed With theharoridy eof the uta indidual all Vrtty end ao with some troseendant expect of Hale wih ‘The Vee oot of the Problematic uv sich he Vets re supose to del ad whi nly the Vedi AE Meter hos lowe foi oe of Baars rea te ever much one may eal question ha ve iodo im ator even cree 2 tor von a te el werd of sect cation nbd a er ehh pepe ad ssn enn ected ie ara nuit sons wich gh become Se erfecte a some late tine, pven foul re eage to Velie ator, partly the econ of ees ln any legis acces fo Hy cantinoed be oe es atl xh ran aes. The Bas a diate ep rowed the aor of the Ved so tomy of vera supposedly sported by tower, hey we mary eed to i ema for of ata gute eae wha are ef By soy hy the an hal they waned tobe dere fo Geog eels coupon of A move sesous challenge a or Bdagnad Cs ich mn xy excl xed Me'Gavecene rte of te Ved ans and the extreme aon ts ened al nud dre and women, a Coe The Mahar in which the Dagaoed Fa eed, fac dodaed ol tbe 2 ih Ved just eee a done cor Hf eat he dae of one Sn be ens tha i ofthe Mara “ne ae una iv, es tr ony ee a rs the dvi, waste eve wh he er eee le vara Bal vane in eo. ase sane esa ose andthe one seen kes 1 eta an ean ten bythe odo to spon te arya a hes inpred ine pampecive ofthe Cn end in hey of et The Mababbiay theo tag scans to ae opely sported the orhodox sae rina te ery of aro He He Or o> sage po be Sn tera stag sp Foered he Vedic ource se Uncen reset by Juin son ene Te Sa ere ofthe Jane aad he Bud aE wn ad he vias Bill sigs oe oa ar hang any ears spec St es of ry tasiclIndian Thong bio, tooth probe wore ging tout nol nation whchthte one wen te trove eninge tebe anit ny poet Common point for he cma ogo role fom ret arash were ated yt thug sce Sp Sr oe’ pa canto he eed an ced ete owly procaine by be clon nee o te Vee Tithe Ane Sm ni ie Bain Sum etm fs ve Played einlr lon ode inc nay ent foraon Eryn snpraipa whee peopl om dent amas cold ome togeirtd me morc np tn oe ‘tim dio would pve aneflve weal denon fo te Spt poe, conta ver ae gerne inca the mowed! had fi nomen fe cn aad into The hfnge of open ccm! to ypu? way ma ty wns ieee Va by th datos a {thug he Voor nd he Uprind were dont th Ry {nme toner sree tom rough th ens Af run te ding wih soy nd ml Ba {fae he Ptr eet ached mea forse ‘om aloe wih wee Gened secon we ful, Rar ron of vm fad acer them mde tine iy rca or een mor, pps among the ie ra ft om Ue soled Ga was excel ment Ha nt {ish yin wish snponed stn het fe Wed ‘cco tut cou awe been ne secs Sisto ie nd ho Poston inom ged Sanco thornton Veco, Yosian a any et yt he al psa, were peel fred for the pbveed pid ae sped eo tol, Thr sce 10 # a he pt of th cnr vee hd mi ten ang xo ng terqunte we 0 he an cd fay teas nny exper eve in pg ie yon Ths svi bt asco tothe te en Init some and cule ea teen mae tae fo tijowe vo had he meas fled see, we al ‘ey ts chal hp, psy when igh iy [Sages ah is bce hap or gh ther The Vee Ross of the Prosenate 9 economic atvtes, became alent, Even the ese a antias or vals itis pot clear wit thelr soled seeos out Srould mean in Joins fexmewark, bodes the ght to ate rauanical pst to perfor yf or the. They theses Could not perio the function of dhe gk and once. ny Knowledge ofthe Vedi dial woud Dave been uedes Co thar, feven if ey bad acess to ft. Peshapr the roca quesion 1 ths context would be to enquire about the polation of people Ino the Brsinaga var trong the sequstton of cea Kinds tt kaoyledge, Socal snl i ewayn through knowledge oF our cr wey, But while Be later to are relatvely easier To noqire through ons own ably and lo, th former seems to be far more. dependent on personal appreaticesp which makes ieader fora sodey to Fete access t Inowledge, if so. desea, Bu however closely guarded whe secret of enowiedge there are says tachor sling to intact aight leat rom any varpa There ae alo students who, because ff need othe dete for adventre or both, gate 10 her Tends where there ate ls rentctons on ging knowledge nay be thought tthe problem of providing aces to tbe teu contained in the srt through the Ithise and Pwraias to the fire aries ely forthe yaftxceiseinterpeation of the ‘Ven and not for he Bran conse interpretation of Bidar yaa Unfortunately tis not wae. Je one of the cental heaton of Bidaryans ax well as Saar, who wrote bis fattour commentary on the formers work, da the hiowedge of Boman cannot be fad independently of She us thatthe UUpangad, and spestlly ofthe Unce mahasoyes contained in them? Now if das are