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6.solution - Colligative Properties PDF
6.solution - Colligative Properties PDF
net
Summary
1. Osmotic Pressure:
(i) π = ρgh
Where, ρ = density of soln., h = equilibrium height.
(ii) Vant – Hoff Formula (For calculation of O.P)
π = CST
C − mol / lit.
S = ideal soln. constant =π atm. R − 0.082 lit.atm.mol −1k −1
T − kelvin
= 8.314 J mol-1K-1 (exp value)
t
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= R (ideal gas) constant.
n
π = CRT = RT (just like ideal gas equation)
e.
V
Therefore C = total conc. Of all types of particles. =
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(n1 + n2 + n3 + ......)
C1 + C2 + C3 + ....... =
at
V
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Note: If V1 of C1 conc. + V2 mL of C2 conc. Are mixed.
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Types of solutions:
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π1 = π2
(b) Hyper tonic – If π1 > π2. ⟹ Ist solution is hypertonic solution w.r.t 2nd solution.
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Abnormal Colligative Properties: (In case of association of dissociation) Vant Hoff correction
Factor(i):
exp/ observed / actual / abnormal value of colligative property
i=
Theoritical value of colligative property
o i > 1 ⇒ dissociation.
i < 1 ⇒ dissociation.
πexp.
o i= ∴ π = iCRT ⇒ π − (i1C1 + i2C2 + i3C3 ....) RT
πtheor .
Relation between i & a (degree of dissociation):
i = 1 + (n -1) α where, n = x + y.
Relation b/w degree of association β & i.
1
nA → An . ; 1 − 1 β
i =+
n
2. Relative Lowering of vapour Pressure (RLVP) :
t
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Vapour pressure: Psoln < P
Lowering VP = P – Ps = ∆P
e.
∆P
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Relative lowering in vapour pressure RLVP = =
P
at
Raoult’s law: - (For non – volatile solutes)
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Experimentally relative lowering in V.P = mole fraction of the non volatile solute in solutions.
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P − Ps n
RLVP
= = X= solute
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P n+ N
P − Ps n P − Ps M
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P − Ps i.n P − Ps M
; i × (molality ) ×
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= =
P N P 1000
o According to Raoult’s law
(i) p1 = p10 X 1 where, X 1 is the mole fraction of the solvent (liquid) (ii) An alternate form →
p10 − p1
= X2
p10
∆P ∆P
o Ostwald – Walker Method: Experimental or lab determination of or
P Ps
Loss of wt of solution containers α Ps.
Loss of in wt ot solvent containers α (P - Ps.)
RTb2 RTb2 M
Kb = or Kb = ∴ ∆Lvap - is cal/gm or J/gm
1000 × Lvap 1000 × ∆H vap
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∆H vap
∆H vap - molar enthalpy of vaporisation Lvap =
e.
M
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4. Depression in Freezing point: at
i K f .m.
∴ ∆T f =×
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RT f2 RT f2 M
K f molar depression constant = =
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PA = X APA0 ∴ PB = X BPB0
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∴ B.P of A < B. P. of B
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X B, = mole fraction of B
PA = X APA0 = X A ' PT
PB = X B'PT = X BPB
1 X A' X B'
= + .
PT PA0 PB0
Graphical Representation:
PT X A PA0 + X B PB0
=
(1 − X B ) PA0 + X B PB0 =
PT = ( PB0 − PA0 ) X B + PA0
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e.
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1. The mixtures which follow Raoul'ts law at all temp. & at all compositions will be known as
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2. Ideal solution will be obtained only when the forces of attraction b/w the liq. Molecules are
exactly of same
nature & almost of same magnitude
A--------A ⇒ A ------B,
B -------B
3. ∆H mix =
0
4. ∆Vmix =
0
5. ∆S mix =
+ve as for process to proceed
6. ∆Gmix =
- ve
(ii)
t
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e.
iv
at
(iii) ∆H mix =
+ve energy absorbed (iv) ∆Vmix =
+ve ( 1L + 1L > 2L) (v) ∆Gmix =
-ve
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e.g. H2O + CH3OH.
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H2O + C2H5OH
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C2H5OH + hexane
C2H5OH + cyclohexane.
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(ii)
Strong of attraction.
(iii) ∆H mix =
−ve (iv) ∆Vmix =
−ve (1L +1L < 2L) (vi) ∆Gmix =
−ve
t
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e.
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at
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Immiscible Liquids:
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(iii)
= PB P=o
B XB PB0 [Since, XB = 1] (iv) Ptotal
= PAo + PB0
PA0 nA PA0 WA M B
(v) = (vi) =
PB0 nB PB0 M AWB
nA RT 0 nB RT
=PA0 = ; PB
V V
B.P. of solution is less than the individual B.P.'s of both the liquids.
