Unit 4

2/3rd reliance on coal, oil, and gas

1/3rd on renewable energy resources

Conventional:

1. Coal
• Plants (on bacterial and chemical action) Peat (Cellulose)  Lignite  Bituminous
Coal  Anthracite Coal
• Coal reserves: Jharkhand, Orissa, WB, MP, AP
• Coal mines: Talcher, Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Panch Konkam, Signoulli, Chan
2. Petroleum + Natural Gases
o Petroleum  alkanes and cycloalkanes, black vicious liquid (crude form)
o Natural Gas  gas in contact with petroleum layer
o The composition of natural gas is a mixture of mainly:

▪ Methane, (95.0%)
▪ Small amounts of Ethane, Propane and Butane (3.6%)
▪ N2 (1.92%)
▪ Traces of CO2 (0.48%)
o Oil deposits: Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley, Bombay high, plains of Gujarat, Thar desert
of Rajasthan and area around Andaman Nicobar islands
o Middle East, Russia
3. Nuclear Energy
• U235
• U: Rajasthan, Singbhum (Jharkhand)
• Thorium: Monozite in Kerala

Non-conventional:

1. Wind
• Effected by:
o Altitude of Site
o Velocity Duration Curve
• 30-45kmph
• Max efficiency: 40%
• Machine must be designed for rated velocities
• Low rated velocity wind = larger diameter wheel
• Propeller = 2-3 blades
• At present, 60m blades, 305m towers
2. Geothermal
• Principle of Operation:
o Indirect Condensing Cycle
▪ Using heat exchanger  clean steam from contaminated steam (15-
20% sacrifice)
o Direct Non-Condensing Cycle
▪ Bore Steam  turbine  atmosphere
▪ Steam temp and lines to be closely monitored
• Guidelines to assess viability:
o Fluid temp @bottom of bore = min. 180 deg.C
o @3kms depth = temp 180 deg.C
o Yield from 24.5cm bore = min. 20tons/hr of steam
• India Project Ladakh
3. Hydroelectric
• Small Hydro = 10k MW
 • Micro Hydel = 100k MW
4. Solar
• Solar Concentrator: Collection devices which increase the flux on the absorber
surface as compared to the flux impinging on the concentrator surface
• Consists of:
o Focusing device
o Blackened metallic absorber with transparent cover
o Tracking device for continuously following the Sun
• Temp = 3000 deg.C
5. Biomass
• Methods to extract energy from Biomass:
o Direct Combustion – burning with O2
o Gasification – burning with limited O2, SYNGAS produced
o Pyrolysis – very high temp, NO O2; Organic matter  BIO OIL, BIO GAS,
SYNGAS
o Digestion – bacteria breakdown organic matter in ABSENCE of O2
(Anaerobic Respiration); product  BIOGAS
o Fermentation – Organic matter  ALCOHOL (ETHANOL); help of yeast