deed access to the su according, to the dra! fel, nd the nowledge ofthe Brahmin can be hl only Uuough de seat then obvious that he sides cn, In prince, nove gia knowlege of he Brahman, which alone te ue Koowledge, according to thm. Recourse to tho Iisa and Parnas sof uo hnlp whatoever, a ning but the Sat, That te Upson thl cap, can provide ths knowledge. The the rd ore orthodox positon on the subject thou se wat caucus suggeted tha the Zia and Pais were ‘mount forall owe wit coud not grep te sabe sof the pangs meant forte da which was Tatlocnative, aback a (lacie Indian Tine nd ltutive at the same din, Bt them Use fe tle pot tn ‘ying hath out ofthe Upansads was accesble to he Shas Through the Zhe andthe Papa, wae une thatthe ‘Skins congenitally i not pone that ind of bhi oc wey dat ays wo found the Upaniadic uth more euly scceile ough thar, was a Side. ‘Beth altesatves, if scowl enetined, would lad to an patble consequence, No ane would ever be sure of who was Songentaly aud, exept under very seve resticted cond {los of reproduction, and Unt 0 nly inthe genertons ‘show reticions wee impose. I nctualfc, sch condions have never eblaned, nt even ia the sled tines of he Sut, Af the nary of Suyakins Jail i 19 be Believed. ‘The ober tla holds tht even the authors of the lave and Prrogat woud lave to bo creed ath at leat some sort of & ‘des buds an prosamably dey enjoyed reading what Sey had ‘cet! Most member ofthe socalled pond vrpa stent ‘eoy reading them and probably dexve some prof fom them, {hi roveaing th idea bud Dain em. Thee ie sled problem of acuta for de ft Ua the Biganad Ga, wich ‘wus nears forthe dr bud ccoring this es, has noeded ‘loci through cocmeniaen by some ef the gest dear fom the sume pst as the Upaniads f somebing wna relly meant forthe fen buddy, it should be lteligble witout ‘mediation or elds by atiyone ee. Heide the, one would aso fave t expla how die Ramayana which © alter an tks nor purses, a performed the same fn bat ‘The onthodox tvespiesion of the Ved, whether inthe teudon of fot oof Bidiyana, denies thelr ccomaree Character which e claimed by other txts, such asthe Nye Stare, Hhagored Gs, kas, Paras, the varios texts of he erent Bhat saripeadayas, a wel ofthe Baise al he Jain who openly rected thir subriy in both the scale and fotsccular content, The Veda however, ax we have already foted, provided not only a vason of te sacred bat sso what ‘nay be ealed a theory of ya otofeosmle order, de theory of aja oro man's intercon with coe powers through scrfce 2d the tonya ar eof oct, ad thet he background forthe debate and developments that look place Inter. ‘The Vode Rots of the Prblenati a A rece eat 2 laid Indien Thought aio beings onthe prt of being who Ws selEeoncous, that is, dirlase or noncrucy i place of, ot along with aie. shape the reason forthe eubon was tat wile kis impos silo nc to caus sullering to aes fn smn fem oF Ue oe, ibe lays pombe nt 1 be ‘rue to or Diamar «being who le selfconscaus woul not oly Involve that wich & expeced fem one toward all conscious ‘ekg but alo all ht one ean pony da to elp the cer in lsining that consumes which has no seatv cement ni ‘Tha i tho doepastcblgaton hat one may have to another selfeoneous being jut a a ofa ithe bigaon ‘hich a lfleonscton beng hast all amis beng, wether selfconscious or not And this is a sense wht all mins and ‘alized souls fee owarde all yelconalous begs Ie what i Sowa asthe madaaran he Gret Companion) ofthe Buda, ‘or ofall hose who have aaned Buddod i sme form oF the oer: Ta fat, may even be soguded se the deepen ‘obligation ofl hoe seltconcous beings wh have moved even Slightly in the recon of achieving a nonnegative consciousness. But the dschargag of such an obligation isthe mom cult of alla it elats fo the fundamental freedom of anther to move or nto move toward th achievement fsa of consclonness ‘which fe tely non-negative in character, “Meccoves, beider ths deepest oblglon which a slfcon- scious beng sto another who i selFeonscios there anther ‘blgnion wich smos qual undameatl This wha may be alld ustwordunea oF Telabliy, denoting the fet that ars can count on one's word ad ded, The tonal name for thi in the context of dncusion on dhcma fs sty which ‘5 usually understood a teh. Bat tuth bar too ach of sermanie port and leant too Beavly towards the idea of 2 ‘omesponlence wah ely tobe very mean n this context ‘Ths meaning of cour tladed a eran exer, partly hare de impatng or reking