3as Physique Livre Prof Tome1 PDF

‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
‫ אא
א‬
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א‬
ëçÞ^nÖ]<Üé×ÃjÖ]<àÚ<ínÖ^nÖ]<íßŠÖ]
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íéfè†rjÖ]<Ýç×ÃÖ]

1
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬

.1
! :1
: "! #$
.

.

. ! "
#
$#
! %
. &"' ( ) * +
.

!
%/.
," -

.
:
(1
: ‫ات‬
:

0( (%
: Fe2+ 0

MnO4- 3"
4 . . 1 – (
. Fe2+
4 , ! ."
3"
* # : "
( ( 5
8 * + 74" % "
3"
9 : : 7/4
( 5
Fe2+
4
. ) / 0
" : ;<
=
7>

: .
" ( ? 5
+ - - 2+
8 H (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 5 e = Mn (aq) + 4 H2O
Fe2+(aq) = Fe3+(aq) + e –
8 H+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5 Fe3+(aq) + 4 H2O
: 0*0

/
4 . 2 – (
.

# @" Fe3+
4 ! : "
( ( 5
. Fe(OH)3(s) 0*0

/
9 4 : 7/4
( 5
. ) / :

Fe3+(aq) + 3 HO-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) : .

" ( ? 5
+-.

' ( )* +, -
. ! / - # 01 2 3
: "

0( (4
: "0
>
7>
. 1 –
%
"0 - ; 4" -
,>
(
# @" @ : "
( ( 5
"
.(
7A4 &"" %
"0 : 7/4
( 5
S2O32- (aq) + 6 H+(aq) + 4 e - = 2 S (s) + 3 H2O : .
" ( ? 5
H2O + S2O32- (aq) = 2 SO2 (aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 4 e -
S2O32- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) S (s) + SO2 (aq) + H2O
: @.

4" $
7( . 2 –
[ Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) ] @.

! Cu (s) $

B $3 : "
( ( 5
$

B C - (
+ D E>"
: 7/4
( 5
. E# 7

</ E3
: .
" ( ? 5
(%) (4) + -
2 Ag (aq) + 2 e = 2 Ag (s)
Cu (s) = Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e -
+
2 Ag (aq) + Cu (s) 2 Ag (s) + Cu2+ (aq)
8 9 67.* )* 5 (
. % 6 %
2
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
F "

0( (;
: MnO2 (s)
-
MnO4- (aq)
4
G'
)@ %0 D H
&
! % "
3"
" )@" < : "
( ( 5
. 7# !
: 7/4
( 5
( -
FH -H" I
."

( +* %( 7 " o
( ( ) ... ;( : % MnO4-
4
(%) (4) ( ) ... 7H

-
4 +* 4( 7 " o
-
. MnO4 (aq)
4
G' I ;<
MnO2 (s) 3
( 0 7" /4
H4>

: .
" ( ? 5
MnO4- (aq) + 4 H+ (aq) + 3 e - = MnO2 (s) + 2 H2O
. >
0 -
A ;<
&
/ .

!

)
2 H2O (ℓ) = O2 (g) + 4 H+ (aq) + 4 e –

4 MnO4- (aq) + 4 H+ (aq) 4 MnO2 (s) + 3 O2 (g) + 2 H2O (ℓ) : "
8
' )* ( " < = ) +' 5 (
. +

' (% )> ? . 1#% % % - =* , =
:

- (2
: E 7 ' K < > . + " !
"

(
. 7
-

H

: 0 !
H $# -
.
H

3@

%

#

... pH ?

:
/ 6 (
- (1-2
""
0 – 2 – 2 D 0=
&

I
-
@
: 8( +* D RCl
F B' 8 ;<
( 2-Chloro-2-méthyl propane )
:
E! RCl
G /' .
RCl (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = ROH (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

#
# ! %
Cl- (aq)
4
H+ (aq)
4
I .

</
. ( .

) σ
I 50 mL 4" ! )@ #
$# E

</ " ( ?
( Sonde ) " 4"
! $3 %0 D 0=
20 mL &
30 mL
#
$# : 1 H0
. 1 H0
– #
$#
#
#
H# " . t = 0 +

34 %0 I
L D RCl 20 mL @ ?
. 2 H0
5 σ = f(t) : "
% %0 D σ
σ ( mS.cm ) .
#
%# 74" (H
7 "
#
M! D
! 7

7
/ Cl- H+
4
( "
σ (t) = λH+ [H+](t) + λCl- [Cl-](t) : #* " - 8
: .
%H 0
RCl (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = ROH (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

"=

n0 7" 0 0 0
H =

n0-x(t) 7" x(t) x(t) x(t)
t(s)

0 7" x f x f xf
0
. xf = n0 :

!

" σ
#

3 : 2 H0
3
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
[H+](t) = [Cl-](t) = x(t)/V :

x ( mol ) σ (t) = ( λ H+ + λCl- ) x (t)/V : "
D λCl- λH+ 4

#
0=
&
I !
. H"
#*
x .
%H !
<
.
( " : %( 7 "# N@ % 0 I σ
#
$#
σf = ( λH+ + λCl- ) n0/V : ! D xf = n0 /
%H
( - ' #
σ (t) = ( λH+ + λCl- ) x(t)/V
: - O! #*
" "
<BA"
t(s)
0
x(t) = ( n0/σf ) σ(t) ⇐ σ(t)/σf = x(t)/n0

" x %H

3 : 3 H0 . 3 H0
5 x = f(t) : "
-
% 8

' ! ? .
- @. ! . σ

/ (*
: - 6 (

'
- (2-2
" : ' 7( 7" $
L<
.
?
%&'( → S2O82- "("

4 () %) I-

4
: =
" L< ;<
(P %) (Peroxodisulfate)
‫"!ت ادم‬#‫→ آ‬ Véq 2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)
+ ‫ء‬ ( ! % D t +
! 4

0 ?
‫ اد‬ ;< (2Na+,S2O32-) %
"0
" . B
‫*ط‬+ S4O62- 0

4 - . C (mol/L)

,-.
↘ 50 mL
-
@ D 7
"# t +
! ?

"
%0 D .
# # ( ) "
&

7 "

" : 4 H0
@
F.(
C" - %
"0
(

# ," ( ) &4
Q
# )@"
@
Véq %
# ! D F
0 &. B' - E>

P!
R " . O#(
C" :
. 4 H0 – P!

: 7
I C@

?
t (min) 0 3 6 9 12 16 20 30 40 50 60
VE (mL) 0,0 2,5 5,1 7,1 8,4 10,6 11,4 14,1 15,6 16,1 16,4
: 7
. <

?
2- - 2-
I2(aq) + 2 S2O3 (aq) = 2 I (aq) + S4O6 (aq)
: 7
. %H ?
2- - 2-
.
I2(aq) + 2 S2O3 (aq) = 2 I (aq) + S4O6 (aq)

"=
. S n0 (I2) n0 (S2O32-) 0 0
(xf = xéq)
. S n0 (I2) – xéq n0 (S2O32-) – 2xéq 2xéq xéq
: P!
?
xéq = n0 (S2O3 )/2 = n0 (I2) ⇐ n0 (S2O3 ) – 2xéq = 0 n0 (I2) – xéq = 0
2- 2-
. n0 (I2) = n0 (S2O32-)/2 = C.Véq/2 : "

. 10 mL N# 8 % !

0 7
n0 (I2) 0 N</ " ! ?
: : 200 mL 8 . ! 4

0 7
n (I2) ?
n (I2) = (200/10)× n0 (I2) = 20 n0 (I2) = 10 n0 (S2O32-)
:

- 7
! ( I

> 7
! O#*' x !
t = 0 +
4"
! 7

"("

4

4
"=
7
n0 (S2O82-) n0 (I-)
: $
. %H
0
- 2- 2-
.
2 I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO4 (aq)

"=

C1.V1 C2.V2 0 0
H =

C1.V1 – 2 x C2.V2 – x x 2x
N</ 4

0 7 n (I2) t +
! $
.
%H 0 x : x = n (I2) : (
+*
. +
: 7
I O#*'

-

!
x ( mmol )
3,5
3,0 t
" x %H

3 : 5 H0
2,5
2,0
1,5 7

1,0
"

0,5
t ( min )
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
: !
. (3A2
n(I2) ( mmol ) : B #
. .1.3.2
: E"
. " " ?
n2
A2 2 I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)
- 2-
D t1 +

! 7

I2
0 7
n1 ?
n1
A1 n –n
vm = ‫ــــــــــــــ‬
2 1 ∆t = t2 – t1 :
7
*B . t2 +
8 n2
t2 – t1 .
0 ∆n = n2 – n1 : 7
! 4
t ( min ) : #* " t2 t1 +
" 9 #
.
. V ?
0 n2 – n1
t1 t2 vm = ‫ــــــــــــــ‬
H

0 : 6 H0 t2 – t1
A1A2 H

. *B 4

G
7
<' : + ?
B #
.
. M! D ∆t
7
*B ∆n
H"
n(I2) ( mmol )
∆n
vm = ‫ ـــــــ‬: / "
∆t
B #
.
. P ∆t → 0
F 73 >
n
∆n dn
v = lim ‫ ـــــــ = ـــــــ‬B #
,
. : - v # -
∆t→0 ∆t dt : F"

?
t ( min )
" (
0 : * O 0 ) 4

G 7

3 F" 0
0 t : ( +* . n (I2) = f(t)
n2 – n1
t +
$
0 : 7 H0 H
H
0 vm = ‫ــــــــ‬‫ــــــ‬ :

t2 – t1 . 6 H0
5 [A
G 4 +

1 2]
A
dn
n = f(t) - $
0 v = ‫ ـــــــ‬: +

dt
. 7 H0
5 t +

5
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
n(S2O82-) ( mmol ) : B "!*
. .2.3.2
2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq) : E"
.
$. " ?
. B
8 n2 t1 +
! . B
S2O82- ? 7
n1
<' ?
n . S2O82- ∆n = n2 – n1 : 7 . B ∆t = t2 – t1 :
7
*B . t2 +

: #* " t2 t1 +
" S2O82- "!C
.
. V ?
n2 – n1 ∆n
v m = - ‫ = ــــــــــــــ‬- ‫ـــــــ‬
t ( min ) t2 – t1 ∆t
0 t : B "!C
,
. ?
G
&. B= +

0 : 8 H0 dn ||dn||
v = - ‫ـــــــــ = ـــــــ‬
t +
$

dt dt
" D W# . B

G 7
( "
74=

C (mol.L-1 )
.
'
#
. +' +? + B "!* % #
. ( :
, •
: B "!* % #
'
. .3.3.2

D V 8 ! : D R(. ) P(I ) : . (
: R G
&. B= ( P G
4
1 dnP
. %
7 ! 4
0 vP = ‫• ـــــــ ــــ‬
t V dt
1 dn
0 t . %
7 ! &. B=
0 vR = - ‫ـــــــ ــــ‬R •
G &. B=

0 : 9 H0 V dt
: M! ( V = Cte ) O "0 .

%
<'
t +
$

1 d([P].V) d[P]
nP = [P].V : > vP = ‫• ــــــــ = ــــــــــــــــ ــــ‬
C (mol.L-1 ) V dt dt
1 d([R].V) d[R]
nR = [R].V : > vR = - ‫ = ــــــــــــــــ ــــ‬- ‫• ــــــــ‬
V dt dt

M! D C = f(t) / 0
-

<' :
, o
. 9 H0
5 t +
- $
0 G &. B=
4

M! D C = f(t) / 0
-

<' o
t . 10 H0
5 t +
- $
0 G
0 t : !
'
. .4.3.2
G 4

0 : 10 H0 t +
.
V D t +
.
%H x
t +
$
dx
. v = ‫ ـــــــ‬: #* "
dt
x ( mol ) . 11 H0
– t +
x = f(t) - $
0 !
.

V V 8 ! : .

<'
∆x 1 dx
. v = ‫ ـــــــ ــــ‬: #* "
α V dt
∆t ∆x . 34!‫ا‬ 5( 67'‫ا‬ ‫و&ة‬ :‫أ‬ < :34!‫ا‬ %3"( :=>? @A
tg α = ‫ = ـــــ‬v
∆t .
H .
? : , o
" D (L)
7"
% H D F" X ?
t
. mol.L-1.s-1 : 7" .

H
0 t

H D
F Y" .

<' ?
.

: 11 H0 . mol.L-1.h-1 ( mol.L-1.min-1 : 7" .
$
)
F : L<
.
?
D
" ZB( -
+ W# x = f(t) - $
'
. 12 H0
– + .

' X -
W# .
(
</
6
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
x ( mol )
: ! DE ( (4-2
α3 ! 2
F
< t½ ! DE (
x . x = xf /2 1 0? DE
α2 xmax t½ " D xf = xmax M! F .

<'
.
.
K* = @
7
0
α1 t - (H %0 x = xf /2 x = f(t) "
%
xmax/2
. 13 H0
5 K < H!

t½ #
-
;P

: 12 H0 H .
! '

! " α ! W#
t ! %
K <
: .
t½ . E!

F" .
: 13 H0
#
$H " " : 1E"
. ! I

4 S2O82- ""

4 " :
=
– 7>
.
" %
-
. I2 / I- S2O82- / SO42- : ( P / ) 0

;< ( 2K+ ; S2O82-) % "
"" V1 = 40 mL N# % )@ 4" $A !

;< ( K+ : I-) % "
V2 = 60 mL N# 8 @ D t=0 +
C1 = 0,1 mol/L
:
"
- . C2 = 0,15 mol/L
. :
.
! 4
0
H!

=
.

( (1
.

4 " "

4 " :
. =

I ' (2

% x %H
" I
! 7

G
>
B
" D t +
! .
%H x " (3
.
4
H" %( # 4

4 %>

4
. V
: : G = k( λ1[S2O8 ]+λ2[I- ]+λ3[SO42- ]+λ4[K+ ] : 7" " - ;4 G "
#
A" <
2-
(4
. #
$H
B "0 / k D (
7
;4
G
"" H! E
) 4

#
0 λi
"0
%
/ V : : D G = 1/V(A+Bx) : 4
x .
%H G #
" "
#*
( V"
. B = 42 mS L mol-1 \ A = 1,9 mS L :
/ # "0 B A D
. G #
"
N</ 7" I ' . x %H
" .

7" ( (5
. t = 1 min : +
.

# " " =" (6
. xmax . +>
%H
(7
. .
" '
F&"
+
" D H"

%
B M" (8
7
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: "=
S2O82- + 2e- → 2SO42- : " "

74 G'
2I- → 2e- + I2 :

74 7(
S2O82- + 2I- → 2SO42- + I2

S2O82- + 2I- → 2SO42- + I2

"=
40 × 0,1 = 4 mmol 60 × 0,15 = 9 mmol 0 0

*B 4–x 9–2x 2x x
4 – xmax = 0 9 – 2 xmax = 1 mmol 2xmax = 8 mmol xmax = 4 mmol

xmax = 4 mmol
:
! 7

G
>

t +

[S2O82-] = (4 – x)/V
[I- ] = (9 – 2x)/V
[SO42-] = 2x/V
[I2] = x/V
[K+] = (40 × 0,1 × 2 + 60 × 0,15) / 100 = 0,17 mol/L
G = k/V(λ1(4 – x) + λ2(9 – 2x) + λ3 . 2x + λ4 . 0,017)
G = k/V(4λ1 + 9λ2 + 0,017λ4 + (2λ3 - λ1 – 2λ2)x) .
v = (1/ V) dx/dt : .

7"
: " " 7"

N</ EH 4M" \ G = 1/V (A+Bx) :
v = 1/B dG/dt : " dG/dt = B/V dx/dt
v (t = 1 min) = 1/42 × 0,0108 = 2,57 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1
\ % .
M! ( F H!( $
%H
) dG/dt = 0 :
. F .
K <"
.
" ' =" t = 2 min +

F&" : "
- 7&
H
. F
8
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
7
E " : 2E"
( 45 W :

) – 2

& <BA . « 1 . » S2O82- (aq) "("

4" I- (aq)

4 7( .

$
. 7"
4 & ! 8@ " K < D t +
! 4

0 %0 D .
8 4" ! Cox = 0,25 mol/L

;< "(" 20 mL B D t = 0 +
! ?

;< % "
80 mL - ; 3 *B E! G@ D 250 mL
. Créd = 0,2 mol/L
7"
4 & 50 mL - ; 150 mL 8 4" ! 8" I

</ 5,0 mL <BA 7 B + ! ?
.

( &4
Q
H
,"
+ 2-
Ctit = 0,025 mol/L

;< ( 2 Na (aq) + S2O3 (aq) ) %
"0 " 4"
Z ?
:

!
I
. Véq P!
@
%
%0 D « 2 . »
t (min) 3 6 10 15 20 30 40 50 60
VE (mL) 3,1 5,7 8,5 11,3 13,4 16,2 17,8 18,8 19,3
: / .
! B

(Ox/réd) 0
( F :
L<
(1) .
( (1
S2O82- (aq) / SO42- (aq) D I2 (aq) / I- (aq)
O ( (2
. .
%H
_ 7
"# K < 7"
4 & 50 mL ! <BA
&
)@
< (3
I2(aq) + 2 S2O32-(aq) = 2 I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq) : 7
L<
(2) .
- (4
_

</
/ ((
% %
"0

D (1)
! 4

0 7
" #* ( (
. 7 ! ( `!
%
)

. `!
%
%
"0

D (1) .
%H " #*
I ' (L
. t
" (1) . x %H
O `4( (
. x = f(t) : -
%( (5
. t = 25 min : +
(1) .
# (6
. t∞ +
! . +>
%H
( .( (7
. (1) . t½ .
# I ' .
: "=
: (1) L<

.
.1
I2 (aq) / I- (aq) : 2 I- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 e- : 7>
. % .
S2O82- (aq) / SO42- (aq) : S2O82- (aq) + 2 e- = 2 SO42- (aq) : G=
. % .
2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq) : (G' – 7() =

: (1) . %H
.2

2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)

%H

"=

0 (nréd)0 (nox)0 0 0
H =

x (nréd)0 – 2x (nox)0 – x x 2x

xmax (nréd)0 – 2xmax (nox)0 – xmax xmax 2xmax
H' t . + ! x .
%H ( . 0 < x < xmax : (
! &" (1) .
.3
. 7"
4 & 50 mL - ; 4" $A ! <BA
&
% ,3

< D .
. % ) (2)

(( .4
: VE Ctit D (1)
4

0 n(I2) " #*
(
: « (2)
» 7
. %H
9
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬

I2(aq) + 2 S2O32-(aq) = 2 I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

%H

"=

0 n(I2) nE(S2O32-) 0 0
2-

xE n(I2) –xE nE(S2O3 ) – 2xE 2xE xE
nE(S2O32-) – 2xE = 0 n(I2) –xE = 0 : P!

. .

5 mL ! 7
0 / xE = n(I2) = nE(S2O32-) /2 : "
: / (1) .
4

0 7
M! D 20 mL + 80 mL = 100 mL : .

% ( :
. n(I2) = 10 Ctit.VE ⇐ n(I2) = 20 nE(S2O32-) /2 = 10 nE(S2O32-) = 10 Ctit.VE
: 8 (1) . x %H
; (1) .
4
n(I2) : M! (1) . %H
(?
. x = 10 Ctit.VE
: t
" (1) . x %H
(
t (min) 3 6 10 15 20 30 40 50 60
x (mmol) 0,78 1,4 2,1 2,8 3,4 4,1 4,5 4,7 4,8
x ( mmol ) x = f(t) : "
.1
xmax 5 B
( 8" E!
"
+( )
4
t = 25 min : +
(1) .
# .5
3 t = 25 min +
x = f(t) - (AB) $
%
xmax
(1) .
# F! 0 ;<
$

<
# %0
2 2
A xB – xA 5,5 – 2,3
v25 = ‫ــــــــــــــــــ = ــــــــــــــ‬
tB – tA 48 – 5
1
V25 = 7,4×10-5 mol.min-1 = 1,2×10-6 mol.s-1
t ( min ) xmax : +>
%H
(( .6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -3
(nox)0 = Cox . Vox = 5,0×10 mol : *. 7

t½
(nréd)0 = Créd . Vréd = 1,6×10-2 mol
: (1) . %H
: +>
%H
:"
xmax = (nox)0 = 5,0×10 mol : ;( (nox)0 – xmax = 0 : M!

.
/ S2O82- P

<' ?
-3
xmax = (nréd)0 /2 = 8,0×10-3 mol : ;( (nréd)0 – 2xmax = 0 : M!

.
/ I- )

<' ?
. S2O82- (aq) P
%
/
.
xmax = 5,0×10-3 mol : "
x = xmax/2 = 2,5 mmol >F3G‫م ا‬H!‫ ا‬IJ ‫وي‬, x %H @
7
0 (1) . t½ .
(
. t½ = 12 min : 7J x = 2,5 mmol :G ‫ن و‬#‫ < ا‬: !L
: ( Les facteurs cinétiques )
- (3
:
P
"=

_ *0
! A
- +!
< ((
_ (Cocotte minute) B 9 ! " %
%
< (
_
F &F -
@
< (L
_ ( " 0
"
*.
," . (
:
?
.
F .@ "
." a :
"
*.
D "
B
((
" D 100 °C O " 112 °C -
&
X ! 2 bar -
B

9 ! B

3@
(
.

H ) H #( 7 %
7
8.
: D .
# -
;P -
( + & ) !@' (L
.

N</ - "
.

! G
( M"
F "
"
*.
," ) (
. "
- 7

!' ? : "
. "
@ - 7B

>
?
10
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
' (1-3

' -!* B.%

' (
: ! C (2-3
B.% ! ( ! C
: G1' .! (3-3
: (Agitation thermique) (
'
(Mouvement Brownien)

"
7/+
+* ' . ( X ( ) ) 0A 73 " E#
4

/ "

D
N< D
4 ) ! 7

(
4 ( D
<)

!>
A" 4
. 7

" H #
!>
N</

"
N</ - K <
!>
N<
#
3 ) 7
! :
3
'
. ( agitation thermique )
: ( Choc efficaçe ) -! EC
. D C 4 ! * " 8( B A " : . A" #
A + B C + D
. ( C + D )

-
( A + B )
"=

H c "
% "
. " # K <" " B A

.
"

3
N</ ! " % " % B A &H ' M! .@ #
N</
<'
. B A " . : “ - H ” 8( B A " :
%
H
A B
‫" ! ل‬# ‫دم‬%& A B

:34? O
A B
8 H B A " :

%

"

M" % B A &H ' M! ! #
N</
<'
. D C
4 -
H B A " . : “ - ” 8(
A B
‫دم ! ل‬%& >‫ آ‬:34?
C D
. !
H! "
. 3
! I
-! EC (
4. 11' J) I

4. K% #
11
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
. (4-3
: : H2O2 >
&
20 mL N# % D D C D B D A : 4" ! : "

. /4 A 4"
o
. *"

( B 4"
! $3 o
. III
O C 4"
-
@ o
. « catalase : » ?
" 73 # D 4"
-
@ o
: " L<
.
E! >
0 & -
>
&
H2O2 (aq) /H2O (ℓ) : H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- = 2H2O (ℓ)
O2 (g) / H2O2 (aq) : H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
2 H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2H2O (ℓ)
«
<
K.
» ?" 7/+
N</ D
f" ) P H2O2 >
&
( +*
. ( dismutation )
.
F &" ! A
+
! >
&
> X E*' A 4"
! /4 ? : 7/4

. O2 8A" 8
*"

( # B 4"
! X E*' /4 + " ?

+ ( ;) Fe3+
4

D X E*' C 4"
! +* ?
. Fe3+
4

+ +* .
%0 D >
. Fe3+
4 ;

%( "" O2 X E*' D 4"
! +* ?
) 7/+ « . » ! D .
) - G
(
%( Fe3+
4
D *"
:
.
. : - .
! L. '% (

-.
B % . (M
?. 4' (
1, 1 % =* ! <. 1 % H 8 (

+' 5 ( G) )
!
- 4 = )1 8
C
0
1

: *B
.

3 .
! + (
.
G G :
((
. ( .
) )
.
-
0A / :
(
:

*.
" ( 0*0 -

F :
G
( (L
&
: 0 –
( H
F

F *.

4 :

4 ;<

$. ! 7
Fe3+
4
>
&
> Fe3+
4
" >
.*
O
F

F
– X
( H
$. ! 7
X *.

<' :
X

&
" F"
F 4 *"
> X
*"
" >
&
: 0
. ! * O
F 4 >
. "
" >
&
: 0 – '
( H F'

<' : =

:
-
<% (4
: ! 9M (1-4
. &
7" !@M" K < .

" O( %H D . # ( ?
.
) "H " D
" @ !

4 $
" .
# ( O*0 "B
! ?
.
(K
) g
, !@M" 0(
" & E! .

)@ (7. 7 : X ) 7H X I
@ % :
"B
! ?
*.
:" ( . ) .
! %
- .

8! 3 .

" . & - ;
... 7 C" &
!
:
' 9M (2-4
%

</ ! D 38 °C 36 °C " F"H 7

! =
% B

7

?
.
"
8 ! =
. 33 °C * O 0 8 =

H. :" "
*.
W# @.B
7

?
12
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
D "
*.
!
( "
) =

" F 3 .
7

?
42 °C * O 0! D .@ "
.
C"
B K <" H. " X ! %=
"
. <

! 7

% @
g
%+
< . 44 °C 7
# " D 8 .+ h
H.
W# "
*.
>
<3
>
- +!
D
A" "
7( ' ' ?
. a )

7

"H " .

! @ @.B
7

> .

"#
) B " 20 °C =

F &"
.
) "B
!
! ?
7+ X 0 *. : O( .

/
+
!
%

4=
,"

*.
. ( ... D E0
D %.
% : !
/ ) .

3
""
: .
<% (3-4
! 7H "
< #* @ ! : &"
! / =
" : " .1.3.4
.
F " 0
*.

7
! "X D "

D %
D *@
D "

Q
D @
Q
D i
: ! =
=
?
. &@>
. "4
," "B
@ ! =

<3

! ?
. ;

WB4
- =

! ?
- /0A . .+ D "
! E
:"

B ! c 7
H"
'
. '
:
E .2.3.4
... NO3 D NO D NH3 G' D 7"
7>
D 7 "
D
) -
L *. 7
! ?
B

D
D *"

D "
G# B ZB>

! ?
. ( ... D %*"
D )

) "
. H"
H0 :" : 3
: ?
( 44 : W –

) 1 : (1 (
: 20 °C 7

@
% D C = 0,60 mol/L
N H2O2 >
&
V = 25 mL % 4 : >
I

. C' = 1,0 mol/L
N ,
% "
V' = 50mL
% D C = 0,60 mol/L
N H2O2 >
&
V = 25 mL % 4 : 0
I

. C'' = 0,50 mol/L
N ,
% "
V' = 50mL
. 0
I
! 8 >
I
! "( " I !
) >

+ +*
.
! :
=
– 7>
. ( .1
. I ! .

G
a

( .2
. "

/4
j! .3
_
N</ - _ 8 +*
< . ( + & ) >
I
-
+ ! .@(
<' .4
H2O2 (aq) / H2O (ℓ) \ I2 (aq) / I- (aq) : (ox/réd) 0
-
:
: / :
=
– 7>
. .1
H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- → 2H2O (ℓ) : Gc .

2I- (aq) → 2e- + I2 (aq) : 7a .

H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) → 2H2O (ℓ) + I2 (aq) : G' – 7( =

: I ! *.

.2
[H2O2]0 = C.V/(V+V') = 0,60 × 25/75 = 2,0 × 10-1 mol . L-1 : ‫ آ ا‬
[I-]0 = C'.V'/(V+V') = 1,0 × 50/75 = 6,66 × 10-1 mol . L-1 : >
I
!
[I ]0 = C''.V'/(V+V') = 0,50 × 50/75 = 3,33 × 10-1 mol . L-1 : 0
I
!
-
13
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
I2 (aq)
0 4 Z I
! /+
>

:
/4
. .3
! " "( [I-]0

4
"=

> 0
I
! N+ G( >
I
!
0 +
. 0
I
!
/ >
I
La Trempe : "

7/+ – ( + & ) !@' .4
: / 3 )

</ D ( .
# )
# +* >
I ( + & ) !@'
. ( " ) 7

. ( )

. La Trempe "
"
N</ 0 -
( 49 : W –

) 12 : (2 (
CH3COOH (ℓ) + C2H5OH (ℓ) = CH3COOC2H5 (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) :
;< .
"
n( CH3COOC2H5 ) (mol)
CH3COOC2H5 ? 7

3
"
0
.
" 4
0,2 . [120 , 360] (min) :

!

( .1
t (min) . t = 0 +

( .2
0 120
. .
F" .3
:
: [120 , 360] (s)
!

.1
0,54 – 0,40 n2 – n1 :

7"
vm = = 5,83×10-4 mol.min-1 : "
⇐ vm =
t = 0 %F'‫ ا‬3 ‫ ا>>س‬6H!,>‫ا‬
360 – 120 t2 – t1
n( CH3COOC2H5 ) (mol)
: t = 0 +

.2
;( +
K n = f(t) "
H
! $
0 +

xmax
∆n 0,6 – 0 . N</ ! t = 0 +

-2 -1
0,2 v0 = = = 10 mol.min
t (min) ∆t 60 – 0
0 120
: F" t½ .
.3
: " D x = xmax/2 +>
8H .
R " @

7
0 t½ .

. t½ ≈ 60 min ≈ 1 h : H=" ⇐ x = xmax/2 = 0,57/2 = 0,285 mol : F"
( 53 : W –

) 20 : (3 (
" : ;<

D 3@
$# M" )" D V = 500mL 8 ; E ! 20 °C 7

C = 1,0×10-1 mol.L-1

;< ( H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) ) &
, V' = 200mL %
. %3
m(Mg) = 9,0 cg
+ 2+
Mg (s) + 2H (aq) = Mg (aq) + H2 (g) : / :

L<
.

(
3
"0 ) R = 8,31 j.K-1.mol-1 \ M(Mg) = 24 g.mol-1 : -
_

</ *B 4
I

/ .1
. *.
"=
7
( .2
. _
.
/ .3
5
D . B ( ! E
!
3 p 3@
$H . patm = 1,009×10 Pa "
4 ! ;
3@
.4
p = patm + pH2 : #* " 8 # -
:
H
-
t (s) 0 18 52 71 90 115 144 160 174 193 212 238 266 290
p (105Pa) 1,009 1,034 1,097 1,127 1,159 1,198 1,239 1,261 1,273 1,294 1,297 1,297 1,297 1,297
. pH2 " x %H !
7"
(
-4
.
1 cm 4×10 mol \
. 1 cm 20 s : %
.
" x %H

3 " 0 .5
. t½ .
.6
14
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. t = 180 s +
! .

.7
. .

! Mg2+ (aq)
4

4

0 % D t = 180 s +
.8
:
:
*B 4
I

.1
. Mg2+ (aq)
%3

4
. H2 (g)
0 X
. H2O (ℓ)
&

: *.
"=
7
.2
n0(Mg) = 3,75×10-3 mol ⇐ n(Mg) = m(Mg)/M(Mg) = 0,09/24 = 3,75 mmol : %3
7 ?
n(H3O+) = [H3O+].V' = 1,0×10-1×2,0×10-1 = 2,0×10-2 mol : H3O+ %>

4 7 ?
n0(H3O+) = 2,0 ×10-2 mol ⇐
:
.
.3
: . x %H
?
.
Mg (s) + 2H3O+ (aq) = Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) + 2H2O (aq)

x (mol) %H
n(Mg) n(H3O+) n(Mg2+) n(H2) n(H2O)
-3 -2
(t=0)
"=
.S 0 3,75×10 2,0×10 0 0 7"
-3 -2
(t) H =
.S x 3,75×10 – x 2,0×10 – 2x x x 7"
-3 -2
(tf)
.S xf = xmax 3,75×10 – xmax 2,0×10 – 2xmax xmax xmax 7"
: 8 D ( " *. 7
-H" .
*B
-2
3,75×10 – xmax ≥ 0 2,0×10 – 2xmax ≥ 0
-3
xmax ≤ 3,75×10-3 mol xmax ≤ 1,0×10-2 mol : ;(

. .
! -H" 8> Mg (s) %3
/
.
D xmax = n0(Mg) = 3,75×10-3 mol : "
: pH2 " x %H !
7"
' .4
(1) .......... pH2 = p – patm : " ?
(2) .......... x(t) = n(H2) = pH2.V/RT : 0

3

?
. V = 300 mL = 3,00 ×10-4 m3 ‫ ؛‬T(°K) = θ(°C) + 273 = 20 + 273 = 293 °K : :
x(t) = n(H2) = (p – patm)×1,23×10-7 (mol) ⇐ x(t) = n(H2) = (p – patm) 3,00×10-4/(8,31×293) : (2) (1)
n(H2) = x(t) = f(t) :
`4 ( "
t (s) 0 18 52 71 90 115 144 160 174 193 212 238 266 290
x (mmol) 0 0,31 1,10 1,45 1,85 2,33 2,83 3,10 3,25 3,42 3,51 3,55 3,55 3,55
x (mmol) ( 8" "
+ ) .......... x = f(t) : "
0 .5
4 B●
: t½ .
.6
3 xmax = 3,55 mmol : ( ( x = f(t) : "
( ) H
+*
A●
2 x = xmax/2 = 1,78 mmol : " t½ +

1 t½ ≈ 88 s : H=" "
- 7&
H "
t (s) : t = 180 s +
! .

.7
0 %H
" "
0 t +
! .

# D F"
100 200 300
: .

% D +
K ! x = f(t) " $
B(t = 250 s ; x = 4 mmol) \ A(t = 100 s ; x = 2,4 mmol) : : $

</ B D A H

v( t = 180 s ) = (1/V) (∆x/∆t) = (1/0,2)(4 – 2,4)/(250 – 100) = 5,33 ×10-5 mol.L-1.s-1 :

# ∴
v( t = 180 s ) = 5,33 ×10-5 mol.L-1.s-1 ⇐
: Mg2+ (aq)
4

D t = 180 s +
4
H2 % .8
: ( I « .3 –

» %H
D x( t = 180 s ) = 3,3 mmol : t = 180 s +
"

n( Mg2+ ) = x = 3,3 mmol K < n( H2 ) = x = 3,3 mmol
V(H2) = n( H2 ).VM : 4
H2 (g) % ?
15
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: "
4 ! ;3

%
D pV = nRT : 0

3

VM = nRT/p = 24,1×10 m .mol-1 = 24,1 L/mol ⇐ p = 1,009×105 Pa D T = 293 °K D R = 8,31 u.I D n = 1 mol
-3 3
V(H2) = 8×10-2 L ⇐ V(H2) = 24,1×3,3×10-3 = 8 ×10-2 L ∴

[Mg (aq)] = n( Mg2+ )/VS = 3,3/200 = 0,0165 mol/L : Mg2+ (aq)
4

?
2+
[Mg2+ (aq)] = 1,65×10-2 mol.L-1 ∴
*.
" #* .

: (4 (
:
" L<
.
E! % g
( ;> ;

K.
'
2 NO (g) = N2 (g) + O2 (g)
g
( ;>
"' " "0 V 8 . ! θ = 1151°C 7
"
EH %
. t
" [ NO ] (t)

3 0 "H
-
. [ NO ]0 = 226 mmol/L
-1
[ NO ] (mmol.L ) . .
%H ( . 1
250
[ NO ] (t) " x (t) %H
"
#*
( . 2
. t . + ! .

7" ( . 3
150 . [ NO ] (t) " .

" . 4
. t = 5 min +
.

. 5
50 t ( min )
0 5 10 15 20 25 :
: .
%H .1
.
2 NO (g) = N2 (g) + O2 (g)

%H
n(NO) n(N2) n(O2)

"=

0 [ NO ]0V 0 0
H =

x [ NO ]0V – 2x x x
: [ NO ](t) x (t) " #*

.2
nNO (t) = [ NO ]0V – 2x → [ NO ](t) = (1/V) nNO (t) = [ NO ]0 – 2x/V → 2x/V = [ NO ]0 – [ NO ](t)
→ x = ( [ NO ]0 – [ NO ](t) )V/2
: .

7" .3
v (t) = ( 1/V ) dx/dt
: [ NO ](t) " .

7" .4
v (t) = ( 1/V ) dx/dt = ( 1/V ) d[( [ NO ]0 – [ NO ](t) )V/2]/dt = ( - ½ ) d[ [ NO ](t) ]/dt
→ v (t) = ( - ½ ) d[ [ NO ](t) ]/dt
16
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: t = 5 min +
.

.5
[ NO ] (mmol.L-1 )
d[ [ NO ](t) ]/dt = ∆[NO] / ∆ t = ( 50 – 210 )/ 22 = - 7,3 mmol.L-1.min-1
250
: M! E" -
'
v (t) = ( - ½ ) d[ [ NO ](t) ]/dt = 3,6 mmol.L-1.min-1
→ v (t) = 3,6 mmol.L-1.min-1
150
∆[NO]
∆t
50 t ( min )
0 5 10 15 20 25
.
: (5 (
H!
0 X 8 I ;<
% . E! % >
) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) &
, .
. Al3+ (III) % >

4
V(H2) ( mL )
! % >
"" m = 0,80 g )@ D t = 0 +

100

N &
, V = 60,0 mL % - ;
80

" 4

0 X ) % . Ca = 0,180 mol.L-1
60
. E!
"
-
! . V(H2) 8 $H
40
.
N< t½ .
(
20
t ( min ) M(Al) = 27 g.mol-1 :
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 VM = 22,0 L.mol-1 : ("
.k) ;3

%
:
[ 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e - = H2 (g) ] ×3 :

.

[ Al (s) = Al3+ (aq) + 3 e - ] ×2
2 Al (s) + 6 H+ (aq) = 2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
: .
%H
.
2 Al (s) + 6 H+ (aq) = 2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

%H
n(Al) n(H+) n(Al3+) n(H2)

"=

0 n0(Al) n0(H+) 0 0
H =

x n0(Al) – 2x n0(H+) – 6x 2x 3x

xmax n0(Al) – 2xmax n0(H+) – 6xmax 2 xmax 3 xmax
17
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
n0(Al) = m/M = 0,80/27,0 = 0,030 mol = 30 mmol
n0(H+) = CaV = 0,180 × 60,0 = 10,8 mmol
n0(Al) – 2xmax = 0 → xmax = n0(Al)/2 = 15 mmol : M!
.
/ Al
<' ? : % :
.
n0(H+) – 6xmax = 0 → xmax = n0(H+)/6 = 1,8 mmol : M!

.
/ H+
<' ?
. ( 3>
) xmax = 1,8 mmol \
.
/ H+ : "
n(H2)max = 3 xmax = 1,8 × 3 = 5,4 mmol : 8
V(H2)max = n(H2)max × VM = 5,4 × 10-3 × 22,0 = 119 × 10-3 L = 119 mL
x = xmax/2 = 0,9 mmol : M! t = t½ .
R "
V(H2) ( mL ) n(H2) = 3 x = 2,7 mmol : "
100 V(H2) = n(H2)×VM = 2,7×10-3×22,0 = 59 ×10-3 L = 59 mL :

N</ !
80 : "
-
G "
( "
+ ) .......... t = t½ = 290 min V(H2) = 59 mL >
60
59
40
20
t½ = 290 min
0 t ( min )
0 200 400 600 800 1000

– .
– .

: (6 (
cémentation H
/ K

7
!
[ Cu2+ ] ( mmol.L-1 )
:
E! K
E 7" Cu2+
4 G' ;(
300
Cu2+ (aq) + Zn (s) = Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)
250
[ Cu2+ ]( t )
% 20°C 7
( " *B
200
. "H
"
%
150
100
. t½ .
. 1
50
t ( min ) . t½ +
/ .

" . 2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

/ _
"
N</ . 3
. _ "
N</ ! <U N % ;<
:
: .
.1
lim [ Cu2+ ](t) = 0 : "
-
G "
t→0
.
.
/ Cu2+
4
( D % :

: "
18
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
[ Cu2+ ] ( mmol.L-1 )
300
n ( Cu2+ ) = n0 ( Cu2+ ) – x : 8
250
xmax = n0 ( Cu2+ ) = C0V : :
200
160 n ( Cu2+ ) = n0 ( Cu2+ ) – n0 ( Cu2+ )/2 \ x = xmax/2 : M! t = t½ : >
150
n ( Cu2+ ) = n0 ( Cu2+ )/2 : ( ;(
100
[ Cu2+ ](t½) = C0/2 = 320/2 = 160 mmol.L-1 : (
</
50
t ( min ) ( "
+ ) .......... t½ = 30 min : 8
0
50 100 150 200 250 t = t½ : +
.

.2
0
30
n ( Cu2+ ) = C0V – x → x = C0V - n ( Cu2+ ) = C0V – [ Cu2+ ](t)V :
( $
) .......... v(t) = (1/V) dx/dt = (1/V) d[C0V – [ Cu2+ ](t)V]/dt = - d[ Cu2+ ](t)/dt : "
v(t) = - ∆[ Cu2+ ]/∆t = 245/85 = 2,9 mmol.L-1.min-1 → v(t) = 2,9 mmol.L-1.min-1 : " G "
: " 8@B' % ;<
K < ! %

.
.3

" D [ Cu2+ ]
W# "
" W# .

: ( 7

"
"
.
/ "
N</ ! N % ;<
( 54 : W –

) 22 : (7 (
V = 2,0 mL F 4" !
</ ( . (CH3)3C ― Cl ""
0 525 52 /' . $
< 80 mL

</ ! D t = 0 +
! . c = 4,0 g.L-1 :
N ""
0 525 52
. ( acétone : ( ) B 5 % &
95 %
-
" %0
%#
"
! g
%*=
:" D #
$# "
g
%*=
34
:
H
- . H!

#
t (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

σ (µS/cm) 0 52,79 74,53 99,38 121,1 142,9 161,5 117 192,5 205 214,3 226,7
t (s) 120 140 160 190 220 240 285 315 365 375 380 450
σ (µS/cm) 232,9 248,4 260,9 273,3 279,5 285,7 291,9 295 298,1 298,1 298,1 298,1
: / $
L<
.

(CH3)3C ― Cl (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = (CH3)3C ― OH (ℓ) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
M(Cl) = 35,5 g.mol-1 \ M(C) = 12 g.mol-1 \ M(H) = 1 g.mol-1 :
_ #
$# E

</ "
< S4' .1
. *.
"=
7
( .2
. .
%H O `4( .3
. x %H
" σ
# !
7"
( .4
_ t = 0 s +
.

#

< .5
. .
! σf
#
7" ( .6
. xmax +>
%H
( .7
. σf σ " t +
! x %H
7" j D xmax # 6 4
P
!

"
O#*' .8
. +
B x %H
%H O ( .9
.
2 cm 1×10-5 mol \
. 1 cm 20 s : %
― x = f(t) : "
%( .10
19
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. t½ .
j %0 j .11
. t = 200 s t = 60 s : +
! .

# j .12
.

</
FV " D .

</ *B
C@ . 12
P
!

# H" .13
_ F" K < A

:
: #
$H "

</ " .1
" ( .

) σ
#
# ! %
Cl- (aq)
4
H+ (aq)
4
I .

