4 he who had sent him incurred the death penalty, but bbe released therefrom by paying & if he were one of the chiefs; cted upon any man Similarly, the hus- ‘who commited adulety ride ith da ‘same penalty was islands. GARCIA, MAURO. (M7). Recall Previstory. Manila . Pilipiniane, Book. READINGS IN PHILIFPINE PREHISTORY “| certain amount of gold > CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS By Juan de Plasencia, 0.8.F. 1 (CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS His PEOPLE always had chiefs, by them datos, who governed them and were captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced. The sul classed, by their language, among the Malay is Jand, the he called—as is discussed at welped one another with their respective barangays, In addition to the chiefs, who corresponded to our Knights, there were three castes: , commoners, and slaves. The nobles were the free-bon whom they call maharlica. They did not pay tax or tribute to the expense. The chief offered them beforehand a feast, and afterward they divided the spoils. Moreover, when the dato went upon the water those whom he summoned rowed for him. If he built a housefg uy PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY pean Customs oF THE TacaLocs eres ta Se i we any land may sow 1 e babe ‘The reason of : cally the isvigated portion, fone belonging to another bi eritance. ‘but ownes ‘Those to whom a debt was owed transferred the debt to another, thereby themselves making a profit, and reducing the wretched debtors to a slavery which, was not their natu those who were made slaves (sa gui through wer, by the trade of goldsmith, or otherwise—happened to possess any gold beyond the sum that he had to give his mester, he ransomed him- ‘becoming thus @ namamahay, or whet we call a commoner. price of this rensom was never less than five taels, and from that upwards; and if he gave ten or more tacls, as they hhe became wholly free, An amusing ceremony accompa custom. After having divided all the trinkets which the sl sessed, if he maintained @ house of his own, they di lot. If any person among pertieular barangay» Piaget he commences t0 clear any Tam i fin which these nobles, hd therefore the members of with his own gol at Yom for the arable land, and he faw fit to reward. But NOW, js not so divided. . ‘the chiefs in some villages hed als fof the rivers for mark thout paying ingay oF villeae: ‘The difference between the aliping namamahay and ‘sa guiguiliz, should be noted; for, by @ confusion of the two terms, many have been classed as slaves who really are not. The Indians seeing that the alcaldesmayor do not understand this, have adopted the custom of taking away the children of the making use of them as they wo ih established ze no one could the privilege, ur fh, of trade in tl : “he belonged to the chief's be ana -d aliping namamahay, They are ‘whether he be @ dato or not ‘The commoners are call of their cult "They aovomp n Towed for him. They tive in 1 made as to whether he is He is at once considered further declaration, = is. way he becomes @ saguigui js even sold. Consequently, rowed property and gold. Their chile, the alcaldesmayor should be instructed to ascertain, when anyone ae ‘The children, then, ‘and lands property fathers, and they canns ildren be asks for his.alipin, to which class he belongs, and to have the answer put in the document that they give him. In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the retain and mother’s side continue to be so forever; and if it hap- another carried 1 They sore the ms wed tun ord my bee, Te pat he bss : See arvests, so that maser ass Sa, 2 pion of eM atid tach pe tee a eae vr are rarely, if ever, so! in the hou of ths nS ge brought in te Ravet els ‘The staves are called ter in his house and on bi ing to the father, who supplied the child with food. do this, he showed that he did not recognize him as his chi which case the latter was wholly a slave. If @ free woman had of24 children by a slave, they were all free, ‘husband, : If two persons married, of whom one was @ mal arte Tether namerahy ox 8 iided; the ‘whether male or female, ‘belonged , the fourth, and the In this manner, if the father were free, the second, as did the third and the mother, and so on. In those who belonged to him were the mother. If there should not be free and half slave. The only quest ‘whether the child were male fell under the category namamahay or sa gvigu the odd one wes half ascertain with any ce children was made, for each it, Hf the ee and half the namamahay and their children, However, they could be transferred from rey remained in the same after marriage, move from one vil provided ‘The maharlicas could not, lage to another, certain fine in gol ding to the inclin for smaller a which the person ‘equally to men and womet cof another village, the between the two barangays js energetic and commands wi endure and pro! Kind of dato that they now prefer of his Reapines IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY ged to him were slaves; and the same pp secre whish was tee ate He vere an odd number of children, fone suited himse these two kinds of slaves the sa_guigt! ‘or from one barangay to another, without P: id, as arranged among them. This ‘and a banguet to the ent fa great need of efor fons made and sentences passed by the dato must take provided he were not her the all free; if he were 9 wre than one child he was in here concerned the di "Those who beceme slaves either slave. I have not been able to division of nor 1e was larger ages, ran ‘barangay. ‘a war between the barangey mn of the different rete ene which he entered. This applied Moe dat when one macied 2 OED ey atervards divided exill Mi arangement ep tem obec 10 ht i no longer the exse—BEEse, ea Jhat the religious fathers er ‘soon leave him and go to other vil See tect them and