of Information Is contesned. But Trial what iemeane he qual of consciousness being from which words and action enanat and get that they should have auch gully about them tat oes may nail fely om dha At the degpeat evel ths i what sob ‘eins, and fn do tony wih what eteally know ‘The Vad Rents of the Problematic 2 ss tba but includes, oF should tatu, kam ado ome Stet bhi, hat, fling, so Now thet we lve tito undersaad and forse the traitonal meaning of carta whidh corporate ais snd tym may oot be amis oy sd undertand e oter trey weliyknownas axga brcimerre snd oprah inthe context UF tie sou of chat asa "denand? or “blige by & {Scomels beng vac odes who ae conse selon {Sia asthe case may be. Aaya, estly tasted a on Seaing, bas only fry of saya the sense tha we ive usd tb. As for bray ly ated treaty shoul pertapy be moe propel undersood st the ve ain pre of woe metas lip been trpreied a the dea f sexual which self has boen ‘ake ae padipati ofall desires, Baths terpetation cons sri what bas amos alvays been tested a the paradigmatic “debe inthe laden ton, Ca, he dea to one's forces ‘ch may ony be dachanged by avn a progeny a ones own. nth aller nd, eal dese onl seen athe paradigmatic use dependence, bondage and Avolement the wor thar ging tee to tht ase tcsion between the He of the Trower and the renouesr, the grofatha od the Sonya, the france on the and Tay and he monk a the Toda eon. Tera te to bilge the gap, bt want facing the robe offre which norma tnvaves bo sles lve, Late, sone of the Disk sprays beg Thecenlon of having rharas wih Sales she gars and preceptor, prtdatty amongst the flowers of Valabliciya ards gve rae to oe amy scecedng odo headship ofthe setipradiya wih alt tend e, ncoding higaton i vahmacarya maybe segue exentaly x ahi dh sphere of sex, spar nay be regarded a reled © ey ‘hich we have Geled ssa fonn of saya. Apart scaly Salads nonaunulon’ ofa dh gency de Sigated on wea. Bul perapr what coe waste © aad & “Faoetinen or not weng tat he weaih one accumulates ifr ke good of owes Tiaitonal, was dann or ing i is myeed form wich wns sipped to be aprigas, and not ‘Talung few accumulating sryhing al, n which case dion a tac adi Tht would not be posible. In fac the accumulation of oneatta Woods Sod af nwledge or tert har wer eon considered nde, ‘hoteles ofcourse, has another characteristic which may be at; onuctoumners wae th are undesrable, Te 2 ei) ete dependent, pricy wih reapectto xe mata catone totam bt abo Ft ane comsouses sattnde which conse all neato in tee of prot and Te Stage and disadvantage alongwith an evercreaeng ee x more at mre A bet fi tf en 10 eg aad desing, however, regarded 8 wor ving he uae dot tga amine he ind ad ca ren ez And th pepe hs i neat By puipaha, that iy the nondomination of the packs by the cee ten and specially in he macro "The iugdoal deta, partcubaly wa respect to other bring who are comeions o aeons, ths consit aly of a end eaye, and dhe rot fallow a2 a mater of meee sere, Bu, be used Sef fomultion of ars the Fer cent sto negative in character and hice may De tee Seon unm nares a postive dee tee 2 Sol world forall conscious beings and word fa Mens chy and ima inthe psa of inflate valor Meee ae det eneumged and fedtaed among ll alt ans gs ar not been adequately explored by hikers Serie Scshre? In fac,the creston of word o nag sa pc hms blog ayes ad siaiance wach aE ham te et fonction oft and regan, hs bard been Te Meet of sellecbon, Beyond this nthe problem of the (rete yatn which avec obgaons rosy ob, te Pa sap ihn which de obliga axing rm te o> TREE than shoud be emetaned oc leiately a- sree tuablen which stl moe invecable i how to deal Beene Gh donot obmerve dharma o will wate 3 or Me aw ths they flo diferent dara Tite and many ode problens ned wo be explored inthe tghrotga rotons ons concep and he way oder clkores ra Bicone have ought aout Bat nde pewpectve of Tee Sebtemae thar nun thought raed and encountered in ‘The Vedic Bots of the Pblenatc 25 this context, the Ise sens to ave centered on rlaonship ath he dour of ye tha fs, coanie order, on the one and, The ith the dane of yas, vary Hasan and pores, on the clit Te theory of dein or moral de faces a problem (inthe ery of commie oder that he former necesrly Unpends upon hun effort and wil, whe the teri inde pendent Of and i conctved of either as kmmancot in Ue Puerco a8 dependant on God's wi, Even tn the ater (ide Ris not dea a fo wha would can for Hi wl ave frocel anon cedey