</
. #
$H " N "
: *.
"=
7
.2
-1
M(R – Cl) = 92,5 g.mol : : R – Cl " (CH3)3C ― Cl
B' ?
m = c.V = 4 × 2 × 10-3 = 8 × 10-3 g ⇐ c = m/V : : n(R – Cl) = m/M : "
n(R – Cl) = 8,65 × 10-5 mol ⇐ n(R – Cl) = 0,008/92,5 = 8,65 × 10-5 mol : 8
. 7" &
?
: . %H
.3
.
R – Cl + H2O = R – OH + H (aq) + Cl- (aq) +

%H
n(RCl) n(H2O) n(ROH) n(H+) n(Cl-)

"=

0 8,65×10-5 7" 0 0 0
H =

x(t) 8,65×10-5–x(t) 7" x(t) x(t) x(t)
: x %H
" σ
# !
7"
.4
+ -x(t)
[H ] = [Cl ] = ‫ـــــ‬ : : σ (t) = λH+ [H+](t) + λCl- [Cl-](t) : "
V
(1) ... σ (t) = ( λH+ + λCl- ) x(t)/V : "
: .

" +
#
%
' " .5
D ( x ≈ 0 ) F"H F %H
+
N</ 8> t = 0 s +
.

#

.
F .@ " &
! HO- H+
4
: . (
4 ) 4 G
( .

!
: .
! σf
#
7" .6
: H"

#
7" -
7 " D x = xmax : F+( %H
.
!
(2) ... σf = ( λH+ + λCl- ) xmax /V
: xmax +>
%H
.7
xmax = n(R – Cl) = 8,65 × 10-5 mol : M! %H

: σf σ(t) " t +
! x %H
7" .8
σ(t)
x(t) = xmax ‫ـــــ‬ ⇐ σ (t)/ σf = x(t)/ xmax : - O! (2) (1) " "
<BA"
σf
(‫(ت‬H‫&] ول ا‬O) σf = 298,1 µS/cm \ xmax = 8,65 × 10-5 mol : G .
x(t) = ( 8,65 × 10-5/298,1 ) σ(t) : !L
: +
B %H
%# .9
t (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
x (10-5 mol) 0 1,5 2,4 2,9 3,5 4,1 4,7 5,1 5,5 5,9 6,2 6,5
t (s) 120 140 160 190 220 240 285 315 365 375 380 450
-5
x (10 mol) 6,7 7,2 7,5 7,8 8,1 8,2 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,6 8,6 8,6
. (

.
+( ) .......... x = f(t) : "
% .10
: t½ .
.11
. xmax/2 +>
8H . x %H
! Q "
7
/ t½ .

. ("
+) ... t½ = 52 s : ("
7&
H
) H=" D x = xmax/2 = 4,3 × 10-5 mol : t = t½ +
: F"
20
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
-5 ‫
د
رة‬
x (10 mol)
10 D t = 60 s : +
! .

# .12
9 ● : t = 200 s
8 B
●
7
● v(60s) = (1/V) dx/dt : t = 60 s +

?
6 C●
= (1/V) (xB – xA)/(tB – tA)
5 = (10-5/8,2 × 10-2)(8,0 – 2,0)/(140 – 0)
4 ● x = f (t) : ‫ن‬#‫ا‬ = 5,2 × 10-6 mol.L-1.s-1
3 H
$." : t = 200 s +

?
A 2● v(200s) = (1/V) (xD – xC)/(tD – tC)
1 t (s) = (10-5/8,2 × 10-2)(9,0 – 6,0)/(300 – 50)
0 100 200 300 400 500 = 1,5 × 10-6 mol.L-1.s-1
: .

.13

/ ;<

" D .
*B W#
⇐ v(200s) < v(60s) : ( +* E" ?
.
&0( . B + "
8 * W# +*" F" K < A
. W# *.
( 56 : W –

) 27 : (8 (
2H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2H2O (ℓ) :

;< .
E! (
0 (") >
&

n(H2O2) >
& @ D "0 7
.

</
((
1 mol )" (MnO2) 3
( 0 # (t = 0) +

5 min
+ 7
! -H"
>
& 7

3
. 8" E!
"
! 0
I
- !
: t = 10 min +
(
. H2O2 ? H"
7
((
. I

(
t . >
&
&. B' (L
0 7 ! D
7 MnO2
7 3 (
v(H2O2) mol.min-1
. "H
"
- ! D t = 10 min +
$. >
&
&. B'
.
X ! >
&
&. B' ( ((
_ .1
P
! B
MnO2
7 / (
_ .
-
7 0A / (L
0,1
:
n(MnO2) mol : t = 10 min +
H2O2 ? H"
7
' (( ? .1
2×10-4
n(H2O2) H"
= 4,5 mol ⇐ t = 10 min +
: F"
0
: I

( ?

2H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2H2O (ℓ)
t = 0 min 8 0 0
t = 10 min 8 – 2x = 4,5 x = 1,75 2x = 3,5
x = 1,75 mol ⇐ 8 – 2x = 4,5 mol :
n(H2O2)
n(H2O) = 3,5 mol \ n(O2) = 1,75 mol : I

"
1 mol
A
5 min
: >
&
&. B' (? ?
: t = 10 min +
H2O2
G
&. B' D "
4,5 mol ● v(10min) = - dn/dt = - (nB – nA)/(tB – tA)
= - (2 – 7)/(20 – 0) = 0,25
= 0,25 mol.min-1
B
v(10min) = 0,25 mol.min-1 ⇐
t
:
X ! >
&
&. B' (( ? .2
0 10 min
n(MnO2) = 0 mol ⇔ MnO2
X
-1
. n(MnO2) = 0 mol > v = 0,04 mol.min : v(H2O2) = f(nMnO2) " 0
%H
"
21
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:1
P
! B
MnO2
7 ( ?
. v(H2O2) = f(nMnO2) : "
+ ... n(MnO2) = 3×10-4 mol : M! D v(10min) = 0,25 mol.min-1 : ( "
: .
-
7 0A (? ?
: ;(
7 )
F .
( +* v(H2O2) = f(nMnO2) : "
-
G "
. MnO2
" v(10min) = 0,25 mol.min-1 : : D v(10min) = k. n(MnO2)
. MnO2
3" v(10min) = 0,04 mol.min-1
( 57 : W –

) 28 : (9 (
:
;< . OH! S2O82- "("

4
" I-

4 7( " %
[S2O82-]×10-2 mol.L-1 2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)
2
. [S2O82-] " j" %0 D .

j .1
:
4
! (4) "( EH .2
1 . θ1 = 32 °C : 7

5(
③ . θ2 = 23 °C : 7

5
④ ① ②
t (min) . θ3 = 15 °C : 7

5
0 5 10 . Fe3+ Fe2+
4
" D θ4 = 32 °C : 7

5:
. " ! [S2O82-] V . [S2O82-] = f(t) -
" 8" H0
. [I-] = 2 × 10-3 mol.L-1 : " (
_ K < . D " ! .
.3
_
N</ /"

/ .4
_
< . ( + &) ! 7

)@ D " ! [S2O82-] = f(t) "
% .5
:
2-
: [S2O8 ] " "
.

.1
v = (1/V)dx/dt : #* " .

-

v .

" #* ' ( . t . + ! .
%H x D .

% V : :
O D S2O82- "("

4
: .
%H

2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)

"=

n1 n2 0 0
H =

n1 – 2x n2 – x n3 = x n4 = 2x
d[S2O82-]/dt = d(n1 – 2x )/V.dt = - (1/V)dx/dt :

v = (1/V)dx/dt : "
( [S2O8 ] " v 7" ) v = - d[S2O82-]/dt : "
2-
: )">

8 ! [S2O82-] .2
(7
H0
+) ... [S2O82-]0 = 2 × 10-2 mol.L-1 : " ("
$. ④ D ③ D ② D ① :

: "
) " ! .
.3
+
[S2O8 ] = f(t) : - $
0 .

( " D v = - d[S2O82-]/dt : #*

2-
. 7"
.

&
' "" F" ">

/ (④ -
) "

"
! .

( +*
[S2O82-] ● P0 . (. 7
) 32 °C 7
( ) Fe3+ Fe2+
4
-
(④ ①
) " 7

$.
P1
●
P2
. ④
! ①
! 3( .

● P3 .

W# # 7
(
●
0
2-
d[S2O8 ]
●
5 10 15 t (min) . ( ③ ② ① :
)
-
dt ) W# .

( +* - (
. 8" B
8@ .
! % ( -

P0 : ●
P1 : ●
●
P2 : P3 :
0 5 10 15 t (min)
22
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
N</ /"

.4
: I E"
! D θ = 32 °C 7
.
) " C .
! + Fe Fe2+
4

3+
. « »
. 7

(
</ ( "0 ZB>

) 7

. ' G( .

La Trempe : "
+
5 7/+ .5
2-
."
3 H# *B 8( -
+* . 1 min Z [S2O8 ] ( 7
! #3

7
( K <
</ D ( + &) ?
! .

3" .
H' K < D H
# - 0P
</
.
*.

7

=

: (10 (
+ -
( H2N )2C ═ O → NH4 + CNO : %
.
( "
) : D !
/
"=

:*0

! . N(
% ' -
0*0 &
' "
I
H
-1 . C0 = 0,1 mol.L-1 8.
C (mol.L )
0,10 –
:
30 °C : 7
. ①
60 °C : 7
. ②
0,05 – ① 30 °C : 7
. ③
+
②
uréase %'
0,01 – ③
0 a a a a a a a t (h)
10 20 30 40 50 60
. .
- 0A ) #" / \ .

,"
"M" S

N< V" .1
: :*0

! D ( .2
.
&. B=
"=

((
. .
(
:
: .
- 0A :*0

/"

.1
dC
. C(t) - t +
$
%H
H
H

N</ D v = - ‫ ـــــ‬: /
&. B' : "
dt
. ! .
' v
. : ( S@" V"
+
.
' v
. : ( " ② ①
H" •
. l'uréase %' " : l'uréase %' !
v
( " ③ ①
H" •
. .
: !
&. B=
"=

(( ? .2
v0 = 1,7 mmol.L-1.h-1 : ①
v0 = 4 mmol.L-1.h-1 : ②
v0 = 14 mmol.L-1.h-1 : ③
: .
( ?
C0
‫ـــــ‬ -1
: 8 D C = = 0,05 mol.L : *B
7
E!
.

2
. 37 h 30 min : ;( D t½ = 37,5 h : ①
. t½ = 25 h : ②
. t½ = 5 h : ③
23
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬

=
. :2
: "! #$
. γ D β+D β−D α :4=
4
"
.>

H ' %
H ' 4 (N,Z) -
+
. 4=
4
W# # E"
. " 9 ( " 4=
4
W# B .
.
#
● :
. "
# ●
. "
L=
4=
V"
. ; . #

. ;

! =
B N P ."
+ −
: γ EC β 8 β 8α : -#C # (1
:
) (1-1
A
: ZX (1.1.1
. ( %
D Na \
D H : 0( ) X " <
7
– : D- ?
. 7

! "
Z
D
D A : %bL ( Z ‫ ؛‬A )
% –
.
( - - A
.
# ( G) - ?" F@( - Z
–
. (Z = 6) 6 % D (A = 14) N 14 "
7< 7
D 146C 7

: 9 ?
. ( ) 7

– :
?
.
-
4 " D
' " "
4
–
N = A – Z : Z A
*B 7

! N
L ' –
. 8 = 6 – 14 = N \ 6 = Z : ;( N 14 = A D C "
7< 7
: 9 ?
Isotopes : , (2.1.1
" .

F
F "

$. D ZX

$.
< ( / +
– : D- ?
. A . B # D Z H
$. +
:* O 0 . ( X e"L ‫ج‬g>>‫ )ا‬6(c‫ ا‬d4J ‫ ؛ و‬Z ;<

$.

+ :
,
. ( 1 D " 1) 21H ( " 1) 11 H :
;+
. « 12C : 12 ( » «14C : 14 ( » 0 :
( " + O( 4 –
D ( u )
B' ( D unité de masse atomique ( u . m . a )
) j :
?
: (P 126C : (
) +
7< ( 12/1)
. 7

%( =
"
D O 12 ; 7<
N</ 7
–
m( = m( = 1 u : I 8 D 12 g « 12 "
» 1 mole /# 7 –
m( AZ X) = A u : F"H AZ X 7
m( AZX) :
F –
' 7

<' . F4' H X Bg
,"
H @" <
>
' – : -#C # (2 - 1
.
-# ?. A" 7

H D

! .
-# ( H D FH ( =
) K.
14 12
. L# 6C " D ?. 6C K < : WB
$.

+
< > –

%
<' ( . - -#* # %*
" M! D ( 14 "
) "
! 4 7

–
. E* -#* # WB K < M! ( 13 g
) F'
: ?.C ?.C (1.2.1
. -#C J! : ?" >
N</ "
g
D ?. ( -
?. H >
" X ' ?
. (γ) # ‫( و‬β) D (α) !% :
4=
Z' (
' ) :"' -
;P K. ?
. . B
A"
! 7H
X 7H
>
) G 8! ( N – Z ) B
D 1 –
?9 " ?
?.C G - E4

</ . ( ( " ) ?.
P 0 B
- >
E>
" .
E4
' –
.
. (
-#
% ) ?. H
% 0 &
.
&

D &#
H
–
24
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
" D
Z "
3 - ;
>
0 N = Z B
' –
. ( N > Z ) : "
N
M! Z "
7H
X >
PP D 4=
W#
: : ." ?
: 1
?9 –
H =
;

#=

H =
-
-

D (β ) "
" 4c 0"
>
WB E>

–
.
! ,!
+

D (β ) "
" 4c 0"
>
WB >

–
. "
! ,!
. (α) 4c 0"
>
WB .>

–
4

W# ( 2He : %

< () α
=
–
D
F .>
F# =" 7
" ;P D 2 ?" Z N
. ( 2
?9 5+( ) ...
H =
;

0
1 ?" N WH ( -1e : =

' ) β- "
" G4=
! –
D O .>
F# =" 7
" ;P 1 ?" Z

.
H =
;

0
1 ?" N
( +1e : "

' ) β+ "
" G4=
! –
F# =" 7
" ;P D 1 ?" Z WH
. K.
( 0
>
\ (N – Z) B
: 1 H0
.
H =
;
D
F - >

(>
)
H =

E>
>
"

' - .
, ( H0
7
–
(famille radioactive)
-#
- . /
H ' "#
H =
;

. 7H
7

4 "# )" " 4
>

206 RE C" γ β D α K. -
, 238 K < 0
206 W
- 238 %

>
G . .B 0( H
: 238
-#
- -
238 232 231 206
92 U → 90 Th → 91Pa (…) → 82 Pb
7

' -
;P 4=
W#
: 2 H0

H =
;

:( ,! *
1
# ,! *) :J! =- (2.2.1
%
M" D %H=" (P) 4P : - 4 7
8 *B %H ; . . 7/+ 4=
4
' ?
X(% ) → Y( ) + … : ( ) (C : - ZB( 7

*
Y : (*) %" "
7

E!M" N</ 70=
4 . (
'S 1) 9
! F" X 4
"
7

?
X → Y*(9) + …

' ! 0 7
4=
)"
G K < - 7 β+ β- D α
: G
( :*0 0"

?
. γ
70=
- 7

#
4 4
( 2α " O( : α ) 2 He : %

< >
' : α J! –
A 4 A 4 A–4
Z
X → 2
α + AZ –– 24Y % Z
X → 2
He + Z – 2Y
A (N , Z) B
! +
>
WB 4=
G

</ . -10e : =
' : β- J! –
N > Z :
,!
A 0 - A A 0 A
Z
X → -1
β + Z + 1Y* % Z
X→ -1
e + Z + 1Y*
1 1 0 0
0
n → 1p + -1
e + 0
ν : " -

β- K.
!
. (
0 4
=
0
%) 00ν F
' β- %
:"' E!

. β- " 4'
25
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
0
F' D "
!

=
G

</ 7/4 F . e : "
' : β+ J! –
+1
. ( "
4) " 8 4 (
) =
$. 8 %

</ . 7!" 8
N < Z : "
,! A (N , Z) B
! +
>
WB 4=
G

</
A 0 + A A 0 A
Z
X → β + Z – 1Y*
+1
% Z
X→ +1
e + Z – 1Y*
1 1 0
p→ n+ e + 0ν : " -
"
β+ K.
!
1 0 +1 0
0
. (
0 4
=
0
%) 0ν
' β+ %
:"' E!

-H" 7

0"' D <.
74 3 4' 7" γ 4=
: γ EC –
: 70' #( -
70 H ( 7H C" 4
"
7
70=
! 3 " ;<
137 Y*(9) → Y(9* % % ?.) + γ

55 Cs
93 % . 3
?9 – γ 4c :"' β+ β- D α

=
E!
"F X
-
β 137
3 4' 7" γ 4=

*
56 Ba
(
< (@

G $ )
β- 7 %
. ( λ < 10-10 m )
F 7#
γ

% : ? +.' K/ 4' ; K. &0( : ,! C . –
137 137
238
→
Uα 4 He + 234 Th : 0 ?
# %
Ba Ba 92 2 90
56 56
( 238 = 4 + 234 ) \ ( 92 = 2 + 90 ) : :
137 % β- K. : 3 H0 : G 1, –
. α % H' #
.
F # @

K D #>
X( !
. W

@" ' γ 4=
: ?
:
.
*B 0"

&( ( : ① 6
. α K.
–
. β- K.
–
. β+ K.
–
:
. 42 He : ‫اة ذرة ا@م‬J ، (α) 6, : α K.
–
0
. -1 e : ' : β- K.
–
0
. +1 e : " : β+ K.
–
. =
"
0 7 B

%#( 4
%#( j" : ② 6
:
.
%( > (0) .
"
c
#
>) 15 / c 4
%# \ ( 0
</ 4 > D "
0) 1+ / " 4
%#
. ( "
4 8 4
: β 4c 4' 14 "
" : ③ 6
-

_ « 14 "
»
< ((
. H!

K.
( (
:
14
. 6 C : <
7

« 14 "
» ((
14 β- 14 0 –
6
C → 7
N + -1
e + 00 ν (
26
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
212
83 Bi → X + 208
81
Tl :
E! F4' :"
K. : ④ 6
_ Tl : ?" 8 ;<

/ ((
. X %
- V (
_ :"
K. :"
;
G4=
G (L
:
. (Thallium) %
: -
Tl
4 ((
212 α 4
. ( α H# 7" X %
) 83 Bi → 2He + 208
81Tl (
. α
' (L
. 3
4=
: ⑤ 6
_ (R
.
) &*B
! γ G4=
/ ((
_ (radiations visibles)
4=
/ (
_ γ 4=

"
4=
/ (L
:
10-13 m < λ < 10-7 m : γ 4=
((
7,5 × 10-7 m
( - ) 4 × 10-7 m < λ < 7 × 10-7 m :

(
. ( 8 × 10-7 m -
(
. ( 10-10 m < λ < 10-8 m ) : X
4=
(L
. ( 10-8 m < λ < 4 × 10-7 m ) : (U.V) ."
E! 4=
. j" _ B %(

%/.
/ : ⑥ 6
. F' I 7
4
7

((
. O.@ 0>
"
! /

K / + " 4
>
(
.
+. ; . *B (L
. (
%# )

+.M" %
+.' (
. 7< =
"
- A :"
=
D ( β- K.
) ' 8 4' K. *B (N
:
- F"
4 ( 40 % "
D 14 "
) " 4
7

# . M ((
. ( ,>
. @E (
A" S@" " g
-
14 "
K. . . H!
*.
!
+. . M (L
. (g
) B9 ("
)
. @E (

</ : :"
=
" -
" . .
7

=
:"' . @E (N
– 7< =
"
=
( / 8 ! D I"
! S X
. <
>" ' .

</ ! %
: ⑦ 6
.
*. 7
+.=

H" < ((
... ... 206
① 210 *
84Po → ... Pb + 2 He
4
② *
... Pb → 82Pb + γ : ( (
... 56 0
③ 214
82
Pb → … + -1e 0
④ 27 Co → ... Fe + +1 e
206 * 214
_ 82 Pb " E. (L
82 Pb
:
. (4
%#) 4
(
%#)
+.' ((
① 210
84
Po → 206 * 4
82 Pb + 2 He ② 206 82
Pb* → 206 82 Pb + γ (
214 0
③ 214
82 Pb → 83 Bi + -1 e ④ 56
27
56
Co → 26 Fe + +1e 0
27
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. (7H )
V
! W 7
-
Pb
4 " D (V) 70 W 7
-
Pb* (L
(214 206)
$. $ (82) "
$.

/ D K < - 7
: B N
"
. W
+ + ' : ZBa (N = 214 – 82 = 132) /
= (N = 206 – 82 = 124)
: ⑧ 6
26 . W D E"
$
3 – H0
- E
:
0>
(
F
H ' #>
) F. ' 0( # !
7

. ,"
@" .( B
! >
)@
. 137 %
K. B . - >
! )@ (O/
!
"
! 4
"
7

: D γ 4=
' H!
137 % 0
β- 4=
93%
. Ba* → Ba + γ : γ 4c /
M" 0' D Ba* : « 9 »
. %"
7

"
Ba 7H
"
7

4 74" : β- 4=
7%
: ⑨ 6
: 4 ( WB

," K '
4=
K.
G N Z A
α ... 92 238 %

α ... 92 235 %

-
β ... 91 234 %*"
-
β ... 90 234 %0
α ... 90 230 %0
α ... 88 226

. N*(
( ((
. 7
a ( N , Z ) B
4 (
-
. F% %" β K.
D % 8 (→) %" α K.
0 (L
_ B
! 0
.
>
- (
238
:
N 92 U . (L ( ((
146 ●
145 α N = A – Z
234
144 90 Th ● 234
146 %

143 ↘ Pa
β ● 91 234
- 142 %

142 -↘● U 143 %*"
β 92
141 α 144 %0
140 ● 140 %0
139 226 α 230

88 Ra 90 Th Z 138

138 ●
88 89 90 91 92 -
8" ( N , Z ) B
! >
(

-#
- M! a .

(N , Z) B
.

</ # (&">
) "
>
) 4
A" 4)

K.
A" #
>
$B
4=
.
H! -(
. H
206 W
4 -

! H " ! 4' . 74 : (α E# )4 226

: -#C # R (3 -1

:
F!
-
: L'activité ( A ) -#C # .1.3.1
∆N .
" / 4' )" D becquerel (Bq) 7" $H ;<
D A 4=
4
: D- ? ①
∆N
. A = ‫ ــــــ‬: K < ! #3
∆t 7
-

∆t
. N(t) " 8 )" N M! 8 FH >
N</ K. D V 4
>
/ N
<' ?
28
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
>
> ( ∆N < 0 ) +. 3

</ D ∆N = N(t + ∆t) – N(t) : / V
.
>
∆N 3
?
. V -#C R % K < .
) K. " WH 4
-1
. [A] = T :
$ $
O<' / 4=
4
.
9 + (N!) +E - 1 Bq ?
. ( (
9 ! -
S- A -#C # DU-
. 104 Bq
" 4=
84 H . « 40 % "
» « 14 "
» - 8
= )4 =
%
: # ! V - ? ②

% 7" )4 7
) V
7
" 4 7 4=
4
E -
. (.

.
) W# K. H"
7
." D
) K. " WH 4' )" 4=
4
-
G4=
#" )"

< 4=
4 " " ;4"
%
- 4' )" 7
4=
0A ' -
. 8 "
B>
%H )" 4=
4
! . . :"
: -#C R (#- L)

C
E ? ③

" (4' )") 137 %
( K.
4
7
D "B
! D : 4' W# -
. .4
∆N .
>

! ∆t 7 B . Compteur Geiger

8 D 100% ! 8 &@.
! 7 B 7<!" ;<

4 : " H
@.
-
' - D g
N</ !
W#
++ / 8 ! ) . 4=
W#
4
"
.
A" , . . H# # &
M" C
>

F"
F M! F
4 >
.*
O !
.
)
O#*' ' D "B
! S

" : H
" &
' 7@ -

I
K <" H
9 @" &
M" C " " $# %+ ' 0O . H
. 0(
:
' ? ④
D
4 ' 7/+" >
E : 4 7
4' K. : + )# "@ " . ( •
. (h4 ) o n ( 7
( ) -4* . 7 7
K. -
;P 7
K.
N (Bq) ( ... D 3@
D 7

) B
.
4
H 4=
W#
•
N0 ● ;<

" E 4=
K.
( 4 V !

. 4
7

8 '
T = t½ = ‫ ا‬5%6 7‫ز‬ : Demi-vie ( t½ ) - DE .2.3.1
W# *B

7
)4 + t½
?
N N0
‫ـــــ‬0 → ● ‫ـــــ‬ . +
$. 4
>
"

(K. )
2 e N0
N ● ‫ ـــــ‬N0 : D V
! 4=
W#
"
C ?
‫ـــــ‬0 → ● 8 ‫ـــــ‬ .
-
4=
4
! W#
7
0
4 ● 16
● .

* -
0
&
( 7
( 3 ?
t <e‫ا‬ :
-#
P ( ' .3.3.1
T 2T 3T 4T
∆N = - λ N∆t :
- ? ①
τ 4=
W#

: 4 H0
: 4
>
>
. t +
! >
N(t) –
. t + ∆t +
! >
N(t + ∆t) –
A
K <" ∆N .
>
" D ∆t
7
' D ∆N = N(t + ∆t) – N(t) < 0 : "
H"
4
a N
) " ∆N ( F" "0=
0 . ∆t ) " ∆N ( F"
. t +
! K.
. ∆N = - λ N∆t : #*
8 D ∆t ) N ) ∆N A" " ;<

"0 λ ?
#( F4' W# ! >
> ∆N λ " . « 5 » "
74=
:
,
.
F #A!
29
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
N = N0 e – λ t : -#C R ( ? ②
F "!

f ' (x) = - λf (x) dN
‫ = ــــــ‬- λN ∆N
‫ = ــــــ‬- λN
*
O "H @. dt ∆t
f (x) = Ae - λx : 4
N' = - λN : (
dN(t)
N(t) = N0 e - λt : 4
*
O "H ‫ = ـــــــــ‬- λN(t) : %b*q‫ا‬
dt
N(0) = N0 e – λ × 0 = N0 × 1 = N0 : t = 0 8> D t = 0 +

N # N0 : :
: Constante de temps (τ) ( 9 ? ③
$ λ " D 7 ∆t > (sans dimension) ;" X
H λ ∆t
H
A" I ∆N = - λ N∆t : #*
?
. «
"0 » - D τ " 8 (
) B>

</
$
A (t)
1
A0 (s-1) ?" λ (s) ?" τ : : τ = ‫ــــ‬ :
H
/ τ ( 9 ?
λ
A(t) = A0 e – λ t (
) N(t½) = N ‫ــــ‬0 : "
1 2N
A e – λ(t½) = ‫ ــــ‬: 8 N(t½) = N0 e – λ(t½) = ‫ــــ‬0 : "
‫ـــــ‬0 2 2
2 ln2
t½ = ‫ــــــ‬ = τ ln2 ⇐
λ
t <e‫ا‬ A = λ N0 e – λt " A = λ N : A -#C # ? ④
0 t½

" V
4 W# : 5 H0 A = A0 e – λt " A0 = λ N0 : (
dN(t)
A = - [ - λ N0 e – λt ] = λ N0 e – λt = λ N : 8 \ N(t) = N0 e – λt ) A = ‫ ــــــ‬: . "
dt
Datation : WM ' 6 .4.3.1
H
<

( "
&@>
H" @

H G4=

" 5 : WM % ? ①
. « 14 "
» M" 40 000
14 "
F( D @
"
! "

. 5 730 7 " 4 7
146C 7

–
hA
(" K < D g
( )

.
K "
! , .
146C +
( –
14
C
! ‫ ــــــــ‬: "
( ;( « ( (
?. ' 14C ,
. » A" H
+
-
14 "

"
12
C
. (7B>
20 000 > "0) F "0
%
!
! Z
)4
"
"
&3
W ) <3
@

0
M" :
"
@."
</ %
@ ! 14 "
" " La photosynthèse @
&"
EH "
( 0
. ( ً3qr‫ إ‬tb!L ‫أ‬#? ) ‫د‬7!? O oA 14 "
" M! *
O 0 " @ . (

. <U /
. .
( 4B
V L M" C -H"
14 "
" ! –
: 4. WM ? ②
ln2 ln2 A
(2) ... λ = ‫ ⇐ ــــــ‬t½ = ‫ ــــــ‬: K < D (1) ... ‫ = ــــــ‬e –λt
⇐ A(t) = A0 e – λ t : E"
t½ λ A0
: - (2) #*
λ # ,
(1) #*
! ;"
% X
<BA"
( 14 "
) t½ = 5,6 ×103 : : t = ‫ــــــ‬ t½ ln A
‫ــــــ‬
ln2 A0
30
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
A(t)
. t (ans) = 8,1×103 ln ‫ــــــ‬ : "
A0
:

? WM ? ③
: "
% K < " @!>
6 – H0
D A(t) = λ N0 e – λ t = A0 e – λ t : #*
"
%
. # 0( $# &
M" C
7 – H0
D ln A = f(t)
A (t)
ln A
ln A : u,'J
A (t) : dHJ
t t
t : ‫"أ‬HJ t : ‫"أ‬HJ
–λt
A(t) = A0 e "
: 6 H0 ln A = f(t) "
: 7 H0
: ?
: ① 6
:
"
!
. 7 7
K. -
;P 4 7
4=
K.
((
. (h4 ) on ( 7
( ) -4* (
:
' K. 0( ( #( ++ $ K.
" 7
7
>
" D F
4 >
K. D 4 V ! ((
. "
<'
) 8. / =

</ .
7 7 ! *B K. (
' : 4 7
(
D 2010 X -
" K. % 1970 " « 137 %
» ( V : * O 0 . G

</ >
. N</
$. ! /P
4 % ZB( 4 V " "
/ 0 2010 ! K. +
$.
: ② 6

4 7 " )
D 4=
.
K.
+* » A" D
)

( ! (H (
(VH ( ;") () " évolution " (;
) "
%
- Processus aléatoire
. « déterministe
_ « aléatoire :
4 » C $
C
/ ((
_ 4=

!
4
7/+
/ (
_
4 7/+ 4 ( / (L
:
. déterministe : ((
. 4=
K.
(
. (L
. 4 7
4' K. "@ " : - ! :
4 7 4=
K.
4
>

</ (%q+r s ) ! % p D – ' # D 4
>
. " " "
. + H"
.
X >
% )# : (
) "
Z
-
: ③ 6
: 7&
# « 137 %
» > 4=
K.

( "B
! " 7 !
55 : ;<

_ 137 %
7
" / ((
(2 " F4' W# 30 *B) 30 ans : 7
F
4' W# » ?"
H
< (
5
. 3,7×10 Bq : 4=
4
_ « 2 "
D ;"B
4=
)"
! _ « Bq » ?

< (L
_ 8
4 + 8! 0
7

0
! .
/ %
31
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
. ( 82 = 55 – 137 D 137 D " 55 ((
4' 7/+ ' !
H" $ « 4=

» > $H
! X
B
7"
. «
»
/H \ % "#
: V 4
>
(137 % 7
7 !) 30 *B » : / WB

<" C>
7"
(
. « K.
: : D .
>
F A(t) 4=
4
$# 7 / becquerel – "
: « Bq » ?
(L
.
9 (R ) J! E!
D A = 1 Bq
5
. 0 K. 3,7×10 Bq :
H" 8
4 + F4' 4 8( 7
4=
)"

< " " +*
: ④ 6
. 1970 ! G " 4' )" ' % D 0
Z' !
. 30 ans : / 137 %
7 ! –
. A0 = 3,7×105 Bq : 1970 ! )"
V 4=
4
–
: V" _ « B » %( « »
@.
/
. &
4
# / " #( 4
>
)"
! 2000 ! ((
. &
4
h ! 8 / 2030
(4) )"A" @( )" 4=
4
(
. &
4
h ! 8 / 2015
(3) :*0" @( )" 4=
4
(L
)" 4=
4
(
"" , . D 0
4=
. ($#) '
' (
. "0 F
:
N (1970)
. 1970 %
2000 %
. 30 ans : 7
. @E ((
½ N (1970) -H" K <" \ 2000 %
2030 %
. 30 ans : 7
. @E (
. 2000 " K. %
>
2030
¼ N (1970)
N (2000) " #* K4 @.
" "=
. M (L
( E!
4 " )H
%H
B
0 )
" K. H"
>

½ N (2000) !! 2030 (F . B) % 4
>
A" H
-

! H

) H
F 3 $H
( ,." . @E (
1970 2000 2030 . $H
7 *B O "0 -H" 4
( D )4

: ⑤ 6
2 s : / $# 7 . H
* 7 &
M" %H D "B
! 137 %
V 4' )" 4 (
. $# 200 0 D # 10 (
: - >
10 H
WB

.1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $H
%#
1 5 2 0 2 1 4 9 5 8 (n) .

_ . 9 _ K. 1 : : +* ! % 7 % ((
. ( 4=
.
(n) : D $H
&
' 7 *B +*

) $H

f (
. n " f 0
_ I
< (L
:
I
( $# 200 ? 0

.2
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (n) .

3 2 5 11 24 35 51 35 29 5 (.
n ! +*

)

_ $# 200 /
N</ ! /P
' %
H
( EH
((
. H

N< E!

(L'histogramme) f = Φ(n) :
"
-
%( (
_ n ' 0>
H
/ (L
_ " N. 2
P
- ! D . "# X 1
P
-
< .3
32
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
. 7
7 . 9 : D 1 K. : +* (( – .1
2 2 2
① ... f = Φ(n) :
"
( –
1 1 1 1 . ( # - >

# ) . "# X ① "
(? –
① : ‫ن‬#‫ا‬
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
: > H
0

! * O ! $# 200 &
' % (( – .2
51 5 + 29 + 35 + 51 + 35 + 24 + 11 + 5 + 2 + 3 = 200
. 8" ②
"
+ ( –
. ( n = 3 ) : ② "
(? –
- >

# > ①
"
. .3
35 35
> ②
"
. ! D # (# 10)
. F" " ($# 200) 0

#
29
24
11
5 5
2 3
② : ‫ن‬#‫ا‬
; ; ;
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; n : ⑥ 6
. 14 "
H" %+
hA EH % ?
F4' O. 13,6 : +* " \
! "
%
X F 4' O . 15 : +* D " " ?
. ! %+ " " H#
! "
%
X
. t½ = 5,6×103 ans : / 14 "
7 ! ?
.
8! 3 ;<

F" ((
.
" "
%
3 4

3 - + 0 (
_
< _
%#>
&4>
hA " =" / (L
.
"# (3 000 ans)
4 <

.
> C@ ! 15 g 4B
%! # - 0 (
. H# O. 130 -
V
4=
4
_ .
7! < 8 % % C@
A" V
N</ hA "0 /
:
4
%+
X ! >
(" <BPq . F
"
%
3 4=
4
A(t) ((
. A(0) : K
<9 8! " 4=
. >
" ( 4
" ) > D

$." 4=
4
" : 4'
ln2 1
. λ = ‫ــــــ‬: G4=
"0 " D A(t½) = ‫ــــــ‬A0 : " \ A = A0 e - λ t : 4=
W#
# –
t½ 2
t 1 ln A : 8 D ‫ــــــ‬
. ‫ــــــ = ــــــ‬
A
= e - λ t : " –
‫ــــــ‬
t½ ln2 A0 A0
%H
"
" :" « qs" X » /
‫ــــــ‬ t D ‫ــــــ‬
A :
+ E"

! : +*
t½ A0
. ( S.I )

-
7
D 7
$."
. H#
! F4' O. 2,5 = 60/15 E!
D
! F4' O. 15
3
t½ ln ‫ــــــ‬
t = ‫ــــــ‬ 5,6×10
A = ‫ــــــــــ‬ 13,6
‫ ــــــ‬ln ‫ـــ‬‫ = ــــــ‬3,2 × 104 ans : "
ln2 A0 ln2 0,25
. L'homme de Neandertal ;<
L'homme de Cro-Magnon : &. B' -
D *
"# 30 000 ans
33
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
A
‫
د
رة‬
13,6 : 7
%B D
-
% ( (
13,6 13,6
h ' ... D A(2t½) = ‫ ـــــــــ‬%0 D A(t½) = ‫ـــــــــ‬
4 2
8,9 : ‫"أ‬HJ →
. ( ;( &
= 7@ )
" " F"H FH!( C" -
:
F H
&4>
hA (L
. (
) 30 000 ans 0( /
&4a
ln A : " % S H ( %*
X : +*
8. A $H ) K < ! #
% > \ t "
(103 ans) . (
! 4' K. 15 :
F @ A )
; ; ; ; ; ;
↑5,6 11,2 16,8 22,4 28 33,6 t K. 8,9 +* D 3 000 ans / " 1 g V > (
3 000 ans K. 210×1,3 = 15×8,9 : ;( D ("
+) H#

-
*
O ! 7 > 0
%
4B
%! # ( "0 . 15 g "
V H#
. .
: ⑦ 6
9 210
7
7< . A0 = 4,54×10 : N# .
0 : D +
N@ % 83 Bi < ‫ذة‬vw 1 µg V !
. 210 u : / 210Bi
.

< (λ) G4=
"0 ( ((
. (T = t½ :
) 4=
N I ' (
_ 210Bi 0,01 µg ' V
! -H" #
% *B (L
_ 109 Bq : H
V 4=
4

% *B (
. 1 u = 1,66 × 10- 27 kg : -
-9 :
10
(NBi)0 = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 15
= 2,87 ×10 : : D A0 = λ(NBi)0 = 4,54×10 Bq : " (( 9
210×1,66×10-27
4,54×10 9‫ــــــ‬
λ = 1,59×10-6 s-1 ⇐ λ = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 15
= 1,59×10-6 s-1 : "
2,87×10
ln2
T = t½ = 121 h ⇐ T = t½ = ‫ = ــــــ‬4,36 ×105 s ≈ 121 h : " (
λ
t=
t½ ‫ــــــ‬
‫ــــــ‬ln
A 1 N
= - ‫ ــــ‬ln ‫ ⇐ ــــــ‬ln
N
‫ــــــ‬ N
= - λt : M! D ‫ = ــــــ‬e - λ t : ( : (L
ln2 A0 λ N0 N0 N0
N m
t = 2,90×10 s ≈ 33,5 F ⇐ ‫ = ــــــ = ــــــ‬0,01 : F
6
N0 m0
A A
ln ‫ = ــــــ‬- λt : 8 D ‫ = ــــــ‬e – λ t ⇐ A = λN = λN0 e – λ t = A0 e – λ t : " (
A0 A0
1 A
t = 5,3 × 106 s ≈ 61 F ⇐ t = - ‫ ــــ‬ln ‫ ــــــ‬: B>
!
λ A0
210
. Bi « 210 :"
» ( / V
! 7

7
4
>
A"

</ ! @ !' : +*
: ⑧ 6
. T = 15 h : 4=
N D β- )4 24 %
+ ' ?
24
:

;< ( 11 Na ) 24 %
-
"
! ; 10 cm3 WB4>
( % ! H ?
. 10-3 mol.L-1
_ %
! @
24 %
(7 ) / % ((
(N = 6,02 × 1023 :
X!9 ) _ « Bq » ?"
FH WB4 4=
4
/ % (
.
" 24 %
(
7"
( ( °1 – (L
_ 6 h *B 24 %
-H" % I ' ( °2 5
. 24 %
1,5×10 mol - ; 7<BA

A" .
WB4
% 10 cm3 <BA D 6 h *B (
-8
. %
%

</ ( . %
% ! F %+ M" G 24 %
( ,
!M"
34
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
-3 -3 -5 24
nNa = CV = 10 ×10×10 = 10 mol :
< «
» 7
((
11
Na
> NNa
) D (Bq : "
( )
0 .
>
" H
D A 4=
4
(
. A = λ NNa : 7@
24 11
Na )4
%
NNa = nNa×N = 10 × 6,02 × 10 = 6,02 × 1018 7

:
"
!
-5 23
λ 0,693 ln2
λ = ‫ = ـــــــــــــــــ = ــــــ‬1,28×10-5 s-1 : " D T = ‫ ــــــ‬: :" / λ G4=
"0
ln2 1815×3600 13 λ
-5
A = λ NNa = 1,28×10 ×6,02×10 = 7,71×10 Bq : / %
! G
)4
)"
"=
4=
4
: 4
+
N</ D t +
! 7@
24 %
( N ?" ( °1 – (L
dN = λ … (1) : 4 " #*
N</ " \ A = - dN = λ N
1 ‫ــــــ‬
‫ـــ‬ ‫ــــــ‬
N dt te dt
ln N = -λ t + C : (1) #*
<BA" . " " N E 4 0 ‫ــــــ‬ dN
dt
ln N0 = Cte : : D N = N0 : t = 0 > D
"0 #
N = N0 e – λt … (2) : 4 " " #*
N</ \ ln N ‫ = ـــ‬-λ t : 8 D ln N = -λ t + ln N0 : "
N0
N N
: n = nNa e – λt ⇐ nNa = ‫ــــــ‬0 = 10-5 mol D n = ‫ ـــــ‬: N
X!9 - (2) #*
! H" ( °2 5
N N
. ( 6 h *B H"
24 %
) n = 7,58×10-6 mol : - t = 6 h : >
: / t = 6 h +
%
! 4
a CS

D (L) 7" H %
% VS (
-6
CS = ‫ــــــ‬ 7,58×10‫ــــــ‬
n = ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬ mol.L-1 … (1)
1,5×10 -8 VS VS
CS = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 1,5 ×10 -6
mol.L -1
: %
7<BA

!
$. /

</
10×10-3 7,58×10 -6
. VS = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ≈ 5 L : %
% I D (1) #*
! , "
1,5×10-6
: ⑨ 6
N
‫ـــ‬ 35

</ ( V )@B . 17 Cl )4
X D H

N0
1─ A' X' : )4 ( -
H M" . " #
Z'
" )4

</ - H"
4=
4
#
─
. 8" "
-
─ . t = 0 +
4
Z' X' ( 0 N0 •
A'
─ . t +
4
A'
Z'
X' ( 0 N •
A'
─ Z'
X'
4=

D "
-
O#*' ((
t (s) _ ‫ـــ‬1 : N ‫ ـــ‬: "
C"
% *B (
; ; ; ;
0 16 N0
103
:
H
-
;<
A'
Z'
X'
- o (L
N
‫ـــ‬ 31 Si(9 430 s) \ 18 F(6 740 s) \ 39 Cl(3 300 s) \ 38 Cl(2 240 s) \ 13 N(594 s)
N0 14 9 17 17 7
1─
. )4
4=

0 H
" •
A'
─ . Z'
- " C ;<
;
.
I ' (
X'
A'
─ _ Z'
X' 4=
K.
-
"
-
/ (N
0,5
─ :
N 1
‫ـــ = ـــ‬ A'
: E!
F" D X' I
(
) 4=

((
─ N0 2 Z'
t (s) T = t½ = 2 250 s ⇐ t = 2 250 s : 8

0 ; ; ; ;
103 2 250
35
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
1 N 1 N 1 N 1
. N‫ ⇐ ـــ = ـــ‬t = 4T \ ‫ ⇐ ـــ = ـــ‬t = 3T \ ‫ ⇐ ـــ = ـــ‬t = 2T : " \ ‫ ⇐ ـــ = ـــ‬t = T > : " (
N0 16 N0 8 N0 4 N0 2
N 1
t = 4T = 9 000 s ⇐ ‫ ـــ = ـــ‬: 8
N0 16
: / A'Z'
X' I
)4

( - P A" C :" . 7 H
4
4=

>
(L
38
. T = 2 240 s : 4' " ;<
17
Cl
35 1n 38
17 Cl +x 0
→ 17
Cl : " L<
.
/ :
;
.
(
. x = 3 : (
+.') +.=

#
*B K. 0' + 4 7
: =
# $. )@B β+ ‫ و‬β- ، α 4=
.
(N
. Bg )4 B T 4=

N . T 4'
" V
) B>

</ u0q p s 4=
.
G ;( I ( -

X
4c &
' " 7@
G4=
G - . ( A' X' 4=
K.
G
. (3 H Z' " H
") 7
: G ; C G # C (2

:
! (1-2
: (Provoqués)
-! ! (Spontanés)
? ! .1.1.2
N</ @ &4 ;( ! O#*' \ γ β+ ، β- ، α : . B " 4' F. )4
%
M! D . ( ?
: ?" *.
N</ 0 - . " X *. :
' 4 @ D "

. «
EC = » ( «
-! ! »
. ( 0 n) " .# ( D ( 42 α) . ( %" 7
<# : 0 ?
1
E#" g

< <H" %# : D % 1919 % Rutherford !<
– .
"# % # ' ( ' ?
14 4
. 7
N + 2
He → 178 O + 1
1
p : . " 4
>
4
%0 (α)

,! (7+2 = 8+1) 4
%#( (14+4 = 17+1 :
)

>
-H" D .
=
.