do not order them about not hi ‘who has the ‘barangay. If any of the litigants ‘animously named from another Customs oF THE TacaLocs st for barangay, whether he were a dato or not; since they had ‘purpose some persons, known as fair and give versy lay between two chi also convoked judges to act the same if the disputants belonged to two dif In this ceremony they always had to drink, the plaintiff inviting the others ‘They had laws by which they condemned to deaths man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief; likewise witches, and others of the same class ‘They condemned no one to slavery, unless he penalty. As for the.witches, they killed them, and their accomplices became slaves of the chi compense to the injured person. All other offenses were punished ines in gold, which, if not paid with prompiness, exposed the to serve, until the payment sbould be made, the person a5- d, to whom the money was to be paid. This was done in the following way: Half the cultivated lands and all their produce be- longed to the master. The master provided the culprit with food and clothing, thus ensleving the culprit and his children « time as he might amass enough money to pay the fine. If the father should by chance pay his debt, the master then claimed that he had fed and clothed his children, and should be psid therefor. In this the payment could not be the case, and they remained slaves avoid war, they he death ildron and after he had made some re- half his service until he was paid—not, the house as aliping sa guiguilir, but living If the creditor were not served rmahay, if they served the person who lent them wherewith to pay, in what concerns Joans, there was formerly, and is today, an excess of usury, which is a great hindrance to baptism as well a3 to confession; for it tums out in the same way as I have showed in the case of the one under judgment, who gives half of his cultivated until he pays the debt. The debtor is condemned t |; and thus borrower become slaves, and after the death st the children pay the debt. Not doing so, double the amount must be paid. ‘This system should and can be reformed.rn LIPPINE PREHISTORY 26 Reapies IN PHILIPPI i i fldcen ofa fth ‘As for inheritances, the legitimate children of inherited equally, except in the case where the father enced a aight partiality by such gifts as two oF Gree gold perhaps a jewel ave a dowry to any son, and, when, in order ef eater than the in the whole have been Feary to be des ren to any #00, thou ri ates Ba oe aie te ofthe parton of the property, wali “Thould declare thet such a bestowal was made outside of ce. Tr one hod hed children by two oF mor 1g received the inheritance and dowry of his gad that share of his father’s estate which fell to “toe. Ifa man hed a child by ove of bis slaves, ildren, the former had no share in the inherit idren were bound 10 free the mother, and the father were a chiefs ‘was by the unanimous com ldren, he hed also some sons ‘whom a dowry was given but who these were classed as natural by the unmarried woman should have 2, Such ehildren did not inherit equal For exemple, the parents been begotten after his me ly with the legitimate children, nan, if there were two children, the a fone of the ingasaya one part. When there were no children by = pat only children by an unmmaried woman, or inas- saya, the later inherited all. Tf he hed a child by a slave womét ‘hat child received his share as above stated. If there were no fate of natural child, or a bild by an inaasova, whether there 78 fon of a slave woman or not, the inheritance went only to the fatiee gr grandparents, brothers, or nearest relatives of the deceased, who gave to the slave-child as above stated. In the case of a child by a free married wom ‘was married, if the husband punished the adulte 2 dowry; and the child entered with the others nheritance. His share equaled the part ‘more, If there were no other sons than he, felatives inherited equelly with him. But if the adul the husband of the woman who had the cf Customs oF THE TacaLocs zat was not considered as his child, nor did he inherit anything. 1t should bbe noticed that the offender was not considered dishonored by the punishment inflicted, nor did the husbend leave the women. By the punishment of the father the child was ‘Adopted children, of whom there are many among, thei the double of what was paid for their adoptioa. For exar gold tael was given that he might be adopted when died, the child was given [in inheritan . But if should die first, his children do not inherit from the second father, for the arrangement stops at that ‘This is the danger to which his money is exposed, as well as his being protected as a child. On this account this manner of adoption common among them is considered lawful other relative or t should be noticed that unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of all their labors accrues to their parents In the case of a divorce before the birth of children, the wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying another, all her dowry and an equal additional amount fell to the husband; but him, and if she eft not marry snother, the dowry was returned. When the half of the dowry, and the other e possessed children at the time of his the whole dowry and the fine went to the children, and was held for them by their grandparents or other responsible relatives. T have also seen another practice in two villages. In one case, ‘upon the death of the wife who in a yeas time had borne no children, the parents returned one-half the dowry to the husband whose wife had died, Yn the other ease, upon the death of the husband, one-half the dowry wes returned to the relatives of the husband. I have ascer tained that this is not a general practice; for upon inquiry I learned that when this is done it is done through piety, and that all