or order universe In fc, we donot Fon know what it would sesh for the saese to be without dcr excep in elton to sone ide of oder which, according {Duman toneepions, woud alone be regarded x “ede Ie Imevestng i note ints connecson Uat whl the oppose of (Bnewa te anema wich posposted by huosan Beings, the ‘opposite of tf ana tht whic spokea by man and which opposed to dhl which eth, But rath hat which i and Fees denotes ya Hole Ana, therefore, can only cone ito Bring because of man, snd hence ea pst of aden, which ‘bo ls broughtinta being by man. Batman doesnot, and annoy now what this a or cute onder The oly way he knows Scand can know 8a daa, which may then be understood ‘Sain the fra cel, Yor dharma ean be violated, and tn face continuous being vile, whl #acan nover be violated forthe simple remon tha ii he sot of thing whose oation ‘Staconcetable i pina." ‘Ths, then, the diese and the peoblematc. Rta and dharma have to be Kenia, ad yet they earnot be Sdn Tey have to be hws ye Hey Can never be Known fly of Completely. Da i bvayeplral and multiple im charter, fe peta can neve be 3," The ema ad the problematic ‘aot own theft ha the oo of dharma He 8 conscous trew that tuned both t lf and to the ‘the, the many “ath This deep cet at he heat of selFconstousness andthe problems it ger rhe f0 hat bee s0 well understood and fcculted by hari diker in Tada hat aarp tal {thas go far not been paid salient tenon. The enacting Claims of the mule oder? rena i what has usually been Characterized as ‘herrasughes In the tadion, and both the % Classical Indien Thowght qin and the Pre ae lo uations of demas BA cp we ti concn to A dep yay et be Aires fc wast ne vse th ecm mas of bec tdngwn wage “inate prin oe a acy ad spay wa, Duds SP pe yrediateny ats fo al eB malathion acon rupert of he ke of in both tense oe ci of obese as been Sued, stone a ep Ce ay sen be he ch ee oft din he higher pubis of me ch ene vagy are ont eal hs Boat coc i om nan sn Ferruulated i terms of the spiritual versus dhe sore! Of a use Fe env ds THe ie ci ya sary of dharn, ad pbc tbat one my no ge tn oreo ng etn wt a oe ag wns he Si to) te Ne sna iting em i ne ngen 0t eh ey ean ester value or at enced lesernarnber of wale S89 ido the weaker values. The higher nna gem ae eee wher ho, ty en, Matm eg The Vole Rost of the Prblenatc 2 ‘lve i ction to. Bt this rending of the reatoeship would eto ace the view oftusedhanna cei thinkers who have ued fr the prior pracce of dma for the realation of Ekta. However thet aes rsa umber of mokswcentte ‘Tinks in Tia nibo day the neceaty of such a pony and Sryue for tangential eatonip of moksa with al the ober ‘rug, ws acide ate There however anther aspect toh problem which seems to hive caped the enon of bots Nico Haran ard the Aragon dian thinkers, For, a8 fc athe seeking of vals, cd ve desman and cas hs erate, ae concerned there foe olner dimensions bess the spit and the moral, or the trokscetic and te dhamcente. There if example the pa of knowidge in the ordoay nse of te word, oF the king teed embodying an inaginavly apprehended “oneag ort sgcant meaning whch fk tobe of relevance fete ie of man aed rough the experiencing conciousness tra, At of cote, the generic name for ll such secknge {owned the embodiment of at hid agave grasped ask oe valy gual orem Bat wheter be the sei or knowledge o for embodying she maginatvey apprehended myriad fms of besny which re talshing, glint and wae forte own ake, hey ad > place in te inking of eer the amecentic othe ‘mobgecentic thinkers of Ganda Fin Not oly th, the de lopment end dplay of ulifow sl, > conpcaows ie {por and other domain of i ae equaly sre fom the Fon of ether the diarmaceti or the moks-cete thinkers india Hr may be ud tht ese come under te ther pure Shas and ent have ot been pald denon toby thse who Ive coneniated on eter data or moka exhaivel. Ba {hi doe ot fp mater, a becomes dea o ring these ether under arn o: Kitna have argued elewhere the theory ofthe puts, however, ot our imaedate concern bere, We art bxealyCncerned wih the probleatc {Sented for the Idan thnker bythe onicing can of dara Sovl makin on the one hand, ad arms and aon the other. From the perspective of rok, dara een nota an oe. teed conciousness or evens the heat of categorical 2 (tascal ndie Thong porte, bt athe in team he cst hasan on aun, The consdoumaseute perspective of cn (ert otecomeredperpesve o hana completly tha ue doaion of ts fate of one's own caxaonsnen ao