</ !
:
! G 1, .2.1.2
(u.m.a) <

7 .
%B
N</ ) D
F 73

:
) ①
: : D 126 C "
!
F
0>
H
+
$( - !V D (u)
F B' (
1 1 g‫ـــ‬
1 u = ‫ ـــ‬m( 126 C) =
‫ــــــ‬ = 1,66 × 10-27 kg
12 N
(# *
: (

( $)

②
V" D «

»
! H!
«
» ( 20 H
) ! B>

</ S #' (# C
.
, ' !
: #

" P! #*" K <
E0 = m.c2 :

( 8 m :
J
. #
: E0(J) \
: m(kg) \ (R
.
! &@
) c = 3 × 108 m.s-1 = 300 000 km/s : :
ZB( 7 D ;<
%i
! K < \ 7" # / D 9×1016 J # `! 1 kg : M! 4' #* M" ?
. 1 eV = 1,6×10-19 J : : « eV : A(C » : /
&.
! OH" 0( #
. 1 MeV = 1,6×10 J : : D A(* 7 : 7"
#
" D O( •
-13
. 1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 : <

7
;#
`!
•
<

E! 14 "
(1 mole) 14 g ? 4=
K.
7
#
/ : 0
_ 146C → 147 N + -10 β- : :
;
. me = 0,000 549 u \ m( N) = 14,003 074 u \ m(14C) = 14,003 242 u :
14
: / I

*.
" ∆m
E! :

. #
.
⇐ ∆m > 0 \ ∆m = 14,003 242 - 14,003 074 – 0,000 549 = 0,000 168 u
∆E = ∆m.c2 = 0,000 168 × 931,5 = 0,156 492 MeV : 7
7
K. . 7
#
?
36
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
E = ∆E.N = 0,156 492 × 6,02 × 1023 = 9,42 × 1022 MeV : (14 g) >
K. . 7
#
?
E = 9,42 × 1022 MeV = 150 73 J = 15 kJ ∴
: ( Eℓ )
X ( ∆m < 0 )
R? ③
N</ * O # "( < 7

G ( H
?@ ‫
اة‬6 : ;( 7

B
(
) ( .)
: ‫ل‬C ‫"ون‬6 K < ) D ‶

- 1 B' ( N 7E%
″
: ‫ل‬C ‫و&
ن‬F / 7

! :
WH
( -

#
" P!
("
(‫ت‬6
"B@6) ‫ت‬A
6 : ?" #
N</ +. # ""
?C
E m ‶ Eℓ : J.
″
O#*' 7
4 /!

#
/
E‫ت‬6
"B@6 → ← Zmp + (A – Z)mn D 4
7

B
(
C"
"
!
! ( 7

#
$. K < /
-
7
H
#
K <" -

Eℓ .
N</ ! 7
Eℓ = E‫ت‬6
"B@6 - E ‫
اة‬6
# G " E.
:=>? ، Eℓ : 7

K # ∴
. 1 H0
–
7

#
A
E‫
اة‬6 → ← mX : / 7

N</ 4 E!

∆m
! WH
M! D Z X < 7
" M"
: Eℓ ; " ' # -
D ∆m = Zmp + (A – Z)mn - mX

#
" P!
#* : 1 H0 Eℓ = ∆m.c2 = (Zmp + (A – Z)mn - mX)c2 = E‫ت‬JxJ - E‫اة‬J
4 \ (

) mn \ (
"
) mp : :
2 He %
7

\ (7

! "
( ;<

) Z \ ( AZ X <
7

) mX
. (7

!
) (A – Z) = N
% ((.)

<
- 1 ( N * ?. ( "' (
″ O@( #
N</ 0
- Eℓ /A(MeV/‫"
ن‬B@6) . ‶
.-
1 E! 1E

1
1 H 20
70
100 200
190
240 : ; C # C (2A2
0 ● ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; A
-1 ▬
2 :

.1.2.2
● 1H
▬
: D K #" 7

H ' "
▬

>
K /
O
H ' 0>
>
' O 7H 7

N</
: /# "( #"
▬ ‫"ة‬H!, %J‫أ‬ 2
‫ج‬J‫إ‬ |Eℓ| = |∆m|.c
-5 ▬ : #>
A

(
<

WB D ‫ــــــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــ‬
6
▬ Li
3
‫ر‬z{J‫إ‬ A A
2
235
4
● 8
▬ ●●
206 92 U . ( ( - : H0
– + ) 70 < A < 190
He ●● 4Be 184 82 Pb
2
56 74 W ●
● 120
Sn ●
6C ●●● 26●Fe
-8 12▬ 50 ● . 8,7 MeV/ : / (Eℓ/A) ?
H
: ( ( - + ?
-8,7 ● ●
-9 ▬
O 63
Cu
F
H ' 0(
< -
( ( .@ : Eℓ/A )
H =
#
< ?
29
(Eℓ/A) ‫ ـ‬%z(‫ ا‬%>H‫ا‬ : / K < > . B 9 D #
E
# $ 0 D ( - : 2 H0 !<H" D 7H
X H0
7

%H' -
;P ;<
;
4=

" - Eℓ/A
H
;( "
.
0 "

/ 7H
>
. A V
( " %
"" * O H0 0( ( 4 -
H ;<
;
L=

70 < A < 190 : :" 4 .
F
H ' #( ..B
Réactions de fission nucléaires : G # C ! .2.2.2
: # C % Y
:"' # ) ..B
-
7

N</ 4 !
" H0 7
<H" : . / ;
4=
.
1g 4' *O 0) 7" /4' 7
#
‶4=
7

″ ?" %>
7

: ZB(

! *B %H' E! <
"H
!
*.
!
</ : (! 85 × 1011 J : # )4
%

37
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
<
"
). (γ 4') 4' ( ;
4"
F / # I / .' -
;P (10-6 s)
F @
: 7
7< 4' : D 15 km /# 7
!

B
: - ( -
/ " .=
4
- ; 74
7
(
F 73 ) " (
<'
F @ / #
200 MeV
. !!
<
4' #
8
H ( ! 4=

<
*"
235 235
92
U + 1
0
n → 140
54
Xe + 94
Sr
38
+ 2 10n \ 92U + 1
0
n → 148
57La + 85
35
Br + 3 10n :
9% •
‶ ; 4' .
″ :# * !

E Y
;<
%

7

4=
"
;
4=
. : ; . ! 8A" "H
F " %."
235
92 U+ 1
0
n → 140
54
Xe + 94
38
Sr + 2 10 n :
" 8<
_ %

7
7
<. ' 7
#
/ ⑴
. .
/

=
( . %
30 g N
H % ;
.
<. ⑵
. 7,4 MeV/( : < 235 92
U : H
H "
" =
# ? : -
. 8,4 MeV/( : 〃 94
38
Sr 〃〃
. 8,1 MeV/( : 〃 140 54 Xe 〃〃

1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 = 1,66 × 10-27 kg
235
. 92 U ‫ اة‬..........|Eℓ|U = 7,4 × 235 = 1739 MeV : H
H " 7
" =
# : O ( ⑴
94
. 38Sr ‫ اة‬..........|Eℓ|Sr = 8,4 × 94 = 790 MeV
140
. 54 Xe ‫ اة‬..........|Eℓ|Xe = 8,1 × 140 = 1134 MeV
mU.c2 = 92 mp.c2 + 143 mn.c2 - |Eℓ|U : : D E0 = mU.c2 + mn.c2 :
"=

# : O0
E0 = 92 mp.c2 + 144 mn.c2 - |Eℓ|U ………. ⑴ ∴
2 2 2 2 2 2
mXe.c = 54 mp.c + 86 mn.c - |Eℓ|Xe : : D E = mXe.c + mSr.c + 2 mn.c :

# : O0 0
E = 92 mp.c2 + 144 mn.c2 - |Eℓ|Xe - |Eℓ|Sr ……….⑵ ⇐ MSr.c2 = 38 mp.c2 + 56 mn.c2 - |Eℓ|Sr
: :
;
4=
7
#

FB(
. ⑵ ⑴ : #*
.......... ∆E = E0 – E = |Eℓ|Xe + |Eℓ|Sr - |Eℓ|U ⇐ |∆E| = |E – E0|
. ∆E = 185 MeV = 2,96 × 10-11 J : "
mU = 92 mp + 143 mn - |Eℓ|U/c2 : M! D mU.c2 = 92 mp.c2 + 143 mn.c2 - |Eℓ|U : ( : ⑵
235 u : "H
H
mU M! mn mp %#
! - % ?
mn = 1,0086652 u \ mp = 1,0072765 u : ( ?
mU = (92 ×1,0072765) + (143 ×1,0086652) – 1739/931,5 = 235,0416802 u ⇐
NU = (30×10-3)/(235×1,66×10-27) = 7,69×1022 7
: N# 235 92
U 74

<
( % .
<. ?
E = NU.∆E : / .
! O 7<.
>

</ 7
#
?
E = 7,69×10 × 185 = 1,42 × 1025 MeV ( E = 7,69 ×1022 × 2,96 ×10-11 = 2,28 × 1012 J ∴
22
: " ! .

=
( ?
. Pu = 26,4 MW/ ⇐ Pu = 2,28 × 1012 / (24 × 3600) = 2,64 × 107 W ⇐ Pu = E/∆t
Réactions de fusion nucléaires : G ( C ) ; C ! .3.2.2
: (; C) C % Y

</ 0 EH ( ' D H0 7
4 "
%
&0( ..B
A" : . / ;
L=
.
K < D " : ;<
!
""
< D 7H O" X

>
.B "" 3 O .
. (;

;
L=
. " .
8) " 3@ =
.

</ :
=
# ! >
H
#
(""

'1 ? ! /# ! :
K

=

*.
0(
I : 8! % # V A"
</ : 7H
%

< ( 4 ('1 , K ; C !
3 ' <. ( ;<
%
$.
%
7
:" 7
8! o n .
7

#
. 4' .
K <" / # 8
</
38
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:*
O 0 (
"H
)

"H
! 0
=
*.
"
3
2
1
D + 21 D → 1T + 11P + 4 MeV X 2
1
D + 21 D → 3
2α + 10n + 4 MeV
3
1
T + 31 T → 4
2
α + 2 10n + 11 MeV X 2
1
D + 31 T → 4
2
α + 10n + 18 MeV
! (
*)
F 7
' : ( ! D #

F "
H ;
L=
.
< "#
"
! ( H! K < ( D " !
Z# - 3 ! " K
Z H! 4
N</
... <
"H
O ! 4( Z#( 7B>
N</
"H
. .

#
B@ ( D ;

! 9 K ' 7 E! % 1952 % >
/! / "# ()
... (7
B" -
.
: ? .
7H
;( 3 60 " # # / "# Z#( . ! % 1961 % !
C)
. (T.N.T . 60
L
"' / (; ' L : ) 8" %# % 1930 % ( "

=
(
9
4 Be + 42He → 12
6C + 10 n + 0 -
-1β + +10β+ + γ : % " 7
%! 7
-
: (; ; ")
: 30
14
Si % 7
-
B>

</ 30
15
P* )4 .! 7
8 I % >
(α H#) %

" B9 L' ;(
1
. 15 P* → 14Si + +1β+ ⇐ 13 Al + 2 He → 15P* + 0 n
30 30 0 27 4 30
# $4
C 7
) $4
g
K B %
H
#
( / =

*.
O
. (5800 °C : "
‶ ; L' .
″ : ; * !

E Y
2 A 4 1
1H + Z H → 2He + 0n : " L< O
" /( 0>
;
% =
. '
. ( Z # H S #' ) Z A # ⑴
: - ⑵
4 2
mα = 4,0015 u : : 2He %
7
-
4
α X mD = 2,0140 u : : 1 H %
7
-
4 ;<
D
( 1u ).c2 = 931,5 MeV X mT = 3,0151 u : : A
Z
H %
7
-
4 ;<
T
mn = 1,00866 u 8 10 n n X mp = 1,00728 u 8 11 p " p
. Eα 8 ET 8 ED :
- H
%H " α D T D D :
! " =
# ( (α
. 0 " =
# " D 7

" T D D :
% ' 7
#
( (β
: D 7

3@
+
4 )@B

%
X 1L 4 7
#
I ' (γ

;
%.
/ %! D 3 × 107 J : ;
%.
1 kg E ( F . N = 6,023 × 1023 :
X!9
_ E"
;
% =
.
" %
X 1L 4 7
#

$. - #
:
H
S H Z (;<

) 4
%# > D A = 3 ⇐ 2 + A = 4 + 1 ⇔ A
+.' ⑴
. Z = 1 ⇐ 1 + Z = 2 + 0 ⇔ 4
+.' ∙
. Z = 1 : /

</ 8" ;<
;<

M! H
Z H 7

( : ∙
A
ED = 0,90 MeV/( ⇐ ED = |Eℓ|D/A = |mp + mn - mD |.c2/2 = 0,90 MeV/ : " (α -⑵

ET = 2,95 MeV/( ⇐ ET = |Eℓ|T/A = |mp + 2mn – mT |.c2/3 = 2,95 MeV/ : K <
Eα = 7,07 MeV/( ⇐ Eα = |Eℓ|α/A = |2mp + 2mn - mα |.c2/4 = 7,07 MeV/
;
% =
M! (T)( 1 H " H0>

+ " %
7< 7
0 Z H : ( : : - >
H
∙ (β
3 A
2
1
H + 31H → 4
2
He + 10 n : 4 " :
: / 7

" "
;
L=
. 7
#
M! D |∆E0| = |∆m|.c2 : 4' #*
. |∆E0| = 17,6 MeV ⇐ |∆E0| = |∆m|.c2 = | mD + mT - mα – mn |.c2
Ei = (mD + mT).c2 :
"=

# ? : 0
H
∙
mT.c2 = (mp + 2mn).c2 – 3ET : ‫ و أن‬، mD.c2 = (mp + mn).c2 – 2ED : ‫&| أن‬
39
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
3 2
‫
د
رة‬
: " ( 1 H 1 H ) T 8 D

! " =
#
- / ET 8 ED : ( %
)
Ei = (mD + mT).c2 = (2mp + 3mn).c2 – 2ED – 3ET ……….⑴
: ( %
) ، mα.c2 = (2mp + 2mn).c2 – 4Eα : ‫ \ &| أن‬Ef = (mα + mn).c2 :

# ?
Ef = (mα + mn).c2 = (2mp + 3mn).c2 – 4Eα ……….⑵ : !L ، 42 He ‫ ااة‬A ‫ن‬xJ :x ‫ط‬#?‫ر‬c‫ ا‬%b- ‫ ه‬Eα
: ⑵ ⑴ #*
/ " =
# " "
;
L=
. 7
#
∴
. |∆E0| = 17,6 MeV ⇐ |∆E0| = 4Eα – 2ED – 3ET ⇐ |∆E0| = | Ef – Ei | = Ei – Ef
X 7<
;( &; 4 /"
He %
7< 4 -
;P = H M" (α H#) %
7
' (γ
He : (
) B
%

%
/ VM \ nHe = V/VM : /# 3
7 He %
X V = 1 L N# % ! ?
(VM = 22,4 L.mol-1) 7

3@
+
4
! ;3
nHe = V/VM = 1/22,4 = 4,464 × 10-2 mol ⇐

7 3
1 L M! He
(N)
X!9 - ; 3
1 mol : ( :
: N# He
K < E!
8 nHe /#
NHe = N. nHe = 6,023 × 10 × 4,464 × 10-2 = 2,687 × 1022 (He "G')

23
: ;( E"
;
% =
. "
α E#

$. 8H!

</
Nα = NHe = 2,687 × 1022 (α .')
8H!
D He %
X 1 L ⇐ |∆E0| = 17,6 MeV : /# # 8H!
α
% E"
Nα. |∆E0| : #
E = 4,73 × 10 MeV = 7,57 × 10 J ⇐ E = Nα.|∆E0| = 2,687 × 10 × 17,6 = 4,73 × 1023 MeV ∴
23 10 22
(7,57 × 1010) /(3 × 107) ≈ 2500 kg : ?" H ;

%.
E N</ #
$. >
. m = 2500 kg = 2,5 tonnes : ;(
: G # L ( - (3
D
) =
7 # 4

+
! <*
H :" : H0 4
. " " =" 7@
/09 (...L=" "
#
L '
: ?
① : 6
" D mn = 1,008 665 2 u : / ( F D mU = 235,043 9 u : / 235
92
%

7

U
: ( D mp = 1,007 276 5 u : /
. 235
92
U 7
|Eℓ| " =
# H
H
(°١
. |Eℓ|/A " =
# H
H
(°٢
1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 : -
:
|Eℓ| :
" =
# H
H
(°١
:D O O " 92 : ) O#*' 7

4 7
#
/ 92 U : 0 < 7
" ' # H
H
235
: D |∆E| = |∆m|.c2 : H
%H " 4' #* D O O 143 = 92 – 235
2
|Eℓ| = (92 mp + 143 mn – mU).c
|Eℓ| = 1 737 MeV ⇐ |Eℓ| = ( 1,865 u ) . c2 = 1,865 × 931,5 = 1 737 MeV : G.
|Eℓ|/A : 7

! " =
# H
H
(°٢
|Eℓ| : " / 7

!
" =
# H
H
‫ـــــــ‬
A |Eℓ| 1 737
|Eℓ|
‫ ≈ ـــــــ‬7,4 MeV/( ⇐ ‫ـــــــ‬ = ‫ ≈ـــــــــــ‬7,4 MeV/ : "
A A 235
40
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
② : 6
139
. 8,17 MeV/ : / H
H " D 57 La 7

!
" ' # H
H
_ kg : 7" D u : 7" 7H D 139 57

La 7

/ (°١
139
_ 57 La ?
7< / (°٢
1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 = 1,66 × 10-27 kg ● :
mp = 1,007 276 5 u : ‫ل‬eq ‫"و?ن‬L %!‫● آ‬

mn = 1,008 665 2 u : ‫ل‬eq ‫!"ون‬J %!‫● آ‬
me = 0,000 548 6 u : ‫ل‬eq ‫!"ون‬x‫ إ‬%!‫● آ‬
:
139
: 57 La 7

(°١
|Eℓ| = 139 × 8,17 = 1 136 MeV : 7

(K ) " ' # H
H
O ( %H ?
: |Eℓ|
# G " E.
7

# ?
(1) .......... mLa = 57 mp + 82 mn – |Eℓ|/c2 ⇐ mLa.c2 = 57 mp.c2 + (139 – 57) mn.c2 – |Eℓ|
|Eℓ| 1 136
MeV ‫ـــــــــــ‬
: - (1) ! , " \ ‫ـــــــ‬ 2
= 1 136 ‫ـــــــــ‬
2
= = 1,219 u : G.
c c 931,5
mLa = 138,91 u = 138,91 × 1,66 × 10-27 = 2,31 × 10-25 kg
139
: 57 La 7<
(°٢
G "
# / |Eél| \ 7
" "
(Z = 57) =
H"
7

D 139 57
La 7<
: ( " D “ MeV ?

4 @" " |Eél| ” 7
" =
m7<
.c2 = m 7

.c2 + Zme.c2 - |Eél| ⇐ m7<
.c2 = Zmp.c2 + (A- Z) mn.c2 + Zme.c2 - |Eℓ| - |Eél|
'
G / 7<
: ( ;( \ /3 |Eél| #
/' F
m) = m 7

+ 57me = 138,94 u : 8
m) ≈ m ⇔ m) = 138,94 u \ m = 138,91 u : E"
0
! D :
'
« “ # ” Y
-#C
7 » ③ : 6
. *.
( .' -
Z( (
( ) "4 ;
" : )# D 1986 _ 26 % !
.
;
*3
! 4=

7" :
%
" D ! D
! D *" D
( :
# D @>
7 " ( « 4=
3
» N</
. ' ! N M" ( D
، uz‫ ان ا‬A ‫م‬+!,>‫ ا‬، 131 ‫ اد‬. 137
55
Cs %
131
53
I

V D
! +.
4=

"
. β- ‫ت‬3qrc ‫ آ* اا?< رة‬. ‫ أم‬8 : ‫ره‬b ">3 IJ ‫!"ة‬4L e>!
. {>‫" ا‬q‫ا ا‬g@ x4!‫ ا‬%‫د‬q u!‫ أآ‬. Xe ‫ن‬Je‫آ‬c‫" ا‬3 ‫ د‬3qrc‫ ا‬x4!‫< ا‬3 :x{! -1
. ‫" اد‬q λ ‫ع‬qrc‫ ا‬L u,&‫ أ‬، ">q‫ ا‬IJ ‫!"ة‬4L %Jq!(cL -2
( D 127 g.mol-1 131 <

.
!
( 100 kg 4 ' % D .=
+ -3
(NA = 6,02 × 1023 mol-1 :
X!9 -) . N0 74
>

. (Bq) "
7"

" _ .=
G# +
4=
4
H %" -4
3
N</ . « 4' X » i4
#" . :
)# ! "/ .=
" 74

80 %
: ! 4=
4 $# D ! -
3
. 3,00×103 km "# " .
@
>

. A = 2,00×1018 Bq
_

% _ ! -
3
#3 ' #
% -5
:
-
: " D 131
7
K. -1 e =
' D β )4
.1
0
I → 54 Xe + -1 e ⇐ 53 I → Z Xe + -1 e
131 131 0 131 A 0
53
(Z = 54 \ A = 131 : Z 4
+.' D A
+.')
ln2
T(I) = t½(I) = 8 jours = 8 × 24 × 3 600 = 6,91 × 105 s : F " D λ = ‫ ــــــ‬: " .2
t½
41
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. λ = 1,00 × 10-6 s-1 :
!
N0 M(I) : " D .=
G# +
! 74
131
( m .3
m0 = n0.M(I) = ‫ــــــ‬ 0
NA m .N
M(I) = 127 g.mol-1 \ NA = 6,02×1023 mol-1 \ m0 = 100×103 g : G. \ N0 = ‫ـــــــ‬ 0
‫ــــــ‬A : 8
26 M(I)
N0 = 4,74×10 (131 7
)
dN(t)
A(t) = - ‫ = ـــــــــ‬λN(t) : / (t) +
! 4 V 4=
4
7" D " .4
dt A = λN : D t = 0 " : D .=
+
0 0
. A(0) = 4,74 × 10 Bq ⇐ N0 = 4,74×1026(131 7
) \ λ = 1,00 × 10-6 s-1 : G.
20
: " D N'0

</ D 74
131 ( 20 % ' ; 3
( : .5
N'0 = 0,2 N0 ……….⑴
18
D A(t') = 2,00 × 10 Bq : 
%H
λ
N'0 " " " C B>

</ D >
4=
W#
H F" F.
&0( .
>
W#
N'(t') N'(t')
⑵ ⑴ , "
! D - λ t' = ln ‫ ⇐ ــــــ‬e- λ t' = ‫ ــــــ‬: 8 D N'(t') = N'0 e- λ t' : #* " N'(t')
N'0 N'0
1 ln ( ‫ـــــــــــ‬
t' = ‫ـــ‬ A(t')‫) ــــــ‬ :
λ λ×0,2N0
: D A(0) = 4,74 × 1020 Bq \ λ = 1,00 × 10-6 s-1 \ N0 = 4,74×1026(131 7
) : F G.
t' = 3,84 × 105 s = 44,7 jours
:

" D d = 3 000 km : !" ' # 3
D
7
N</ *B
d
vm = 2,80 km/h ⇐ d = 3 000 km \ t' = 3,84 × 105 s = 1,07 × 103 h : G. D vm = ‫ـــ‬
t'
«
.#
E » ④ : 6
L=
*. H ! . %

;X $>" D #

3
7 7" $4
$." F
</ : . %
4
L' . / 4
#

D /

#
! :
... .
X 0,000 55 u : "
– : - •
\ 1,007 28 u : 11H 7

–
\ 2,013 5 u : 21H 7

–
\ 3,018 4 u : 32He 7

–
\ 4,001 51 u : 42He 7

–
\ 12,000 00 u : 126 C 7

–
1 u = 1,66 × 10-27 kg –
c = 3 × 108 m.s-1 : R
.
! &@
–
('1 ; * : (< ! .I
1
4 1 H
L' . . ;
L=
*. :"
F
!0
7

D $4
!
:
7" 42He %
. 1 H % 7
4

I : 1 .
-
2
3
. 2He % / 7
4 / 7
) % 7
I : 2 .
-
. 1 H /
42 He %
7
4 3 %

I : 3 .
-
1
. 1 .
: :"
%
" . $4
! 0
0*0
*.
( .1
_ % / 7
4 *

( / % D O ' .2
.
( L' O#*' 4 % / 7
4 7

#
( .3
42
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
!
%
( / % . P = 4 × 1026 W :
-( r4
=
$# .
#
x)4 r n .4
_ 7

0
! $4
D F + D
% .
H! ( , . D m = 2 × 1030 kg : $4
.5
. F "H 7"
- ... (( ( `% * ... %

y %
!!!) _
LM" #

?9 E - B E* :
?. ! .II
D E"

! 4
%
.! (Contraction) ,"H' : F D !

$4
<.
: N" I D " 7H
3@
8
. 4 Be % "
7
4 %

I : 4 .
-
12
. 6 C " 7< 4 %
( 0*0 I : 5 .
-
. L=
. ( .1
V
< BM" S4
D ( 3.I )
P
! "
K ) #
N</ # . 5 .
7
#
( .2
_ L=
0

: *B $4
:
('1 ; * : (< ! .I
: " D (Z) "
4 (A)
+.=
EH ; . .1
. b = 1 : " D 1 + 1 = 1 + b : 4
+.' • : 1 .
⇐ 1 H + 1H → 1 H + b X
1 1 2 a
. a = 0 : " D 1 + 1 = 2 + a :
+.' •
1 2 a
1H + 1
1H → 1 H ++10 e : " 8 (+10 e) β+ ( 7" D b X :"
%
: 8
: H
$." : 2 .
1
1
H + 1 H → 2He
2 3
: 3 .
3 3 4 1
+2 He → 2He +2 2 He 1H

.
( %
) .1
P
!
*.
%
B M" 4 %
4 ; .2
1 1 2 0
2×( 1 H + 1H → 1H + +1e ) :
/
"
! @
2×( 11 H + 2
1H → 32He )
3 3
2 He + 2 He → 42 He + 2 11H
1 4 0
4 1H → 2He + 2 +1 e
. % / 7
4 / ( (4) "( L' % ∴
.
L=
. #

&
M" %H D 4 %
7
4 7

#
.3
: (
#
" P!
(" - &F ") .
∆m
! :
3
%H
"
!
4
. ∆m = 2m( +10e) + m( 2He) – 4m( 11H)
:
" D m( 11H) = 1,007 28 u \ m( 42He) = 4,001 51 u \ m( +10e) = 0,000 55 u : G.
. ∆m = - 0,02651 u
#*
E! 4=
#
" P!
(" - &F " ;<
/ ( ∆m < 0 ) :
! (WH
) G@

</
. ∆E = ∆m.c2
: - D ∆m = - 0,02651 u \ u = 1,66×10-27 kg \ c = 3×108 m.s-1 : F G.
∆E = - 3,96×10-12 J
.
(/B ) / OH" "
#
( D "
H
Elibérée = |∆E| = 3,96 × 10-12 J > 0 : / Elibérée %

7
4 7
#
D
!
43
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
! Ep
#
' D P = 4,0 × 1026 W : $4 H
4=
=
( " .4
. Ep = P.∆t = 4,0 × 1026 J : #*
∆t = 1 s
7
! 7 ! Elibérée # ;<
L=
. "" /
0
#
N</
4 Ep
. N( 2He) = ‫ــــــــــــ‬
4
: 0 4
% N( 2He) : >
L ' 

</
1 4
. N( 1H) = 4 N( 2 He) = 4,0 × 1038 (7
/s) : / 0
. B
>

mSoleil = N0.m( 11 H) : $4
! 7

N0 >
/ % D g
"
mSoleil : "
. N0 = ‫ــــــــــــ‬
m( 1H)
-27 1 30 1
u = 1,66×10 kg \ m( 1H) = 1,007 28 u \ mSoleil = 2 × 10 kg : G.
N0 = 1,2 × 1057 (/ 7
) ⇐
L' . " F+ “ $4
# 7 ” τ
L ' D 0 . B / 7
(4,0 × 1038) : ( F
: F "0 $4 4=
=
" M"
</ D
N0 N0
τ = 3,0 × 1018 s = 9,5 × 1010 ans ⇐ τ = ‫ــــــــــــــــــ‬
1 = ‫ــــــــــــــــــ‬
N( 1H) 4.N( 24He)

?9 E - B E* :
?. ! .II
: " D (Z) "
4 (A)
+.=
EH L=
. .1
4
2
He + 4
2
He → 84Be : 4 .
3 42 He → 126C : 5 .
4
∆m' = m( 12
6
C) – 3m( 2He) : 5 .
: &0( ∆m'
! :
G@
%H .2
4 12
: " D u = 1,66×10-27 kg \ m( 2 He) = 4,001 51 u \ m( 6C) = 12,000 00 u : G.
∆m' = - 7, 519 8 × 10-30 kg
E'libérée = |∆E'| = |∆m'|.c2 : E'libérée # 8
! W#

</
. E'libérée = 6,78 × 10 J ⇐ c = 3×10 m.s \ ∆m' = - 7, 519 8 × 10-30 kg : G.
-13 8 -1
E'libérée 6,78×10-13
‫ــــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 0,171 : ( 3.I )
P
! "
K ) #
N</ H"
Elibérée 3,96×10-12
*B 7
K #( # 7B>
N</ D $4
! 0
L=
*. 0

*B
W# 7&@' S' " W# $4
C 7
M! D "

< D
L' *. >

. 4=

&

H
$4
‶ α G Ea
.
. ″ ⑤ : 6
!@' 8 *B D ‶ : ; . ″ ' 4' 4 *B α (0") 4 238 94
Pu <
7

A
Z X " < 7
- α %
. 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf : ;

& - ∙
. 4
"
<
7

3 (°( )
. mα = 4,0015 u X mX = 233,990 u X mPu = 237,998 u :
- / α D X D Pu : >
' (°)
. 1 u = 1,66×10-27 kg _ α ;

=

</ 7
#
# " /
_ ;

! Pu %( 7
O#*' X " 7
-
% (°?)
44
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
8! O" ( N,Z ) B
`4( _ Z " (
) N B
! "
7

-
%>
7

% (°)
. E!

/ . " >

! / 4 " 70 X 4
"
7

D O "
7

%>
7

' (°?/)
_ α %
:"'
:
;

" ⇐ Z = 92 8 A = 234 : M! ;

=
*. ! +.=

# (°( ?
92U : 3
("
) 4
<
7

⇐ 234 / Z = 92

M! -

234
. 23894
Pu → 234
92
U + 42 He : ;(
: / "
α ;

=
7
#
M!
# 4' #* (° ?
|∆E0| = 0,0065 × 931,5 = 6,06 MeV = 9,7 × 10-13 J ⇐ |∆E0| = |∆m|.c2 = | mPu – mU – mHe |.c2
|∆E0| = 6,06 MeV = 9,7 × 10-13 J ∴
-
7B>
N</
% 8 238 234
94Pu %>
7

"# ;

0
B
! )H 92U "
7

(°? ?
N 238 . ( (2) ?" ;<

W# : α % %>
7

M" "
7

94Pu
144 ▬ ●
238
94Pu %>
7
0
H

8" ( N 8 Z )B
! (° ?
→ 234
( N=142 8 Z=92 ) 92U "
7
0
H
-
( N=144 8 Z=94 )
▬ α →
α
D N K < 2 ?" WH Z > ( 2 A 8 2 A) 80
' ;<
α G4 "
142▬ 234 ● ‶ 7H
a H!

H
4
B
H
″
H =
;

92 U
Z : : D +.

# " O@!
(°?/ ?
; ; ;
# ! 8
Pu %>
7

α ;

=
"# ∙
92 94 . mPu.c2 : H
-
B
( c/10 #( O@! ) vα : " :"
α %

U "
7

C"
M! α ;

=
" ∙
. (mU + mH). c2 + ½ mα.vα2 : H
-
H
#

Ei = Ef ⇔ mPu.c2 = (mU + mH). c2 + ½ mα.vα2 ⇔ ( mPu - mU - mH). c2 = ½ mα.vα2 = |∆E0| ∴
. (α
:"' ) vα ≈ 20 000 km.s-1 ⇐ vα = 1,71 × 107 m.s-1 ⇐ vα =
√ 2|∆E0| : "
‫ـــــــــــــ‬
mα
« β+ G EC » ⑥ : 6
. Ne
7< 7
-
K < % β+ % :" (%
+) 22 11 Na
'
.

</ = ;

=
( (°b
. 11Na
7
70'
E!

;

</ (←) %" 0 (N D Z) B
! (°d
22
.
:
;
.
7
#
( (°e
_ #
N</ #"
<. ( . 7

#
٪ 60 <. :"
β+ "
' (°f
( mNa = 21,9944 u ) 22 11 Na
7
● : - ?
2
1 u = 931,5 MeV/c (mNe = 21,99138 u) 10 Ne
7
●
22
( me+ = 5,486 × 10-4 u ) β+ "

●
:
N +
▬
H OH" 0 ν H! “ +1e " ” ?
' / β ;

=
(°b
0 0
14 ▬
22 : 4 " :
;

=
. M!
+.=
▬ 10 Ne MF ‫
اة‬6
→ 22
→ 22 0 0
12 ▬ ● β+ . 11 Na 10 Ne + +1e + 0 ν
▬ ● 22 : M! "H
4 " 0
(Z 8 N) B
! (°d
10 ▬ 11 Na ‫
اة أم‬6 →
. (1 + D 1 5) β+ ;

E! 22 22
11 Na → 10Ne
Z E"
;
.
7
#
M! mν = 0 : ( +*" (°e
; ; ; ; ; ; |∆E| = |∆m|.c2 : /
9 11 13 . |∆E| = 2,30 MeV : "
45
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
"
7

' # \ (Ec(β+)) :"
β+ " ! # : -
( H"
7
#
(°f
! 4" E # ! K
#) "
7
70' # \ 00 ν % ! # \ (Ec (Ne)) Ne
. ( (γ -#*) 7H
>
-
7

&/
B' : 0" 3
|∆E| = Ec(β+) + Ec (Ne) + Eν + E 9* : ( ;(
G 0 8 40%|∆E| = 0,4 |∆E| : N# H"
#
,! M! D Ec(β+) = 60%|∆E0| = 0,6 |∆E| : ( :
. Ec (Ne) + Eν + E 9* : #
« G # * !

. » ⑦ : 6
;
4=
. " " !<# )4
%

7< 7
D 235
92
U <
7

4=
"
235
92
U + 10n →139
57
La + 95
42
Mo + x 10 n + y -10e :
. y x %# ⑴
. (J) ?" (MeV) ?" 7H ;4=
.

</ ! %
7
<. ' 7
#
⑵
X mn = 1,008 665 2 u X mMo = 94,888 u X mLa = 138,969 u X mU = 235,043 9 u : -
. 1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 = 1,66 × 10-27 kg X me = 0,000 548 6 u
:
. x = 2 ⇐ 235 + 1 = 139 + 95 + x + 0 ⇐ : (A
%#)
+.' H OHH ⑴
. y = 7 ⇐ 92 + 1 = 57 + 42 + 0 – y ⇐ : (Z 4
%#) 4
+.' H OHH
235
92
U + 10n →13957
La + 95
42
Mo + 2 10 n + 7 -10e : :
;
4=
. 8
( « ? # » P!
#* : "
4' #*) ......... |∆E| = |∆m|.c2 : " ⑵
|∆E| = 0,174 4 × 931,5 = 162 MeV ⇐ |∆m| = |mU + mn – mLa – mMo – 2mn – 7me| = 0,174 4 u
|∆E| = 162 MeV = 2,6 × 10-11 J ∴
〝 ( β- 8 α) .. G EC 〞⑧ : 6

. β- /
M" Z'Pa 7
-
4
Z Th 7

/" D α /
M" Z Th -
238
A' A A
92 U 7

.

< H!

.
( (°b
_ "
=
"
( 7

/ / _ Th 7

:"
=
/ (°d
. 82Pb H
W
+ -
β - D α
4=

E! 7 238
206
92 U %

' (°e
–
-
(H
X) )4
238
92 U
4=
H!

β G

α G

. H
206
82 Pb
:
: .
(°b
238 234 4
92 U → 90Th + 2 He : α
c E!

>
;

?
234 234
→ 91 Pa + -1e + 00 ν─ : β–
c E!

;

?
0
90 Th
"
$ <
7

N</ Th 7
B>

( -10 e =
() β– : :"
%
' (°{
. =

<
( WB
</ :
;

> "
=
4 7

:"
=
M! D ( + ") ( ' ' ; *
O ( 7

( :
WH ( 1
H" "
7
Z "

) : K < =

</ " -
7

B

(
: :" β–

c H!

(N 8 Z) B
8@ ( 1
H" N
"H " !
0─ → →
1
0
n → 1
1
p + 0
-1
e + 0
ν : . B
%>
7
" " (1- 8 1+)β- ( 4
"
7
" " (1+ 8 1-)β-
→-
0─ β
0ν @
' ) D (N = 144 8 Z = 90) Th : %( 7
(N = 143 8 Z = 91) Pa : " 7

@ -10 e ( =
) %
4 β– *B D 42 He (<
7

) %
4 α *B (°|
0P
</ γ 3 4'
' ) E!
K < M! 4
"
7
70=

*B 8( -
74=
) ) 00 ν─
46
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
206 238
‫
د
رة‬
82 Pb "
7
" &F ' 70
%>
7

F&"
;

*B ,. K < D (

-
92 U
: " D (y) / β– G
D (x) / α G
7

( D 7H
238 206 4 0─
92 U → 82Pb + x 2He + y -1e + y 0 ν
0
: /
4=
=
N< =

: M! 4=

N<" H
+.=

#
. x = 8 ⇐ 238 = 206 + 4x + 0 + 0 ⇐ (A)
+.' –
. y = 6 ⇐ 92 = 82 + 2x – y + 0 ⇐ (Z) "
4
+.' –
238
92 U : %
4

(

111W D 30 ) : «
) G » ⑨ : 6
#

3 D 8" E!
4
! ∆E #
3 -
E : # . 4

</ ! 0
;#
B
M" 15 >
7
K. &0(
7p + 8n + (
▬
«70 ! "=
7

I » 15 >
7
β+ K.
( .1
∆E2 . 7
Eℓ "
# j .2
8p + 7n
▬
. 4
! "
∆E1 #
3 MeV ?" ( .3
∆E1 ∆E3
. 4
! "
∆E2 #
3 MeV ?" ( D
%
B M" .4
▬
K. &0( MeV ?" ∆E #
3 # H"
I
I ' .5
∆E ( + (* . 15 >
7

▬
me = 9,109 × 10 kg \ mn = 1,674 92 × 10 kg \ mp = 1,672 62 × 10 kg :

•
-31 -27 -27
(R
.
! &@
) c = 2,998 × 108 m.s-1 \ 1 eV = 1,602 × 10-19 J
Eℓ (MeV/ ) 7

! "
# –
: ‫ــــــ‬
15 A 15 15 16
. 9 F : 6,483 \ 8 O : 7,463 \ 7 N : 7,699 \ 6 C : 6,676
:
+
: " D
4
+.' % ;
4=
K.
&0( \ +1e " 7" β %
' .1
0
. 158O → +10e + 157 N : β+ K.

(
C"
"
!
O#*' 7
4 /!