do not do it : In the matter of marriage dowries which feathers bestow upon their sons when they are about to be married, and half of which is228 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY given immediately, even when they are onl deal more complexity. There is a fine sti he who violates it shall pay‘ 2 certain sum wi) the practice of the village and the a fine was heaviest if, upon the death of the parents, the”son or daugh- was returned and nothing more. But if the parents were paid the fine, because it was assumed that it had been th to separate the children, ‘The above is what I have been al ing customs observed among these natives in lingues, and among this Leguna and. the entire Tagalog race. The old men say that a dato who did anything contrary to this would not be esteemed: and, in relating tyrannies which they had committed, some condemned them and adjudged them wicked. Others, perchance, may offer a more extended narrative, but leav- ing aside irrelevant matters concerning government and justice among ‘a summary of the whole truth is contained in the above. J am sar and concise form because T had her. Whatever may be should be given to the tion; for the absu which are to be found in their opinions are indeed pit May our Lord bestow upon your Lordship His grace and sy so that in every step good fortune may be yours; and upon every occa- sion may your Lordship deign to consider me your humble servent, to be which would be the greatest satisfaction and favor that T could receive. Nagcarlan, October 21, 1589. received no orders to in THE WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS of adoration; celebrate a fe which they called pando ship, celebrat the large house of a chief. There they constructed, for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a temporary shed Customs oF THE TacALocs al fon each side of the house, people from the wet when i ha roof, called Sibi, to protect the rained. They so constructed the house posts of the house they set the center of the house. they placed ie the whole barangay,_or family, which they call magaanitos. The hhouse, for the abovementioned period of time, was cf Among their many idols there was one called Baths especially worshipped. The and Balatic, which is our Greater Bear. ‘They possessed 7iny which were images with different shapes; and at ipped any litle trifle, in which they adored, as did the Romons, some particular dead man who was brave in war and endowed with speciel fecuties, to whom they commended themselves for protection in their wibulations. They had another idol called Dian masalants, who was the patron of lovers and of generation. The idols called Lacapati and Idianale were the patrons of th of husbandry. They paid reveren wards by them buaya, or crocodiles, from fear of being harmed by them. the habit of offering these animals 2 portion of in their boats, by throwing placing it upon the bank They were, moreover, very liable to find auguries in things they essed. For example, if they left their house and met on the way rd called tigmamanuguin which was singing oF if they chanced upon anyone who sneezed, they returned at onee to their house, considering the incident as an augury that some evil might befall them if they should continue their journey—especally230 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE. PREHISTORY when the abovementioned bird sang, This song had two different Forms: in the one case it was considered as an evil omen; in the ‘ther, as a good omen, and then they continued their journey. They also practiced divination, to see whether weapons, such as a dagger occasion should offer. “These natives bad no established division of years, months, and ined by the cultivation of the soil, counted by ent effect produced upon the trees when yielding all this helps them in making up the year. tinguished as sumtime and water- those regions, where there is no cold, snow, ot ice. It seems, however, that now since they have become Christians, the seasons are not quite the samo, for at Christmas it gets somew cooler, ‘The years, since the advent of the Spaniards, have been deter- mined by the latter, and the seasoas have been given their proper ames, and they have been divided into weeks. ‘Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and the devil what they had (0 eat, This was dose in front of fragrant perfumes, such as musk | ‘and other odoriferous woods, 3 priest, male or female, who is called eatolonan, ‘The participants made responses to the song, beseeching the idol to favor them with those things of xy were in nee ,, by offering repeated healths, they all became intoxicated, In some of thei ‘accustomed to place @ good piece of cloth, doubled, th a chain or large gold ring, thus worsh without having sight of him. The d into the body of the catolonan, and, assuming her shape and sp; her with so great artogance—he being the cause of it— | that she seemed to shoot flames from her eyes; her hair stood on end, fa fearful sight to those beholding, and she uttered words of aro: Tn some districts, especially in the mountains, If and took on the and praise gance and superior ‘when in those idolatries the d panions, to prevent ‘This, however, happened but rarely. The objects of sa ‘and swine, which were flayed, decapiteted, and laid be- xr ceremony by cooking @ jar Customs oF THE TAGALoGs 231 water was evapors ftet which they broke the ‘was left as an intact mass which was set before a few buyos—which some lime, a food generally food and fruits. All these heads [of the animals], after being “offered,” vwere cooked and eaten also. he ‘The reasons for offering don to whatever personal matters there might be, the recovery a sick person, the prosperous voyage of those embs “ eae veer smbarking on the thy dae tn the cae of young gifs who Hat had thee monthly courses, thie eyes