bmg eoncemed wi he conounes? an ‘Diomecioumest ofeties and ow on ats act hes, warn br eoncemed wi he elles hat ats ve 08 ho dn comcigumess. The GU the cae example of i Tr joc of acto confined nthe Ga eens 0 sage die comoquenete of en's cos on ters re elvan Ty Mi ae avery ec one oom sao of emcee ‘eh tres ne as ceed ine cnc cle ‘kat Gos pace or pessoal aden or ps arias © a rei dot wt mst wa one das oho Secs oh Tran has hed stay it ction, He tt cgved thre nor ay of action does nt depen ee ca ihe mua othe spent, of he vale sought 1 eeshahed, bot rer on the ftenaty, emus and team af econo th ekg eal HF Siemsigecene penpecie on aaa, on te ther bods weft ih sockang ds too cones ll Ut she ces scan and spprebatn. Alo, Harurann does net ‘Euingah brea wha ave ebewhere called dhe orl Sa" “ogologsal ough!" In the conte o the present min Tt we would hive to ad another ough © GRIN, Lethe ne that ses frome the ewaraca of feo beng tn: comets pot wht ought Stn tent ua the eer too “ought a ae Poe lms of ter Beag wo ne conscious or slim See sNS ie aims of vale which have no det rebion SRS O'tmes ova coadoumen otto that of others pbs of din wy cpt t ares from 8 enn recon, Dna ways in pice at vich elke le ua at which in pene can ever be vec Witty ithe elton Bete he Cw, and dors Uaioe he dana? How he tr aera bi, a ey unreal and mpl ll sige? The roe ls eo macs place te scheme of ngs hs i RST he Vee Rs ofthe Prbenatic 2» troubled thinkers everytee, ut lke pecan in Indie wl The nln of Inc 1 wbveed Wy he oon fy tne Vile xpos ie The periance oa ae wed, elaniny sev, wheter elke fr th aceement of 3 eset nt or forthe preven of meng undead, {schnaly knowns frajene The pefomancs of ye in both can bn fama nerven, Se hagpens wth a oe Ihuman atone Ise disse sen pr ele, eat or the eed Mineiro the Vos old uh postin by vine ofthe fet Ua the ft, constng ofthe fen ad the Bahan tony ys. The al fr hem, na at hee tens decd tobe wy and ing eo cold Teil casa tint te One cold aot acd tr or mabe Tanne meadoned in ett be proethc ped fh hom Mos af the dvasios oie Minded a and Ensen Bape on bare conned wih ecg wit excl bth cone! nepretin of he sees preset he Po ede pesocing a peer yaa szrdng oss ee were au aye happens re wee oes ho were ore snes he Ke op dtd xed Fr te, th extent di ote otod aaa prose ty Jain ode Set sar wn not on to tev bt to er Inet sad nto, The Upaiy frnple, deny evince thy tendon. Fo hen not only the inlng and cxhalng of treat 2 conan at of yi propel percene tuo oh sea ct where oeing cred es an olan, it la uc, som ine proper psec onl done nthe pope ws. The G2 condemns the Ved yaa too male aad concerned wh bang te tj of wey desea a weno ae 12-109 Cher “To. Yes a tert ante tn yin and Hoe ina econo wt ceton aH 310 Ta Bet one tenth ern ef he ols fo a0 215 oe woul pecee thr th tee of ya beng wend chee al actos proved the have been prcaded by entry atl, Plogos to Un dae ia the Vedic yu we ced ted conecaled ye wknown orc on tothe Yojana dames na mara? (hse fo Ag ot oe). 0 Classi Iaion Thought Profesor Stl has wed o conte dae two usages, forget hace deme aol the Ved ya nol the ala Suge oF rte cemunlaon ofthe frat of actin of the GUA Alo, ha he see Rama of the Ga compres, bes phala iia, che Speer af te and fare, de enema ofthe Hee of ee hap and agency with respect to action, Dat there axe (iso Sta conn, a evident rm oka 3.100 he Seto yaa smuppoed to be famadlu, that te means ruling dese onthe condton that such filment of aus be preceded by an act of ging up to the gods and aeereing fom tha someting hn era Bat dhough Be gods Tee outed the yj te tad, che sian wih the Fede ste uso and eed not deceive anyone Fr, il The oe bat no Seuprestbed dl and secondly, i snot vs ae any orca vara, Bally ides not bee in Ep prsebed wih, whater by sat as interpreted by Jin Se etbady ee, o in anyother way. Further, a he algument qeotbe the O82 deops not only te Kimadlak characte f the ‘oe eich is considered eo eset to Kt here, but abo the eng fr the sake ofthe gods who cease to be eset to Fee ae even i he fonnal env sn which bey ae wderstood Teele cntodox Mina usin. Th straight contac thon beoveen ola 8.9 nd 3.10 can perhaps only be resolved tae ath way. Yala st the Gis amework, cannot sina ‘encausly be karma ad “aot be the ease of bondage! 