#
/ 7
"
# .2
-
! ( 7

#
$. K < / D 4
7

B

15
.
15 E ℓ ( 8 O) 15
∆E1 = Eℓ( 8O) = A. ‫ ــــــــــــــ‬: " D 8 O(7p + 8n) 7
"
# E!
∆E1 .3
A
47
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
∆E1 = 111,9 MeV ⇐ ∆E1 = 15 × 7,463 = 111,9 MeV ∴
: " D (8p + 7n)
"=

! D (7p + 8n + ")

! -
;#
B
.4
∆E2 = (mf – mi).c2 ⇐ ∆E = ∆m.c2 : <!{c %!‫ – آ‬%b- : Ax!‫ ا‬%b*3 u,&
∆E2 = (7mp + 8mn + me+ - 8mp – 7mn).c2 ∴
∆E2 = (mn + me+ - mn).c2 : o ‫و‬
∆E2 = (1,674 92 ×10-27 + 9,109 ×10-31 – 1,672 62×10-27)×(2,998×108)2 = 2,886×10-13 J ⇐
∆E2 = (2,886×10-13)/(1,602×10-19) = 1,801 MeV ∴
∆E2 = 2,88×10-13 J = 1,801 MeV : o ‫و‬
: ∆E3 Oً ‫ أو‬u,'J ∆E ‫ب‬,' .5
Ax!‫ ا‬%b*3 u,& ‫ و‬، (7p + 8n + ") %‫!ا‬Lc‫ ا‬%'‫ ا‬A >L ، ‫ز!ن‬L ‫اة ازوت و‬J %@‫ ا‬%'‫ ا‬A
∆E3 = (mf – mi).c2 ⇐ ∆E = ∆m.c2 : <!{c %!‫ – آ‬%b-
∆E3 = (m( 7 N) + me+ – 7mp – 8mn – me+).c2 ∴
15
15
. 7N ‫ اة ازوت‬5L"‫ ا‬%b- dx3 A‫∆ ؛ > ا‬E3 = (m( 157 N) – 7mp – 8mn).c2 : o ‫و‬
∆E3 = - Eℓ( 157 N) ⇐
15
Eℓ( 7 N)
∆E3 = - A. ‫ ــــــــــــــ‬: 7J ، 157 N ‫ ااة‬A ‫ن‬xJ :x 5L"‫ ا‬%b- ‫ام‬+!(L
A
∆E3 = - 115,5 MeV ⇐ ∆E3 = - 15 × 7,699 = - 115,5 MeV ⇐
‫ ا>!'"رة‬%bz‫ ا‬A‫ و ه ?ا‬، (%qrG‫ > ا‬%v) ... ∆E = ∆E1 + ∆E2 + ∆E3 : 7J ، ‫ي‬bz‫ ا‬5z+>‫"ع ا ا‬L
: !L ، 15 <7,‫آ‬G‫ اة ا‬β+ 3qrc‫ ا‬x4! <3
∆E = - 1,8 MeV ⇐ ∆E = 111,9 + 1,801 – 115,5 = - 1,8 MeV
%b- %>7 ‫ن‬x? o3 ‫ ؛ و‬:4(G‫' ا‬J o7! ‫ي‬bz‫ ا‬5z+>‫ ا‬A @ :=>>‫ )←( ا‬6@,‫ن ا‬G %#( ∆E ‫ب‬,& %7!J : %F&*
< :H %JG‫"ار ا‬H!(‫ زدة ?ازن و إ‬o!7!J 3qr‫ إ‬x4? :‫>ً آ‬3 . (%b- ""'?) ‫ ا'دث‬3qrc‫ ا‬x4!‫ أء ا‬%b!
. %>7‫ ا‬%b-
(

113W D 37 ) : « ' ; C !
.. » ⑩ : 6
_ / . #
*.
EH .1
_ "
/ .2
: / " – " : 7 0*0

*.
' .3
1 1 2
1H + 1H → 1 H + β+
2 3
1H + 1
1
H → 2 He
3 3 4 1
2 He + 2 He → 2 He + 2 1 H
_ 7
N<

/ –
_ 7
N</ *B 7V
#
MeV ?" / –
- 7B>
N</ .
*.
ZB( E >
N</ %B D %
! "
( K < .4
! ZB( 7 + D
"' . %B ;<
126 C "
' . *. 4 / D H 3
7
. He %
7
4 D 7

: 7
N</ ! :

*.
% ( A%
12 13
…C + … → 7N .i
13 13
…N → …C + … .ii
13 14
…C + … → …N .iii
48
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
14
…
N + … → 158O .iv
15 15
…O → …N + … .v
15 1 12
…N + 1H → …C + … .vi
.3
P
! 7<
" – " : 7 7
N<

( "0( A4
\ c = 300 000 km.s-1 \ e = 1,6 × 10-19 C \ me = 5,486 × 10-4 u :
•
m( 21
\ H) = 2,013 4 u \ m( 11 H) = 1,007 3 u \ 1 u = 1,66 × 10-27 kg = 931,5 MeV/c2
. m( 31 H) = 3,014 9 u
:
:
*.
EH ( .1
.
+.' # –
. 4
+.' # –
. ( +1e) 4
' : / ;( "
4 8 =
8 ; % : "
.2
0

< 0

@ D 0 0

! 3 % /
- : 7
N<

.3
1 1 2 0
2×( 1 H + 1H → 1H + +1 e ) : ;( 2 × - >
2×( 21 H + 1 3
1 H → 2 He )
3 3 4 1
2 He + 2 He → 2 He + 2 1H
: O! ) "
1 4
4 1H → 2 He +2 0
+1
e
∆E = ( 2m( +1e) + m( 2 He) – 4m( 11 H)).c2 ⇐ ∆E = ∆m.c2 : 7V
#
0 4
∆E = ( 2×5,486×10-4 + 4,001 5 – 4×4,007 3)×931,5 = 0,026 6×931,5 = 24,8 MeV : G.

∆E = 24,8 MeV ⇐
.4
:
A%
12
6
C + 11H → 137 N .i
13 13 0
7N → 6C + +1e .ii
13 1 14
6C + 1 H → 7N .iii
14
7
N + 11H → 158O .iv
15 15 0
8O → 7N + +1e .v
15 1 12 4
7N + 1H → 6C + 2 He
.vi
:
A4
%B ;<
>
"
0 D

. / I D H"

) !
! O!
)" " D 7B>

! 8 4 - >

!
"' .
1 4
4 1H → 2 He +2 0
+1
e : " – "
-
49
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬

1 <,
. :3
: "! #$
(R,L R,C

!) "
/
+
," @.

$VP
τ D L D C : "
0
$H
:% 17! 1 #
!9 ( 1 (1
Q = CU
- :
!9
-. (1-1
:
!9 DE .1.1.1
D " # D "
4
B - # " .0
–
(... \ L \ \ )4 \ &
/) 1 " . D «
!9 / » -
1 –
?9 . : .0 *=

C
"

> D
"

.0 - ; 7
! –
2 –
?9 . B9 -
$" =
H ' )
4
B - .0
' / D « C :
-. » - B" .0 –
.0
," : 1 H0 . "

$. 0( 4 B "( .0
! D "
q = |-q| = |+q| : 4

" " ( - 7/+
4
/ D (q) .0 4 –
e-
. "
Z' - 7
4

</ .0
4 %
<
⊕ i
G C
++ ++
3 –
?9 ! "
7

F EH .0
" ( - 4
= –
⊖ - - - -
i (H D (2) )@
-
"
H" X. %0 D (1) )@
! "
)@" .0
4 :
-
e % %0 D 5"9
$H
" ( I )

74 * O 0 ( 5 s )
0 B
.0 7
!
: 2 H0 4 –
?9 . I = f ( t ) : "

I
*B
7 .
*B "
Z' - 7
∆q 4
D "
! +
4
0
I (mA) ∆q = I.∆t : ∆t 7H

1 0 2 0 ! D 4
&0( B

4
(
◉ ◉
. I = f ( t ) : "

⊕
K◉
V "
"
EH D .0
–
E ⊖ C R
5 –
?9 @
X. %0 D (1) )@

! K "
)@" .0
4
µA 20 . X
" D (2) )@
-
"
H"
= 7
: 3 H0 D 8! 7
&"
" E N4P
'
10
.0 4
∆t t (s) UAB "

$# D Q .0
4 !
. .
$H
" .0
! " E"
I = f ( t ) "
: 4 H0 D 7 ! UAB 3 "
7 "

1 2
◉ ◉ . E!

!

Z' I -
⊕ K Q(10-8C)
UAB (V) 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
A R 80 Q (10-8C) 0 10,4 20,8 31,2 41,6 52,0
E V 60
B "
"
- D Q = f (UAB)
3 %
40
G . 6 A
?9
⊖ 20
« % ?. » 7" Q = f (UAB) : "
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 U (V)

AB UAB 1 L + 4. Q
# » ( I

7

: 5 H0
Q 4
" "
. « (. ( 6
.0
$H Q = f ( UAB ) "
: 4 H0
: #* " - D « C / :
!9
-. » ?" UAB
Q
7" "

H D (C) ( 7" "
4
H : ( S.I )

! \ C = ‫ــــــــ‬
UAB
. (F) ! 7" .0
H D (V) !
50
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: /
.
&
A" .0 7 H K < D F
F 7" 7 D (F)
.
? : +*
. 1 µF = 10-6 F : : D ( µF )
!

. 1 nF = 10-9 F : : D ( nF )
!

. 1 pF = 10-12 F : : D ( pF )
! "

: / « Q = f (UAB) %H
8 »
.0
: H"
" ! ?
C = 0,5×10-6 F = 0,5 µF
d

/" .0 / D
.0
D .0
4( " –
d : D ("
" K 4
C
: S) C D (.0
K : d) " "
A B : #* " - D 7 –

?9 . S ? " " 73
◉ ◉ S
C = ε ‫ــــــــ‬
S d
ε = ε0 . εr : #* " - D « 1 - 9 » ?" : (ε) "0
.0 : 7 H0 :

! 8 # D h! 6 1 - 9 ε0 : :
1
ε0 = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬9 = 8,85×10-12 F.m-1
36π × 10
. . 1 - 9 - D .0 "

"0 εr
ε.S ε .εr S ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬ εr.S‫ــــــــ‬ εr.S
C = ‫ــــ = ــــــــ‬0 ‫ــــــــ‬ = 9
= 8,85×10-12× ‫ــــــــ‬ : #* " - .0 : F
d d 36π × 10 . d d
:

," εr "0
%# ," –
& 0' L !
" &
/
80 24 7 4 – 6 2,2 1 εr
U1 U2 U3 : !9 L' .2.1.1

C1 C2 C3
A +Q -Q +Q -Q +Q -Q B : .. V (%
G1 D 1 G2 D 2 G3 D3
"
&
' "# 4 X D 8
?9 –
- .0 0*0 "
U
U F"
F D B A "
!
" E" . C3 D C2 D C1
◉ ◉ ⊕ ⊖ "

D 7

#
&
>
!

</ ." =
H
. ( +
E
) =
N< " " C
Céq
+Q -Q "# !@' 4 ;( ;<
("
") D1G2 #
&
D +
N</ !
A B
. 4
G 3 H!
E" " K < -H" D U
E"
U 7@ " D – Q " 4 * O C1 .0 D1 >
$"

<' D
!
◉ ◉ ⊕ ⊖ . + Q " 4 C2 .0 G2 >
$"
4 -

"
) M! D "
- E"
.
E" "
.0 4 : 8 H0 " 4 Z
"
! D – Q " &""
.+Q

.0
) K <" \ "
"
- + Q &"
$. %
.0

! ←
. Q B
4
$.
: " /
:*0
.0
! B

4
: !

←
. Q = C3U3 \ Q = C2U2 \ Q = C1U1
. U = UAB = U1 + U2 + U3 : (

#)
7

!

# ←
U 1 1 1 Q Q Q 1 1 1
⑴ .......... ‫ـــــ = ـــــ‬+ ‫ـــــ‬+ ‫ ⇐ ـــــ‬U = ‫ـــــ‬+ ‫ ـــــ‬+ ‫ =ـــــ‬Q ( ‫ـــــ‬+ ‫ـــــ‬+ ‫ )ـــــ‬: "
Q C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
U 1 Q
⑵ .......... ‫ ⇐ ـــــ = ـــــ‬Céq = ‫ ـــــ‬: " ←
Q Céq U
51
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: ⑵ ⑴
1 ‫ـــــ‬
‫ـــــ‬ 1 1 1
= + ‫ ـــــ‬+ ‫ـــــ‬
Céq C1 C2 C3
.

3( 3( !

? : +*
. 7 - .0 8 ;<

- ( %
B M" C
- .0
) ?
Q1 C1 : B! V (4
" E"
8. / U 4

U Céq
Qt 9
?9 – .0 "
Q2 A Qt B
A◉
◉B ◉ ◉
C2 &"
B .0
: " D H!

"
Q3 C3 U Q 3 = C 3 U \ Q2 = C2U \ Q1 = C1U
: !
4
"
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
. .0 4 : 9 H0 = C1U + C2U + C3U
= U( C1 + C2 + C3)
Qt
‫ـــــ‬ = C1 + C2 + C3 .......... ⑴ : 8
U
Q
Céq = ‫ـــــ‬t .......... ⑵ : " / !
.0 Céq
U
: ( I ⑵ ⑴
Céq = C1 + C2 + C3
. .

"( "( !

? : +*
7 - .0 /! 7" 4 - @ %
B M" C G.
- .0
) ?
:
!9 2! (# .3.1.1
uC R : 2!
!
.
C V 7/+
" " C D &"" 4 .0 Q. ( : "

–
:
< .0 F B D

" H!

>

: 8 H ( # D U0 = 30 V (4
")
"=
/ D C = 100 µF
.0 Q. " : 10 H0
- 4P" ! $H ( 7B>
N</ . R = 300 kΩ
. 10
?9 – w = 10 kΩ/V H" D 30 V
" D %H
– .
$H .0
! " uC K 4

+ #" 4P
)@
u
. i = ‫ـــــ‬C + 7

!

74 L '
R
30 V ;
.
$H 8 ' 4 ;<

("! 7

E 3 D t = 0 +
(U0 = 30 V)
"
! 4 .0
. 4 R. .0

← : &"" W# "
"
!
: F F N" ;<
D (150 ) " #( .

' C" D 150 s : H 7 ! "
uC (V) . X! "( .0
←
C(t)
u‫ـــــــــ‬
30 – 11
?9 5 i(t) = : Q.
- I
–
R
uC (t) : ‫ن‬#‫ا‬ t (s) 0 15 30 60 90 120 150

20 – uC (V) 30 18,2 11 4 1,5 0,55 ε
i = uC/R (µA) 100 61 37 13,5 5 1,8 ε'
10 –
t (s) uC (t) Q. "

-
: 11 H0
; ; ; ;
0 15 30 60 90
52
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
f1 # - ; 7
! @ % D OH" 4 0 .0 " " –
(Q0)
+++ +++ A 12
?9 – . K # D (f3 \ f2 \ f1) K*( 0*0 D (R) (
U0 C R : K < \ U0 / .0 "0

D K H
E X "#
--- --- B + Q0 = CU0 : &"
A $"

K - Q0 = - CU0 : &"
B $"

f3 ◉ ◉ f2
. « .0
4 » A" Q0 H K < ←

"=

: 12 H0
"
! E*X=
+ >
#
! " E"

M! D K H
E X
U
I0 = ‫ــــــ‬0 : / 8! 7

"=

74 M! K <" D U0 /
R
=
.0
LB D "H " . N" "
4 " . "
D .0
B

. {f1DRDf2DKDf3} H
X #

" A
$"i
E! B
$"i ("
4
)
: M! 13
?9 – K H
E*X' + < D "
f1
. W# q &"

(q) i
++ ++ A . W# (q )
) uC "

uC C R
- - - -- B u
. W# (uC ) "
) i = ‫ـــــ‬C
74
e ‫ت‬J‫!"و‬xc‫ا‬ R
f3 ◉ ◉ f2 0*0
.
H
Q.
*B
" 8( E" C@
K
. 11
?9 ! .
$." i ~ uC ~ q : "
Q.
*B : 13 H0
X -
Q.
7/+ M! D H X " K H
C ! % %
<'
q = 0 ⇒ uC = 0 ⇒ i = 0 : .0
4 %
! D B ? "
4 " A ? "
4

i : 2!
F
.
B $"
(+) A $"
: : D
"
! .0
"# % ( ,
!M"
⊕ ) 3 i D uC D q 0*0
H
( K < % 7

"
@." . (5)
A
uC R Ri . 14
?9 – " H
N</ 74' N ' B . "0 74M" D
⊖ B
∀t , i > 0 :
N M" #

8
∀t , uC > 0 : A B 0
G4
8
∀t , q > 0 : C.uC
H
( 4
) &"

B : 14 H0
: Q.
–
uC – Ri = 0 ⇐

# E" "
: Bg
"
( |dq| &"
D dt 3
! / 7 (
. |dq| :
H " W# .0
4 D

E!) " 8 4 |dq| 4
N</ D 7

#
()H
) &
" H M" D 0
dq : ! D " 74M" dq M! D
) # " q ( : \ i = ‫ــــــــ‬ |dq|
i = - ‫ــــــــ‬ : (*=
dt dt
: 4
C" Q.
M! D uC = ‫ــــ‬ q : #*
" D K <
q dq C
‫ــــ‬ + R ‫ = ــــــــ‬0
C dt
:
–
dq q
- ;
( :

"=

" =
" " . «
F! » ?"
N</ 0 - K < D ‫ــــــــ‬
dt
q = Q0 e – t /RC : 4
* O "H @.

N</ D
. (s) 0
7" H D « ( 9 » - τ = RC :
– t /RC : ZB>
H
–
q Q 0e
uC = ‫= ــــــــــــــــــــــ = ــــ‬U0 e – t /RC
:

C C
u U0 e – t /RC
i = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ = ــــ‬ = I0 e – t /RC : 74

R R
53
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
( I0 D U0 D Q0 ) % ; H " 8( " 4
7"
< D H"
74

" : +*
. "
-
$." 0 0 4" t ↦ i \ t ↦ uC \ t ↦ q :
- :*0
>
)"

: 0 –
. U0 = 10 V \ R = 2 MΩ \ C = 4 µF : : 7 B %# (1
: Q.

"
74 \ Q0 = CU0 = 40 µC :
"=
.0
4 \ τ = RC = 8 s :
"0
U
t (s) 0 4 8 16 24 32 40 I0 = ‫ــــ‬0 = 5 µA
R
t/τ 0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 q = 40 e – t /8 : (µC) "
e-t/τ 1 0,607 0,368 0,135 0,050 0,018 0,007 uC = 10 e – t /8 : (V) . "
q (µC) 40 24,28 14,78 5,4 2 0,72 0,028 i = 5 e – t /8 : (µA) "9 "
uC (V) 10 6,07 3,68 1,35 0,5 0,18 0,007 :
"
I
(2
i (µA) 5 3,04 1,84 0,68 0,25 0,09 0,004 : +*
," (3
–t/τ -1
. e - %H
"=
&"
← e = e = ‫ ــــ‬D t = τ : > 1
q (µC)
40 – e
!L ‫[ ؛‬t ↦ ∞] ⇒ [e ↦ 0] : O#*' % D e –t/τ : F+
–t/τ
30 – D Q0 1 % 3( H"
4
D 5 τ : %>H‫" ا‬4!‫ ز< ا‬#
. % # Q.
" ' F
20 – . I
$. -
H i uC

D 5 τ H
FH "0 D
tT Q.
7
10 – :
"
F0 E
t (s) τ = 1×10 = 10 s ⇐ C = 1 pF R = 1 Ω : >
-12 -12
; ; ; tT = 5 τ = 5×10-12 s : "

0 8 16 24
. 9 8"4 Q.
←
q (t) Q. "
-
: 15 H0 τ = 10 ×10 = 10 s ⇐ C = 1000 µF R = 10 MΩ : >
7 -3 4
(13 heures 0() tT = 5 τ = 5×104 s : "

.
F &" Q.
←
: - 'C V
t
. « la durée relative :
. » ?" x 3
D x = ‫ ــــ‬: )@
q uC i τ
( "

D "
4
' :
f" y 3
F*' ! D y = ‫ = ــــــ = ــــــ = ــــــ‬e – x : K < )@
Q U0 I0
0
"
-
. « variables réduites :
7 » ( y x0 K < H
. "
74
D U0 D Q0 :

%# « ? V » / B
0
=
*B
D y = e – x :
. τ D I0

H!

I

L
' . D i (t)
74 ( uC (t)
( q (t) 4
0
"
0
i (µA) q (µC) uC (V) y . 16
?9 _ Ox Oy
- D τ ) I0 ( U0 ( Q0
5– 40 – 10 – 1– tT = 5 τ : 7
*B ! % Q.
( F "# # : +*

"=
H
" " ZB(
B' 8( '
: H" H 7V
t‫ـــ‬ Q
. tT = 2,3 τ ⇐ = ln 10 ⇐ e = 10 ⇐ q = ‫ــــــ‬0 ⇐ 10%
–t/τ
τ 10
t‫ـــ‬ Q
. tT = 4,6 τ ⇐ = ln 100 ⇐ e = 100 ⇐ q = ‫ــــــــ‬
–t/τ 0
⇐ 1%
τ 100
Q0
. tT = 6,9 τ ⇐ q = ‫ــــــــــ‬ ⇐ 0,1%
1000
; ; ; y = e - x %
H!

-
: 16 H0
0 0 0 0 1 2 3 x
; ; ;
0 8 16 24 t (s)
54
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
⊕ : (#
!
.
R V Ri : Q.
!
K %H
$. B : "

–
U0 « 9 L » ?" 8 0 D R = 300 Ω X C = 100 µF
C uC
⊖ ,.BM" U0
;( D 8! " E"

.
$H . U0 = 30 V
17 –
?9 . uR = Ri = U0 – uC : ;( uC .0
" " E"

;
.0 4 " : 17 H0 E 3 . a
F&" /"
D t = 0 +
4 ;( .0
W B %
W# D U0 = 30 V H
-

"
! .
$H 4 : +
N</ H
. &"" /"
. p4 n .0
←
H : 7

! N E"

$. .
D 7

E X + 8( -
74=
" />

. 7# 7
`! 4 X .0
H
-
.0
. % N" ' (150 ) #( -
.
4P
' D 150 s H 7 "
uC (V) .
N</ ! ;( 7

! ; K < - 7 D U0
.
q4n .0
←
uC ( t ) : 4
" I

30 – t (s) 0 15 30 60 90 120 150
uR (V) 30 18,2 11 4 1,5 0,55 ε
20 – i (µA) 100 61 37 13,5 5 1,8 ε'
uC (V) 0 11,8 19 26 28,5 29,5 30
10 – : Q.
! 8. / i ( t )
74 ( %
uC ( t )
" . 11 –
?9 ! 8 E!
-
t (s)
; ; ; . 18 –
?9 ! 8 E!
-
D 4
*B
! F
0 30 60 90

% 3 . D q (t) = C.uC (t) : "
-
. "H
H0 " 0
D uC ( t ) : -
!
uC (t) i4 "
-
: 18 H0
; 7
! @ % D 4 X 0 .0 " "
K*( "( D (R) ( # ( )" ) (G) -
f1 . 19
?9 – . K # D (f4 \ f3 \ f2 \ f1)
>
#
! " E"

M! D K H
E X + :
"=

←
P●
. 4

" ! F .0
! " uC
> D U0 /
R U
G I0 = ‫ــــــ‬0 : /
"=

74
f2 R
N● A
C ;<
A $"
=
H ( =
B@ )
: 4
*B ←
B
4" /" 4 ;

</ >
: H
E X + < D "
P● i
(+ q) 4 A $"
D 7
&" " .0
" 4
R Ri .
!9
# : (q) H . (– q) / B $"
4 "H "
U0 G
N●
f2 .
" D 4
*B (q )
) uC

A ++ ++
e- ‫ت‬J‫!"و‬xc‫ا‬ C uC . (i)
74 D Ri = U0 – uC : >
#
! "
W#
B- - - - "H " D .
$." ( uC ~ q ) "

H
D
" ←
K
f4 ◉ ◉ f 3 . Q.
*B 8
- O"4 i ( t ) -
-
# 4
M! D H 3 K H
K ! :

←
i4
*B : 20 H0 :

EH X
55
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
vA = vP
⇒ uC = U0
vB = vN
uC = U0 ⇒ i = 0 : c H ' :

X %
D K < -
!@'
QT = C.U0 : ! D 4
" .0
! B

4
(
*=

: (#
F
.
74M" D
) 3 i D uC D q 0*0
H
( % 7

H
@."
i
. 21
?9 – " H
N</ 74' N ' B . "0
⊕ R Ri U0 – Ri – uC = 0 : M! (

)

# E" " : 4
←
U0
⊖ dq > 0 :
H" .0
4
D dt 3
! / 7 (
A &"

N</ H ' \ (
) 7
" .0
4 >)
C uC
B dq : (*=
") 74
7

#
&
!
i = ‫ــــــ‬
dt
dq q q
B : 21 H0 U0 – R ‫ = ــــ – ــــــ‬0 : C" 4
D uC = ‫ ــــ‬D 0
dt C C
: .

-
G " D 4

</ @. D F@ ←
q = QT( 1 – e – t /RC )
7" H D « ( 9 » - τ = RC : &

\ x ↦ y = ( 1 – e – x ) : )" 0 D
N</ ! t ↦ q : )"
∴
. (s) 0
: ZB>
H
–
– t /RC
q QT( 1 – e )
uC = U0( 1 – e – t /RC ) ⇐ uC = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ــــ‬ = U0( 1 – e – t /RC ) :

C C
U0 – uC U0 – U0( 1 – e – t /RC ) U
i = I0 e – t /RC ⇐ i = ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــــ‬0e – t /RC : 74

R R R
: 0 –
. U0 = 10 V \ R = 2 MΩ \ C = 4 µF : : 7 B %# (1
. τ = RC = 8 s
t (s) 0 4 8 16 24 32 40
: (µC) "
t/τ 0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5
e -t/τ
1 0,607 0,368 0,135 0,050 0,018 0,007 q = 40( 1 – e – t /8 )
1 – e-t/τ 0 0,393 0,632 0,865 0,950 0,982 0,993 uC = 10( 1 – e – t /8 ) : (V) . "
q (µC) 0 15,72 25,28 34,60 38 39,28 39,72 i = 5 e – t /8 : (µA) "9 "
uC (V) 0 3,93 6,32 8,65 9,5 9,82 9,93 :
"
I
(2
i (µA) 5 3,04 1,84 0,68 0,25 0,09 0,004 H0
+( : +*
," (3
uC (V) i (µA) . 22 _
?9 : uC (t) ?
10 – 5–
. 23 _
?9 : i (t) ?
4
: 23 H0
i (t) ;+
-
5– 2,5 –
4
: 22 H0
uC (t) ;+
-
t (s) t (s)
; ; ; ; ; ;
0 8 16 24 0 8 16 24
56
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
E =
uC (V) : F"
"0 –
: (22،23 – (?9) * O 0 4
! D E"
U0 – t /RC
i(t) = I0 e \ uC(t) = U0( 1 – e – t /RC )
duC U0 ‫ـــــــ‬
U
0,63U0 ‫ــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــــــ‬ = 0 : 8 D uC (0) = 0 ⇐ t = 0 : (
dt RC τ
uC = U0( 1 – e – t /RC ) uC (τ) = 0,63 U0 ⇐ t = τ : (
= U0( 1 – e – t /τ ) : K <
t (s) i (0) = I0 ⇐ t = 0 : (
0 τ = RC i (τ) = 0,37 I0 ⇐ t = τ : (
i (A) uC (t) < ًJL τ : 24 H0 : F" τ = RC
"0 "
I0 . 24 –
?9 ... uC (τ) = 0,63 U0 : H" '
. 25 –
?9 ... i (τ) = 0,37 I0 : H" (
i = I0 e – t /RC t = 0 : +

! D (...) " $

" (
= I0 e – t /τ : @ /" –
0,37I0 t = τ +
uC (t) " ("
$
# ( - * O 0 /"
t (s) : uC = U0 /
0 )"

< 0
" $
\ uC(t) = U0( 1 – e – t /τ ) :
τ = RC
(24 H0
– (" " %H ) uC (t) = at : 4
D
i (t) < ًJL τ : 25 H0

duC = U
($
8 ) a = ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــ‬0 e – t /τ ? : :
dt τ
. uC (τ) = U
‫ـــــ‬0 τ = U0 : $
! , " D t = τ : +
⇐ a = U ‫ـــــ‬0 : ?
τ τ
: 6
: 8 H ( #" .0

! . Q = 5 mC ( ) : " 4
"
! B D C = 5 µF : .0
. R = 0,5 MΩ
. (RC : H
0) 7
τ
"0 ( (1
. 7

! 7
i (t)
74 V" (2
_
"=
4 B # .0
+ ( (3
:
: (RC) " # 0
"0 " (1
τ = 2,5 s ⇐ τ = 5 × 10-6 × 0,5 × 106 = 2,5 s ⇐ τ = RC
i(t) = I0 e – t /RC = U
‫ـــــ‬0 e
– t /τ
: ( % (2
3
5×10 -3 R
U 1×10 Q
I0 = ‫ـــــ‬0 = ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬ = 2 × 10-3 A = 2 mA ⇐ U0 = ‫ـــــــــــــــ = ـــــ‬ = 1 000 V : .0
"=

R 5×10 6 C 5×10-6
i(t) = 2 e – t /2,5 ( mA ) : ( "9 " ) +
74
7" ∴
U Q
i = 1 mA ⇐ uC = uR = ‫ـــــ‬0 = 500 V : `! D q = ‫ ـــــ‬: / C"
D t +
(3
2 2
t 1
t = RC ln2 ⇐ - ‫ = ـــــ‬ln 0,5 ⇐ e – t /RC
= ‫ = ـــ‬0,5 : +
74
7" -
G "
RC 2
. t = 1,74 s ⇐ t = 2,5 × 0,69 = 1,74 s ∴
57
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
!9

◉ 1K2 : .0 ! B
#
- 70P

⊕ ◉ ◉
◉ "
EH D 4 *B .0 ! B
#
- 70P

◉ ◉
◉
. 26 –
?9 @
"
◉ .0 D .0

! B
#
- 4
0A
–
E ◉ V

7>
M" 4 %0 D C = 1 000 µF
◉ C L .
$H - 4
# (H D (e = 1,5 V) " 7#
◉

<"
7 "
. 8/ )" D S"
! X. %0
⊖
. 7 !

#
( I D 4

' S"
I/ 7 +* ←
7

B : 26 H0
. 4

'
4 *B .0 B
D U = 4,5 V 4
"0! D
0A
( –
. S"
I/ 74 #
H"

B
%0 D ( 2 200 µF \ 1 000 µF \ 100 µF ) D 7
.0

'
4 *B .0 B
#
( I D .0

' S"
I/ 74
+* ←
. .0

. q = CU : 1
"1
G% U 1 # 8 C 1-. 1 # " 9%
!9

6- :
'
: F" .0 ! B
#

A B u
+q –q "@ "# )"" F C .0 4
U D 27 –
?9 . U volts 0 "
u E"

D 4
*B (t) +
u : .0
" 4 D u = vA – vB : .0
! "
. qB = – q < 0 qA = + q > 0
q
H 7

" I
.
: D +
N</ "
U ‫ ا‬0 < O Q B $"
dq "
&"
.. H ' 8H!

q q+dq
. dqB = – dq \ dqA = + dq : : A $"
-
3 .0 4 : 27 H0 M! D u ( +7 0( dq

4
( "
dW = u.dq : / .0 B

#
! :
3
. 4
N! ;<
u.dq ;

." 4" B

# .0
A" E" C@ ←
" ) +
C
" OH" 8 ' 4
#
3 0 F" . (27 – H0
) u = ‫ــــ‬ q ? E!
u (q) %H
%
C . ( >
0
B

#
M! D CU -
0 4

U -
0

D 4
" "
: " D OHD : 0
C F"
1
W = ‫ ـــ‬QU
2
2
1 CU2 : D CU ?" Q \ 1 Q Q
‫ـــ‬ ‫ ــــ ـــ‬: D ‫ "? ــــ‬U H"
7"
! , " ←
2 2
2 C C
1 1 Q 1
Ep = ‫ ـــ‬QU = ‫ ـــ = ــــ ـــ‬CU : /
4
" .0 ! B

B

#
D F
2
2 2 C 2
#
M! D (C) ( Q 4
(V) ! U
(F) ! C
H D (S.I)

!
Ep (J) . (J) ' 7" H .0 ! B
E0− : (t½) Q.

&0(
-
.0
# W#
-
4 .0 ! B
#
WH %*

. 28
?9 – 3. *B
"=
#
0,5E0 − 1
( t + ! #
7" ) ... Ep = ‫ ـــ‬C.u2(t) : Q.
! –
2
u(t) =U0 e – t /RC : t + "

7" K < –
1
t (s) Ep = ‫ ـــ‬CU02 e –2t /RC ⇐ u2(t) =U02 e –2t /RC : "
2
0 t½
3. *B .0 # B : 28 H0
58
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
1 CU 2 : t = 0 : ( –
Ep = E0 e – 2t /RC ⇐ E0 = ‫ـــ‬ 0
2
e – 2t½ /RC
= ?1 ⇐ E0 e – 2t½ /RC E0 ⇐ Ep = ??
= ?? E0 : " t = t½ : ( –
2 22t½ = – ln2 :2 ! ;"
% X
<BA"
τ = RC : : D t½ = ?τ ln2 ⇐ – ??
2 RC
: .0 Q. 4=
4
W# " 4 H

4
W# .
>
W#
( i )
/ 4
W# ( A ) 4
/ >
W#
dq
i = – ?? dN
A = – ??
dt
dt
dq = – ??q dN
?? ?? = – λN0
dt RC dt
q(t) = q0 e – t /RC N(t) = N0 e – λt
τ = RC :
"0 1 :
"0
τ=?
λ
?τ ln2 : t½ #
W# ln2
?? : t½ 7

2 λ
K E
⊕
: ?
⊖
◉ ◉ (

. 158 : W –1 ) ① : 6
i uC D R = 320 kΩ H D E = 12 V "0
" 7
A
uR
. H!
"
+( – # "

/' %
D C .0
◉ ◉ :
"

/=
%
44 - /4 . .0
4 H
E 3" %H
R
C . E D i D R " uC t + ! V" .1
E (V) ( %0 D R D E " t = 0 +
i0 "

74 V" .2
.
#
. _ ∞ -
t
i # ;( -
.3
?? 1 u – ??
du + ?? E = 0 : / RC 7
@.

<' .4
dt RC RC
. uC(t) = E( 1 – e – t /RC ) :
4
( "0(
1,5 ‫ـ‬ . C # I
D τ
"0 # O" (
.5
। . O" O" t = τ ( uC # (
.6
0,3 t (s)
.7
. 4 .0
! B
#
(
:
(>
# %( ) uR = Ri : : D E = uC(t) + uR :
7

!

# .1
. ( u = E – Ri :
B' ( ) uC(t) = E – Ri(t) : "
i(0) = i0 = ? : 8 D uC(0) = 0 ⇐ t = 0 : (K H
E X + ) 4

" + .2
E
R
i0 = 3,75 × 10-5 A ≈ 0,04 mA ⇐ R = 320 kΩ = 32 × 104 Ω \ E = 12 V : G .
. i = 0 : ;( 7

!
/ F 4 .0
(
</ D uC → E M! t → ∞ .3
N</ EH ( D RC H
0 @.
* O uC(t) = E( 1 – e – t /RC ) = E – Ee – t /RC : .4
du = 0 + ??
: @.

! , " . ?? E e – t /RC : " " !
E 4 .
dt RC
59
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
E e – t /RC + ??
. ?? 1 (E – Ee – t /RC) – ?? E =0
RC RC RC
(
"0) τ = 0,3 s : 8 D uC = E / t = τ +
uC (t) " ("
$
# : O" .5
C ≈ 0,94 × 10-6 F = 0,94 µF ⇐ (R = 32 × 104 Ω D τ = 0,3 s) \ C = ?τ ⇐ τ = RC : |&
R
( "
+ ) uC = 7,56 V O" ? : t = τ +
.6
uC = 0,63 E / uC (ττ) E"

# " D uC = E / uC (t) " ("
$
# D O" ?
uC = 0,63 × 12 = 7,56 V : G .
(4
& ' ) uC = E > Ep = ?1 Cu2 = ?1 CE2 : 4 .0
! B
#
" .7
2 2
Ep ≈ 67,7 µJ ⇐ Ep = ? 1 × 0,94 × 10-6 × 122 = 67,68 × 10-6 J : G .
2
② : 6
i . . B H" .0 C
O $H (
"0 I 8 4 7

! ;
" .0
: ( ( ) &

◉ $H" C H < ! $H .0
! " " . "@ "#
K
B A ◉ . "H
4
+ – ! " E"
uAB
A" t1 +
+*! t0 = 0 +
K H
E 3 D F X.
"
! .0
. u1 H
Q " # uAB
V It
. uAB = ? : 7" " - t +
.0
! " E"

A" V" .1
C
. C .0
# ( . t1 = 7,2 s +
u1 = 6,0 V H
Q " uAB
D I = 10 µA µ : > .2
. t1 +
.0
! B
"
#
( .3
GBF : : "H

g
EH : ( ) &

8 # 3 " 74' 4" O"
GBF
R %
"@ . R = 1 000 Ω 6 V -
0
4=
8 44 - *B /4 H"

/=
. H!
(2) (1)
‫ازات‬e!‫ه‬c‫ ا‬6(‫' @ز را‬J
.0 *B

7
/ τ
"0 A" <
.
+>
4 63 % "" 4 (
"
! F X.
. RC H
0 τ
"0 7" ( .1
( 1 ) ‫رة‬rc‫ا‬
%
"
@
/ D #4

H!>
C
7 - 7 .2
(2) 74=
8 44 - /4

/=
%
- /3
_ K( ! K < ,3 _ (1) 74=
O "
τ # $# D (2) (1) 4=
" @.
74=
B' .3
. B'
74=
- $H
H O"
. C .0
# 8 ( ;<
E"
$H
*B I ' .4
:
"@
20 ms/div : H!>
C
? : (1) 74=
( 2 ) ‫رة‬rc‫ا‬
2 V/div : #4

?
10 ms/div : H!>
C
? : (2) 74=
1 V/div : #4

?
:
: ( ( ) &

H
&"
M! .0
4 &0(
t . + " D 74
"0 7

!
; .1
. ( .0
4 ) .0
! B
4
/ D q = It : / 4
"
60
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
uAB = ?? It : / 
#*

C = ?? .2
◉ ×10-6×7,2
u1
uAB K 10×
C = ??????? ? ⇐ t1 = 7,2 s \ u1 = 6,0 V \ I = 10 µA A: G
B A ◉
6
q C = 12 × 10-6 F = 12 µF ∴
Ep = ?1Cu12 : #* " - D t1 +
.0
! B
"
#
.3
V 2
Ep = ? 1 ×12×1010-6×62 ⇐ u1 = 6,0 V \ C = 12 µF F: G
2
Ep = 2,2 × 10-4 J ∴
( 1 ) ‫رة‬rc‫ا‬
: ( ) &

τ = RC : " / RC
7

"0 .1
44 - (2) 74=
7/4 -
(1) 74=
7/4 .2
D 1 V/div -
2 V/div #4

3 " #
( %
% 3 " 74=
" ) .>
-
" 74=

'
. τ
"0 # 0( $# &
' ( .

<" #
↔ (2) 74=
- $
%H
%" %H "H
4 " C@ / .3
τ

H
u = 6 V -
)H $

</ D t = 0 ("

( 2 ) ‫رة‬rc‫ا‬
τ = 10 ms = 10-2 -
s : (H (2) 74=
- - . t = τ !
: 0 H ∗
u(τ)) = 0,63 × 6 = 3,68 V ⇐ u(τ)) = 0,63 umax : ( %
τ = 10 ms = 10-2 s : "
- (H
C = ?τ : I D τ = RC : 7"
.4
R
C = 10 × 10-6 F = 10 µF F ⇐ C = ???? 10-2 ⇐ R = 1 000 Ω \ τ = 10-2 s : G
1 000
③ : 6
! E" D

- %0 G.
- F" " D 500 V
$. D 4,7 µF
$. .0
:
> ( . 8 ;<
+>

7
!

.1
E"
+>

.2
B

&"
.3
H!

#
.4
:E
: G.
)
∗
Céq = 4,7 + 4,7 = 9,4 µF : !

.1
( K 4 ) Umax = 500 V : E"
+>

.2
Qtotal = Céq.Umax = 9,4×10
9,4 -6
×500 4,7 10-3 C : B

&"
.3
500 = 4,7×10
Ep = ?1 QtUm = ? 1 × 4,7 × 10-3 × 500 = 1,175 J : B
"
#
.4
2 2 :
)
∗
Céq = 2,35 µF ⇐ ?? = ??
1 1 + ?? 1 = ?? 2 .1
Céq 4,7 4,7 4,7
(
G ) Umax = 1 000 V : E"
+>

.2
Qtotal = Céq.Umax = 2,35×10
2,35 -6
×1 2,35 10-3 C : B

&"
.3
1 000 = 2,35×10
Ep = ?1 QtUm = ? 1 × 2,35 × 10-33 × 1 000 00 = 1,175 J : B
"
#
.4
2 2
61
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
F
-# 1 # (2
: ( "' 1E
-# DE (1-2
.
( - . (vernis) k
H"" K 4

. 1
?9 5 @ 4
# ! )@ 7
" )4
,"

? B 4 ( I D # -
$H
4 D %( $H -
4
! "
.
? 4 ( H
< >
2 –
?9 @
"
"
EH D " 7
& ! 4 K -
7 " i # # -
7

E X + 0 H
7

!

74 3 H
E X "
: /4
< D
0
)4 : 01 H0 .
"
< "0 7' - +! 74" I/ : L1 S" " " –
E 7' C" #
0 " D L1 S"

FBA I/ : L2 S" " " –
K "

<
.

4 ; 0 "
L1 / D F 4
!
.

74 "0 ( -
</
R=r
$
F F : D 7

G.

</ ! 4
""
? * 7/+
4 ( I . L2 S"
I/ BA ! "
/ D !

.
F 4 ( H! D j B / ZB( B
(L , r) L2
4 @
.
: 02 H0 . ( ? * , ) 7

!
+ # # 4
) ● :
. ( , ) 74
"0 / ( # 4
●
: / 4
ℓ
. ( Ω ) P 7" H D ( r )
1?
●
. ( H ) G 1 7" H D ( L ) (
<
@ ) 1)
R
D ℓ ) 4
4 " 8 # E D !
H : L
<

<
# - 0P
7

( . ( N . R . #
( %4 ) N
0 . N . P ℓ ( 3 A
?9 ) 4 " "
4 : 03 H0 :
#* " - L
<
@ M! R
/#
4π×10-7 .N2.S
(7

.i
C ) S = πR2 : : \ L = ?????????
ℓ
( :
" 4
(L , r) L r
L : " D ( r ≈ 0 Ω ) B

H
;( @ 4

<'
● ● :
#* " 4 ! " E"
"

7" -
A i (L , r) B
di + r i
uAB = L ??
uAB dt
(L) A"- <L "?!‫ا‬ (r) A"- <L "?!‫ا‬
uAB = r i : ;( H! ( # 4

N</ ! D ?? di = 0 : 74
"0

!
dt
uAB = L ?? di : M! r = 0 : @ 4
!
A dt
● ●V1
:
F
-# 1 B? * 1, (2A2
L . &" 3 - " { L , R } 4 F
ο r 1 @
4
EH . "g
$H - 74" 8 +*
● ● V2 . 8 44 - F 7/+
: "
/' %
" K < +*
u(t) ο
C
u2
-- r2 4
?9 – ( r2 ) ( # )
- ( L , r1 ) 4
. T / " 74' 4" u (t) F"
F "
:"
● ●M
B (T – t0)

7
*B % ( t0 < T ) 7
*B "0 E"

#
"

: 04 H0
62
‫א
א א–אא‬
u (t) 2007
‫
د
رة‬
5 –
?9 . t0 = ? T : F" B
2
: 7

D 7"

7 "
t u (t) = U : :" 1
! ' ∗
0
t0 u (t)) = 0 : :" 2
! ( ∗
T " / 7

! L B" "
/' %
C
:
T *B 7/4 D ( 4 A
?9 ) !
u(t) E"

: 05 H0
. B A 7

! " u (t) ∗
B C >
#
! " u2 (t) ∗
. 6
?9 – ( u2 (t) )
i (t) : " )
: +*
44
- 7/+
B 7/4 ;@ 7

! >
#

. =
# H #( 7

- .@ r2 8 H (
. H!

"
D O.
F3 " i (t) -

: 4 k

- )@ . u (t)
E"
"#

GH' + : 06 H0
H G R 8 H ( # ) (L)
< 0 /" 0 4
0 7
!
. 7
?9 – 7

te
●
A i

- U = C "0 )" 7" <3
`!
L<
● u
u(t) { L , R } 7

- U
! E"
1
K H
E X EH . K # )
K L
● $. ! D u = 0 : : 2
-
g
. !
+ "
K' C H 3 -H" ( { L , R } H
0 -
7

#
+
U D F+ . ,3 " .
N</ ! K H
C ! ( 74" I . B "
R
B A !
"
K' ZB( H" =" 2
-
●
B . ( 7 –
?9 ) K H
! C .
+
$. ! H X

" >
D +

H! WB E"

( :
`!
;+
B
: 07 H0
:

F "# 7
" &'

! 7

E X @ (diode de roue libre - : 4"

%) F@! 0 0 %" K' H
"
● 8 A
?9 . (8H') NB *B !
HH
A i
● u
u(t) : H"
2 1 7

" S@"
<U
K L
u (t)) = U : H 3 K H
∗
+ D u (t)) = 0 : . K H
∗
U :
9 -P .!
R 6 –
?9 !
i (t) u (t)
% 7' % 9 –
?9 !
B : 7/+

7"
+
+' (
●
:
+ ∗
`!