wore bliodfoldel four days and four nghay and nt meantime, the friends and relatives were al sd to partake of food td dink Ate en of is porod te ctlonan ok the jun fil to the wate, bathed her and washed her head, and removed the Bandage om te jes The od mon ald at ey dd the der that the gl mig bear elena hav frnne a dng hee ii amo wal te Sen a the same as ts had the power of applying such remedies they would abandon and despise their own wives, and them from having intercourse with the latter sd by these means, were abandoned, it would thREADINGS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY 232 she would lice was also general throughout bring sickness upon her; and on 2 discharge blood and matter. This the land. mancocolam, whose duty it was to emit , once or oftener each month. This fre could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus emitted except as the Tis walled inthe oar ard ' yed in the house whet ya le tba, wish i er ind of wt te mangagouny. Without te ws of medicine, aa oe ie |, they killed whom they had made np ole charon, Morne, ste Tinian howl to them, they they wwere able to do £0 without fn island off the upper part of Luzon. ‘The sixth was called silagan, whose office it was, if they saw to tear hus causing T preceding, wes in the island of Catanduanes is fables because, in Calevan, ray through the anus all the int 2 pried | bby father Fray Juan de fl sIked about carried, or pretended to carry, his ve. TI seems to me to be a fz though ‘The eighth they called osuang, which is equivalent to “soxcerer; they say that they have seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate theit ‘esh, This wes among the Visayas Islands; among the Te e did not exist. thee class of witches callect mangagayoria. ‘They made charms for lovers out of herbs, _ would infuse the heart with love. Thus did they deceive the people, Customs oF THE TAcALoos 235 although sometimes, through the intervention of the devil, they gained their ends, ‘The tenth was known as sonal lich is equivalent to “preacher.” It was his office to help one to ich time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul. It was not lawful for the func. ions of this office to be fulfilled by others than people of high stand- i, ON account of the esteem in which it was held, ‘This office was general throughout the islands, The eleventh, pangatahojan, was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. This office was general in all the islands. The twelfth, bayoguin, ‘cotquean,"" 2 man whose na- ture inclined toward that of @ woman, the dead was as follows: ‘The deceased beside his house; and, if he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for this pur- pose. Before interring him, they mourned him for four days; and afterward Inid him on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the porch, where guard was kept over him by a slave, In place of rowers, various animals were placed within the boat, each cone being assigned a place at the oar by twos—m ies being together—as for examp! was the suffered decay; and for many days bewailed him, singing dirges, and praises of they wearied of it, This grief was also accompanied by eating and drinking. This was a custom of the Tegalogs. The Aetas or Negrillos [Nogritos] inhabitants of but different. They dug a deep, perpen cular hole, and placed the deceased Ieaving him upright With head or crown unburied, on top of which they put half a coconut which was fo serve him as a shield, Then they we pursuit of some Indian, whom they killed Negrillo who had died. To this end they conspited together, 8 certain token on their necks a island, of sest which they or, in other words,Fa eae [READINGS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY ‘who. lived with- t, and the valiant, and those who. possessed other moral virtues, They sald there was a place of punish: s “a place of ete also other pagans who confessed more we gelato jid, casanaan; they from above, There oT hve aly to ball, which they cold, on Ce a eg ect fo that place, and Gee dvelt the demons, whom they called sitar. fernal ministers were, therefore 85 (who wes a sort of bishop who ‘and received their reverence, for they knelt ‘one who could pardon sins, and expected sal- mangagauay, manyisalat, mancocolam, foclo- mangagayoma, pangathahoar. and phantoms, that if any woman dis punishment; and the bbe heard lament be God our Lord's, and that those that among ; who are now marrying do preaching of the holy gospel, which hes bi CUSTOMS OF THE PAMPANGANS IN THEIR LAWSUITS By Juan de Plasencia, OS.F. EY NEVER hed anyone whom they all general except that only in each barangay they obeyed | whose people are called timaguas. Among the of barangsy, he who was most powerful tyrannized over the even though they were brothers, because they were all intent upon their own interests. 2, In what concems regulation in regard to supplies for the country, they had none, end everyone bought and sold as he could; beyond that each chief who ruled a barangey ordered his people to sow at the proper time, and made them assist him at seedtime and harvest. imaguas, or common people, came before their chief ,, and he settled: them in this way. Whatever petition ‘was made before them, the chief summoned the party on whom the ind was made, and asked him if he would come to'an agreement the other and opposite party. made such , he exacted an ‘oath from them that they immediately asked for a viva voce ‘among these people there were no writings parties gave like testimony, with the sa the difference of the amount of the suit. If the number of ther side, such and such a one was ses was not equal on to their rank, and the judge also. The payment of the judge and witnesses was s0 excessive, that they shared equally with bim who won in the suit. The witnesses of the condemned party were paid 235