8 ‘Shorted in thea two veto ogee. Any acon undareae with ihe toe and the dese for «particular reve canoot but Trad bode Une way de Go orcs o analyse hesitation, Yee in thee weve, the G24 kes the cael componens of ‘heed aja, mores the wd andthe pr retsions nd tveraliag the stato *Yhoextanalon fn ato deen ontext ands continuous enero ever a pri of time proves a bal fr con ultyfand change vatout which ao eallre can Bve or gv. {Bardem fen given by the use of te eater ten tha ne but oly hides the dee dence inte new meanings daha to he tern, bt lao sogess the wrong He Ut yaa {ire Gas wean tae same a yaa in te Veda, The Vedic scary concerned wt the alent of diverse kinds The Vode Rots of the Prblematic a of dec, wile ts vious exten nth Upaisdeo Gao cent tr porte erat to do with Aste and sista on ave oly nga ob ngs fart dene: Te Wade yoo soiled 9 ry of Sonor kana wh wou let wa te the ion line tobe undewod erin the ton ar € necealy tnd aaa fh ay te yay he ating tron ie act yj apse y the it trepaen one god ytd been red rb pers tm popment of he ul fw iy Thi nc ay bo feet the reer oie pace eve ody fing 8 Braman orn posts psi & pt dea ay ther ligula ie iho he tal cng to elay pono The thy ef ton example inh Ve yy, o her a ingot a the ser to ded te rc ng wih Sch prs he polrance of adda ie the red ‘in Zeemonic for ove ded net ote harcore Unony of tame ee pepe sng ed of eto ‘And Jenin in fact doce to. Both in prnctce and tx theory, arene, yj una oppontn oth oly wey {pnd try of kam wi sce ect a, a id at sven can cap he a of unhere eo The law ie Stiga fmaon of te. denand forthe snr Inellginy f the men wet jot he demand fr he Inyo ie mat wold grote ex of caety wich st und ing a th conte th sch Bing ino being wht ocelot th the dn of Ses cd tom he tne ao Sout employed or wneud at appenrin he aman ran, bore modied omcdade bul he voitryttaon Of ion by tan age well art deewaion Tho See erg ve oe a toes om he cnmou five ofa nd aes Sires atch ne ye wt itdone by hasta prpme sco eoponmby one tom ts Hsnmeting happen ane Hc of nt oe SD de can be gue dy cay Hoc ino bmg deh rey Dmg rece fo one last Inion Tht set Pi a eft ie confine EIST hae desexbed & = isa accesary e's on se ‘ e ariest a the mor for cages int Shenae Be ‘pox ot be co Bot asthe des tgiy doesn cea ‘in Fadia Philopoy A Counter Peace, New Del, Oxford | i ser gue any mh eC ig ae aoe nomi in : ibe moray sly hen 6 ty tose pec The relaien Deore erigene Tho Ved themes daplay i vera undersaning of the Tapls b ihe cpg of the fn Taos tn Na {cya ep he Vass by Waly tse acd wily Te teen ng ip rt ‘pen he cae, Ha Pepe of acon. Me oui detenine there ae lege tre ale aware of ed peblem of ara Fn, hi ‘er words what the coc of eons bins cpa mg the cei fo ho COTE inhale jen be ors we seceding wo independent i of sels of tho “al, ag a Dodi in Saka, oF 2 fn Advaita Vedi hat ty about however PrEMUPD igh oneal meen (ee tt ey 1 omen pa nV ough Becscre decoy Mead ee ‘aur Indian taki Spare or sees a agg mug nese ves PS Ey troubled thinkers were to specie and con specie and concrete to he ach ieced by the devper concern of thinker desing ih on {ologieal tues related to theatre of wimate realty el Bot before I deal with dhe speiie problematic relang to each of tse rains, {would lke © consider Ube one rated by Uh fismana trade of India whch has payed x erect zle {Sven the Indian civzton mua lint stamp of te mn, 12 and pS tn! Tro kavany de Nr Debi Nal eee ed tf Th ts 28 re eo hn pn ia 1, ot to Ges i emt ose cay Clase Iadon Tenge ‘gal and dhe demo came Cost the conception, but wie played eg pt am = ‘heres darlene en en jnie anh start pl plo etch i te eer cha ho rn Bo in tea ge 7 cam Te Mo a Ago “Out nN Sen a ae tad eae ee eta ee fer atin cine ae Se ea ee he TER or erste be mes fering what | Tha Vale Ross ofthe Problematic 35 tl a td of Pe sa Then fn se a dpm sade Senta es {ine fr eof ls ft snd ge, One Scans iat esa ie ‘tg cmmonded anh mnt ti esl fevered own eal pan a ne odin Py Pe, hay Pe 0p I CHAPTER The Sramana Traditions and their Problematic Trudion has divided the source of ukinateauhosty more ot Tens nt Vedic and non Ved, Teas called dhe former gama TES he ater dgema, ‘The tem Aga seems & comps hose {ext wh ae considered auchosiative by some sprays. or {Recahes nthe long heey of faa encompassing at Teast three ‘Miter of eended sory. The tm agua, then, a “rn ll erbracig tam which inches not ony the Buds hd Jalan text bt ls Ue teats of say, che Peart, Sao Sea Veins or Soa Suda, he Trike and even the Carat schools. Tse ater another lento desguate the nor Ve of vom he an-Vei seas Tn ought st hater was Sansa’ wich ws applied to followers of nom-Ves exs i ‘Shamalto