B
: 08 H0
U H
-
0 H
u (t)
( 3 `!
B
! H
E X E!

+ 7 ( A
. I = U ?
8 # F9 <BA
!
u (t) R
:
F 73 " H
N</ D t1 = 2,5 ms /
. (20 ms)
"

%( /'
10ns) @ X 7
!
+ 7 %(
F 7" 7 /
(≈10ns)
0 7# &4 ""
< !
F 7" "
+ 7 "
i (t) 3 B>

</ 74

< @ "
. U "0 > F
t (ms) :
GH' ∗
0 2,5 5 7,5 10 15 H
u (t) H ( 9 8"4 ) 3 `!
B
! H
C ! E!

)H % B
( A
. ? T +
0 H
-
U
i (t) u (t) % 7' : 09 H0 2
63
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. N+ @
7
$. / D t2 – ? T = 2,5 ms : 7
*B
2
. F 9 GH=
-
8" ;P
3 : 4

<
@
"

7H
) F@(
N</ !
:
?
F!
- (3A2
( K H
E X )
+ : 1

i :
∗
+ di
e=-L : 10
?9 – RL
7

! (

# )

# E" "
dt
U R U – L di? – Ri = 0 ⇐ U + e – Ri = 0
Ri dt
-
:
∗
+
74 D ( 74" H
E X " ) t = 0 +
8( "
! "
i=? U ( 1 – e – Rt /L ) : / H"
@.

.
7
B : 10 H0
R
( %

%+
!

74 ) I = ? U : : i = I ( 1 – e – Rt /L ) (
R
D « ( 9 » - τ = L ? : "
\ x ↦ y = ( 1 – e – x ) : )" 0 ( )" D
N</ ! t ↦ i : )"
∴
R
. (s) 0
7" H
: ZB>
H
∗
7
HH

" . `!
B
0 7 –
?9 > /
L R ! " "

: 4 –
?9 7
. i (t) ? * Ur
O 0

</ \ u2 = r2 i = ?? ( 1 – e
2 – Rt /L
) : r2 >
#
! "

R
: #*
*B ( D u1 = U – u2 : #*
8
: ( L , r1 ) 4
! "

u1 = r1 i + L ‫ــــ‬di
dt
t (ms) 0 0,2 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 : ; 0 ∗
t /τ 0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 U = 7,5 V \ R = 15 Ω \ L = 6 mH : "
e – t/τ
1 0,667 0,368 0,135 0,050 0,018 0,007 6×10-3 = 0,4 × 10-3 s = 0,4 ms
L = ????
τ=?
1 – e – t/τ 0 0,393 0,632 0,865 0,950 0,982 0,993 R 15
I=? U = ??7,5 = 0,5 A
I (A) 0 0,197 0,316 0,433 0,475 0,491 0,497 R 15
i = 0,5 ( 1 – e – t /0,4 ) ⇐ i (A) t (ms) : )
i (A)
0,5 . i = 0,5 A
# -
i : M! \ t → ∞ :
D (
+) 1 E!

N*( E!

8
. 11
?9 – i (t) "
‫ـ‬ : +*
. %

%+ # -
i (
F"( % e – t/τ F+
H
N</ D i = 0,497 A :
74 M! t = 5 τ > D F
t (ms)
; ; ; . % 1 #A" H!
74
# B
0 0,4 0,8 1,2
. L R H" E ( ≈ 5 τ )
7/+
7

+ ;+
-
: 11 H0
( K H
C ! )
GH' : 2

4

<
@
"

7H K < Z >
#
;<3 )" 4
C" D K H
C ! "
" (
"=
*=

)
N M" #
K
8 " %H D 73 X . ( 12 –
?9 )
.
" ( <..K.%.E ?
) e ? 0
G4
N ' F" i
:
∗
64
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: 12
?9 – RL
7

! (

# )

# E" "
i
di – Ri = 0 ⇐ e – Ri = 0
– L ‫ــــ‬
?
dt
di + Ri = 0
L ‫ــــ‬ : 4=
$"
e R Ri
dt
. .0 Q. !
K 8"4 @.

N</
:
∗
i = I0 : : (H
C ! + )
"=
4
" =
" "
7
B : 12 H0 i = I0 e – Rt/L : / H"
@.

M!
D
B « ( 9 » - τ = ? L : "
\ x ↦ y = e – x : )" 0 ( )" D
N</ ! t ↦ i : )"
∴
R
. (s) 0
7" H
: ; 0 ∗
( E"
0
!
/ ) R = 15 Ω \ L = 6 mH : "
t (ms) 0 0,2 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 τ = 0,4 ms
t /τ 0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5
I0 = 0,5 A
i = 0,5 e – t /0,4
⇐ i (A) t (ms) : )
e – t/τ 1 0,667 0,368 0,135 0,050 0,018 0,007
. # -
i : M! \ t → ∞ :
I (A) 0,5 0,34 0,184 0,068 0,025 0,009 0,004 2 E!

8" E!

8
i (A) . 13
?9 – i (t) "
D (
GH')
0,5
: +*
t = 5 τ : +
( i = 0 )

Q " D F@(
N</ !
: H
C ! `4

E!
‫ـ‬
!!!
-
< .
-
FB 4 " @ 7
C ! ( %
: 12
?9 – ( <..K.%.E ?
) "
di
; ; ;
t (ms) e = R I0 e – Rt/L = e0 e – Rt/L ⇐ e = - L ‫ = ــــ‬Ri
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 dt

"=
<..K.%.E ?
" \ ( t = 0 : +
) e0 = R I0 : :

B ;+
-
: 13 H0
. ! -
7

H )
R I0 = 15 × 0,5 = 7,5 V : H # e0 <BA D / '
7

0 D H 3 7

H"
<'
!! e0 K < C" 7

H M! ! " 7

C ! %
<'
: -
8 #" 4
@" 8 ' K " " : 0
∆ i 1
Emoy = L ‫ = ــــ‬20 × ‫ = ـــــــــ‬20 000 V : M! L = 20 H
<' D 1 ms *B 8# % 1 A 8 4 >
∆t 0,001
. 14 –
?9 ! " / 7

! 0 % L
' " 7@
D O. ' 4
B>
;. F

- R' ( # %@ ) B ( K < D 7

H ) F τ
"0 ( "
L = ‫ــــ‬
15 –
?9 . ( 10 - %H B
7 ) τ' = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ τ : M! R' = 9 R :
<' * O 0 . 0
%
)
R + R' 10
● i ● i
K L K L
D
+ D +
R'
R R
4" B : 14 H0 ) B : 15 H0
65
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
-#

(4A2
K D 16 –
?9 . 8" H!
"
"
EH 4 ! B
#
+=
● ● ● $H " D 2 A 8 4 " -
"g
$H 4! H
E 3
●
A H" " D H! 4
!
( - K < . 0 H
-
4 .
L,r C V
: #* " -
#
B " 4
%H
N</ ! . 4 X .0
E ●
● Ep = 1‫ ــ‬L.I2
E=6V 2
L = 20 mH , r = 4,4 Ω Ep = 1‫ ــ‬L.I2 = 1‫ × ــ‬0,02 × 22 = 0,04 J ∴
C = 15,5 µF
2 2
;<

# / D – 59 V /# " # -
.
$H 4! H
C .
: #* " - # .0
B
N</ ! . .0
8 4
7

B : 16 H0
E'p = 1‫ ــ‬C.u2 = 1‫ × ــ‬15,5 × 10-6 × ( - 59 )2 = 0,027 J
2 2
H ! ;
4"

# ! :
G@
-
Z E.

</ . E'p Ep #
" E! +*
∆Ep = 0,040 – 0,027 = 0,013 J : ." 7

E' 0,027 = 0,675 : / #

∴
η = 67,5 % ⇐ η = ‫ــــــ‬p = ‫ـــــــــــ‬
Ep 0,040
K E
: ?
◉ ◉ (

. 158 : W – 2 ) ① : 6
. E "

8 # 0
- %@ " 7

R M L,r t = 0 +
H
E 3 . ( L , r = 10 Ω ) 4 D R 8 H ( #
A◉ ◉ ◉B 4
! " uBM
D H
! " uMA

3 )"
uBM (V) . H!
"
8 44 - + ;<

/' %

"
YA YB . E ( .1
uMA (V)
. R D L ( .2
( r D E D L D R ) " i V" .3
. t = 3 ms +
8 # (
4
! B
#
( .4
1‫ـ‬ 1‫ـ‬ . H"
+
$.
0 ; t (ms) 0 ; t (ms) . 7

"0 # V .5
1 1 :
E = uBA = uBM + uMA ⇐
7

! (

)

# : E .1
(∗) .......... E = L ‫ــــ‬ di + ( R+r)i ⇐ u = L ‫ــــ‬ di + ri : 4

\ u = Ri ⇐ >
# %( #
BM MA
dt dt : "

-
G "
di
E = 9 V ⇐ uBM = 2 V uMA = 7 V : ‫ = ــــ‬0 ⇐ i = C : : %

%+
R " +
te
∗
dt
E = 9 V ⇐ uBM = 4,6 V uMA = 4,4 V : * O 0 t = 2 ms +
∗
di
E = ( R+r)i = 9 V : " D ‫ = ــــ‬0 %

%+
! : R D L .2
dt
uMA = Ri = 7 V : :
R = 35 Ω : 8 R = 7r uMA ‫ــــ‬
‫ = ــــ‬35 Ω : ;( ‫ـــــــــ‬ =
R ‫ــــ‬
=
7
: 8
2 uBM r 2 uBM = ri = 2 V
duMA = R di : 8 D u = Ri :
‫ـــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــ‬ MA
7
duMA ‫ـــــــــــ‬ dt dt
di 3 500
‫ــــ‬ = ‫ = ـــــــــــ‬100 ⇐ ‫ـــــــــــ‬ = = 3 500 $
t = 0 : D uMA = f(t) "
∗
dt R dt 0,002
di
L = 0,09 H ⇐ uBM = L ‫ = ــــ‬9 V : t = 0 > D uBM = f(t) "
∗
dt
66
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: t = 3 ms +
8 # ( r D E D L D R ) " i "
.3
di – ( R+r)i = 0 ⇐ (∗) H"

: 4
@. / D E – L ‫ــــ‬
dt E
i (t) = ‫ ( ــــــــ‬1 – e – ( R+r )t /L )
R+r
i = 0,155 A : M! D t = 3 ms = 0,003 s : >
: 4
! B
#
.4
Ep = 1,1 mJ ⇐ Ep = 1‫ × ــ‬0,09 × 0,1552 = 1,1 × 10-3 J ⇐ Ep = 1‫ ــ‬L.I2 : "
2 2
:
"0 .5
0,09 L
τ = 2 ms ⇐ τ = ‫ = ــــــــــــ‬0,0002 s ⇐ τ = ‫ ــــــــ‬: " / ( R+r , L ) H
0
"0
35+10 R+r
② : 6
. r = 10 Ω H L = 0,2 H
< 4 - E" D U = 12 V %
"0 "
: a (" 4
-
E" + <BP
. 7

!
i
74 7" ( .1
_ 0,5 A H
7

!

74 Q " t1
% *B .2
_ t2 = 0,05 s +
i
74 / % .3
:
: 7

!
i (t) +
74
7" .1
i (t) =I ( 1 – e – r t /L ) : #* " - ( r , L ) @ 7
!

74 ( %
rt
‫ــــ‬ = 50t ⇐ τ = 0,2 ‫ = ــــــ‬0,02 s ⇐ τ = ‫ـــ‬
L : / rL 7

"0 ? : :
L 10 r
U 12
I = ‫ = ــــــ = ــــ‬1,2 A : / %

%+
!

74 ?
r 10
( S.I ) ..L ! 7H i (t) = 1,2 ( 1 – e – 50t ) : "
: t1 7
.2
12 12
50t1 = ln ‫ = ـــــ‬0,539 ⇐ e = ‫ ⇐ ـــــ‬e
50t1 – 50t1 7
= ‫ ⇐ ـــــ‬0,5 = 1,2 ( 1 – e – 50t1 ) :
7 7 12
0,539
t1 =10,8 ms ⇐ t1 = ‫ = ــــــــــ‬0,0108 s = 10,8 ms ∴
50
: t2 +

74 .3
i = 1,1 A ⇐ i = 1,2 ( 1 – e – 2,5 ) = 1,1 A ⇐ rt
‫ــــ‬2 = 50t2 = 50 × 0,05 = 2,5 :
L
③ : 6
: : D ② E"
! >
$.
E = 3 V \ r = 4 Ω \ L = 0,1 H
:E
( ( S.I ) ..L ! 7H ) i (t) = 0,75 ( 1 – e – 40t ) .1
t1 = 34,65 ms .2
i = 0,65 A .3
67
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
1
●
:
?
●A « .0 Q. 4 » ① : 6
2● : 8" H!
7

"
R
E = 5 V \ R = 10 kΩ Ω \ C = 100 nF : -
E ●B :
?
!9 (# .1
C . 1 )@
! H 3 H
: " H! %
●D 7

! (
4
) "
H
"
#*
E" ((

" " 8H 4 D uBD
" "

=
. 7 B
/ =
# "
) . ( 4 @.

) 7

. β ? C B" D A # D H"
/ uBD = E + A e - βt : ( EH
. 1 )@
! H
)@" t = 0 +
7

E 3 D
"
! F X. .0
(
_ t = 0 +
uBD
# /
. 7

WB
" uBD (t)
7" F
.
8 # ( _ τ 0
< _ 7
τ
"0 /
( 7
<"
) ;( 7
7 : 7/+ +* D 7

!

/' %
L
' (L
. 44
- +*
uBD (t) -
7 ( . uBD
" C H" 8 % :"
: 2! .2
. 2 )@
! H
)@ / % a (" + B D .0
4
1 _
# % _ .0
B'
#
#
4( 4 ;A"
●
:
-
? )
F
-#
!9 h* .3
●A
●2 . "H
4 " " / 7

3 % ((
R' . E "

8 #
"
"
! .0
4
E ●B
( L . 1
P
! . ( uBD (t) /4 D 2 )@
-
H
H
L
: 8
uBD (t) -
7
/
C
_ .@ R'
<' •
●D
_ 7" R'
<' •
. uBD (t) )"
" C
@.

( . R' = 0
" % :
F .@ R' ( , . (
:
●A :
?
!9 (# .1
i (t) 1 )@
! H
!
7

0 % "H
4
! ((
R uR E = uAB + uBD : 4 "
7

N</ !

#
E ●B
uAB = Ri (t) : 7 B
/ =
" =
" "
duBD dq(t)
q C uC i (t) = C ‫ــــــــــ‬ ⇐ q (t) = C.uBD i (t) = ‫ ــــــــــ‬: :
dt dt
●D
RC du‫ــــــــــ‬
BD + u
BD = E : @.

8
dt
. H"
@.
/ uBD = E + A e - βt : ( g
EH
: @.

! , " \ du ‫ــــــــــ‬
BD
= - Aβ e – βt ⇐ uBD = E + A e - βt
dt
. t
( 1 – RCβ ) A e – βt
= 0 ⇐ - RCAβ e – βt + E + A e – βt = E
1
β = ‫ـــــــ‬ O ! / H
7"
∴
:
( 4 @.
*
RC
. uBD = 0 t = 0 +
" D F X.
"
! .0
(
A = - E ⇐ E + A = 0 ⇐ E + A e0 = 0 : t = 0 +
D @.

-
G "
uBD = E ( 1 – e – t/RC ) :
8 4"
∴
68
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
τ = RC : " / (
- ) RC # 0
"0
. +>
8 # 63 % .0 ! " /+

Q " *B

7
:
"0 0
τ = 1 ms ⇐ τ = 104 × 10-7 -
= 10-3 s = 1 ms ⇐ τ = RC :
8 #
:
B

44 - +* \ uBD = E ( 1 – e – t/RC ) D .0
4 (L
uBD (t) V
: :
5
τ = 1 ms \ E = 5 V
4
3
2
1
0 t (ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
: 2! .2
. H
! ." ;
4" 7

! K .0
! B
#
–
Ep = 1‫ ــ‬C.u2BD :
7" " - .0 ! B
#
–
2
Ep = 1,25 µJ ⇐ Ep = 1‫ × ــ‬100 × 10-9 × 52 = 1,25 × 10-6 J : " uBD = E : 4
! : G.
2
●A :
-
? )
F
-#
!9 h* .3
. uBD(0) = E : 8 F 4 .0
D t = 0 +
((
i (t)
(
R' uR' E!

4 " 0
/ t > 0 : > !
7

. ( 1 – B
) B ;
/' Q. +* D .@ R'
<' –
uL L ●B
uC
. ( 3 ( 2 – B
)

/' D 7" R'
<' –
q
di : 4
! "
(
uL = L ‫ــــــ‬
●D
dt
d2q = LC d2uBD D i (t) = ‫ــــــ‬
uL = L ‫ـــــــ‬ dq 7" " =
" "
2 ‫ـــــــــــــ‬
2
dt dt dt
R' = 0 > uAB = 0 \ uL + uAB + uBD = 0 :
7

!

#
d2uBD
‫ـــــــــــــ‬ 1
2
+ ‫ ــــــ‬uBD = 0 : @.

7" 8
dt LC
uBD (t) = Ucos( ωt+φ
cos(ω φ) : 4
0

D H"
@.

:
,
. uBD (t)) = E cos ωt ⇐ φ = 0 U = E : " ( i = 0 D uBD = E ⇐ t = 0 )
"=
4
: :
1 – 5z+>‫ا‬ 2 – 5z+>‫ا‬ 3 – 5z+>‫ا‬
69
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
« .0 4 » ② : 6
. .0
,3" .0 ! " "

-
. ( 1 – # ) C .0 R = 100 Ω 8 H ( # ;<3 E "

● ● .
" .0
! " uC
" " C 9 %*'
K i ( 2 – # ) uC = f (t) -

! K H
E 3 D t0 = 0 s +

E +q uC
C
" 8 &F
"
;<
t1
( D 2 – # - =" .1
_ t1 +
"#
-
&" 0
.
7/+
/ . O "0 uC
R S4
) . 2 – # M" E # ( .2
. 2 – # M" 7
τ = RC
"0 # ( .3
1 - R@‫ا‬ X.
.0
! "
*B
7
/ τ
"0 : )
uC (V) . +>
8 # 63 % -

"
! F
. C "H # I ' .4
. F .0
4 @
∆t 7
D 2 – # O#*' D %# .5
5,00
. τ ) ∆t #
K "' V" _ # GA" .0
4 % R # WH' %( 7 / .6
. 1 – # - "
*=

%
M" .7
+
O#*' D 4
*B uC
)@B
@.

A" V"
1,00
: 4 " D t0
0 t (ms)
0,50 2,50
du
E – uC – RC ‫ـــــــ‬C = 0
2 - R@‫ا‬ dt
- @
*=

%
" D H"
@.
/ uC = E ( 1 – e – t/RC ) : ( F .8
. i = f (t) -
7 I ' . i (t) +
74
7" ( D 1 – #
:
+
N</ " 8> D t1 = 2,0 ms +
O#*' "0 uC
A" " ( D 2 – # .1
.

< + 3 ;(
" ! " E"

( .0 4 % *B H ' - D t1 +
"#
● ●
.
K i B

N =
+ ;<
-
1 – #
F + :
,
E +q uC "
*=
0

< D 7

!

C
. 7<Bg
! " E"

R ( "H
4
+ )

7

!

# E" " .2
E = uC + uR
uR dq
i = ‫ ــــــ‬:
74 \ uR = Ri : %( #
dt
dq : -
E = uC + R ‫ــــــ‬
dt
! .0
4 3 ;( D 7

! %

%+
R " WB 8" D + ! 7"
N</
E = uC :
N</ ! " . ‫ــــــ‬ dq = 0 : M! 4
dt
E = 6,00 V : E # /
%

%+
! uC # 7&
H" C -
D 2 – #
uC ? +>
H
63 % E!
uC (τ) "
uC = f (t) -
H
! E!
τ
"0 .3
E(τ) = 0,63 × E = 3,8 V : " E = 6,00 V : > " . ( E # 63 % ;( )
τ = 0,28 ms : ( 2 – # ) " G "
τ
C = ‫ــــ‬ : . " D C " C
"0 7" .4
R
C = 2,8 × 10-6 F = 2,8 µF : " D τ = 0,28 ms = 28 × 10-5 s \ R = 100 Ω : G.
70
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
D F" /
t1 +
;( (%

%+
) O "0 ! " E"

C" F .0
4 .5
∆t = t1 – t0 : .0 %
4
EH @
∆t
7
L ' #
H!

N</
.
+>
"0 # WH= R

R? * K < D
F O.@ τ = RC
"0 # GA" .0
4 .6
. +-.
!9 (#
dq
E = uC + R ‫ ــــــ‬: 2 –
P
"' !
7"
-
7 " .7
dt
: H"
7"
! , " D q = C.uC : #*
E! ! " /+

) q .0
4
E – uC – RC ‫ــــــ‬ du‫ــــ‬
C =0 : 8 D E = uC + R ‫ــ‬d(C.u ‫ــــــــــ‬C‫)ــــ‬
dt dt
: 7" " + "

74 - .8
i (t) = C ‫ـــــــــ‬ (t) : " . q (t) = C.u (t) : : D i (t) = ‫ــــ‬
duC ‫ــــــ‬ dq(t)
‫ــــــ‬
C
dt dt
: - D uC = E ( 1 – e – t/RC ) : 8 " ;<
D " " uC (t)
E 4 <U
E e – t/RC : +
74
7" 8 D ‫ـــــــــ‬ (t) ‫ـــــــ‬
duC ‫ــــــ‬ E – t/RC
i (t) = ‫ـــــ‬ = e
R dt RC
i E : : D i (t) = I e – t/RC
I0 = ‫ـــــ‬ : (
0
R
i = f (t) : +
74 0
-
8
I0
W# ( )" 7 8 i (t) )" 0
-
)
E 8 #
-
D t = 0 4

" + I0 = ‫ـــــ‬
R
t ( « (#
1 » + ∞ t
P (0) .
0
«

– 160 : W D 5 5
» ③ : 6
. C1 = 0,1 mF @ :‫ آ‬%q( ، %>! ‫ت‬4=x %3>7
. 5 mF @!q( %Ax %4=x 3 ‫ت 'ل‬4=x>‫ ا‬g‫د < ه‬3 >7? %H"- <3 .1
. %>q!,>‫ت ا‬4=x>‫د ا‬3 ‫ &د‬.2
. u = 40 V "?? '? %>q!,>‫ت ا‬4=x>‫ ا‬%3>7 <'{J .3
‫ ؟‬%Ax>‫ ا‬%4=x>‫ ا‬%'r ‫أ( ه‬
‫ ؟‬%4=x :‫ آ‬%'r ‫ب( ه‬
:
: ‫"ف‬qJ ‫ أن‬L O ‫ت‬4=x>‫ ا‬:? %H"- ‫"ف‬qJ x .1
1 ‫ــــ‬
‫ـــــــ‬ 1 1 1
= + ‫ ــــ‬+ ‫ ــــ‬+ … : ‫ن‬G ، %>q!, %4=x ‫ أي‬%q( < ".‫ أ‬Céq %Ax>‫ ا‬%q,‫ن ا‬x? :,,!‫ ا‬3 ‫ت‬4=x>‫ ا‬:‫ و‬3
Céq C1 C2 C3
Céq = C1+C2+C3+ … : ‫ن‬G ، ‫ت‬4=x>‫ أي < ا‬%q( < "#‫ أآ‬Céq %Ax>‫ ا‬%4=x>‫ ا‬%q( ‫ن‬x? ‫"ع‬4!‫ ا‬3 :!‫ ا‬3 >L
Céq > C1 : ‫ن‬G ‫ع‬X‫ ا‬VB ‫ت‬4=x>‫ ا‬5L‫ ر‬%H"-
. %>q!,>‫ت ا‬4=x>‫د ا‬3 n : |& ، Céq = n C1 : ‫ن‬A ‫"ع‬4!‫ ا‬3 % ‫ و‬%q,‫ ا‬%>! ‫ت‬4=x>‫> أن ا‬L .2
5 × 10-3 = 50 ⇐ n = ‫ـــــــ‬
n = 50 ⇐ n = ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ Céq ∴
-4
10 C1
qéq = Céq.u = 5 × 10-3 × 40 = 0,2 C : !
.0
4 (% .3
qéq 0,2
q1 = ‫ـــــــ‬ = ‫ = ـــــــ‬4 × 10-3 C : .0 4 (4
n 50
71
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 162 : W D 12 –
» ③ : 6
E!
4 " R = 100 kΩ Ω H C = 0,1 µF X! .0 E = 6 V "0
" 7
A
E . .0
4 (" ! 1 )@
! "
)@ D t = 0 +
.1
–
●
+
● 7
@.

"

) # %( #
(%
uBD = u (t) : "
D B A ● 1 uBD = E + a e – b t
: 4

N</ ( EH (4
● ● ●
R ●2 . b ? C B"
C . τ # ( %0 D a = - E : ( " (;
t (s) 0 τ 5τ :

( .2
uBD (V)
uBD = f (t) : "
%( .3
. .0
Q. 2 )@
! "
)@ .4
_ .0
! B
#
/< ( -
(%
_ #
N<
H
/ (4
:
E = uAB + uBD : 4 "
7

!

# (% .1
uAB = Ri (t) : >
H %( #
duBD duBD dq(t)
uAB = u (t) = RC ‫ــــــــــ‬ ⇐ i (t) = C ‫ــــــــــ‬ ⇐ q (t) = C.uBD i (t) = ‫ ــــــــــ‬: :
dt dt dt
( 7
@.
.% ) .......... du (t)+ ‫ــــــــ‬
‫ــــــــــ‬ 1 u (t) = ‫ــــــــ‬
E : ( E = RC du ‫ــــــــــ‬
BD + u
BD : 8
dt RC RC dt

! , %0 7"
N</ E 4 D @.
* O 4 u (t) = E + a e – b t 7"
EH (4
du (t) du (t)
‫ــــــــــ‬ = 0 – ab e – bt : ! D ‫ ــــــــــ‬u (t) : @.
dt dt
1 E
– ab e – bt + ‫ ( ــــــــ‬E + a e – b t ) = ‫∴ ــــــــ‬
RC RC
1 1
b = ‫ــــ = ــــــــ‬ : ( / D b ? C
B=
HH H"

RC τ
du (t) ‫ــــــــ‬
1 E
‫ــــــــــ‬ + u (t) = ‫ ــــــــ‬: RC 7
@.
* O u (t) = E + a e – b t : K <"
dt RC RC
. u (0) = 0 t = 0 +
" D F X!
"
! .0
(;
a = - E ⇐ E + a = 0 ⇐ E + a e0 = 0 : t = 0 +
D @.

-
G "
u (t) = E ( 1 – e – t/RC ) :
8 4"
∴
τ = 0,01 s = 10 ms ⇐ ( C = 0,1 µF = 10-7 F D R = 100 kΩ

Ω = 105 Ω ) \ τ = RC : "
uBD (V) :
.2
E t (s) 0 τ 5τ
uBD (V) 6,00 3,78 0,00 uBD = f (t) : "
% .3
( 8" "
+( )
" D ( H - ' ; Q.
7
( " (% .4
+ ." ;
-
3. *B .0
! B
#
t (s) . >
#
7
G.
-
;P H
! 7

4 M"
0 τ 5τ
Ep = 1‫ × ــ‬10-7 × 62 = 1,8 × 10-6 J ⇐ Ep = 1‫ ــ‬C.u2 : " (4
2 2
uBD = f (t) : ‫ا"ن‬ Ep = 1,8 µJ ⇐
72
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
q (µC) «

– 162 : W D 13 –
» ④ : 6
# ! 3. ( %0 . ( E = 5 V ) "0 4 % C .0
. ( t = 0 ) +
K < ( R = 100 kΩ Ω ) 8 H (
. 3. &0( .0
4
8" E!
"
0
. Q.
*B q (t) " 7
@.

( .1
q (t) = Q0 e – t/τ : / ( V" .2
0,2 t = τ E!
H >
)H ("
" $
( /" .3
.
"0 F" V .4
20 . C .0
( .5
t (ms)
. t = 5τ D t = 0 +
.0
4 ( .6
. H"
+
$.
74 ( .7
:
i : RC H
0 Q.
7
!

# E" " .1
4
3 M! D
) # " q ( : \ uC – Ri = 0
++ ++ dq : ! D " 74M" dq
i = – ‫ــــــــ‬
uC "4!‫ دارة ا‬R Ri dt q
- - - - C" Q.
M! D uC = ‫ ــــ‬: #*
" D K <
C
dq 1 q dq
‫ ــــــــ‬+ ‫ ـــــــ‬q (t) = 0 : ( ‫ ــــ‬+ R ‫ = ــــــــ‬0 : 4

dt RC C dt
– t/τ
: H"
@.

! , B>

</ E 4 D q (t) = Q0 e :
"0= .2
Q
τ = ‫ــــ‬1‫ ـــ‬: : – Q ‫ــــ‬0 e – t/τ + ‫ــــ‬1‫ ـــ‬Q0 e – t/τ = – ‫ــــ‬0 e – t/τ + ‫ــــ‬0 e – t/τ = 0 ⇐ ‫ــــــــ‬
Q dq = – Q ‫ــــ‬0 e – t/τ
RC τ RC τ τ dt τ
: 4
/ ( t = 0 ; q = Q0 ) ("
q = f (t) " $
%H
.3
: : D ( (" " %H ) q = at + b
( 4
) )H
H ) b = Q0 ⇐ q = b = Q0 ⇐ t = 0 ∗
Q dq = – Q
( «
» 8
) a = – ‫ــــ‬0 ⇐ t = 0 ‫ ؛‬a = ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ــــ‬0e – t/τ ∗
τ dt τ
q (t) = – Q ‫ــــ‬0 t + Q0 : / ("
$
∴
τ
0= – Q
‫ــــ‬0 t + Q0 : $
! , " \ q (t) = 0 : >
) )H

τ
t = τ : "
τ = 20 ms = 0,02 s : F" .4
0,02 τ 1
C = 0,2 µF ⇐ C = ‫ـــــــــ‬
5
= 2 × 10-7 F ⇐ C = ‫ ⇐ ــــ‬τ = ‫ ـــــــ‬: " .5
10 R RC
q (0) = 1 µC ⇐ q (0) = Q0 = 10-6 C ⇐ t = 0 .6
q (5τ) = 6,7 nC ⇐ q (5τ) = 10-6 × e – 5 = 6,7 × 10-9 C ⇐ q (5τ) = Q0 e – 5τ / τ ⇐ t = 5τ

dq = Q
: 8 D i (t) = – ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ــــ‬0e – t/τ : " .7
dt τ
-6
Q0 10
i (0) = 50 µA ⇐ i (0) = ‫ = ــــــــ = ــــ‬50 × 10-6 A ⇐ t = 0 ∗
τ 0,02
Q0
i (5τ) = 0,335 µA ⇐ i (5τ) = 50 × 10-6 e – 5 = 0,335 × 10-6 A ⇐ i (5τ) = ‫ ــــ‬e – 5τ / τ ⇐ t = 5τ ∗
τ
73
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 163 : W D 16 –
» ⑤ : 6
. 12 V 4 % D 4 mC
"=
4 # .0
. B
"
#
( .1
_ .@ B
# C" % .2
. Q0 D C D t D τ : " .0
! B
#
" . R 8 H ( #" .0
R. .3
. t = τ ( #
N</ # ( .4
:
1
Ep = 24 mJ ⇐ Ep = ‫ ×ــ‬4 × 10 × 12 = 24 × 10 J ⇐ Ep = ‫ ــ‬q.u : " .1
-3 -3 1
2 2
! B
#
.@ ! " ( q' = C'.u = 2C.u = 2q q ) 4
@ C’ = 22C
.@ .2
( E'p = 1‫ ــ‬q'..u = q.u = 22Ep = 48 mJ ) .0
2
1 Q 2
1 q2
Ep = ‫ ــــــ ــ‬e0 – 2t/τ
⇐ Ep = ‫ ــــ ــ‬q (t) = Q0 e – t/τ : .3
2 2 C 2C
1 Q
Ep (τ) = ‫ ــــــ ــ‬e
0 –2
: <U .0
! B
#
7" C" D t = τ : ( .4
2 C
( .0
) C = ‫ =ـــــــــ‬4‫ــــــــــ×ــــ‬
10-3‫ = ـ‬1‫ × ــ‬10-3 F
q (t)
⇐ q (t) = C.u (t) : "
u (t) 12 3
1
Ep (τ)( = 3,24 mJ ⇐ ( C = ‫ × ــ‬10-3 F \ Q0 = 4 × 10-3 C )
3
E
«

– 165 : W D 22 –
» ⑥ : 6
R = r = 12 Ω 8 H ( # ( L,r ) 4
- %@ " 7

i -
7

. E "

8 # B

8 H
R L,r . "H
4 "

/' %

A◉ M
◉ ◉ B : 8" H!
"

/=
%
44 - +
3 V/div : #4

YA YB _ " 0
< .1
_ 4
! .2
. 7
"

74 ( .3
➀ . "

7H
( .4
:
!
F*' B

8
D 7

B .1
: K < D uBM < 0 " uAM > 0 : ( +*
➁
. uAM
: ➀ "
0 ∗
. uBM
: ➁ "
0 ∗
. FB uBM ! "
> D % 4
! .2
u ‫ــــ‬
i = ‫ـــــ‬AM ⇐ uAM = Ri : >
# %( # .3
R
i = 0,5 A ⇐ ( R = 12 Ω X uAM = 2 div × 3 V/div = 6 V ) F" : G.
E = uAM – uBM ⇐ E = uAB = uAM + uMB = uAM + ( - uBM ) :

# .4
E = 12 V ⇐ E = 6 – ((- 6) = 12 V : G.
E
K «

– 165 : W D 24 –
» ⑦ : 6
● ●
. t = 0 ! %0 H
E 3" %H D "H
4 " "
7

!
Ω
R = 1 kΩ
● ● ● D uR = 0,9 u0 : R H
! "
t1 +
8(
<'
M A L B . uR = 0,1 u0 : ! "
C"( t2 +
● ●
74
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
.1
_
) H
C ! 7

!
74 3
.2
: t2 – t1 = 1,65 ms :
<'
(%
. 7
τ
"0 (
(4
. L 4

< (
:
K < D ( @ 4
" " ) 4
! B
# >
#
! Q. : H
C ! .1
. i (t) = I0 e – t/τ : )"
E! (
" "

74
: 8 D uR = Ri = R I0 e – t/τ : >
# %( (% .2
. R I0 e – t1 /τ = 0,9 u0 ⇐ uR = 0,9 u0 ⇐ t = t1 o
. R I0 e – t2 /τ = 0,1 u0 ⇐ uR = 0,1 u0 ⇐ t = t2 o
t2 – t1
9 = e ‫ـــــــــــ‬ R I0 e – t1 ‫ـ‬/τ‫ــــــــــ = ـــ‬
⇐ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬ 0,9 u‫ـــ‬0‫ ـ‬: O! H"
#*
H"
τ – t2 /τ
R I0 e 0,1 u0
1,65 t2 – ‫ـ‬t‫ــ‬1‫ـ‬ t2 – ‫ـ‬t‫ــ‬1‫ـ‬
τ = 0,75 ms ⇐ τ = ‫ = ــــــــــــ‬0,75 ms ⇐ τ = ‫ــــــــ‬ ⇐ ln 9 = ‫ــــــــ‬ : ! ;"
% X
<BA"
ln 9 ln 9 τ
L
L = τ.R ⇐ τ = ‫ــــ‬ : / RL # 0 7

"0 D " (4
R
L = 0,75 H ⇐ ( τ = 0,75 ms = 7,5 × 10-4 s \ R = 1 kΩ Ω = 103 Ω ) : G.
K
A i «

– 166 : W D 25 –
» ⑧ : 6
YA ● ● ● L,r # D ( L,r ) 4
- 4 7
8" E!

!
E %
D E = 3,8 V 0 D R = 50 Ω 8 H (
R . #

/'
M● ●B . "H
"
yB B
! +! H
E 3 D t = 0 +

YB " yB B
! + ;<
"

7" ( .1
uR (V) .
74
. I0 %

%+
7
"

74
H
( .2
di D i D r D R D L : " E " .3
. ‫ــــــ‬
dt
1 .
< 4 B

H
( .4
t (ms) :
20

74 7 0 ;<
D ( R H
) >
#
! " "

yB B
! + .1
uR (t) = R.i (t) :
" "
u
I0 = ‫ ⇐ ــــــ‬uR = RI0 : : D ( "
+ ) uR = 3 V : %

%+
-

.2
R
R
I0 = 60 mA ⇐ ( uR = 3 V \ R = 50 Ω )
di + ri ) + Ri ⇐ uAM = uAB + uBM :
7

!

# .3
E = ( L ‫ــــــ‬
dt
di + ( R+r ) i ∴
E = L ‫ــــــ‬
E di dt
r = ‫ ــــ‬- R ⇐ E = ( R+r ) i ⇐ ‫ = ــــــ‬0 ⇐ i = I0 = Cte : %

%+
-

.4
I0 dt
( 4 B

H
) ... r = 13,33 Ω ⇐ ( I0 = 0,06 A \ E = 3,8 V \ R = 50 Ω )
uR (V) ( "
+ ) uR = uR max %H
)H! ("
" $
%
uR max τ = 20 ms : 7

"0 >
- H H
τ = ‫ــــ‬L‫ ـــــ‬: ( R+r )L 7

"0 D "
1 R+r
t (ms) L = ( 50 + 13,33 ) × 0,02 = 1,266 H ⇐ L = ( R+r )τ ∴
τ
20 ( 4

< ) ... L = 1,266 H ⇐
75
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 167 : W D 28 –
» ⑨ : 6
i (A)
R = 35 Ω 8 H ( # D ( L,r ) 4
- %@ " 7

H
E 3 . # D E = 12 V "

8 # B

8 H
"
- D
*B 7
"

74
)" D t = 0 +

. "H
. 7

B 0 .1
0,06
8 #
D %

%+
! 7
"

74 !
7"
( .2
t (ms) . r ( %0
L (H)20
. L
D τ
"0 # "
( .3
! 0
"0 H!
%# - D 4

< . B %# 7 ( .4
. 8" "
. "
7"
( (%
0,2 . ( L,r,R ) " τ V" +

(4
τ (ms) _
) E. "
N</ I / (;
2
:
E ( 8" E!
B
+ ) : 7

B .1
K i
● ● E : %

%+
-

.2
I0 = ‫ـــــــــ‬
R+r
● ● ● I0 = 0,24 A ⇐ I0 = 4 div × 0,06 V/div = 0,24 A : F"
R L,r
E 12
r = ‫ ــــ‬- R = ‫ ـــــــــ‬- 35 = 15 Ω ⇐ ( E = 12 V \ R = 35 Ω )
I0 0,24
r = 15 Ω ∴
( "
+ ) i = I max = I0 %H
)H ("
" $
: D τ = 20 ms : i = f (t) "
.3
. 7

"0 >
- H H
τ = ‫ــــ‬L‫ ـــــ‬: ( R+r )L 7

"0 D "
R+r
L = 1 H ⇐ L = ( 35 + 15 ) × 0,02 = 1 H ⇐ L = ( R+r )τ ∴
(1) ... L = a.τ : / « a 8 ("
%H » L = f (τ) %H "
7"
(% .4
di + ri ) + Ri ⇐
7

!

# : +
7"
(4
E = ( L ‫ــــــ‬
dt
L di 1 E di R+r E
(2) ... L = ( R+r )τ ⇐ τ = ‫ ـــــــــ‬: : ‫ ــــــ‬+ ‫ ـــــ‬i = ‫ ــــــ ⇐ ــــ‬+ ‫ ــــــــــ‬i = ‫∴ ــــــ‬
R+r dt τ L dt L L
: : D (
) a = R + r : (2) +
(1) "
"
" H" " (;
R+r = 35 + 15 = 50 Ω : F" ∗

) E. "
N</ I : 8
0,2 × 4 ‫ـــ‬
a = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ‬-3 = 50 Ω : F" ∗
2 × 8 × 10
76
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 167 : W D 30 –
» ⑩ : 6
"0 # RL H
0 !
74 @.

-
Ep (J) di + ‫ــــ‬
R i (t) = 0 : #* "
‫ــــــ‬
0,2 ‫ـ‬ dt L
.
N</ ( .1
.
" 4
! B
#

3 "H
"
0 .2
. I0 D τ D t D L : " + 4
! B
#
V"
τ
. t = ‫ ــــ‬: E!
. ! >
)H ("
" $
( /" .3
2
0 0,5
; t (s) . R = 100 Ω : 4

< ( .4
τ
. 8 #
D t½ = ‫ ــــ‬ln 2 : #* " - t½
-
#
W# %*

( /" .5
2
:
– t/τ
i (t) = I0 e : / 7
@.

.1
Ep = 1‫ــ‬L.I0 2 e – 2t/τ ⇐ Ep = 1‫ ــ‬L.i 2 : " .2

2 2
: : D Ep = at + b : 4
/ ("
Ep = f (t) " ( (" " %H ) $
%H
.3
dE
a = - 1‫ ــ‬L.I02 ⇐ t = 0 \ a = ‫ــــــــ‬p = - 1‫ ــ‬L.I02 e – 2t/τ :
∗
τ dt τ
1
E0 = ‫ ــ‬L . I0 : t = 0

) )H
H ∗
2
2
Ep = - 1‫ ــ‬L.I02.t + 1‫ ــ‬L . I02 : / t = 0 ("
$
∴
τ 2
1 1
t = τ‫ ــ ⇐ ــ‬t = 1‫ ⇐ ــ‬0 = - 1‫ ــ‬L.I02.t + ‫ ــ‬L . I02 ⇐ Ep = 0 >
) )H

2 τ 2 τ 2
τ = 1 s ⇐ τ‫ = ــ‬0,5 s : E" -

F" .4
2
( 4
! B
#
7" ) Ep = 1‫ ــ‬L.I0 2 e – 2t/τ : .5
2
1
E0 = ‫ــ‬L . I0 2 : t = 0 ( ∗
2
1‫ــ‬ t E t½
= e – 2 ‫ــــ‬τ ⇐ ‫ـــــ‬0= E0 e – 2 ‫ــــ‬τ ⇐ Ep = E ‫ـــــ‬0 = 1‫ــ‬L.I0 2 e – 2 ‫ــــ‬τ : t = t½ ( ∗
½ t ½
2 2 2 2
t½ = τ‫ ــ‬ln 2 ⇐ - ln 2 = - 2 ‫ــــ‬ t½ : ! ;"
% X
<BA"
2 τ
t½ = 0,345 s ⇐ t½ = τ‫ ــ‬ln 2 = 0,5 × 0,69 = 0,345 s : G.

2
77
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. (

' : 4
: "! #$
.( ( ( ( @ ) 8 " pH $H
.H
.@
$>
" H
.@
,>
"
.

" +>
%H
) 8H
%H

.$( 5, 0
," H pKa Ka @
"0
. pH = f (V)) -

:($# ) pH (1
pH Y D- (1-1
: 0
E p
+ nH3 O+ +
[H3O ] = ‫ ــــــــ‬:

</ ! H3O ( %
) %>

4 " E >
( @
W
B
'
V . 10-14
14
mol.L-1 < [H3O+] < 10-1 mol.L-11 :
! 3 ( ;<
% S,Soerensen (. .