Henry Law:
This law deals with dissolution of gas in liquid i.e. mass of any gas dissolved in any solvent per
unit volume
is proportional to pressure of gas in equilibrium with liquid.
t
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mαp
m = kp
e.
weight of gas
m→
Volume of liquid
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K → Henry constant (in atm-1)
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P → Pressure of gas.
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Practice Questions
1. 18 g of glucose (C6H1206) is added to 178.2 g of water. The vapour pressure of water (in torr) for this
aqueous solution is (2016)
(a) 76.0
(b) 752.4
(c) 759.0
(d) 7.6
2. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20°C is 185 torr. When 1.2 g of a non-volatile substance was
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dissolved in 100g of acetone at 20°C, its vapour pressure was 183 Torr. The molar mass of the substance
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is (2015)
(a) 32
e.
(b) 64
(a) 128
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(b) 488
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3. Which of the following colligative properties can provide molar mass of proteins (or polymers or
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4. The Henry's law constant for the solubility of N2 gas in water at 298 K is 1.0 x 105 atm. The mole
fraction of N2 in air is 0.8. The number of moles of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water of 298 K
and 5 atm pressure is (2009)
(a) the lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute
(b) the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute
(c) the relative lowering of vapour pressure is proportional to the amount of solute in solution
t
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(d) the vapour pressure of the solution is equal to the mole fraction of solvent
e.
7. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has boiling point lower than either of them when it (1981)
(d) is saturated
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8. The freezing point of benzene decreases by 0.45°C when 0.2 g of acetic acid is added to 20 g of
benzene. If acetic acid associates to form a dimer in benzene, percentage association of acetic acid in
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(a) 64.6 %
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(b) 80.4%
(c) 74.6 %
(d) 94.6 %
9. Pure water freezes at 273 K and 1 bar. The addition of 34.5 g of ethanol to 500 g of water changes the
freezing point of the solution. Use the freezing point depression constant of water as 2 K kgmol-1. The
figures shown below represent plots of vapour pressure (V.P.) versus temperature (T). [Molecular
weight of ethanol is 46 g mol-1] (2017)
Among the following, the option representing change in the freezing point is
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e.
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10. Consider separate solution of 0.500 M C2H50H (aq), 0.100 M Mg3(PO4 )2(aq), 0.250M KBr(aq) and
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0.125 M Na3PO4(aq) at 25°C. Which statement is true about these solutions, assuming all salts to be
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strong electrolytes? (2014)
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11. The freezing point (in° C) of solution containing 0.1 g of K3[Fe(CN)6] (mol. wt. 329) in 100 g of water
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12. When 20 g of naphthoic acid (C11H8O2) is dissolved in 50g of benzene (Kf = 1.72 K kg mol-1), a freezing
point depression of 2 K is observed. The vant Hoff factor (i) is (2007)
(a) 0.5
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
13. The elevation in boiling point, when 13.44 g of freshly prepared CuCl2 are added to one kilogram of
water, is. [Some useful data, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1 , molecular weight of CuCl2 = 134.4 g]. (2005)
(a) 0.05
(b) 0.1
(c) 0.156
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(d) 0.21
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e.
14. 0.004 M Na2SO4 is isotonic with 0.01 M glucose. Degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 is (2004)
(a) 75%
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(b) 50%
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(c) 25%
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(d) 85%
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15. During depression of freezing point in a solution the following are in equilibrium (2003)
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16. The molecular weight of benzoic acid in benzene as determined by depression in freezing point
method corresponds to (1996)
17. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous solutions will be highest for (1990)
(b) Ca(NO3)2
(c) Le(NO3)3
18. Which of the following 0.1 M aqueous solution will have the lowest freezing point? (1989)
t
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(b) Sodium chloride
(c) Urea
e.
(d) Glucose
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19. When mercuric iodide is added to the aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1987)
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20.
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21.
22.
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23.
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24. 2.56 g of sulfur in 100 g of CS2 has depression in freezing point of 0.01°C. Kr = 0.1°molal-1. Hence the
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25.
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26.
27.
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28.
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31.
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(d) internal energy is not lost while cooking in pressure cooker.
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33. at
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35.
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39.
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43.
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44.
e.
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Answer Key:
1. b 2b 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. a
11. a 12. a 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. b 17. d 18. a 19. a 20. b
21. d 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. c 26. c 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. d
31. b 32. a 33. d 34. a 35. d 36. a 37. a 38. a 39.a 40. d
41. d 42. d 43. b 44. c 45. c
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