he teen Brekana’ which was apled tothe followers Grite Voda, wheder ta iy Yajiacentie oF Brahman-cente fncrpetton a eplomied In fiat and Badaayara, The eigen, thus, hasbeen the “other tobe Vedi tration, tren though there have been deep Internal difecences within i ‘Sith m be Vedic teadton, The Budd and he Jun re ‘Be more welknows followers of the Samana ton, but ‘Resa Sali, Yoga aud Parra ako belonged (0 The word Seaman’ i face, comes rom the Budhist lesion “The evant ter the jin canon ba which already found ste Vedas where ts onusted wit the word which IP cappased to delat he manre dad or the weer ofthe Vedic earns Sabie & wal ne Ineded Inthe Sears fra Jando the Setmaga tlon, Note Part, foe a ate to ‘ha Sramaya Tiadions and their Prblomatic 37 ‘Bat both are gue a8 non Vedi so chaste. Saka, in fact, i spectialy rooted by BadSeayags fr claiming Vedic Sou and lineage et dacs, As for Uhe Puerta dis mot sem to ave been taken serpy a Vedic quate rob never reguded at pt ofthe Seamana aden and i Ipposed to have been the precuor of the Bhat radon in ind wihowe tlaons with te Vee tion have aay been ambiguous sd peblemai a natre "Te had cove Sravaa adios have alas viewed man's fall soil ane pola fe a not only secondary a cara, tht as basally diel to his tal Mf, The Duddhals Makatingfromaga ortho Grest Going Away’ sth paraiznate trample of fy though Jia non har abaya been fe more mustee and renunltory than te Buddhist Tn the log Mistry tf Budi and Jinn thre as, a fr a8 | Know, been 0 favipeadiya whieh aceepéed the idea of massed bles and runt, hoa de Bids were more tolerant ofthe iden of 3 [hls leaving the morkbood and reeaarng the feof a house holder, Nether of them, however, sified tt poston theoret- ally. The was done by Swkbya, dough not peeps at a SelfConecious level Rather, war 8 view of conatousness and the human personaly wish etd voc «posto, thou not fecal ofthe Buddhist r the Jn kind. Sian thought Inlucneed and permeated all te trons i suc a substantive manner tat no dion seem Bave rernainedwaflected by except pesaps Boda, ‘Thain expt hat. appess to ave inencod ares all schools of thought lr kr decrbe of the threefold nate of pratt svt the contention ink except for pore consciousness reryhing belonged co prakr,incnding saya Ut appeared fe an object to la say form whaboover. Av pra acl oF da ce socennciou, the strange consequence Ie that noc only fp mates regded a fut of pak according to Saya, but ‘bo such thingy mind ad iatlect op manasa and bode trhich are asully not tweled ax part of inanimate nacre, bat Father os ements of de conaclow self which Io upposed to Free dees fling sd the power to rearon a nate ection through the kamorar onthe basso the knowledge povided bythe amends, bah of which are located in the body. The 8 Clase! Inion Tonge socation of mans and di om th centre of conscious fhe tht by the sell or por, ia Siildiya means that the ‘nl hie ef the mind and reason fas Been soon to belong to Ihe tots la fet Satya goes even Tuer end elegaes the “Tov abana tothe realm ofthe 'nocalf, even hough I aegues forthe snttogeal platy of cents of pure com douse pur, Not ony ths, comstiouses? jus seen ss ag fontelour of cate pure dig ane Ia no sense Moet fr enjyer of what i conscious of Tn dina terminology, is meter a Ast noe bled and 1 does Tha of Hel a cel i only Deexse it hwy identies ol th watt that the “ats? or pra There ae 2 number of problems suse by the Sklyan sways: bute peblemat tht we are eursted in here i to ‘ov ihe sli auch a manner that also ad pois ie trie one hand, aad i flecveoltonal on che other, come mower onan extent ease. Is main split ak dns to lsolte tel om anyilsary entiation and the reulingconsequsces, Yoga daveloped asthe anscendentl four for he achievernent of toch a complete dedication Pot ony fom al excemal objec, but alo fom one's own bodily Sod payelic fe Including the allosve the rtocinative and the alow pasts of en fac the Yoga nde frame ae wie ohbee od ts intssealy required fr the practice of Youu! The whole of the rocnalve enterprise, therefore, ‘rim at lest fom the perpesive of te author of the age Sura and avery large part the India posphicaleneprse wetomnqucniy coneve of elf a eave way as removing the fae opinions which obsret one fom parsing the pt tha Jens toe aamient of it atte of eonseoumess whith aloe {Steal wt coinlder wih realty tel "Yoga ss ueascendentl ea, along wis mediaive poe ice, speed far and wide and had a pore inlance on