S
#' - &F " K < D 4=
," S 73
%H
N</
'
pH ?" - B' ( H3O+
4
- 10 $>
;< (Log) % X

L
' % 1909
.
" "
: #* "

pH M! D [H3O+] ≤ 10-1 mol.L-1

< (..B
) 7

( : D-
pH = - Log [H3O+] ⇔ [H3O+] = 10- pH mol.L-1
: ;( F
3 [H3O+] pH ?
( H"
#*
" : ➀ +*
. $ " $
D
pH R
! [H3O+]
. C $
P H3O+
4 " N ;<
/ 7EP pH ?
;<
D "
10-3 mol.L-1 10-2 mol.L-1 :

- [H3O+]
# @ " : 0
pH = 2 E!
[H3O+] = 10-22 mol.L-1
"( pH ⇔ ".‫[ أ‬H3O+] % 3( pH ⇔ "#‫أآ‬ [H 3O +
] ⇔ pH = 3 E!
[H3O+] = 10-33 mol.L-1
>

D pH < 7 @

D pH = 7

D 25 °C
: ➁ +*
0 7 14 . pH > 7
| | | pH
?"YZ‫ ا‬R"Z‫ا‬ ?"^‫ ا‬R"Z‫ا‬
pH < 7 pH > 7
[\6 ‫و` _ل أو ء‬

pH = 7
[ -] : #* "

) ! Ke " G# "' : ➂ +*
! \ Ke = [H3O+] . [OH
. ( H
&
" " ) [H3O+] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol.L-1 : : D Ke = 10-14 : 25 °C
pH Y / (2A1
:p
: pH ! $H H
# #( H / D pH Y 6 ! %B D - >
∗
1 A
?9 . ( # "H $H

<' )

<' – pH 1' ?" . $# 7
( ' 0
∗
.
F "H I &M" C H / D i#
$H

01 : %H‫و‬
2 A
?9
pH ‫ورق اـ‬
02 : %H‫و‬
5 pH ‫س اـ‬H
78
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א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:" V /.% % j 9M (2
: D-F j G j (1-2
: 7

$. @ "
. pH1 = 2 8 D C1 = 10-2 mol.L-1
N ('1 : ( S1 ) >
–
. pH2 = 3,4 8 D C2 = 10-2 mol.L-1
N J 9C j : ( S2 ) 0
–
: D ! C [H3O+] " H
[H3O+] = C1 : " D [H3O+] = 10- pH1 = 10-2 mol.L-1 : ( S1 )
! ∗
.
8 ! . X HCl 4"
D G j ! &
! + # HCl ,
∴
[H3O+] < C2 : " D [H3O+] = 10- pH2 = 10-3,4 = 3,98 × 10-4 mol.L-1 : ( S2 )
! ∗
CH3COOH -
8 ; D D-F j ! &
! +' # CH3COOH ,
∴
. ( 0>
) " X>

!>

! 4 . X
: .
∗
( % . ) HCl (g) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
( «
» % X . ) CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
:
. ( &
! F ) % 4" H3O+ @

4
&
) 8 .
<' ;# 8( HA , H
HA (aq) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
. ( &
! F ) 4" H3O+
4
&
) 8 .
<' @ 8( HA , H
HA (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
: D-F /.% G /.% (2-2

+ -

$. CH3NH2 (aq) (% 9 Bg
( Na (aq) + OH (aq) ) E " /( D ( "

! – pH ?
$H
"
pH $# 25 °C 7

. C = 10-2 mol.L-1

. pH2 = 10,8 pH1 = 12 :

-
: ! C
) 8H D

4 [OH-]

: 25 °C D [H3O+]1 = 10- pH1 = 10-12 mol.L-1 : %

& ! ∗
10-14
[OH-]1 = ‫ــــــــــــــ‬
+
= 10-2 mol.L-1 : " D Ke = [H3O+].[OH-] = 10-14
[H3O ]1
. G /.% ! &
! F NaOH
;

: 8 D [OH-]1 = C ∴
H2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
( ‫) &م‬
: M! ;4
&

D [H3O ]2 = 10- pH2 = 10-10,8 = 1,58 × 10-11 mol.L-1 : ( 0 !
+
∗
10-14
&
! F CH3NH2 ( 0 : 8 D [OH-]2 < C ⇐ [OH-]2 = ‫ــــــــــــــ‬ = 6,33 × 10-4 mol.L-1
[H3O+]2
. D-F /.% !
CH3NH2 (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = CH3NH3+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
( ‫_ود و
ازن‬Z )
:
. ( &
! F ) % 4" HO- >

4
&
) 8 .
<' ;# 8( B $( H
B (aq) + H2O (ℓ) → BH+ (aq) + HO- (aq)

. ( &
! F ) 4" HO-
4
&
) 8 .
<' @ 8( B $( H
B (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = BH+ (aq) + HO- (aq)
79
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2007
‫
د
رة‬
n (mmol) :(

' (3
10 ‫ـ‬
-
Cl ‫ و‬H3O + :, P ? 1 ?
? (1-3
"
<M" K < D ( &
, )
1,0 L @
5 ‫ـ‬
=

2,0 N!
pH $H . H
&
! HCl X 240 mL
. VM = 24 L.mol-1 : "
4
! ;3

%
: 20 °C 7

; ;
HCl
x (mmol) HCl (g) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) : .
•
0
5 10 : . %H
•
03 : %H‫و‬ !
- HCl (g) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
‫ ا>دة‬%>‫ر آ‬z?
'
? n(HCl) n(H2O) n(H3O+) n(Cl-)
%>x‫اع ا‬J
C
0 n0(HCl) 7" 0 0
% ‫ا>!اة ا‬
? C
x n0(HCl) – x 7" x x
>F3G‫م ا‬H!‫ا‬
1
x max n 0 (HCl) – xmax 7" xmax xmax
‫ ا!م‬:34! : F
.
. B +>
%H
- •
xmax = 10 mol ⇐ xmax = n0 = ‫ــــ‬
-2 0,24
‫ = ـــــ‬0,01 mol ⇐ n0(HCl) – xmax = 0
24 : xf
%H
•
xf = 10 mol ⇐ xf = [H3O ]f .V= 10 × 1,0 = 10 mol ⇐ [H3O ]f = 10 = 10 mol.L-1 ⇐ pH = 2
-2 + -2 -2 + - pH -2
xf
‫ـــــــــ‬ xf 10-2 xf "
•
= 100 % : ( D ‫ـــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــــــــ‬
-2
= 1 : ‫ـــــــــ‬
xmax xmax 10 xmax
n (mol) 3 –
?9 . + &
) HCl X . : 8
CH3COO- ‫ و‬H3O+ 2,86 mL % ( H
&
- ; ) 500 mL !
0,05 ‫ـ‬ & "
B -
K < " %
. d = 1,05 8 !0 D K0=
,
. 2,9 N!
pH $H LV
" . H
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) : .

•
+
CH3COOH m ρV dρ0V
0 ; ; x (mol) ρ0 : : \ n0 = ‫ـــــــــــ = ــــــ = ـــــ‬ : , n0
"=
7

6,3 × 10 -4 xmax M M M
1,05×1×0,5
n0 = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬5 × 10-2 mol ⇐ ( ρ0 = 1 g.mL-1 ) &

04 : %H‫و‬ 60
: . %H
•
‫ ا>دة‬%>‫ر آ‬z? !
- CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
%>x‫اع ا‬J

? n(CH3COOH) n(H2O) n(H3O+) n(CH3COO -)
% ‫ا>!اة ا‬
C 0 n0 7" 0 0
>F3G‫م ا‬H!‫ا‬
? C x n0 – x 7" x x
‫ ا>!ازن‬:34!
1 xmax n0 – xmax = 0 7" xmax = n0 xmax = n0
: F
.
. B +>
%H
- •
xmax = 5 × 10 mol ⇐ xmax = n0 = 5 × 10-2 mol ⇐ n0 – xmax = 0
-2
: xf
%H
•
[H3O ]f = 10 = 10 = 1,26 × 10 mol.L-1 ⇐ pH = 2,9
+ - pH -2,9 -3
xf = 6,3 × 10-4 mol ⇐ xf = nf (H3O+) = [H3O+]f .V= 6,3 × 10-4 mol ∴

xf
‫ـــــــــ‬ = 1,26 %
xf
: ( D ‫ـــــــــ‬ = ‫ــــــ‬ × 10‫ـــ‬
6,3‫ــــــــــ‬ -4
xf "
•
= 0,0126 : ‫ـــــــــ‬
xmax xmax 5 × 10 -2
xmax

! 8( ;( H .
( - F K % CH3COOH
.
: 8
4 –
?9 . #
$. ! .

! 7
I

*.
:
.

# +*
%H
/ . xf
%H

. F
.
K* = E!

%H
. xmax +>
%H
0
80
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
D ( 0 < τ < 1 : "" 8 " « 7 " » ;" X
H τ ) τ = ‫ـــــــــ‬ x ?" t +
! %H
"
xf : %H
"
-

R " xDmax
. τf = ‫ـــــــــ‬
*B "
N</ 3
xmax
. τf = 100 % : ;( τf = 1
<' F

. τf < 100 % : ;( τf < 1

<' % X

: (
1! (2-3
: ( ! ?

' `'* •

. C = 0,10 mol.L
N K0=
, 50 mL % B A 4" ! ∗
-1
. pH = 2,9 H

pH $# -( 25 °C
. pHA = 2,9 !
pH $H
H =
LV
" . H
K0=
,
# A 4"
! <" @ ∗
. pHB = 5 !
pH $H
H =
LV
" . %

0' 0,5 g /# B 4"
! @ ∗
: A # `'* •
+
N "
" D
[H3O ] ( ;( W# pH ?
A 4" H
K0=
,
# !@' '
. H3O+
4 4
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) : :
.
4"
N =
!

: B # `'* •
+

4 K* ' N "
( [H3O ] W# K <"
pH
%

0' 0,5 g !@'
. H3O+
CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) → CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) : :
.
$
N =
!

! D
f" /
! :

! :
L<
.
( H"
I
"
: .
"r#>‫ ا‬7?c‫ ا‬: ➀

CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
➁ : d‫آ‬q>‫ ا‬7?c‫ا‬
➀ 4"
N =
!
: [H3O+] ⇔ pH 5(
%>x‫ ا‬%>7‫ر ا‬z?
➁
N =
!
: [H3O+] ⇔ pH 5
:
: 0 D
N =
( 4"
N =
! ( @.
4
) : ( *. 7
➀
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
➁
. (
G
>

<')
N
V ( = )
∗
. 4

+.
H! " .
' ∗
:

' (
•
C = 0,10 mol.L-1 : >‫ ا‬e‫ا!"آ‬
;< K0=
, $ D E"
0
O#*'
pH = 2,9 : pH ‫اـ‬
:

!
[H3O ]f = [CH3COO ]f = 10 = 10 = 1,26 × 10 mol.L-1 : 4
+.
+ - - pH -2,9 -3
CH3COOH [CH3COOH]f = C - [CH3COO-]f = 9,87 × 10-2 mol.L-1 :

+.
- H2O
H3O + HO
CH3COO -
\ ( 55,5 mol.L-1 : "0

;< ) H2O (ℓ) : ">

G
>
'
( H
E! G : " OH- (aq)
4
) H3O+ (aq) \ CH3COO- (aq) \ CH3COOH (ℓ)
05 : %H‫و‬
! (
H " D ( "0 7 ")

!
! 7

CH3COOH ‫'ل‬ 5 –
?9 . ( % X ) H >
81
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
.
!
M! "0 "

! 7
I

*.

<' D !
: Qr ! . (3-3
E 8 " D ;
.
%H Z - .
*B 8 # . ! /

H Qr .
'
.
""
α A + β B = γ C + δ D : " L< H (
γ δ
Qr = ‫[ـ‬C] . [D]
‫ـــــــــــ‬‫ ــــــــ‬: #* " Qr .
V
[A]α . [B]β
. (7 ") F*' ;" X
H Qr D I

*.

0 [D] \ [C] \ [B] \ [A] : :
: +*

>
0 $A" H! *.

%H
! I

"
! Qr –
. H!

F" 3 Qr .
( - D
.
Qrf V" "
"=
.
Qri V" –
.

: Qr . WB *' –
.

: ➀ 0
-
:
E! CH3COO
0=
74 ) HCOOH K0
, . .

$. !
HCOOH (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) = HCOO- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq)
-
Qr = [HCOO ]×[ CH3COOH]
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬‫ ــــــ‬: " D &
! "
< G
>

[HCOOH]×[ CH3COO-]
. I

( *.
<
: ➁ 0
+ -
HCOOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + HCOO (aq) : &
! H
K0
, *' .
[H3O+]×[ HCOO -
‫]ــــــ‬
Qr = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ : / .

[HCOOH] × 1
. ( [H2O] = 55,5 mol.L-1 : ( %
) ) [H2O] = 1 : " F*' D 7" < &
( "
. G I

( ( *.
( 8! . : ➂ 0
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) = Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) : II $

4" K
7( .
[Zn2+] × 1‫ـ‬
Qr = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬ : / .

[Cu2+] × 1
. [Cu (s)] = 1 \ [Zn (s)] = 1 : " F*'
. 7H
N</ ! Qr 7" X I

( ( *.
( 8! . : ➃ 0
: x .
%H " Qr .
#* –
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) : &
! H
K0=
, *' . 0 <BA
: M! V / .

% " " D .
%H -
7 "
+ -
n0 – x ‫ـ‬ x
Qr = [H 3O ]×[ CH3COO ]
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬‫ [ \ ــــــ‬CH3COOH] = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ \ [ CH3COO-] = [H3O+] = ‫ـــــــ‬
[CH3COOH] V V
2
x
‫ـــــــ‬
(
</ D xf -
0 x .
%H 3

*B D Qr = ???? x2
V2 = ‫ــــــــــــــــــ‬ ∴
0–x
n‫ـــــــــــ‬‫ ـ‬V(n0 – x)
V
. Qrf -
Qri 3 Qr .
82
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: K ( 9 (4-3
: (
! . •
: 7

$. K0=
, "
C2 = 5 ×10-3 mol.L-1 : >‫ ا‬e‫( ?"آ‬S ) \
C1 = 10-2 mol.L-1 : >‫ ا‬e‫?"آ‬
(S1)
2
pH2 = 3,56 : o ‫و‬ pH1 = 3,4 : o ‫و‬
+ -
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + CH3COO (aq) : .
: D Qrf .

[H3O+]f = 10- 3,4 = 3,98 ×10-4 mol.L-1 ⇐ pH1 = 3,4 : (S1) Qrf .
•
[CH3COO-]f = [H3O+]f = 3,98 ×10-4 mol.L-1 ∴
[CH3COOH]f = C1 - [CH3COO-]f = 9,6 × 10-3 mol.L-1 ≈ C1 : K <
[H3O+]f ×[ CH3COO‫ــــــ‬ -
]f
(1) ... Qrf = 1,65 × 10-5 ⇐ Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 1,65 × 10-5 : 8
[CH3COOH]f
+
[H3O ]f = 10 - 3,56
= 2,75 ×10 mol.L ⇐ pH2 = 3,56 : (S2) Qrf .
•
-4 -1
[CH3COO-]f = [H3O+]f = 2,75 ×10-4 mol.L-1 ∴

[CH3COOH]f = C2 - [CH3COO-]f = 4,72 × 10-3 mol.L-1 ≈ C2 : K <
[H3O+]f ×[ CH3COO‫ــــــ‬ -
]f
(2) ... Qrf = 1,65 × 10-5 ⇐ Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 1,65 × 10-5 : 8
[CH3COOH]f
(&
! H
K0=
, *' . ) :
.
( ;( D " " "0 Qrf # ( +* (2) (1)
.
! ,
"=
" E B>

</ D Qrf = C te = 1,65 × 10-5
.
$."
:
3 "0 7
:

! ;(

! Qr .
# 0 Qrf
.

. .

! I

*.
: K ( 9 •

! D Qrf = 1,65 × 10 : "0 &
) K0=
, . ! Qrf
.
( " E"
-5
: " L<
. «

"0 » ?" Qrf - K < .
CH3COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
:
E! . .
"=
" E Qrf
.
D

!
. 7

" ' E D Qrf # ; 8 # D

"0 - K "0"
α A + β B = γ C + δ D : ! . (
[C]f γ . [D]‫ــــــــ‬
δ
Qr = K = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬
f
[A]f α . [B]f β
.

0

: :
: +*
3(
*
: :
.
V ! D V N
! .
E!
K

"0
. (;" X) 7 "
H /
. *. 7
"

-
." E K

"0
: ‫? ا
ازن‬g VB ?"c""‫? آ‬Be ?"c‫_ا‬Ff‫? ا‬Z‫" ا‬ab& (5-3
:
C
! ?
1
. •
D C1 = 10-2 mol.L-1 :
-
D K""
, ( S2 ) ( S1 ) "
D σ1 = 143 × 10-4 S.m-1 : ! D #
$#
"
#
$H . C2 = 10-3 mol.L-1
. σ2 = 43 × 10-4 S.m-1
7

G
a

V . (*' . ) &
K""
, " . : !
. ! .
%H
"
V %0 D

!
83
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. λ C2H5COO - = 35 mS.m2.mol-1 \ λ H3O+ = 35 mS.m2.mol-1 : ( F
C2H5COOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + C2H5COO- (aq) : .

: ( &
+
,3" ) ! 7

G
>
C2H5COOH \ HO- \ C2H5COO- \ H3O+

: "

" D
! [H3O+] %( N3 [HO-] /'
CO -]f = [H3O+]f
[C2H5COO
: ( S1 )
!

•
σ1 = λ H3O+ [HH3O ] + λ C2H5COO - [C2H5COO-] ⇐ σ = λ.C : "
+
τ σ1 ‫ــــــــ‬
[HH3O+] = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ σ1 = ( λ H3O+ + λ C2H5COO - ) [H H3O+] ∴
λ H3O + λ C2H5COOO
+ -
[C2H5COO O-]f = [H3O+]f = 3,71 × 10-3 mol.L-1 : 8

100 % :
! 7
+.' D "
[C2H5COO OH]f = C1 - [H3O+]f = 9,63 × 10-3 mol.L-1
: ( S2 )
!

•
: H"
H
$."
-
[C2H5COO ]f = [H3O ]f = 1,1 +
1,11 × 10-4 mol.L-1
[C2H5COO OH]f = C2 - [H3O ]f = 88,89 × 10-4 mol.L-1
+
0 Ci : ! .
%H
"
•
xf
06 : %H‫و‬ : ( " \ τf = ‫ـــــــــ‬ : ( S1 )
! ∗
‫ن‬x >'‫'*ل ا‬J‫ن أن إ‬#‫@" ا‬F xmax
Iq‫!ا أ‬Lc‫ ا‬e‫" آ> آن ا!"آ‬#‫أآ‬ xf = n H3O+ = [H3O+]f .V xmax = n0 = C1.V ∗
0(
F
;( [H3O+‫ــــ‬
]f
τf = 3,7 % ⇐ τf = ‫ـــــــــــ‬ ∴
+ C1
[H3O ‫ــــ‬ ]f
τf = 11 % ⇐ τf = ‫ـــــــــــ‬ : H
$." : ( S2 )
! ∗
C2 :
.
"=
" E τf .
%H
"
: ( 9 ! ?

1
. •
H2O &
( AH ?"
F B' 8 ( ) RCOOH ;@ , " :
.
"
H (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
HA
: ! D V 8 ;<

! ,

C
xf xf
τf = ‫ـــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــــــــ‬ xmax = C.V
!
- HAA (aq) + H2O (ℓ) → H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq) xmax C.V

'
? HA)
n(HA H2O)
n(H n(H3O+) n -)
n(A : . %H

C
0 n0 = C.V 7" 0 0
3O ]f ×[ A ]f
+ -

? C
7"
x n0 – x x x
Qrf = ‫[ـ‬H ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ ــــــ‬:
.

1
n0 – xf = [AAH]f
xf 7" xf = τf .C.V xf = τf .C.V : "
C.V(1 – τf)
τf .C.V × τf .C.V
2
τ .C
Qrff = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ = ــــــ‬
f
C.V(1 – τf) 1 – τf
τ2f .C
K = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ : M! D K = Qr :

"0 D

! 8( "
1 – τf
:
. K

"0" E τf .
%H
"
.

"0
%H
"

. % 8"4

" D τf > 99 % - K > 104 (
84
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: (/.%/j) = (4
⊕ ⊖
+ :
(1-4
: " ) J! A%
2H2O H3O+ HO – 25 °C
D #
$#
" H
&
#
$H

F @ # H
&
. (
F .@ σ ) σ = 5,5 µS.m-1 : !
07 : %H‫و‬ 7 A
?9 . 8!
4

F # - "
: - ' ;P H2O e <L ‫ل‬qA ‫ام‬z‫إ‬ . H &

> HO – H3O+ / "
H


74 4 ∗ (*) ... 2 H2O (ℓ) +
( = H3O (aq) + HO (aq)
–
: H
&
pH
HO –
74 4 ∗ +
. [H3O ] = [HO
[ –
] : M! (*) &
<
K.
–
λ HO – = 20 mS.m2.mol-1 D λ H3O+ = 35 mS.m2.mol-1 : : D σ = λ H3O+ [H3O+] + λ HO – [HO O –] : –
σ
mol. -1 ⇐ σ = [H3O+] ( λ H3O+ + λ HO –) ⇐
[H3O+] = [HO –] = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬10-7 mol.L
λ H3O + λ HO
+ –
. 25 °C
pH = 7 ⇐ [H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-7 mol.L-1 : "
:
:
E! HO –
H3O+ %>

4 - ' H2O ( H
) H
&
K.
2 H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + HO – (aq)
: " G# "' A4
"0 0 ;<
D Ke = [H3O+] . [O
OH-] : #* " & ;4
&

V .
- ' ;P &
<
K.
+ –
8 –
?9 . 7

3 " 3 ! D 2 H2O (ℓ)
ℓ) = H3O (aq) + HO (aq) : .
E!

pKe Ke ‫ ا'"ارة‬%‫در‬ :

15 10-15 0 °C Ke = 10-14 : 25 °C 7
D (
-14
14 10 25 °C Ke = 10 -pKe ⇔ pKe = - Log Ke : #* " D pKe ?

-13
13 10 60 °C . ( 25 °C
) pKe = 14 : 8
08 : %H‫و‬ : pH Y . A
7

3 " pKe Ke ‫"ات‬.?
pH ?
%# D 14 - ' 0 F

pH 3
9 –
?9 . ( 0*0 -
F
0 7 14
| | | pH 8A" H :

: #*
EH

<'
?"YZ‫ ا‬R"Z‫ا‬ ?"^‫ ا‬R"Z‫ا‬
pH < 7
[H3O ]éq = [HO –]éq
+
pH > 7
Ke = [H3O+]2 :
N</ !
[\6 ‫و` _ل أو ء‬ Log Ke = Log [H3O+]2 = 2 Log [H3O+] ⇐
pH = 7 1 1
pH = 7 ⇐ pH = ‫ ــ‬pKe : ;( – Log [H3O+] = – ‫ ــ‬Log Ke ∴
09 : %H‫و‬ 2 2
25 °C 7

pH ‫ اـ‬6( @ 8A" H : @

: #*
EH

<'
1
pH < 7 ⇐ pH < ‫ ــ‬pKe : ;( [H3O ]éq > [HO +
[ –
]éq
2
: #*
EH

<' ( 8A" H : >

1
pH > 7 ⇐ pH > ‫ ــ‬pKe : ;( [H3O+]éq < [HO –]éq
2
85
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
: 25 °C 7

pH = 7 8 D pH = 1‫ ــ‬pKe ;( [H3O+] = [HO –] : O
2
pH < 7 8 D pH < 1‫ــ‬pKe ;( [H3O+] > [HO –] : F@
2
1‫ــ‬
pH > 7 8 D pH > pKe ;( [H3O+] < [HO –] : F(
2
: (j//.%) 9 9 pKa Ka
F 9 (2-4
: (j//.%)
9 Ka
F 9 D- A%
HA (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq) : H2O &
) HA ,
.
: ( HA/A- ) 0 Ka @
"0 F@( - .
E!

K

"0 '
[H3O+]f ×[ A‫ــــــ‬ -
]f
Ka = K = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ : "
‫ة‬H‫ا ا‬e? [AH]f
%'‫ا‬ : ( HA/A- ) 0 pKa "0
K < V
Ka
Ka = 10 –pKa ⇔ pKa = - Log Ka
"=‫آ‬wA "=‫ى أآ‬b‫ أ‬d(G‫ا‬
: +*
"=‫آ‬wA "=‫ى أآ‬b‫&>ض أ‬G‫ا‬
D " ! ,>

7# "
*B pKa Ka "0

. " ! $>
7#
<
: " D 10 –
?9 . F pKa Ka "0
3
. @( A E!

8( Z#( HA ,
: 3( pKa ⇔ "( Ka
-
. Z#( A- E!

8( @( HA ,
: "( pKa ⇔ 3( Ka
pKa : 0
‫ة‬H‫ا ا‬e?

$. @ " " ∗
%((G‫ا‬ : M! K0=
, Bg
K0
, /( D 10-2 mol.L-1
. ( HCOOH/HCOO- ) 0 pKa1 = 3,8 \ Ka1 = 1,58 × 10-4
10 : %H‫و‬
. ( CH3COOH/CH3COO- ) 0 pKa2 = 4,8 \ Ka2 = 1,58 × 10-5
%OL d(G‫&>ض و ا‬G‫ة ا‬b %J‫ر‬H
pKa Ka pKa1 < pKa2 ⇔ Ka1 > Ka2 ∴
. CH3COOH ,
Z#( HCOOH ,
: (
. CH3COO- $>
@( HCOO- $>
: "H "
8 H 4 > Bg
4 /( D 10-2 mol.L-1

$. @ " " ∗
: M! (( 0) >
( NH4 /NH3 ) 0 pKa1 = 9,21 \ Ka1 = 6,2 × 10-10

+
pKa1 < pKa2 ⇔ Ka1 > Ka2
( CH3NH3+/CH3NH2 ) 0 pKa2 = 10,6 \ Ka2 = 2,5 × 10-11
. CH3NH3+ ,
Z#( NH4+ ,
: (
. CH3NH2 $>
@( NH3 $>
: "H "
: F" ∗
"=‫آ‬wA "=‫ى أآ‬b‫&>ض أ‬G‫ا‬
2,5×10-11 6,2×10-10 1,58×10-5 1,58×10-4
| | | | Ka
CH3NH3+ NH4+ CH3COOH HCOOH
10,6 9,21 4,8 3,8
pKa | | | |
CH3NH2 NH3 CH3COO- HCOO-
"=‫آ‬wA "=‫ى أآ‬b‫ أ‬d(G‫ا‬
86
‫א
א א–אא‬
‫ ‪2007‬‬
‫
د
رة‬
‫‪: pKa Y pH Y (
- A4‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫[×‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪[H‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫]‬ ‫[×‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫]‬
‫ ( ‪f : &
! ( AH/A- ) 0‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪ ) ⇔ Ka‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ( ‪pKa = – Log Ka = – Log‬‬
‫‪[H‬‬‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫]‬‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫]‬‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪[AH]f‬‬ ‫‪[AH]f‬‬
‫‪[ A-]f‬‬
‫ــــــــــــ ‪pH = pKa + Log‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــ ‪⇔ pKa = – Log [H3O+]f – Log‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــ ‪[ A-]f = pH – Log‬‬
‫∴ ‪[ A-]f‬‬
‫‪[AH]f‬‬ ‫‪[AH]f‬‬ ‫‪[AH]f‬‬
‫ ‪: &
! (,/$() 0 " " F :‬‬
‫]
>‪[ $‬‬
‫‪f‬ـــــــــــــــــــ ‪pH = pKa + Log‬‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬
‫‪:
9
..P %
F
!E 47 =' A‬‬
‫
*‪$>
]f : #‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــ[ـ ‪: :*0 pH = pKa + Log‬‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬
‫

> ‪pH = pKa : -‬‬
‫]
>‪[ $‬‬ ‫]
>‪[ $‬‬
‫'<
‪f = 0 : ( pH = pKa‬ـــــــــــــــــــ ‪f = 1 : 8 Log‬ـــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬ ‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬
‫‪ ]f = [ $>
]f‬ا'> [ ؛ و ‪. %# %4 ? O !L‬‬ ‫∴‬
‫

‪pH > pKa : 0‬‬
‫‪[ $>
]f‬‬ ‫‪[ $>
]f‬‬
‫'<
‪ > 0 : ( pH > pKa‬ـــــــــــــــــــ ‪ > 1 : 8 Log‬ـــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬ ‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬
‫‪ ]f < [ $>
]f‬ا'> [ ؛ و ‪x? !L‬ن ا‪ %4‬ا‪ %((G‬ه ا‪. %#.‬‬ ‫∴‬
‫

‪pH < pKa : 0 0‬‬
‫]
>‪[ $‬‬ ‫]
>‪[ $‬‬
‫'<
‪f < 0 : ( pH < pKa‬ـــــــــــــــــــ ‪f < 1 : 8 Log‬ـــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬ ‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‬
‫‪ ]f > [ $>
]f‬ا'> [ ؛ و ‪x? !L‬ن ا‪ %4‬ا'>‪ %‬ه ا‪. %#.‬‬ ‫∴‬
‫]‪[A] = [B‬‬
‫]‪[A] > [B‬‬ ‫‪pKa‬‬ ‫]‪[A] < [B‬‬
‫|‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫و‪11 : %H‬‬
‫ا‪ A lZ‬ه
ا‪iBj‬‬ ‫ا^س ‪ B‬ه
ا‪iBj‬‬ ‫‪7‬ل ?‪ u.‬ا‪ %4‬ا'>‪%‬‬
‫‪pH < pKa‬‬ ‫‪pH > pKa‬‬ ‫أو ا‪ %4‬ا‪( A/B ) %= %((G‬‬
‫‪?# ?Xm _n
& o‬‬
‫‪pH = pKa‬‬
‫‪: " 3
.
) B‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪%‬‬ ‫ !
‪( 12 –
?9 ) B 7 D (,/$() 0 " 3
.‬‬
‫‪"
@
.
"
" " 3
.
B -‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫
‪. F
N</ H :" D
pH " >
.‬‬
‫ ‪50 % = A- $a % = HA , % :

)H‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪ ]f = [ $>
]f : (
</‬ا'> [ (; ‪. pH = pKa :‬‬
‫ ‪.
! $>
,
" "
N</‬‬
‫‪[ ,
]f‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪HA , %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‪ ]f+‬ا‪(G‬س [‬
‫‪pKa‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫])‪[HA(aq‬‬ ‫])‪[A-(aq‬‬
‫‪[ $>
]f‬‬
‫ه
ا‪ij‬‬ ‫ه
ا‪ij‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪A- $a %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪ ]f‬ا'> [‪ ]f+‬ا‪(G‬س [‬
‫و‪12 : %H‬‬
‫‪? 5z+‬ز ا‪ %4‬ا‪%#.‬‬
‫=‪( HA/A- ) %‬‬
‫‪87‬‬
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
7 ' :
D# V 6 (3A4
(2) 0
! D H
&
(1) >
! )@ D " B' "( :*0 <BA
0"
E( 4
# @ .

(3) : 0
! K0=
,
13 –
?9 . -
. @B(
+ : 7 ;
pH : D (1) >
">
! ∗
. ( 0"
E> >

)
. .(
+ : 7 #(
pH : D (2) 0
">
! ∗
(2) (1) (3)
. E(
+ : 7 "(
pH : D (3) : 0
">
! ∗
13 : H0 @ ) . 8 (
</ " 0"
E( +
" "
@B( pH = 7 : (1) .
! . B ( (
.( pH < 7 : (2)
E( pH > 7 : (3) :
.
$. $ >
.
@
.
: (,/$() 0 7"
4
( HIn/In- ) : " F*' 4 0

HIn (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O+ (aq) + In- (aq) : / &
)
4
.
: +*
3O ]f ×[In ]f
+ -
[H
Ki = ‫ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬: : Ki " ( HIn/In ) 0 @
"0 •
-
[HIn]f -
pH = pKi + Log ‫[ـ‬In ]f
‫ــــــــــ‬ : "
[HIn]f
-
:*0 .
pH H" " D 8! G@

4 ‫[ـ‬In ]f
"" E '
‫ــــــــــ‬ •
[HIn]f :
8! )@ ;<

! 4 @
4
S@"
7

A" "H
- -
. pH ≤ pKi – 1 ⇐ Log ‫[ـ‬In ]f ≥ – 1 ⇐ ‫[ـ‬In
‫ــــــــــ‬
]f ≤ 0,1 ⇐ [HIn]
‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــــ‬
f
≥ 10 :
<' >
8 4
-
[HIn]f [HIn]f [In ]f

! @
8 4 S@"
>
8 4 " +
4
M! H
$."
[In-] [In-]
. pH ≤ pKi + 1 ⇐ Log ‫ـــــــــــ‬f ≥ + 1 ⇐ ‫ـــــــــــ‬f ≥ 10 :
<' 8! )@ ;<
[HIn]f [HIn]f

! >
@
8 4 I I / >
8 "
4
+
pH ?
% H
(

</ D pKi – 1 ≤ pH ≤ pKi + 1 :
<' 8! )@ ;<
. «
4
» N O( « 4

» ( « =
H » ?"
pKi – 1 pKi pKi + 1

| | | pH
pH ≤ pKi – 1 pKi – 1 ≤ pH ≤ pKi + 1 pH ≥ pKi + 1
3
/ HIn @
4
«
» =
H 3
/ In- >
4

:
– pH Y - (4A4
$( – , : . K < ( . 8

! 0 ( ( ( ) @ 7
. F N"

. .
4
! qps
.
pps
.
D P!

: (
'
) -
? •
- H
&
@ %0 D Ca
N @

Va F <BA * O 0 : 4"
! p )@ –
.
! 5 pH ?
" X
. Cb

;< (
</ 0 ! >

) q
"
a –
88
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
7 ! I
pH # D @

- >

F –
q

14 –
?9 . Vb O F !
( (.% )
Vb
>

% " I
pH
3 0 ;<
- V % –
. pH = f (V
( b) : ;(
. E
. J 9C j - : ① 9 •
>

F %0 D @

Va = 20 mL 4"
! )@
p

( I
pH # . Cb = 2,0 × 10-1 mol.L-1
N ;<
( @.% )
15 –
?9 . pH = f (Vb) : 7
- % %0 D Vb %
: / 7
. –
CH3COOH (aq) + HO- (aq)) → H2O ((ℓ) + CH3COO- (aq)
14 : %H‫و‬ : 7
- 4# –
5 pH ‫"ة اـ‬q>‫@ز ا‬ . &"" pH ?

D 0 < Vb < 12 mL : : MN &
!
pH " pH ?

D 12 mL < Vb < 13 mL : : NP &
!
14 ‫ــ‬ . ( pH ?
7.# )
F 7"
12 ‫ــ‬ Q
P ● P &"" * O # pH ?

D Vb > 13 mL : : NP &
!
10 ‫ــ‬ ●
. ( H!( H B - ' P -
) # - '
8 ‫ــ‬
4
! *.
($( 5,) P!
: –
6 ‫ــ‬ ●
4 ‫ــ‬ N : / D P!
H E . .
●
2 ‫ ــ‬M n0 (CH3COOH)
COOH = nE (HO ( -) ⇔ n0 (,) = nE ($()
0          
: ( ;(
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Vb (mL) V
Ca = Cb ‫ــــــــ‬
bE
⇔ Ca.Va = Cb.VbE
15 : %H‫و‬ Va
Vb %
" pH ‫ر اـ‬z? VbE = 12,5 mL :F" D
</ 0 !
Ca = 12,5 × 10-2 mol.L-1 ⇐ Ca = 2,0 × 10-1 × 12,5 ‫ = ــــــــ‬12,5 × 10-22 mol.L-1 : "
20
. ( pH ?
7.# *B )
F 7" " pH ?
3 ( NP &
! E P!
H : +*
pH . " j
. # - : ② 9 •
14 ‫ــ‬ %0 D NH3 4
X Vb = 20 mL F 4" ! )@
12 ‫ــ‬
N H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) &
, F 8
M
●
10 ‫ــ‬
N VbE = 11 mL Va % ( I
pH # . Ca = 4,0 × 10-2 mol.L-1
8 ‫ــ‬ ●
6 ‫ــ‬ E . 16 –
?9 . pH = f (Va) "
% %0 D
● pHE = 5,6 : .
–
4 ‫ــ‬ P Q + +
2 ‫ــ‬ ●
● NH3 (aq) + H3O (aq) → H2O (ℓ) ℓ) + NH4 (aq)
0           : E P!
H –
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Va (mL) V
Cb = Ca ‫ــــــــ‬
aE
⇔ Cb.Vb = Ca.VaE
16 : %H‫و‬ V b
Cb = 2,2 × 10-2 mol.L-1 : 8
Va %
" pH ‫ر اـ‬z?
. ( pH ?
7.# *B )
F 7" " pH ?
3 ( NP &
! E P!
H : +*
: - V V $
? (-
! •
:

H −
;
;<
)H
%H
% %0 O!
0>
G@>
. B !
D 7
- %
17 –
?9 . -
) 8H H E P!
H ! D " "
F+ :"
:
H
−
7
*B . p

-
( pHE 8 ; ;<
) 4
# )@" @ 7

"
18 –
?9 . I
! 4
3 + P!
-
89
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
pH pH
14 ‫ــ‬ 14 ‫ــ‬
12 ‫ــ‬ 12 ‫ــ‬
10 ‫ــ‬ 10 10 ‫ــ‬
<=A ‫ل‬4‫ا‬ E ● 8,2 < pH < 10
8 ‫ــ‬ 8,2 8 ‫ــ‬ E
7,6
6 ‫ــ‬ ‫"و>ل‬#‫أزرق ا‬ 6 < pH < 7,6 6 6 ‫ــ‬
4 ‫ــ‬ <!J@‫ا‬ 3,1 < pH < 4,4
4,4 4 ‫ــ‬
3,1
2 ‫ــ‬ 2 ‫ــ‬
0           0          
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Vb (mL) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Vb (mL)
18 : %H‫و‬ 17 : %H‫و‬
%J‫"ة ا‬q>‫ ا‬A E <q? <‫ ا>>(< ا>!از‬%H"zL E <q?
: g
%*=
E 7
−
dpH
- -+

0 P!
H . g(V) = ‫ ــــــــ‬-
F@( % %0 D pH = f (V
) 7
-
%
dV dpH
19 –
?9 . g(V) = ‫ــــــــ‬
dV
: #
$# E 7
−
: -
% " .V

%
# ( .
I σ
#
$# '
20 –
?9 . P!
VE I D σ = f (V
)
σ (mS.cm-1) pH
14 ‫ ــ‬dpH
‫ــــــــ‬
6 ‫ــ‬ 12 ‫ ــ‬dV
5 ‫ــ‬ 10 ‫ــ‬
4 ‫ــ‬ 8 ‫ــ‬
3 ‫ــ‬ 6 ‫ــ‬
2 ‫ــ‬ 4 ‫ــ‬
1 ‫ــ‬ 2 ‫ــ‬
                   
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Vb (mL) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Vb (mL)
VE
19 : %H‫و‬
‫*م ا‬3c‫" ا‬- <3 E <q?
20 : %H‫و‬
‫ن‬# >Fq‫ ا‬%@‫ ا‬%H"-
‫س‬b "- <3 7
! E <q? d‫ــــــــ‬
dpH
σ %3‫ ا‬%b‫ا‬
dV
: ?
(

. 214 : W – 1 ) ① : 6
- ; 4" ! )@ K < ( . HCOOH K0
, ) CH3COO-
0=

4 " .

. K0
, 0,10 mol %

0' 0,10 mol H
&
500 mL
. $( – , . 8( V" :
.
( .1
O %# .2
. .
%H
. Qri
"=
.
V .3
. τf .
%H
"
" (

) Qrf
.
7" V .4
. %L"7!‫ ا‬g‫ ه‬A τf ‫م‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫ ا(!!¡ ا‬. K = 13 :34!‫ا ا‬g‫ ه‬%‫د‬q> A‫ ا!ازن ا>ا‬L ‫>ً أن‬3 .5
‫ ؟‬:34!‫ا ا‬g@ τf %>b <,'? <x> I‫ آ‬.6
:
HCOOH (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) = HCOO- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) : :
.
.1
90
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
D ( " " . ) CH3COO- $>
- ' HCOOH ,
H+ " : .

</ *B
. /.% – j . !
: .
%H .2
!
- HCOOH (aq) + CH3COO- ( aq) = HCOO- (aq) + CH3COOH(aq)

'
? n(HCOOH) n(CH3COO-) n(HCOO-) n(CH3COOH)

C
0 n0 = 0,10 n0 = 0,10 0 0

? C
x n0 – x n0 – x x x

1
xf n0 – xf n0 – xf xf xf
- : Qri
"=
.
.3
- [HCOO ]×[ CH3COOH]
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
n0 (HCOO ) = n0 (CH3COOH) = 0 : > Qri = =0 : " D
[HCOOH]×[ CH3COO-]
: τf " Qrf 7" .4
[HCOO ]f ×[ CH3COOH]f
-
: 3 "0 .

% ( ,." D Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ : " K <
[HCOOH]f ×[ CH3COO-]f
xf xf 2 xf . xf
xf = τf . xmax ⇐ τf = ‫ــــــــــ‬ : D Qrf = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ Qrf = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬‫ـــ‬
(0,1 – xf ) ×(0,1 – xf )
2
xmax (0,1 – xf )
10-2 τf 2
Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ xmax = 0,10 mol : M! F .
( &. B
! 8( " . %H

10-2 (1 – τf )2
τf 2 τf 2
Qrf = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ Qrf = ‫ــــــــــــــــ‬ : "
1 – τf (1 – τf )2
: %L"7!‫ ا‬g‫ ه‬A τf ‫م‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫ ا‬.5
2
τf = 78 % : ;( τf = 0,78 ⇐ 0 < τf < 1 : : D ‫ــــــــــــــــ‬ τf = 13 ⇐ Qrf = K = 13 :

(1 – τf )2
. 7" *.
(
" ;( .
. # ! $ C # .6
(

. 215 : W – 2 ) ② : 6
( C6H5COOH/C6H5COO ) – (J j/ #) :
9
. •
-
. pH1 = 3,1 ! D C1 = 1,0 × 10-2 mol.L-1

;< K"
, pH $H (01
.
0 Ka @
"0 7" ( %0 D &
) K"
, . ( ((
_ @ K"
, A" H
i pH1 ?
$#
< (
:
N ( Na (aq) + C6H5COO- (aq) ) %

" pH ?
K < " $H (02
+
. pH2 = 8,1 ! D C2 = 1,0 × 10-2 mol.L-1

. .

</ E!

"0 7" ( %0 D &
)
"
74 . ( ((
_ &
) F .
"
74 A" H
i pH2 ?
$#
< (
. 5,3 I
pH ( +* D

# )@" ( K"
, ) >

- ' @ (03
_ I
! " X( 4 ;<
G
/ D " 3
.
B " ((
. K"
,
" :
D $( – , : .
( (
. :34!‫ا ا‬g‫ ه‬%‫د‬q> A‫ ا!ازن ا>ا‬L # ( (L
. %

" 20 mL K"
, 20 mL " F g
EH (04
. :
$( – , : .
( ((
. :34!‫ا ا‬g‫ ه‬%‫د‬q> A‫ ا!ازن ا>ا‬L # ( (
. I
pH I
%0 D ( C6H5COOH/C6H5COO-) 0
pKa I
pH <L %b*3 ‫( أو‬L
. ( C6H5COOH/C6H5COO-) 0

B 4 F. 0 .( (05
. pH ? H"
">
%H
B
- V .
pKa ( C6H5COOH/C6H5COO-) = 4,2 : -
91
‫א
א א–אא‬
‫ ‪2007‬‬
‫
د
رة‬
‫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪C6H5COOH (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + C6H5COO (aq) : &
) K"
, . .( (01‬‬
‫‪[H3O+]f ×[C‬‬ ‫‪6H5COO ]f‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪Ka‬‬‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪:
0 @
"0‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COOH]f‬‬
‫‪) = C1.V ⇐
.
/ C6H5COOH ,
⇐ 7" &
.‬ا'>( ‪xmax = n0‬‬
‫∴ ‪xf = [H3O+]f .V : |& ، [H3O+]f = 10-3,1 = 7,9 × 10-4 mol.L-1 ⇐ pH1 = 3,1‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬ ‫]‪[H O+‬‬
‫ــــــــــ = ‪ τf‬أي أن ‪ ⇐ τf = 7,9 % :‬ا!‪? " :34‬م‬ ‫‪ !L‬ا‪ %#,‬ا@‪H! %‬م ‪f = 7,9 × 10-2 :‬ــــــــــ‪3‬ـــــ =‬
‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫∴ &> ا‪e#‬و ‪. Iq‬‬
‫‪q .( (02‬د‪r :34? %‬ردة ا‪e#‬وات ا>ء ‪C6H5COO- (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = C6H5COOH (aq) + HO- (aq) :‬‬
‫‪6H5COOH]f ×[HO ]f‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــ‪[C‬‬
‫ـــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪ L‬ا!ازن ا>ا‪q> A‬د‪ %‬ا!‪: :34‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COO-]f‬‬
‫‪xmax = C2.V ⇐
.
/ C6H5COO- G
⇐ 7" &
.‬‬
‫∴ ‪[HO-]f = 10-5,9 = 1,26 × 10-6 mol.L-1 ⇐ [H3O+] = 10-8,1 = 7,9 × 10-9 mol.L-1 ⇐ pH1 = 8,1‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫&| ‪xf = [HO-]f .V :‬‬
‫ــــــ‪x‬ــــ = ‪ τf‬أي أن ‪ ⇐ τf < 100 % :‬ا!‪? " :34‬م‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪[HO‬‬
‫ـــــ =‬ ‫‪ !L‬ا‪ %#,‬ا@‪H! %‬م ‪]f = 1,26 × 10-4 :‬‬
‫ــــــــــ‬
‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪:
! " 3
.
) B .( (03‬‬
‫‪pKa = 4,2 pH = 5,3‬‬
‫|‬ ‫|‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫ا‪ C6H5COOH lZ‬ه
ا‪iBj‬‬ ‫ا^س ‪ C6H5COO-‬ه
ا‪iBj‬‬
‫‪pH < pKa‬‬ ‫‪pH > pKa‬‬
‫‪?# ?Xm _n
& o‬‬
‫‪pH = pKa‬‬
‫ب‪q .‬د‪ >& :34? %‬ا‪e#‬و ‪r‬ردة ا@روآ‪: ,‬‬
‫)‪C6H5COOH (aq) + HO- (aq) = C6H5COO- (aq) + H2O (ℓ‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COO‬‬ ‫‪]f‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪K‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ـ‪ L .‬ا!ازن ا>ا‪q> A‬د‪: %‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COOH]f ×[HO-]f‬‬
‫ ‪Ke = [H3O+].[HO-] :‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪Ka‬‬ ‫‪[C6H5COO‬‬ ‫‪[H3O+]f‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــ× ‪] f‬‬ ‫‪Ke‬‬
‫ـــــــ = ‪K‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪: ( ;( K‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ = ]‪⇐ [HO-‬‬ ‫‪: !L‬‬
‫‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪[C6H5COOH]f ×[HO-]f × [H3O+]f‬‬ ‫]‪[H3O+‬‬
‫ ‪: 8‬‬
‫‪-pKa‬‬ ‫‪-4,2‬‬
‫‪K = 6,3 × 109 ⇐ K = 10‬‬ ‫‪10‬ــ = ــــــــــــ‬‫ــــــــــ‬
‫‪-14‬‬
‫‪= 6,3 × 109‬‬
‫‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪r ) K"
, . .( (04‬ردة ا‪e#‬وات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪C6H5COOH (aq) + C6H5COO- (aq) = C6H5COO- (aq) + C6H5COOH (aq‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COO-] f × [C6H5COOH]f‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــ = ‪K‬‬ ‫‪ L .‬ا!ازن ا>ا‪q> A‬د‪ = 1 : %‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪[C6H5COOH]f ×[C6H5COO-]f‬‬
‫ـ‪ .‬ا‪ pH <L %b*q‬و ‪: pKa‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ـــــ ‪pH = pK + Log‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ‪[C‬‬
‫‪6H5COO ] f‬‬
‫‪: I"q!L‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪[C6H5COOH]f‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫&‪,‬ب ‪ pH‬ا>‪ 67& ، : ¡e‬ا>‪V = V1 + V2 = 20 + 20 = 40 mL = 4 × 10 L ¡e‬‬
‫‪10-2 × 20‬‬ ‫‪C1V1‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــ = ‪ = 5 × 10-3 mol.L-1 ⇐ [C6H5COOH]i‬ــــــــــــــــــ = ‪[C6H5COOH]i‬‬ ‫" ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬
‫‪10-2 × 20‬‬ ‫‪C1V1‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــ = ‪ = 5 × 10-3 mol.L-1 ⇐ [C6H5COO-]i‬ــــــــــــــــــ = ‪[C6H5COO-]i‬‬ ‫< ‪: K‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬
‫
(
‪: D %H‬‬
‫‪n0(C6H5COOH) = [C6H5COOH]i.V = 5×10-3 × 4×10-2 = 2×10-4 mol‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
2 ‫
د
رة‬
xf
K = Qrf = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 1 :

"0 ∴
-4 2
-
[C‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ (2×10 – x f )
pH = pKa + Log ‫ـــــ‬ 6H5COO ] f : I
pH ! D xf = 10-4 mol : I
"
[C6H5COOH]f
pH = pKa = 4,2 : ‫ن‬A ، [C6H5COO-] f = [C6H5COOH]f : ( "
% : (C6H5COOH/ C6H5COO-) %= %#.‫ ا‬%4‫ ?ز ا‬5z+ .( (05

% C6H5COOH % C6H5COO-
100 : E .
. %#‫ أ‬:x{ HA ‫و‬e#‫ &> ا‬: pH = 3,1 3 ∗
50 HA % = A- % : pH = 4,2 3 ∗
. %#‫ أ‬:x{? A- ‫وات‬e#‫ردة ا‬r : pH = 5,3 3 ∗
0
3,1 pKa 5,3 8,1 pH
[HA(aq)] [A-(aq)]
3
/ 4,2 3
/ «

– 218 : W D 3 –
» ③ : 6
. ً? H2O ‫ ا@رو< و ا>ء‬HCl ‫< &> آر‬L :34!‫" ا‬#!q
. ‫ ا'> ا>ء‬:34? %‫د‬q u!‫ أآ‬.1
. "zH>‫ < ا>ء ا‬1 L A HCl ‫ < ز‬0,1 mol %L‫ذا‬L "ّ& oJ‫>ً أ‬3 ، ¡?‫ ا>'ل ا‬pH u,&‫ أ‬.2
‫ ؟‬pH = 2,0 o ‫ 'ل‬3 ‫" 'ل‬zH>‫ < ا>ء ا‬1 L A ‫اب‬g>‫ ا‬HCl ‫ز‬. ‫ ا>دة‬%>‫ن آ‬x? ‫ أن‬u7 6‫ آ‬.3
( HCl (aq) / Cl- (aq) ) %=‫ ا‬: ‫"ت‬p ‫ا‬
:
+ -
HCl (aq) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + Cl (aq) : ‫ ا'> ا>ء‬:34? %‫د‬q %L!‫ آ‬.1
nHCl 0,1
C = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ = ــــــــ‬0,1 mol.L-1 ⇐ nHCl = C.V : ¡?‫ ا>'ل ا‬pH .2
V 1
pH = 1,0 ⇐ [H3O+] = C = 10-pH = 10-1 mol.L-1 ⇐ % .
: ‫اب‬g>‫ ا‬HCl ‫ز‬. ‫ ا>دة‬%>‫ آ‬.3

nHCl = C.V = [H3O+].V = 10-pH. V = 10-2 × 1 = 0,01 mol : ( " E"
nHCl = 0,01 mol ∴
«

– 219 : W D 8 –
» ④ : 6
-2 -1
o ‫ و‬، C = 10 mol.L >‫ ا‬e‫ ?"آ‬، V = 20,0 mL o>7& (CH2ClOOH) J=c‫ '> آر ا‬O ً ' "#!qJ
. pH = 2,37
. ‫ ا'> ا>ء‬:34? %‫د‬q u!‫ أآ‬.1
. :34!‫ا ا‬g@ xmax >F3G‫م ا‬H!‫ّ< ا‬3 .2
‫> ?م ؟‬x‫ ا!'ل ا‬:‫ ه‬. τf ‫م‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫ و ا‬xf @‫م ا‬H!‫ّ< ا‬3 .3
:
+ -
CH2ClCOOH (ℓ) + H2O (ℓ) = H3O (aq) + CH2ClCOO (aq) : ‫ ا'> ا>ء‬:34? %‫د‬q %L!‫ آ‬.1
: :34!‫ا ا‬g@ xmax >F3G‫م ا‬H!‫< ا‬q? .2
!
- CH2ClCOOH ( ℓ ) + H2O ( ℓ ) = H3O+ (aq) + CH2ClCOO-(aq)
:34!‫ ا‬%@J 3 ‫ و‬، o#J ‫م‬H!‫< ول ا‬
n0 – xmax = 0 : ‫ن‬A
n0 = C.V
C

= 2×10-4 mol
7" 0 0 xmax = n0 = 2 × 10-4 mol ⇐
1
n0 – xmax 7" xmax xmax
xmax = 2 × 10-4 mol : o ‫و‬
+ -pH -2,37 -5
xf = [H3O ]f.V = 10 × 0,02 = 8,53 × 10 mol : xf @‫م ا‬H!‫< ا‬q? .3
. V = 10
xf 8,53 × 10-5
. % X .
: ( ;( D τf < 1 ⇐ τf = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = 0,43 : τf ‫م‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫ا‬
xmax 2 × 10-4
93
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 220 : W D 12 –
» ⑤ : 6
11,1 : ‫ ه‬o pH ‫ اـ‬%>b ‫ و‬، C1 = 0,10 mol.L-1 >‫ ا‬e‫ز ا{در ?"آ‬. (S1) O ً ' "#!qJ
. ‫ ا>ء‬NH3 ‫ ز ا{در‬:34? %‫د‬q u!‫ أآ‬.1
. ‫ آً ا>ء‬:34! O NH3 ‫ّ< أن‬L .2
C2 = 2,5×10-2 mol.L-1 >‫ ا‬e‫ و ?"آ‬، V2 = 100 mL o>7& ‫ز ا{در‬. (S2) ‫< < ?'" 'ل‬x>? %H"- ‫!"ح‬b‫ أ‬.3
. (S1) ‫ و‬V2 < ًb*zJ‫ا إ‬g‫و ه‬
. (S2) ‫ ا>'ل‬A :34!‫م ا‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫ّ< ا‬3 . 10,8 ‫وي‬, (S2) ‫ ا>'ل‬pH ‫ إذا آن‬.4
‫ ا>ء ؟‬NH3 :34? 3 >!‫ ا‬%>3 "w? <3 ‫ل‬H‫< ا‬x> ‫ ذا‬.5
(NH4+ / NH3 ) %=‫ ا‬: ‫"ت‬p ‫ا‬
:
+ -
NH3 (g) + H2O (ℓ) = NH4 (aq) + HO (aq) : ‫ ا>ء‬NH3 ‫ ز ا{در‬:34? %‫د‬q .1
: ‫ آً ا>ء‬:34! O NH3 ‫ن‬wL ‫ت‬#‫ إ‬.2
!
- NH3 ( g ) + H2O ( ℓ ) = NH4+ (aq) + HO-(aq)
n0 – xmax = 0 : :34!‫ ا‬%@J A

C
n0 = C1.V1 7" 0 0
xmax = 0,1 V1 ⇐ xmax = n0 = C1.V1 ⇐

1
n0 – xmax 7" xmax xmax xf = [HO-]f.V1 : ‫"ى‬v‫ أ‬%@ <
-14
Ke 10
[HO-]f = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـــــــــ‬ : |&
-4 [H3O+]f 10 -pH
xf 12,6 × 10 .V
τf ≈ 1,3 % ⇐ τf = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬1 = 0,0126 ⇐ xf = 12,6 × 10-4.V1 : o ‫و‬
xmax 0,1 V1 . % X .
: ( ;( τf < 100 % ∴
nNH3 = C1.V1 = C2.V2 : ( "0
) +. 7
-H"
.3
-2
C .V2 2,5×10 × 100
V1 = 25 mL ⇐ V1 = ‫ـــ‬2‫ـــــــــ‬ = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬25 mL : "
C1 0,1
. (S1)

25 mL "( F 100 mL 8 4" ! )@ : H
H
•
&" %
%0 D 100 mL ! X. ((S1)
) 4"
Z 25 mL a
. ‫ًا‬e‫( ه‬S2)
$ "*H' 3 ( 2 " D B E 3 . (*
) B
-
H
: (S2) ‫ ا>'ل‬A τf ‫م‬H! %@‫ ا‬%#,‫< ا‬q? .4
: :34!‫ ا‬%@J A
xf = [HO ]f.V2 : ‫"ى‬v‫ أ‬%@ < xmax = 2,5×10 .V2 ⇐ xmax = C2.V2
- -2
-14
Ke 10
[HO-]f = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬ : |&
-4 [H3O+]f 10 -pH
xf 6,3 × 10 .V2
τf ≈ 2,5 % ⇐ τf = ‫ــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
-2
= 0,0252 ⇐ xf = 6,3 × 10-4.V2 : o ‫و‬
xmax 2,5 × 10 .V2
τf 1 < τf 2 :
)
&
) 4
. %H
"
( +* .5
. ug>‫"ة < ا‬A‫ و‬A ‫داد ا!{"د‬e |& ‫ ا>ء‬A NH3 K. . - 4" 0A
"
«

– 221 : W D 18 –
» ⑥ : 6
F ‫ و‬C1 = 0,10 mol.L-1
N ( 2Na+ + SO32- ) %
" V1 = 30 mL F L
. C2 = 0,10 mol.L-1
N K0=
, V2 = 30 mL
. ‫ ا'دث‬:34!‫ ا‬%‫د‬q u!‫ أآ‬.1
O %V# .2
. .
%H
. Qri ( .3
(

! ) τf " Qrf V" .4
. "
4
! τ I
. K = 251 . E!

"0 ( F .5
(HSO3- / SO32- ) ، (CH3COOH / CH3COO- ) ‫ ا=ت‬: ‫"ت‬p ‫ا‬
:
CH3COOH (aq) + SO32- (aq) = CH3COO- (aq) + HSO3- (aq) : ‫ ا'دث‬:34!‫ ا‬%‫د‬q %L!‫ آ‬.1
( %‫ ا>ا‬%'4‫" ا‬FJ‫ ) أ‬: :34! ‫م‬H!‫ول ا‬ .2
94
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: Qri .3
!
- CH3COOH (aq) + SO32- (aq) = HSO3- (aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
: "
C
n2 = C2.V2 n1 = C1.V1 0 0 - -
[CH 3COO ]i × [HSO3 ]i
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
1
n2 – xf n1 – xf xf xf Qri =
[CH3COOH]i ×[SO32-]i
Qri = 0 : " ، [CH3COO-]i = [HSO3-]i = 0 :
- - 2 : τf " Qrf "
.4
[CH 3COO ]f ×[HSO3 ]f x
K = Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬: "0 .

% " "
f
[CH3COOH]f ×[SO32-]f ( n1 - xf) ( n2 - xf)
n1 = n2 = xmax :
<' F .
"
2 ⇐ n1 = n2 : .
- &F "

‫ــ‬x‫ـــــــ‬
f
τf 2
x
K = Qrf = ????? =2 ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬
max : (xmax)2 - Qrf 7" H"
2
1 - xf
‫ــ‬n‫ــــــــــــــ‬ (1 – τf)
xmax τf 2
K = Qrf = ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ : "
(1 – τf)2
: "
4
! τ L
.5
: 0

H"
K = Qrf 7" ! , " D K = 251 >
τf = 0,94 = 94 % ⇐ 250 τf 2 – 502 τf – 251 = 0
«

– 223 : W D 25 –
» ⑦ : 6
. >

% ! F" D ( Corrosif ) : 7"
, F@( - ;<
K0
,
.
pH " [ ( HCOOH/HCOO- ) 0 ] $a % , % 0

C@ E!
"
% lg % . K "' V" _ pH = pKa H ;( ! .1

‫ أس‬%
.
0 pKa ?
I
100 ‫ــ‬
80 ‫ــ‬ . $a % , % V D pH = 5 :‫ < أ‬.2
60 ‫ــ‬ [HCOOH]éq = 2 [HCOO-]éq : (
pH <ّ3 .3
40 ‫ــ‬ " #*
" pH ‫ اـ‬%>b ‫د‬7‫< إ‬x> :‫ه‬
20 ‫ــ‬
‫ ؟‬pKa pH
0       
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH -
:
[A ]
pH = pKa + Log ‫ ـــــــــــ‬: " .1
[AH]
. pH = pKa : ‫ن‬A ، [AH] = [A-] :
pKa ( HCOOH/HCOO- ) = 3,8 ⇐ pH = pKa = 3,8
)H H ! 0 : F"
: pH = 5 :‫ < أ‬$a % , % .2
% AH = 6 % : HCOOH @
4
" ? : "
- H="
% A- = 94 % : HCOO- >
4
" ?
: [HCOOH]éq = 2 [HCOO-]éq : (
pH .3
[HCOOH]éq
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ = ‫ـــ‬2‫ = ـ‬67 % :
N</ !
-
[HCOOH]éq + [HCOO ]éq 3
% AH = 67 % : HCOOH @
4
" ? : "
% A- = 33 % : HCOO- >
4
" ?
pH ≈ 3, 5 : D H!

pH ?
# (H "
3
95
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 224 : W D 26 –
» ⑧ : 6
4
3
H : 8" E!

! 7

4

"

,
$>

:

" B=
EH D C D B D A 0*0 pH ! (
( < ( .( 3,1 – 4,4 ( ) F@( .>"
) .>" A
∗
% ( . !
.( 4,8 – 6,4

."
% ( .
>
!"
( 3 B
∗
.(
." 5,2 – 6,8 . E>"
; " 0! .
C
∗
- % ( .( 6,8 – 8,0 _ ( pH ?
WB" ) /P'

%H
/ .1

.4
( # -
( C
) !@' " B' EH / .2
(9 ." 8,2 – 10,0 _ E( pH ?

6% E( .( 11,6 – 14,0
:
: ;( 4 >
4
3 ! )H
pH " D .>
-

3 A
.1
. pHA ≥ 4,4
. pHA ≤ 4,8 : " D .>
-
!
( 3 A
pHB ≥ 6,8 4,4 ≤ pHA ≤ 4,8 : 8

pHB = 6,8
O<'
O<'
>
!"
( 3 B
pHB ≤ 6,8
:
O<' D E>
- '
E( 3 ‫ و‬pHC ≥ 10,0 : " D ." ( - ' 0! .
3 C
10,0 ≤ pHC ≤ 11,6 : o ‫ و‬، pHC ≤ 11,6

- >
B
4

! 8( "0 D ( 0! .

E()
.4 " C
‫ر‬#!v‫ إ‬6? .2
" B' &
' K < . >
4(
A" 4

N</ + C
!L pH < 10,0 EH
3
. 0( #" pHC ! ( 7<
4
" !@'
pH «

– 226 : W D 30 –
» ⑨ : 6
14 ‫ــ‬ . CB
N 4
X VB = 20 mL F 4" ! )@
12 ‫ــ‬ CA = 10-2 mol.L-1
N &
, O F 8
10 ‫ــ‬ - I
pH $H D @
VA % (
8 ‫ــ‬
. "H
4 " "
pH = f (VA) -
6 ‫ــ‬
4 ‫ــ‬
. 7
. ( .1
2 ‫ــ‬ . .

< E!

K

"0 ( .2
0       
E (VAE , pHE) P!
H F" V .3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 VA (mL) D pH = 2 ( " X( 4

G
>
/ .4
_ pH = 9,2 %0 pH = 5,2
- + +
. pKa3 (H2O//HO ) = 14 \ pKa2 (H3O /H2O) = 0 \ pKa1 (NH4 /NH3) = 9,2 : -
:
+ +
NH3 (aq) + H3O (aq) = NH4 (aq) + H2O (ℓ) : ‫"ة‬q>‫ ا‬:34? %‫د‬q %L!‫ آ‬.1
: .

< E!

K

"0 .2
+
[NH4 ]éq 1 1 1
K = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
+
= ‫ــــــــــــ = ــــــــــــ‬
-pKa1
= ‫ــــــــــــ‬
- 9,2
= 1,58 × 109
[NH3]éq × [H3O ]éq Ka1 10 10
K = 1,58 × 109 ∴
: E (VAE , pHE) P!
H .3
E (VAE = 18 mL , pHE = 5,6) :
H " "

: " X( 4

G
>
.4
. u.‫ ه ا‬NH4 " D pH < pKa1 ⇐ pKa1 = 9,2 : pH = 2 ( –
+
. u.‫ ه ا‬NH4+ " D pH < pKa1 ⇐ pH = 5,2 ( –

. ‫ ا>'ل‬A %>x‫ ا‬d4L ‫ !اان‬NH4+/NH3 0 .
" D pH = pKa1 ⇐ pH = 9,2 ( –
96
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
«

– 227 : W D 33 –
» ⑩ : 6
:

( déboucheur ) ; + #"
. ρ = 1,23 kg.L-1

• :

"B
! .
N</ A

. 20 % ‫ ادم‬,‫ @روآ‬%!x‫ ا‬%>‫ ا‬%#,‫• ا‬ . 20 mL D 10 mL D 5 mL :
M ( NaOH ) = 40 g.mol-1 • . 1000
000 mL D 500 mL D 100 mL : *
. 25 mL :
.
. B ( 4" \ 5 pH \ 3 *B
. ;

! %

( .1
( S ) ‫< < ?'" ا>'ل‬x>? %H"- ‫!"ح‬b‫ أ‬. ( S ) - 7 100 ;

.2
. CA = 0,10 mol.L-1
N &
,
" ( S )
VB = 20 mL F .3
:

( pH ?
"
VA (mL) 2 4 6 8 10 11 12 12,5 13,5 14 15 16 17 20 22 25

pH 12,7 12,6 12,5 12,3 12,0 11,6 10,8 10,0 2,9 2,4 2,1 1,9 1,7 1,5 1,4 1,3
. 7
. ( (%
. pH = f (VA) "
%( (4
. P!
H 0
' V (;
. ;
K < D ( S )

I
(
.1
P
! "

"

" # (`
:
: ;

! %

.1
ρ = 1,23 kg.L-1 -
= 1230 g//L +

\ NaOH (s)
%
/ 20 % +
;
Cm(NaOH) = m/V = 0,20 × ρ = 0,2 × 1230 = 246 g/L : / %

? : "
C = Cm/M = 246/40 = 6,2 mol.L-1 : / %

?
: B H .2

100 mL H" "( F D ;>
.# #

+
" D ( hotte ) B
10 mL =

<
" ;

10,0 mL <BA . 100 mL 8 D H 4" ! ;
?"
$ D %M" E 3 . H
&
250 mL
- ; 1000 mL !

</ D
.
F/
! "*H' 3 ( 2 ?"
$ . B
- H
& " K < " %
%0 D "*H' 3 ( 2
pH : 7
. " (% .3
14 ‫ــ‬ H3O (aq) + HO- (aq) = 2 H2O (ℓ)
+
12 ‫ــ‬ ( 8" -

+( ) pH = f (VA) "
% (4
10 ‫ــ‬ : P!
H 0
' (;
8 ‫ــ‬ E :
H "
•
6 ‫ــ‬ E ( VAE = 113 mL , pHE = 7 )
4 ‫ــ‬ : ;
K < D ( S )

L
(
2 ‫ــ‬ : " D ( %H
) *.
. B P!

0       
CA.Véq = CB.VB ⇐ xéq = nHO- = n H3O+
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 VA (mL)
pH = f (VA) : "
C .Véq
CS = ‫ـــ‬A‫ـــــــــــ‬
0,10 × 13
= ‫ = ـــــــــــــــــــ‬6,5 × 10-2 mol/L ⇐ CB = CS : :
VB 20
( S )
- 7 100 N % ;

!
- H3O+ (aq) + HO- (aq) = 2 H2O (aq)
CS0 = 100 CS = 6,5 mol/L : "

C

! "

"

" H
(Y<
n(H3O+)éq n(HO-)éq 7"

1
n – xéq = 0 n – xéq = 0 7" : ($H
#) "
=
;( D 1
P
∆C
‫|ــ = ـــــــ‬6,5 – 6,2|
‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬
. %H
= 6,5 %
C 6,2
97
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
.

' : 5
: "! #$
.
#>
(

<# 0
H
( #

" .
. 0
H
( #

" Z# 7 )@B % .
. K )@B &

! % @.
" .
. K
: ( J

? (1
: ( W ( "# )
FP J
! J (1A1
%#( <
7# (
!-F

?
–
)' –
. 71 ) ">
>
"
!>
"
. h
!
.%
0 :*0 #>
- 8 @B : D ;4"
.
- 0>
" "<
.
%>
%.
%+
H =
D +
%/.
!
F J h 4 H ! D (# *
P" "
&.
X - '

"( ( H .
< J 4
;
%+
- ' .P @>
;
.
7 .
N</ 4
S D 7

# "

H
< +* D J !( -
'
( 8( D 8 " % - H"
ZH
" G ' H .
- 8 + ( 1 –
?9 ) (
# %H! H
$. @B ,>
;<
H
74 H
.
A" %!
. "
.

H

</ , . . 4)'
*
K
E"
O<' / 7B>
N</ . .
@>
K
"
G '
E' . ( 0*0

H
) 8 K >
("
"
:
..P <! j- (2A1
E' : 01 H0
(1727 – 1642)
: %
)
.1.2.1

' ) L'
K < .
. D (.

: p " F " % )
.
( .*
→ → →
z (C) ‫!ر‬+ ، 2. ?\"a
‫ ( – ا‬O, i , j , k ) @.
%
0 : ! % ∗
z . <x> 5,L‫@ أ‬4‫ و‬oA ‫ن‬x |'L %‫د ا'"آ‬qL‫ أ‬u,'L
M .

" + ) E" " ( t = 0 ) >
(" B 7 : % ∗
•
- L' :
7 L' -
→
k →
j y -
)

," ! ' ( >
H
)
(" E"
→
i y A
D WB

<" K
! A "# K < . 3
)
"
O

("0 @( % ) B
)
( O (
. X ) /
x x
:
- L' -
%
! M H )@ : 02 H0
( héliocentrique ) 4
)
: ;
)

G4" ( z D y D x : 0
M" @.
$4
NP" &@.
! "0 % 0*0 0*0" %
→ → → →
OM = x i + y j + z k : )@
« # » 7 *B $4 " " F"H %
N</ 8! " ) (S)
"
," "<
D

! . (

"0 % ‫ و ه‬، « Repère de Copernic : K" % » ?" K < D @.
3 – ?\"a
‫ ا‬. %b‫آ=" د‬G‫ ا‬.‫ ا‬6q>‫ا‬
( géocentrique ) @>
)
: ;
)

;( 4
%
7 0*0 8 ,>
NP" %
S . . X % ! ( ,>

) ) "0
%
$.
T 4 – ?\"a
‫ ا‬. @>

," =
#>
H

: @>

)

4
)
: 03 H0
. " ) / D 8H" # #( 8 F
X " ,>
C" " %
( ;
) ) H
F 73
*B ,>
-

" C
. ,>

7"
98
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
H
%. .2.2.1
4 3 /
%
: 4E .' -
"# $ .
"0 -H"
N</ . H " "
( ;( D " #
(
%
) K
%
F "

" :

? -
: 8 D B
%
!
"( ) H ">
H "0"
!
<' H (
%
)

" ' :

?
. 8 ' " " $ ;<
)
"( %( /"(
:
%. .3.2.1
@>
)
: 04 H0
: - W ;<

(" O#*' C

( ;
) + H " K (
. H #>
- D
8"4
D
. C H
/ ( X) % " "
y •M2 (H0
)
- F C
E" D
K
! : +*
Mn
G •
H
"
">
0 ;<
D ( 5 –
?9 ) G
M •
• 1 M3
• .
( M1 , M2 , M3 , … , Mn )
→ %&" '( → n → → → →
j OG.∑ mi = m1. OM1 + m2.OM2 + m3.OM3 + … + mn.OMn
→ i=1
k → x
Oi (3A1
: B. 1! (
99 ( ?
z : G
%. .1.3.1
→
G 0 : 05 H0
K % r )@
G4 Oxyz @.
%
! : LF B-# -

H "
">
→ →
r=xi+yj+zk
→ →
: ( x , y , z )
8 0
'
( M1 , M2 , M3 , … , Mn ) →
P1 H
- ' t +
r1 @ G4
P1 H
K
%
H

<'
y P1(t) " :
H =
" D ( 6 –
?9 ) (t + ∆t) +
r→2 @ G4
• →
→
∆rr P (t+∆t) → → →
∆r = r2 – r1 = ∆x
→
∆ i + ∆yy j + ∆z k
→ →
: G4 " @
→ vmoy • 2
r1 ⊕ )* ,- E!

H =
G4 " "
/ :
.
. B-# -
→
r2 (C)) : )* ' →
→ ∆r
x vmoy = ‫ـــــــ‬ : ;( 8
O ∆t
z
G4 8( " H"
7B>
#*
"H
4 " C@ /
→
∆r H =
G4 : 06 H0
∆→ H =
G4 WB $. →
. ∆r vmoy
→
vmoy

G4 :
,
. B-# -
y P(t) →
v .$/ 012'/ %H

)H
%H
#' ∆t

WH
• G4 P

G4 M! ∆t → 0 : K <" D 8 $
t : 7"
+
(C) $
%H
-
+

→ →
→ ⊕ )* ,- . ( 7 –
?9 ) vmoy → v : ;(
r
→ → : "
(C)) : )* ' → → ∆r‫ــــ ـــ‬
‫ــــ‬ dr‫ـــ‬
x v = lim vmoy = lim =
∆ →0
∆t ∆tt → 0 ∆t dt
O
→ → → →
z v = vx i + vy j + vz k : ;(
G4 0 : 07 H0
: :
dz dy dx
→
v +

vz = ‫ـــــــ‬ D vy = ‫ـــــــ‬ D vx = ‫ـــــــ‬
dt dt dt
→
7 –
?9 .

1' / 8 . . v
G4 (
99
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. m.s-1 ( m/s : 7" (S.I)

! H D v = √ vx2 + vy2 + vz2 : / ; % !
#
→ →
*B v
G4
3
K < D vmoy

G4 " "
/ : B. 1! -
→ ∆v→
amoy = ‫ـــــــ‬ : ;( « . B. B-# » ?" ∆t H!

7
∆t
(C)
H F 8
+
G
G4 P
G
G4 M! ∆t → 0 :
→ → →
." % s ;<
K
%
G G4 0 aG : : \ amoy → aG : ;( t 7"
+
.
*B )@
G4 ." B>

</ % s 0
*B
G4
→ → 2 → : "
→ → ∆v dv d r
aG = lim amoy = lim ‫ـــــــ = ـــــــ = ـــــــ‬
G G
∆t → 0 ∆t → 0 ∆t dt dt2
→ → → →
aG = ax i + ay j + az k : ;(
: :
dvz d2z dvy d2y d2‫ـــ‬
dv‫ـــ‬x ‫ــــ‬ x
az = ‫ـــــــ = ـــــــ‬ \ ay = ‫ـــــــ = ـــــــ‬ \ a x = ‫ــــ‬ =
dt dt2 dt dt 2
dt dt2
. m.s-2 ( m/s2 : 7" (S.I)

! H D aG = √ ax2 + ay2 + az2 : / ; % ! G
#
: ( %zq‫أ ا‬# ) <? ‫ول‬G‫ن ا‬JH‫ ا‬.2.3.1
: «
- % » ?"
D >
8# ( )@ D H 0 8H" ( -
F '
:
- %
7 -
“
0 ( 7
' )*
,
?. 0 % 0 . V .' , ”
N (

( ) K
%
"
#
( H
!
0 :
- B H


H

8 –
?9 . 7 - * D
7H
3 " %H D (
) %
H"
7H

→
F aG G
(
3 "0 7H
H"
<' -
→
a
‫ـــــ‬ a
→ ‫ـــــ‬ → 8-ⓐ
?9 . m
)
2 F 3 F
F aG G
( 7H
3 "0
H"
<' -
2m 3m
ⓐ 8-ⓑ
?9 . F 7H
)
→ →
F = k.maG : ( I D F/m ) aG G
"
2a 3a .
"0 k : :
→ → 1 kg 8 % - H" 1 N 4 7# i D

!
2F 3F
m m F = maG : ;( D k = 1 : 8 D 1 m/s2 8 # F
ⓑ 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 : :
G
#* : 08 H0
D B
ZH
)@B !

7H " H
" D H"
B
ZH
4
G
&M"
→ →
∑ Fext = m aG : 0
: - W ;<

→
, G. 8 (G 1 )

' V
? ∑ Fext
' K? -# B' 8 H - ”
→ →
“ ∑ Fext = m aG : 1 B. B-# 1 "'
→
→
F aG : , •
→ →
G4 " 8. / ;<
D
8 '
vG vG
• ) F E" D ( 9 –
?9 )
G G →
• → ⊕ )* 3( ∆v
3 G4 . G ! 70P
ZH
aG . ZH
" OH F
→
F
N ' : 09 H0
100
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א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. 3
)

) ! 8. / G : A" I ( E"
→ →
. 3
)

) ! 4
$." 0
H
D ∑ Fext = m aG : ( "
:
9 ?
6 •
4
G
D G ! H" B
ZH
- ' t2 t1 + " @B
<'
→ →
" D ∆t = t2 – t1
7
*B N9 X % ! aG G M! D N9 ∑ Fext 70P
ZH
. (
(
. ) , 7

A → → B : : 0
H
.4.3.1
FB/A FA/B
:" 7# 0A " $ D
- ' 7# * O 0 E"
H"
7H
D )#

! .

H
H"
7H
#
. 8 H"
7H
! H
! F

"
.
: 10 H0
10 A
?9 . "
. " E
: 0
H
0

</ C@
: : 0
H
W
→ →
/! 1 # 1. 8 FB/A ? A
' V 9$ B
' (l 8 FA/B ? B
' V A
' 9% )*
→ → →
FA/B + FB/A = 0 :
-#
- J) ( - .
1' 1.-
→
v1 : E* % 4
m# (2
•
G :
,

R .1.2
: +
-
4 .1.1.2
→ →
amoy a moy X
"=

<' +
!
→
→ v2 → - 7# ;( ) «

)' » ? )@B
∆v v2
. ( +
G4
→
- v1 : +
G
7" .2.1.2
→
" K 7 : 11 H0
%0 D ( 11 –
?9 ) v1 " E4
3
7 K
→
/ ' 3 3
"0 # v2 = v1 = v : ;( D
9 G4

<' . v2 "
.
. H! N =
3 I G4 3 7@ "
→ →
∆v N ' $." amoy N ' → → →
B
8 D ∆v = v2 – v1
3 G4 (
4( : 0 "
→
• → ∆v‫ـــ‬
‫ــــ‬
• . 8. N =
D a moy = :
G
G4 K <"
• ∆t
G4 N ' ! 73 &
( 7 - ' ;

(
<'
•
D "H
4 " " / =
F F +
G
→
• « an : , B. » N
< G 8' 8 H
12 –
?9 . + +, G
+

! :
'
•
N " r /# 7
- D "0 v # " H H "
• • ( E!

0
+ ) +
" ;(
N"
45 6) H ∆θ %‫ع ا> زاو‬qr §,> ∆t 7# 7 *B D 8( ,.
→ → →

G : 12 H0
∆r = r2 – r1 H ' G4 :" D Q )@
- ' P )@

H
→ →
+

4
</ /
M! D r - + ; v ( " . F #4
« "0 ; + » . 7 *B

$."
3
→ → → →
v2 )* 3( v2 = v1 = v : : D v2 = v1 + ∆v : ABC
: 0 !
→
→
Q - E" 8 B

8 F
H!( ∆v N
( +*
r2 • → ⊕ →
< => →
∆r v1 C ∆v →
. ∆r - F 7

B
∆θ

• B →
|∆v|
→
|∆r|
∆θ ‫ ـــــــ = ـــــــ‬: 8 D "4 #
ABC OPQ 0 0
O → • → ∆θ →
r1 v 2 v 1 v r
P
A
789 :0$2 ' ;&
101
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
→ ‫
رة‬
|∆v| v‫ـ‬
‫ــــ = ـــــــ‬
2
→ → v ‫
د‬
→
: <U D |∆r|| = v.∆t : ( " D |∆v| = ‫∆| ـــــ‬r| : "
∆t r → r
v2 → ∆v
(1) ... an = ‫ـــــ‬ : +
G
7" " D aG = lim ‫ ـــــــ‬: G

r ∆t → 0 ∆t
"# $ : +

.3.1.2
12' =0(
T = 24 h : CD E

! *B . ;( “
” ( +

WB
= *

7
/ D “ T :
” ?" "#

< " 2πr ! (
H
) K
! )H 7
7
2πr
T = ‫ ـــــــ‬: " . v "0
H
?6@ 2πr v
v = ‫ــــ‬‫ ـــ‬: 7 7" &' H"
T
7"
2
4π r T
(2) ... T = 2
‫ـــــــ‬ : +
G
"
)" 7" (1) #*
! , "
an
:
EC P 4
,

.2.2
v
→ ⊕
: 0
H
" =
#>

. .1.2.2
• )* 3( N# ;
- v H
"0 " H : ( OH"
→ → v 2
∑Fn an an = ‫ ـــــ‬H
"0 F F+ F " D ( 13 –
?9 ) r "0
r

" ! FB F B D H +

• → → ∑Fn • →
(C) : )* ' : (7

) B

8 + ! (n)
- +
an ∑Fn 2
→ → →
v an v (3) ... ∑ Fn = mv ‫ـــــــ‬ :

</ E! 0
H
E"
• r
«

)' ? » ?" ∑ Fn
F
( . "<
( ," D " 0A 7 7# (
"<
7H
: 13 H0

!
: (3) (2) #*
" : D Z# 7
+
m×4π2r
(4) ... ∑ Fn = ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬
T2
: %
<
# " =
#>

. .2.2.2
( / ' .

F O 0 =
#>

4
.

H
Z

<

" #*
C

"' " <H D " # -
F F! V
!
/ .@
"=

<' . ( 14 –
?9 ) @>
7
. H ( "#
F" /< "( ( . `! )# 7"
•
F3 @>
"

7" %H

) !
"=

<' .

</ -
.
! ! D (#*' H - ' 7
)

: 14 H0

"' " !<H )!
&' E" ( ' %H

"=
/ O#*' %
H !
( %X "
. B . ,>
- =
H
H * O 0 ) ,>
&' )

B 4
D H!

" " B>
=
C
(m) "# $ . /=

(M) !
→
a %
0" "( (* O 0 ,>
( $4
) ;
%

<'
→
Fg . O ;
%
"
D (' # ( )

!
• =
#>
! ,>

K =
Z#
!
r F?D 8 . @.B

< @>
(n ) < =>
,>
"0 ;

! K H /" m 8 F'
F#
. ( 15 –
?9 ) M 8 H ; % /"
' # : 15 H0
,>

!
102
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
H
ZH
/M" D ( (n) : %+

)
8

- +
" X % B"
GmM
(5) ... Fg = ‫ــــ‬‫ ـــــــــــ‬:
)' /

0P
7
7H
M! D ZB>
r2
G = 6,67 × 10-11 N.m2.kg-2 : (S.I)

! 8 # D 4)' 9 G : :
GmM mv2
: =
#>

8 D ‫ ـــــــ = ـــــــــــــــ‬: " (5) (3) #*

r2 r

2π : 8 D T = ‫ ـــــــ‬: /

\

2πr
vorb
:

-

L
B ' E" -
F ' D +
$4

( "

2π
: $4

. ( ;
%
) $4
0 MS : |&
. $4
(H
;

%
)
" "
0 r
: =
#>

-
H

0
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=
#>
- E"
=
E"

2
2

:

. (;
%
) ,>
0 MT : |&
. ,>
(H
;

%
) =
H
" "
0 r = RT + z
. ,>
C H
G. ' 0 z \ (RT ≈ 6400 km) 4
/" " ,a
H
/ RT : "
.

- 0P =
#>

( C@ H"

"
: +* -
: ( .3.2
Q
• : >
H
.1.3.2
# Z' $4
0 /'

E! K

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GIJ =>
P F F’ A
• • • • H !
G
8! - / ( 16 –
?9 ) I /=
KL 2b KL

I /=
B

/ 7

. "0 F’ F #
- ' 8
3

- ! #( .
! #
! E"
2a . 2a "

- ! ( D 2b
GH =>
#>
$(
H (F E
7
) $4
#>

H
. (Aphélie) A H " 0
">
$(
H" ">
H
D (Périhélie) P H " 0
: 0
H
.2.3.2
B
• A *B C $4
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%H
'
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•
M$

C• B H
- ' A H
H D *B 8( , .
D• . B9 *B D - ' C H D (16 –
?9 )
*B : 16 H0

<' CSD ASB
D " 0
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ASB
D . N
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CSD
103
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א א–אא‬
2007
‫
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رة‬
: : 0
H
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( ;
%
) $4

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)

)" '
a : ;( /=
N
"

; $4

"
T2
K = ‫ـــــــ‬
3
: ;( T 2 = Ka3 : 8
→ a
! %)=) vA .
H

C K :
"0
P A : %
<
# L
.4.3.2
M$
4π 2
4π2r3
→ K = ‫ـــــــــ‬ ⇐ T 2 = K r3 = ‫ ــــــــــ‬: E"
vP GM GM
m " 8 #* ;
% M " H! E K "0
'

: 17 H0
K "0
$. #>
(

) K <" D ;

%
→
"( #>
$(
vP 4π2
">
$(
H v→A 8 . $4
0 MS D (
" " ) KS = ‫ ـــــــــ‬: ;(
GMS
4π2
. ,>
0 MT D (
#a " " ) KT = ‫ـــــــــ‬
m v2 GMT
m. n = ‫ ــــــــ‬:

#a +

! ""
7H
D 0
H
E" "
F = m.a
r 4π2m 4π‫ـــ‬2‫ــــ‬
r2 2π r
. H
(
/ m : : D F = ‫ــــــــــ‬ 2
: , " \ v 2
= ‫ـــ‬ 2
: M! D T = ‫ ــــــــــ‬: ( F
K
Kr T v
: %
<
# I D 7B>
F 7H
7" ! K "0
# , "
mM 4π2m ‫ـــ‬ 2
4π‫ــــــــــــ‬
GmM ‫ـــ = ــــ‬GmM
F = G ‫ـــــــــ‬ ⇐ F = ‫ــــــــــ‬
2
= 2 2
‫ــــــ‬2 ‫ــــ‬
2
r Kr 4π r r
: "1 4E .' # ?.