Smeal the splus) practices fo Ina. Sach a widecanging ‘coponce oft pans veuked in inde nfuencing the sworlews of even how schools whch at east te metaphyst Tilevel nay be regarded a totally opposed to that af Says The Ve ofthe Upanieds for emmple, may be cegurded ‘one vk view io take secioualy ts conteaon tht “Al his TC ‘he Sramaya Traduon ond thir Pdlomaic 99 fs Doh (Samant Khabidet Bras), Heze tae to not jet anything, but to see everything w Braiuan, to se the ‘elfn eventing std eveything the sl or rahe see the {wo asthe same, Taken serous ight lend to dee ‘lnictory spistal duecton reeling is sdhand or @ tramformary practice of qual Kind both in Se Bel of Fnowladge aston. The consequence would be an Weology which would aderwiehave looked adance any deren Ur discriminatory bear in persona, socal or politcal Me Sud eked for ostientons foe submuting sch bebavour to ‘rhea serany But, ited of thi obvons dzecdon which the ‘pone insight cout have taken, and which i developed ka uh concepts ae Bhan saisaara, Badasyapa closed dhe (lors to aly sich ater by exphly excluding «lage pat tf ml, that he didn fom secs to Use knowledge ‘of Brian tvough the i and Saar, He stale the doors Completely by opening he Bkape on the Braasas withthe ‘declaration that say tdnteton of the self wih ube nots at ‘ay level whotonver wa She fundamental sion and thar che tisk of sprualsichana was to overcame tas completely st poruble lian thought never secnvered ea diy Saiyan Enuence buted ar twas by the Samana eadions of Badal and Junio on the one baad and the Badarayan Scar itepittlons ofthe son te ha. Thar were of couse, valiant counter the dal waves fom Te “dtectons, sid the eicaunter between all of them ad the prolemate gave roe ly one ofthe bast integer fell deal with str 00 The thee ol dvion of eveything which the ots, da satre ar pra coal be asd be composed of, perp had fren gene lence a fectd ll he empl stencs in Id. Satta, jacked lamers became onal words find were applied s mc to ood eo nena proces Ilellet ‘or buddh we lasied acorn, and mo were vast of soll hsves The Gi ia clang chap, parcaly the seven: Tooth and de eighteenth, has sed smo everything, shud Ing gait, tops, dingy sig, jana, Forma, ta, bul ‘aka dua. Tn fat, verve 18:40 declvs expt thal ‘here is nothing inal te tee works which exxpe the thre old © tascal Indian Thong uration tn terms of the dee Ssiskhyan atbutes of peat ‘Supisigly, however, the GBA lor gong suc a detalled and thorough esa whi na vere, cts across he us Grmulao of most of thee concep revert o te fourfold tains csaeson and the ype of sca sions ssgned (them Inthe orthodox Vedi tadlon, I doea not ake cognizance of the face th tthere are only tes guar there ean not be four ‘as and Ul In any case, characte a tars of gus primal ofthe individual and otf esses an that according tole cated Sky Gory thre cannot be anything hich bs purely stk or jon or masta In nature Tn fc, hi topet of Saikya thought seems to have been missed by all {ier tnkere who ected threefold casiication but fled to ses that acordng to Scilly, everything at belongs tothe ‘tse thats pra wl ave a dhe hee gas in He only Citerencs being that rome guna wil be peedamsaan i some {hing whe oles wl be pedominant in he things. But even (his ation, according to Saya, eanat last Log, for the gos Hat are in the background are bound to gain seeendancy Indie couse ‘Taken stony, sich a theory would have fd socal cone quences of evoaionary nator n Tn, bat, wore, the ‘Tote encept wes given sae ti and ntead of a amie Interpreaton tab even oadividuals fie and unchanging ‘quale of stv, ja and tras and, what was even worst ‘Texbed these qualies on the grovnd of thet Beng Bom in 3 Panter var The comervaive apologists tock recourse othe {cory of kara to explain wy they were choosing bth as the fein of vera abd developed extremely subde theories of perceptual knowlege, ae In Kamies Tanoci, wo argue Ria Blutapet was a2 much» ft or a universal class of a tural ind yy, eae oes: But these very polos Feng tht ine st theory of ama, de coud be no auch thing as ela fr ge purposes ae mst ofthe yas were formed by evkas ho were ald a prsebed fee by the Jalemines who oblalned the desred routs fom dhe afta. Jami net, eas the theory of karma as the pipe, ecordiago Saba inthis conte. The teary, Sefre cannot FT ‘he Sramona Tratow end thr Poblewaic 41 covey be inked to provide spp fr wrong ith

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