. (3
: "1 4E .' ?? ?.

. .1.3
7H %

</ ( +* D &

! H ( * O 0 # ) O..B F
+ . ( ... D 4
N4 D

D
%H X )
! H #
)@B

0A
' : %
- 0P &

(
D &

H ) &

# ZH H0
- ' !@=" )@B ( " D &

. ( K =
Z# D $B( !

_ 7H
N</ WB / _ 7 7#
" H"
K =
Z# < F
/
%

<' i ' "0 N

< f 7 7H" K =
0 D ."
&

! + H : 18 H0
H 7 ( D H ! ..B %> 0( *B D EH
. H "'
H0
"
4 3 " % D #
.! D K < 0( \ %
- X
</
. K <
D %* ! D F H0 " ! " ( 18 –
?9 ) "
H % D F"
:
I
!
/
8!
t (s) 0,08 0,12 0,16
16 0,20 0,2
,28 0,32 0,58 0,66 66 0,80 1,0 1,00 1,20 1,40
v (m/s) v (m/s) 0,35 0,70 0,92 1,08 1,30 1,45 1,86 1,90 1,94 2,05 2,00 2,00
19 –
?9 . v = f (t) :
" "
0
"
%
2,0 vL %
H ' : + " "
4

"
! ) 4" 7
H
# 8! : H =
%+
•
1,0
.
N</ !
.
) #A! #( %0
τ
0,0 t (s) .
# 3 " ( " "0
# 8! : %

%+
•
0 0,4 0,8 1,2
v = f (t) "
: 19 H0
&

! "
H 104
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
.
N</ ! +
vL = 2,0 m.s-1 : /

H
D
</ 0 ! •
B
) ("
- $
)H H ! 8' . Bg E!

/ : τ

•
τ = 0,32 s :
</ 0 ! . τ " 8 D ( "
+ ) H
« !!
3
=

= )

» (
3
) &

! H 8"4

! "
%>
H : +*
!_
N</ . " C
ZH
WB
O<' /
( P Q7C "

0A
: 20 H0
: % - 70P
ZH
.1.1.3
→
O=9 . g @>
"<
H ! G M! D "

" "
&$@ → B

N</ " "
!>
)@B
g
N5=H →
: ! 0 D ( 20 –
?9 )
g %
- ,>
0A D H0
7H
( H0
L< : H0

! → →
! (,>
) !.P D
# 7# '
g g → →
P = m.g : m
'
) " # D
( P Q7C 0R ! 0S@ :1T → → →
O "0 g " : D g @>
"<
H 3 ) P H0
3
→
FBX :1 : Pa . ,>
C " " (km)
" &@! !
D . )@B ( ( &
/) ) ! 3 % : $B( !

.80U V WD : →π →
% Pr HH
H0
" E.
0
D « $B( !
» - 8. )
N
→
G• 21 –
?9 . Pa ;/+
8 H0
; # D (HH
H0
$) - >
#4 7H" $B( !
7 L<
→ → → →
π = Pr – Pa = – ρ.V. g : S

)
H0
→
101* :1 : Pr : :
C - 7B" : 21 H0
( kg.m-3 ) )

: ρ ∗
$B( !
." "
(m ) ( S

)
% )
%
% : V ∗
3
(m/s2 ( N/kg) "<

G : g ∗
4 D )
"" ZH
N</ E . 8 - Z# 7 ) ! K % )@B : K =
7#
. C
4B
%
D (H
!) #4 7H" *
ZH
N< 4
G
< .

" ZH
N</ #

. K =
7# - D H
"0

:
"

&0" D 7H
" K =
7# 7"
f=kv : : D
)
F
N</ ! K =
7# : .@
# ∗
: : D
)" )
F " 7H
: 7"
# ∗
f = k' v2
→
. v→ G4 $ f G4
D
!
→
Y2T Z= : f :
%
- 0
H
E" .2.1.3
‫ ــ‬O : Z# 0*0 - ' &

! 8H *B ( "
)
%
)@B
→
.80U V WD : π → → →
22 –
?9 . f : K =
7# π→= – ρ V g→ : $B( !
\ P = m g : H0
&0I )* &
N5=H 6) : G • (m) D H

7 *B X D (Oz :
)

B
"B
) "
:
%
- 0
H
E" "
→ → → →
→ →
(1) ... P + π + f = m aG
:1 : P = m.g : D « B

N =
» .>
8
(Oz)
- H="
(2) ... P – π – f = m aG
z dv
⊕ π = – ρair V g P = mg , " D aG = ‫ ــــــ‬: ( %
dt
70P
B
ZH
: 22 H0
&

! H *B "
- 105
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
: 7
@.

- D (2) #*
!
dv
m ‫ = ــــــ‬mg – ρVg – f
dt
: K < D f K =
7# # 7" - # H"
@.

4
y' + ay = b : 4
F ;( . ‫ ــــــ‬+ ‫ــ‬k‫ ـــ‬v = (1 – ‫ــ‬ρV
dv ‫) ــــ‬g : 4

D f = kv : ( ∗
dt m m
: D &

! H
*B

7" L
%0 \ b a "
0
D "
$H "
g
vL = ‫( ـــــ‬ρ – ρair)V
k
:

7"
N</ ! D y' + ay2 = b : 4

D f = k'v2 : ( ∗

ρ " ρ#$ V

: +* I
. #

% ρ

7"

∗
H 7 " (
#
"0) %

%+ =
Q " &

! H
( D "
"0 ∗
. (

5 ) 5 τ : F

( ... D

D "
) "
/
+
!

I 0

N
H 4
① ② : " SV ;<
D X .
& "
(
N< D H
$. ( %>
- 3" »
« H
8! : ;<

" ) 3

," NM" D "# X 8" S P " ! &
: « "( " » ?" 74
8 " <
7 H X . : 23 H0
73 8 B
" D .4 "( 7" D "(
7B" - (
H ! &
" & / 7A! ">
$ . 4 K *"
24 ⓐ –
?9 . &"" 4
" ">
# - '
O ( "
O=B O[P 0 4
H ! "
V D (&

f") &

">
R.
: 24 H0
←
4

H ⓐ 24 ⓑ –
?9 . E! " ">
# - ' F * :"
&

!
H
ZH
0A %
=
F+ " " X &*B
! H
'
4

H ⓑ "<
0A ! 0
N</ ! -H"

0A
" D &

&*B
! . «
H
» ?"
</ : X
← )
ⓐ ⓑ 4 ( 8. G " H %>
D ( =
) &

H X !
: H ! % .2.2.3

D 8 H0 0A F@! 3
@>
)
! "=
4
<
%
)@B :
H

∗
. K =
7# $B( !

→ →
0
H
E" " \ P H0
%( ( $ ( %
) f K =
H
< ( !0 < %
) →
π $B( !
/M"
→
a→G = g→ ⇐ mg→ = ma→G ⇐ P = ma→G : D
106
O
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
0 • G0 ‫
د
رة‬
0,1 . H! (@>
"<
7#) 8 H0 0A
8H !
%

O<' )@B
0,3 z
0,5 : (
H
) %+ " 73

∗
← )
0,7

F F@! F B D ( X) @>
)
!
→ → → →
=1' ` # H g - >
(Oz)
8! 8 :" D ( O , i , j , k )
→
0,9
• G5 k → →
25 –
?9 . g "<
G G4 $"
→ j
i
O
y

"
D → aG = g→ 4
#*
1,1
! _7 %
H
G G4 0
' " " C
H ← '
→ → → →
(∆) : \=
( O , i , j , k ) : 7 8 & g (0,0, –g) : 0
' ! - &F " ( * O 0 )
1,3
x
:
%
G

→

H

: 25 H0
aG (t) { az(t) = – g \ ay(t) = 0 \ ax(t) = 0 }
1,5 Oxyz X @! @( % ! G " (Oz) #4
- %
( +*
→
(0,0, –g) / 8! g 0
' D « %+ " 73
» ( H D "0
az(t) 0 D 26 –
?9 ! C@ /
1,7
• G9 27 –
?9 . >
;
« H!( %H » ?"

H
: 26 H0
⊕ (Oz) X @( % ! : @.

∗
z dv
G4 @.

I D aG = ‫ـــــــ‬G : ( :
az (m.s-2) dt
a! =L ‫ــ‬dv
‫ـــــ‬z = – g \ ‫ــ‬dv ‫ـــــ‬y = 0 \ ‫ــ‬dv ‫ـــــ‬x = 0 : v→G
↓ dt dt dt
0 t (s)
te
az = - g = C : ` '2 Qb : @.

.3.2.3
↓
G4

! H"
@.

0
-g → →

" &' ;( D #

%
OG (t) )@
G4 D vG (t)
G
B : 27 H0
. H

"=
4
! D
</ ( .
" 0'
→ → →
az = f(t) G
)@ / O ("
:" D ( O , i , j , k )
%
B
. (H

" + ) t0 = 0 +
!
: t0
"=
+
! D v0 = 0 : (

%
E )
"' " : H
"
→ →
x (t0) = 0 vx (t0) = v0x = 0
→ →
(*) ???? OG(t0) = OG0 y (t0) = 0 t=0 vG (t0) = v0 vy (t0) = v0y = 0
z (t0) = 0 vz (t0) = v0z = 0
vG (m.s-1)
: M! D H"
7H.
!
@.

:
G4 ∗
vx (t) = Cte ‫ــ‬dv

‫ـــــ‬x = 0
dt
‫ــ‬dv
→
vG (t) vy (t) = Cte
<BA" ‫ـــــ‬y = 0
dt
dv
‫ـــــــ‬z = – g
t (s) vz (t) = – gt + Cte
0 dt

B : 28 H0
: M! D (*) #* " 7
('.k) - ' 7 "
vG = f(t) vz (t) = - gt + C = - gt \ vy (t) = Cte = 0 \ vx (t) = Cte = 0
te
: /
"'
F OH H % G4

D "
→
vG (t) { vx(t) = 0 ; vy(t) = 0 ; vz(t) = – gt }
→
. 28 –
?9 ! V"
B " F" 0 D ||vG (t)|| = vG (t) = gt : 7" " +
#
O<' -
: 8 D
H
*B

# ( " D vG = f(t) "
(
# 7"
107
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
« %+ " H :
H
»
→
→ → dOG
OG )@
G4 z(t) y(t) D x(t)
0
=
- <U D vG (t) = ‫ ( ـــــــــــ‬% : )@
G4 ∗
dt
z (m) : 8 D v→G
G4 vz(t) vy(t) D vx(t) 0
=
"
→ 1
t (s) OG (t) { x(t) = 0 ; y(t) = 0 ; z(t) = – ‫ ـــ‬gt2 }
0 2
: 7" D ( 29 –
?9 ) z = f(t)
B "
0
« 0
=
(" -+ " `! )# G! »
: +*
→
v0
"' " .>
( ( 30 –
?9 ) - >
#4
<H
! ∗

B : 29 H0
=" D ! 7 B

"=
4 " O* D (
"' " H )
z = f(t) (- >
#4
<H
)
G4 )@
G4

( 8.
z :
→
x (t) = 0 vx (t) = 0
→
OG(t) y (t) = 0 vG (t) vy (t) = 0
1
#4 <# : 30 H0
z (t) = – ‫ ـــ‬gt2 + v0t vz (t) = – gt + v0
→ 2
v0 → - >

"' "
k
#4
<H
)
G4 )@
G4

( 8. =" H
$." ∗
. ( .>
: ? (4
: ( 9 ( ? 6 .1.4
G6
G5 G7 : (
<H
) #4 X
"' " <# .1.1.4
G4 G8 « »
( " D ( 31 –
?9 ) #
" "

G3 G9 → →
<# ( . vG (t0) = v0
"' " D t0 = 0 +
! %
<H
G2 → → → →
G10 v0 G4

:" D ( O , i , j , k )
%
B ( D v→0 7
G1 G11 (
<H

) α / E!>
)
) D ( xOz ) #4
Z
!
. 32 –
?9 ! " /
G0 G12 :
O<' / <H
"=
4
: 31 H0

→
x (t0) = 0 vx (t0) = v0x = v0 cos α
→ →
#

E .<# OG0 y (t0) = 0 vG (t0) = v0 vy (t0) = v0y = 0
z (t0) = 0 vz (t0) = v0z = v0 sin α
z
v0 sin α
v0z : M! D H"
7H.
:
G4 ∗
→
v0
v0 cos α vx (t) = Cte ‫ــ‬dv
‫ـــــ‬x = 0
→ dt
k α
→ ← ( cW! ) →
vG (t) vy (t) = Cte
<BA"
→
aG (t)
dv
‫ـــــــ‬y = 0
O i v0x x
dt
G4 0
' : 32 H0
dv
‫ـــــــ‬z = – g
vz (t) = – gt + Cte
( xOz ) %
!
"=

dt
<H % G4

. t0 = 0 +
!
"=
4 " =" D "
0
%#
: / ( xOz ) #4
Z
! 7

"' " F O!<#
(**) ... vG (t) { vx(t) = v0 cos α ; vy(t) = 0 ; vz(t) = – gt + v0 sin α }
108
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
vx (m.s-1) … (1)
vz (m.s-1) … (2) . 33 –
?9 + : "
0
v0 sin α
: )@
G4 ∗
① 0
= " "
<BA" )@
G4 0
' - D 0 "
v0 cos
α : (**) #* " 7

G4
0
② t (s) x (t) = v0t cos α + Cte vx (t) = v0 cos α
→ →
"
0
: 33 H0
OG(t) y (t) = Cte vG (t) vy (t) = 0
1

G4 vz(t) vx(t) 0
c z (t) = – ‫ ـــ‬gt2 + v0t sin α + Cte vz (t) = – gt + v0 sin α
2
x (m) … (1) . t0 = 0 +
!
"=
4 " =" D "
0
%#
z (m) … (2)
: / )@
G4

①
→
x (t) = v0t cos α
② OG(t) y (t) = 0
1
t (s) z (t) = – ‫ ـــ‬gt2 + v0t sin α
0 2
"
0
: 34 H0
G4 %@ ;<
( xOz ) #4
Z
! H! %
D y (t) = 0 : ( "
→
z(t) x(t) : 0
c : F ! D v0
"=

(34 –
?9) ① " " 0 D (Ox)
E! D FH!( + H ∗
(34 –
?9) ② " " 0 D (Oz)
E! D F #4 %+ " 73 H ∗
:
∗
Z
!

- D z (t) x (t)
0
=
" t
<"
z = f(x) : ;( D (xOz) #4
z (m)
x
t = ‫ــــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ x (t) = v0t cos α
1 v 0 cos α
S )* ' z (t) = – ‫ ـــ‬gt2 + v0t sin α : 7"
! , "
→ • 2
v0
g
→ ZC d z(x) = – ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬
2 2
x2 + x tg α :
α P P x (m) 2v0 cos α
e8/ •
0 « `! )# » "
0 D x 3 0

/
. (35 –
?9)
"
0
: 35 H0
: Z
7<
∗
z(x) :

35 –
?9 . ( S : H
) <H

%
83 " G. ' %+( / : 7<

→
D FH!( vG
G4 /
H
N</ WB *3 ' " E 7 D S H
0
'
v0 sin α
tS = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ⇐ vz (tS) = – gtS + v0 sin α = 0 : 8 . vz = 0 : (
2 2 g
v0 sin α
(1) ... zS = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ 1 gt2 + v t sin α 7"
! , "
: z (t) = – ‫ـــ‬ 0
2g 2
H " !
;( D FH!(
%
H ! -#( / : Z

35 –
?9 . (Ox) H!>

) P )H
H O <H
D
! , " . z = zP = 0 x = xP ;( D 8 HH 0
' D
H P Z
H
v02 sin 2α
(2) ... xP = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ :
g
zS
‫ــــــــ‬ 1
(3) ... = ‫ ـــ‬tg α : D (2) (1) #*
: zS 7<
xP Z
" #*

xP 4
109
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
D <H
"=

)
"=
4 " E 7<
Z
%# ( " D H"

"
: +*
→
i
. ( <H

→ x : H!( -
.2.1.4
j
A m 1 M&V e=2' H!( -
&
"' D G1 8 m1 8 (A) % K
36 –
?9 . G2 8 m2 8 (B) B9 % #4
H
0A "
→ "0 7" - D
=
% B "
g B m2 . "0
H!>
/ K '

M" D

y -
: 36 H0
. (B A)

G@
%+

→
. F X N" ' ;<

@>
)
:

)
RN → 37 –
?9 . (B) (A) - H"
B
ZH
0
T1 (B) (A) G2 G1
; D =
% B
( "
G1 •
H =
$.
$. D
G
$. )
$. D
-
→
T2 . ( +
→
P1 → : & - 0
H
E" "
g G2 • → → → → →
∑ Fext = m aG ⇒ m1g + RN + T1 = m1 a→ : (A)
→
B
ZH
0 : 37 H0
P2 → → →
∑ Fext = m a→G ⇒ m2g + T2 = m2 a→ : (B)
→ →
: ( i , j ) 7H
! H="
(1) ... T1 = m1 a ‫ ؛‬m1g – RN = 0 : (A)
(2) ... m2g – T2 = m2 a : (B)
m2g – m1 a = m2 a : (2) ! (1) , " D T1 = T2 : M!
B
7"
( "
m2
a = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ g : / %+
G D "
m1 + m2
x' : - % .3.1.4
B -
&
"' G 8 m 8 D (S) % H
S 38 –
?9 . α
" E!>
%+>

• →
;
D f "0 7 7# `! ( 4B
Z
) K =
Z# ( ,."
.
%+>

B
x α N<

&
' H"
7H.
!
B
$. G"

.
%
G (

-
: 38 H0
: " D 39 –
?9 ! " % G
! H"
B
ZH
→ → →
y → P + RN + f = m a→ : D
%
- 0
H
E" "
x'
RN
→
: ( 39 –
?9) B
3
%
! D S*=

"
f (1) ... Px – f = m a : [
- ] (x'x)
- –
→
)* ,- Px • G (2) ... RN – Py = 0 : (x'x) )
D (y'y)
- –
Px = P sinα = mg sinα : "
⊕ α → f
α Py a = g sinα – ‫ـــــ‬ : D (1) #*
! , "
x → m
P y' : +*
f = 0 : M! D ( $ (
Z
) =
X ! (1
H"
ZH
0 : 39 H0
a = g sinα :
G
z (m) →
g RN = Py = P cosα = mg cosα : D (2) #*
(2
(m) •S )* ' :
,! % 6 .2.4
→
v0 )

"
! : .<# #
→ ZC d ( ,( + .<# ) :
3
)
?
α P P x (m)
e8/ •
0

: 40 H0
110
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
1 ‫
د
رة‬
Epp = mgz : H0 # Ec = ‫ ـــ‬mv2 : # D ( ,( + .<# )
1 mv2 + mgz ⇐ 2
Em = ‫ـــ‬ E = Ec + Epp : / ( ,( + .<# )
# D g "< %+ H !
2 : K =
Z# !

?
→
v0
"' " (40 –
?9) ,>
C - >
m .<# <H
E (J)
. ( <# ) E!a " " α
"
Em = Ec + Epp . (
8"4 (
)
#
+.
(" E" " 7<
#
: " D (. =
$# (") ,>
C z = 0 B
Epp 1
(1) ... E0 = Ec0 + Epp0 = ‫ ـــ‬mv02 : (
"=
.S ) O <H
H ?
→2 →
z = zS \ v→S = vxS i + vzS j : (
.S ) S 7<
R " ?
Ec vzS = 0 \ vxS = v0x = v0 cosα : :
1
t (s) (2) ... ES = EcS + EppS = ‫ ـــ‬mv02 cos2α + mgzS : 8
0 2
: (2) (1) D E0 = ES :
#
+.
(" E" " ?
K =
X ! #
B : 41 H0
1 1
: 7<
# 8 D ‫ ـــ‬mv02 = ‫ ـــ‬mv02 cos2α + mgzS
2 2
E (J) 2 2
v 0 sin α
Em = Ec + Epp zS = ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬
2g : X K =
Z# !

?
Epp ( ,( + .<# )
> #( zS +>
G. =
# D
N</ !
. &

! @ 7
4" B
# & H.
Ec . H0 # - ' F s
#
! H
( ;(
t (s) E0 - |Wm| = ES : 4 "
N</ ! #
+.

0
. &

) K =
Z# H
H
/ |Wm| : :
K =
! #
B : 42 H0
: ( J (5
→ → →
uAB FB/A FA/B : (# * V* H (
. .1.5
A
• •B / *

-
+
* '
mA mB
+* ( ;( D

B - : 3
! "
!
→ →
m A . mB → "
F9 H
(
</ @ H 0 E!
7/+
FA/B = - G ‫ــــــــــــــــ‬ uAB = - FB/A
AB2 .
</ D ( &@
4 ' " H ( 4 ) +*
- '
. &@
"H

<

K *
u→AB F
→
: .2.5
A
• •B
A/B
qA qB 3
"
.
"<
"
.
" 8"4
%X
→ →
uAB F'A/B ' D ;<
"
+
" 8"4 " ;<
D ( 43 –
?9 )
A
• •B . K < X HH
(
qB
:
$.
+>
$
→ q . q → →
FA/B = k ‫ــــــــــ‬
A
‫ــــــ‬
B uAB = - F'B/A D (XIX) 4 )
H
! D * H" 7<

AB2 %X " /. K ) %
.
/
+

4 (
:*O 0 < /
+
N</ " D K
<( +

. @
.
>
%
G4'
"<
"
.
: 43 H0
;<
D "
FHH
F 4
H
D /
+
N</ .
"
"
.
"
EH
B D «
&.
» ?" - $( )
. 1914 % / K.
: ( ' # – )
#
"( D 7 # ( ' # – )
K D

! ' #
<BA ( ;( D #
%# M! D
) . =
) ( " .

F" =
H
. 7 ." 3 ( D

H ;(
N</ #
:
7< ( ' – " )
#
. ZB>

< 7< " WB D ( 44 –
?9 )
7<" WB +*
111
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬

< Ion D

</ - D (;0 - >

$) 8. O#*' -
D )#

!
#
,.B
F
H ' 0>
- ' 7<
#
! B " 4 ! (* O 0

<)
. @ # 7<

M"

</ (B ) )H
' - D
&@

« S » ' H
< D B F# ' <BA 7
4=

(
"V
g=D=J h0i : ( BOHR) /" @! .

H
#
« M.Planck : K*" $ » D 1900 !
(Hγ) &05
' : #
( I
D ( E = h.ν ) 3

. #
« S » / %H"
(Hα)fV (Hβ) K aV (Hδ) A'
;#
%
A" 7.
( 45 –
?9 ) 4' S #
D 1905 !
( / &'&7 ) j(C 809 h0i &*B
! &@
4 ' " H D
4
% % »
. « (! N( D c = 3 × 108 m/s

<
," B
( : 44 H0
:
7< .
D 8 @! /" %# D 1913 !
« %V » 7<
# 3
( 74 – 70 – 7H )
F !V # ," ! '
( 7<
. En ;# Z " 7
λ
- ' Ep - ( # Z 7<
H D ν = ‫ ـــــ‬N
&@ !
c
46 –
?9 . ∆E = Ep – Em = h.ν : : Em -( # Z
I D ( 7 X H #
V ) V ν

( OH" (
F@( / ∆E = Ep – Em = h.ν 7<
# ! 3
( H"
/" 7"
/ ZB>

# M! "0 7< >

# ( " . %V
4' " ( : 45 H0
. V ZB>
1955 – 1879
# (
7< # M! ( # – )
# $
-
7< "
%+
<' D ( H ) #. 7V F# ' <BA ( ' – 7
)
P . ,!
NO ( 47 –
?9 )
7< # "
;#
B
"
M
L " 0 ( E∞ = 0 ) 7<
# 8 > % ;<

;#
Z
( ! . X ' « 7

» " ) 7< 4
/ K

</ D « En < 0 : " » 7< ZB>
#
(
k$0
85= . ∆E #
! 0

3
" F >
6 54 3 2 1
Z=5 : I

:
&@
?
l kCm#
D %V &@
( D 1905 ! 4' (
/ D « 4=
( quanta ) V »
7< /" L< : 46 H0
" 4 4

#
) "
D ∆E . # % &*B
! &@
13,6
En = - ‫ــــــــــ‬ (eV) " ! D ∆E = h.ν : : ν

< L
(
n 2 . 1926 ( photons ) !
0 + - (n=∞) :
7
?
H + e : D
2 H2
- 0,38 (n=6) ( 46 –
?9) ;<
L<
S
#
! /" @.

- 0,54 (n=5)
- 0,85 (n=4) # ( D 1913 ! D SV :
7
!>
) E!

. 7
%H
$ D ( V ) . F# ' <BA
<
- 1,51 (n=3) V " ! D 7V # : V 7< #

. n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … : H
<BA ( D n
- 3,40 (n=2) ->

0 D « >

» - D n = 1 ? H!

( Hα ; Hβ ; Hγ ; Hδ ) / &'&7 . E1 < E2 < E3 < … < E∞ = 0 : #

B : 47 H0
H 7< #

- 13,6 (n=1) 112
077! =' i
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
:
?
(

. 276 : W –1 ) ① : 6
α = 10°
) %H 0 - P = 600 N 8 H0 E H .1
E
- I 0
K
. "0 " Z
- K ! . E!>
)
&

K
< ) . ZB>
ZH
%( &

H"
$B( !

α ( cW! ) .
)
#
7H"
. E
- H"
ZH
5(
. E
- H"
ZH
) %# V D X 8( ,." D @>
)
!
(" E" " 5
H"
7H
8 ( . E!a " " 30°
" ; - D K
" D E
g
" .2
. E
-

:
: / D Z# :*0 E
! 0P 5( .1
→
. P = 600 N 8 # .>
8 D #4 : P 8 H0 ∗
→ → → →

B - RN RT = 0 " D ZB>
ZH " " I 0
- =
: R Z
! ∗
→ →
R = RN : 8 D - >

Z %+>
→
.

: f &

K
7# ∗
D X 8( ,." @>
)
! D
(" D + H E
5
→ → → →
y P + RN + f = 0 : % H"
B
ZH
4
G
→ x' B
! "
B

%
C :
H
"
RN
→ : ZH
4> "
B "
f → Rx = 0 → →
→ R f fx = - f P Px = P sinα
)* ,- Px • G Ry = RN = R fy = 0
→ → → →
Py = - P cosα
⊕ : P + RN + f = 0 4

α α →
Py P sinα – f + 0 = 0 … (1)
x →
y P y' - P cosα + 0 + RN = 0 … (2)
: D (2) (1) #*

R
→ x' f = 104 N ⇐ f = P sinα = 600 × sin10° = 104 N
)* ,- RN = 591 N ⇐ RN = P cosα = 600 × cos10° = 591 N
→ : "H
E!
4
- 0 ZH "
B
.2
⊕ Px • → → →
(1) ... ∑ F = P + R = m a→ : 0
H
E" "
x θ 8

Z %+>

B ;

(x'x) %H
/
-
→
→ ax = a : " D ( 4
+ ) .>

a
Py ay = 0
(2) ... ∑ Fx = mg sinθ + 0 = ma : B
%
! (1) #*
H"
→
P (3) ... ∑ Fy = - mg sinθ + R = 0
y'
a = g sinθ :
G 7" 74" LB D (2)
*B
a = 4,9 m/s2 ⇐ a = 9,8 × sin30° = 4,9 m/s2 B .
A z R = P cosθ : D (3)

•
S R = 519,6 N ⇐ R = 600 × cos30° = 519,6 N B .
h = 10,0 m
G
• r = 3,50 m
• (

. 277 : W –2 ) ② : 6
r
! " " D E

," !
B - . "H
4 " * O 0
F )H $
• O•
. @

"
" $*
@
. 4
! "
)H " 0
D #4
Z
!
V
) "
.
"
" A H
"
Vn . V
) "
4

</ ! G 0
. g = 9,8 N.kg-1 D M = 400 kg
113
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
. S A H
! D (,>
+ V
) ") H0

#
( .1
. S H
- ' G
"
#
( . =
F" F "
" .2
. S - ' A H
*B V
) "
# " B ! i0 .3
:
Epp = mgz : " D / (,( + + ") H0

#
.1
. H0

#
$H B

"=

Z " " G
G.
0 z : :
Epp = 400 × 9,8 × 10 = 39,2 kJ ⇐ Epp = mgh ⇐ z = h : A H
?
A Epp = 2 × 400 × 9,8 × 3,5 = 27,44 kJ ⇐ Epp = 2mgr ⇐ z = 2r : S H
?
→ → →
R . R
! P H0
: / "
- H"
H
.2
S →
( % D (
)
- F R 7H
G ("H
4
+) H
• →
ω• R : 8 D H! ;<
/ H0 " % "
"
→ •G . "
)@ "0 D E = Epp + Ec

#
P
EA = mgh ⇐ EcA = 0 EppA = mgh : A H
?
B → EcS = mgh – 2mgr ⇐ EppS = 2mgr \ ES = EA : S H
?
P
EcS = mg(h – 2r) : "
EppA EcS = 11,76 kJ ⇐ EcS = 400 × 9,8 × (10 - 2× ×3,5) = 11,76 kJ ⇐
: (,>
+
) ")
# "
B
.3
EppS
EcS Ec ! 7

H ; Epp ! W#

H " D +.

#
. "H
4
! "
;#

B 8 D $

EcA
(

. 278 : W –3 ) ③ : 6
" .
#( ' D,>
C - G* * « E » G
#>

" . "
) ! D « (% » 2002 ; ! N
# )@s ;<
« 5 E » 0(
. 2,5 m

«

? » 7
N</ 0 : 4 % 26,0 ,>
C 8.
E!
H

. 7 369
H
*B
5 " ,>
G = 6,67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2 : -

3000 kg m
5,97× ×10 kg
24
mT
. +
H
( "0( .1
;

6378 km RT H
. N 8 " (
822 km z G.
24 h
4
%
.

# * ( .2

7H.
"
# 0 7 ( .3

«

? » 7
N</ 0 : W

. 7 369
H
*B
:
. F X N"
) @>
;
)
!
H
$ .1
. T N MT 8 4
; % ,>
" D S " 8 m 8 FH
H
"
→ →
FT/S = - GmM
‫ـــــــــــــــ‬T uTS : 7H

H
- ,>
E"
→ 2
→ r
T uTS r FT/S S H ;

# r : :
→
• • : D !
m
B
D F →
m T/S = m a : 0
H
E" "
MT
GM → GM →
( "0 a 8 # ; + G : → a) a = - ‫ــــــ‬ T = Cte : : \ a
‫ــــــ‬ = - ‫ــــــ‬‫ــــــ‬
T u
TS
r2 r2
«
,

» M! "0 8 # ; + G
G4 ( " D ;

( W
"
'()
&
v2 = ‫ــــــ‬
: I D a = ‫ــــ‬ GM ‫ــــــ‬
T
: 7"

* r r2
T = 2πr
‫ــــــ‬ : " D v "0
" 2πr !
)# *B % D 7
7 / D

114
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
,-* *.
+

,- : H"

7" , "
& '()
:

# .2
/,/1234533 26,71234,8
v = 7,44 km/s ⇐ &
/.199,,234.
= 7,44 × 103 m/s = 7,44 km/s
2π × (6378+822) × 103
T = 101 min ⇐ T = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬6,08 × 103 s = 101 min
7,44 × 103
: ( D «

H
» 4 % 26 ; 7 369 7 .3
26 × 24 × 60
. OH" 7
H
$. / D T = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬101 min ⇐ 369 T = 26,0 j = 26 × 24 × 60 min
369
(

. 280 : W –4 ) ④ : 6
-1
) :" v0 = 28 m.s #
"
" D ,>
- @ D m = 40 g 7 3
.1
. E!>
) α = 45°
4
. &

0A /M" 7

( A%
_ 7
H D <H
H " " D ! ;( - A4
3 ( 8 D
</ ( / .
3 - 0A " H
H "( H - ' 7
( *
.2
z . K "' V" _
"=

# ( _ <H

g = 9,8 N.kg-1 : )M
(Le Sommet) ) : S
:
→

D &

0A ( "
v0 .
H
# E" " 3
7
α ( X ) @>
)
! 7
A% .1
→
x P = m g→ : H! H0 0A ' 7
)@B
O (La Portée) K : P →
P = m a→= m g→ : 0
H

.→a=→ g : ( ;(
(xOz) #4
Z
! <H
G4
:" D (4
+) <H
H ) O NP" E" F B
: D t0 = 0 :
"=
<H
+
→ ax = dvx/dt = 0 → v0x = v0 cosα → x(t0) = 0
a ay = dvy/dt = 0 X v0 v0y = 0 X OG0 y(t0) = 0
az = dvz/dt = - g v0z = v0 sinα z(t0) = 0
: D t . +
→ x(t) = v0t cosα
<BA" → vx(t) = v0 cosα
<BA" → ax = dvx/dt = 0
OG y(t) = 0 v vy (t) = 0 a ay = dvy/dt = 0
z(t) = - 1‫ ــ‬gt2 + v0t sinα vz (t) = - gt + v0 sinα az = dvz/dt = - g
2

( xP : K ) P H
! / "
!
" D ,>
- 7
'
H
P A4
: zP = 0 >
O <H
H E!
t = 0 s : >

⇐ 0 = - ‫ ــ‬gt + v0t sinα = t (- 1‫ ــ‬gt + v0 sinα) ∴
1 2
2 2
<& =$>?
:;
4 : ;( D P Z
H 7"
+
0 0

@
<&4 =$>? &4 , DHI ,E
A;
&4 BCD E F G
: <H
Z 7" - x(t)
! , "
@ @
&4 , DHI ,E ,9, 2DHI,286° &4 , DHI ,E
xP = 80 m ⇐ A;

90 L B. A;
: Z
∴
@ 7,9 @
: ( " H"
xP 7" .2
→
# >

3
" α = 45° ⇐ sin2α = 1 F+( Z
D v0 ? "0 # ( ?
. +( Z
> 45° / * O (
. xP Z
# 7 v0
"

# 7
O<' . D

"0 # ( ?
115
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
(

. 2822 : W –3 ) ⑤ : 6
. "
%H & ! /" B
*B 7 3 "H
"
0
.
) 7
3 S4
.1
"
O<' / _ O "0 7
G
;( ! .2
_ 7
_ 7
"
O<' / _ F G
C" + ;( " .3
. t2 = 20 s +
! t1 = 15 s +
! : 7
G ( .4
:
:
*B
3 " . B &
( 0*0 "
+s .1
. 120 km/h - ' 0 km/h %+ "

D t1 = 15 s t = 0 s " ∗
.
"0 /" + X H" 160 km/h -

!
D t2 = 40 s t1 = 15 s " ∗
. « B » v(t) )"
> %+ " ! D t < t1 ( O "0 G
.2
. +
N</ " K < -H" D t2 = 40 s +

F&" F G
C" .3
: -
%H
&
" G
' C D B
8 ! "
D t1 = 15 s : +
.4
3,4 3 [&
a = 2,2 m.s-2 ⇐ N
2
,, , L/DD , : 8 D N
36 .,/ [:
384
384R74 3
a = 0,69 m.s -22
⇐ N
2
4, /7 L//D : H
$." D t2 = 20 s : +

,
,4 .,/
(

. 282 : W –5 ) ⑥ : 6
. NOP
8 SP " .T P L/D
,
: 8 G 4 H 2 kg H )@B
. OOOOP
O , ( D Q
Q OOOOOP3
" SP V ,TP V .W OP X
X : 7" " 7 OOOOP Q3
<'
:
OOOOP
Q,
L NOP " Q OOOOP3 : 8 D OOOOP
Q3 V OOOOP Q,
L NOP : 0
H
E" D OOOOPQ, :"
OOOOP
Q,P
7 SP " 9TTP " .W OP X ⇐ OOOOP Q,
,8 SP " .TTP " ZZ" SP V ,TP V .W OWP\ ∴
(

. 282 : W –7 ) ⑦ : 6
3,0 × 10 kg : / G*#=
7
N</ D 8,8 × 10 N : / 747 Q" G 7 )! 7# '
5 5
_ G*#=
G
/ .1
. ,>
&

H"
K
Z# _
0 10 " / D
V
7
H

<' .2
:
: G*#=
G
# D 7
- 70P
7
H!>
7H
/ Q OOOOOPA )!
7# ( " " .1
QA 346
9,9234
ax = 2,9 m.s-2
-
⇐ NA

,, 7 L/D
L ,
L 346
.,4234
vx = axt + v0x = (2,9 × 10) + 0 = 29 m/s : #* " - D
0 10 "
# .2
vx = 29 m/s ≈ 104 km/h ∴
M y (

. 283 : W –8 ) ⑧ : 6
a
x :

- / B A # "
B A mB = 8 × 103 kg mA = 1,2 × 104 kg
. H!( - " K

I D OOOOP
Q4 7# A - 105 kg 7# E"n
M M M
FA/B FB/A F0 . 2 m/s2 8 # F
. B A - H"
7H
OOOOP Q4 ( .1
_

7H
- H"
H!>
7H
/ .2
:
: "
- 0
H
E" " .1
(1) ... YFx = F0 – FB/A = mA ax : A "
- ∗
(2) ... YFx =FA/B = mB ax : B "
- ∗
116
‫א
א א–אא‬
2007
‫
د
رة‬
FA/B = 1,6 × 104 N ⇐ FA/B = mB ax = (8× (8×103) × 2 = 1,6 × 104 N : ( I (2) #*

F0 = 4,0 × 104 N ⇐ F0 – 1,6 × 104 = (12× (12×103) × 2 : D (1) #*
! , "
: 8 D ( "
+ 7H
)
7H
/ D 7H
-
H"
7H
.2
Fx = 1,2 × 105 N ⇐ Fx = mtot ax = ( 8+12+100 ) × 103 × 2 = 1,2 × 105 N
(

. 283 : W –12 ) ⑨ : 6
T1 . (4
) Bg
.(

H mB = 0,3 kg mA = 0,2 kg /
mA :

! (
"
) "
; V
\
!
.1
T2 \ 5 m/s ?"

.2
2
mB \ 2 m/s ?" - ( - '
.3
\ 2 m/s2 ?" .( - '
.4
_ - >

-#>
G
/ D 10 N /
-#>

<' .5
:
: D
- (0
- () >
H
E" "
\ T2 = mB g = 0,3×0,3×9,8 = 2,94 N : (
)
!
.1
T1 = mA g + T2 = (mA + mB)g = (0,2+0,3) (0,2+0,3)× ×9,8 = 4,9 N
. T2 = 2,94 N \ T1 = 4,9 N : (+

) 5 m/s ?"

.2
: D H"

! 0
H
E" "
T2 = mB(g+a)
(g+ = 0,3× ×(9,8+2) = 3,54 N ⇐ T2 - mB g = mB a : 2 m/s2 ?" - ( - '
.3
T1 = mA (g+a) + T2 = 0,2× ×(9,8+2) + 3,54 = 5,9 N ⇐ T1 – mA g – T2 = mA a : K <
: D H"
H
$." : 2 m/s2 ?" .( - '
.4
T1 = mA (g - a) + T2 = 3,9 N \ T2 = mB(g - a) = 2,34 N
: - >
D a "0 G " 7

! \ T1 > T2 :
) ! .5
T1 = Tmax = mA (g+a) + mB(g+a) = (mA + mB) (g+a) ⇐ T1 = mA (g+a) + T2 \ T2 = mB(g+a)
34 – 4,,4,.×
× 7,9 +`dA R Le Lf @
amax = 10,2 m.s-2 ⇐ N
4,,

30,2 L/D , ⇐ N
Le Lf
∴
4,.
(

. 284 : W –13 ) ⑩ : 6
) . 0
H
4"
EH " C D (La d'ATWOOD 9 9 '
La machine d'ATWOOD)
)@ . 7" Bg

M
D *0 E . g $H F@(
- H ! - G D
Vn .
( - ( ) m 73 .

<" K . / M
" C D "0 X. H
" m

#
. 8" E!
4
+ . D !
- H
7 $H" # "0 "
`b,
,_`
@
: ( V"
à:,
,à
. "0 " H
7 / t : :
:
:
&
( & - 0
H
E" "
⊕
(1) ... YFy = (M+m)g M+m)a :
- & " "
)g – T = (M+m
M
T (2) ... YFy = T – Mgg = Ma :
- & " "
M `@
N
: (2) (1)
" T <"
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Mg
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117

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 ‫א

Fe3+(aq) + 3 HO-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) :  .

(%) (4) (  ) ... 7 H

2 H2O (ℓ) = O2 (g) + 4 H+ (aq) + 4 e –

. n0 (I2) = n0 (S2O32-)/2 = C.Véq/2 :  "

∆t→0 ∆t dt : F " 

S2O82- + 2e- → 2SO42- :  " "

2I- → 2e- + I2 : 

S2O82- + 2I- → 2SO42- + I2

[K+] = (40 × 0,1 × 2 + 60 × 0,15) / 100 = 0,17 mol/L

G = k/V(λ1(4 – x) + λ2(9 – 2x) + λ3 . 2x + λ4 . 0,017)

G = k/V(4λ1 + 9λ2 + 0,017λ4 + (2λ3 - λ1 – 2λ2)x) .

v = (1/ V) dx/dt :  . 

:   " " 7 "

v = 1/B dG/dt :  " dG/dt = B/V dx/dt

v (t = 1 min) = 1/42 × 0,0108 = 2,57 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1

8  4" ! Cox = 0,25 mol/L  

: (1)  L<

2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq) : (G ' – 7()  =

2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq)

. %  ) (2) 

I2(aq) + 2 S2O32-(aq) = 2 I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

xmax = (nox)0 = 5,0×10 mol : ;( (nox)0 – xmax = 0 : M! 

xmax = (nréd)0 /2 = 8,0×10-3 mol : ;( (nréd)0 – 2xmax = 0 : M! 

‫" ! ل‬# ‫دم‬%& A B

8 H B  A " : 

‫دم ! ل‬%& >‫ آ‬:34?

 ! L . '% (

. 33 °C  * O 0 8  =

2I- (aq) → 2e- + I2 (aq) : 7a .

0,2 . [120 , 360] (min) : 

xmax ≤ 3,75×10-3 mol  xmax ≤ 1,0×10-2 mol : ;(

B(t = 250 s ; x = 4 mmol) \ A(t = 100 s ; x = 2,4 mmol) : : $ 

V(H2) = 8×10-2 L ⇐ V(H2) = 24,1×3,3×10-3 = 8 ×10-2 L ∴

[Mg2+ (aq)] = 1,65×10-2 mol.L-1 ∴

. t .  + !  . 

: [ NO ](t)  x (t) " #*

[ 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e - = H2 (g) ] ×3 :  

n0(H+) – 6xmax = 0 → xmax = n0(H+)/6 = 1,8 mmol : M! 

100 V(H2) = n(H2)×VM = 2,7×10-3×22,0 = 59 ×10-3 L = 59 mL :  

t (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

137 Y*(9) → Y(9* % % ?.) + γ

. j" _  B %(  

α ... 92 238 %

α ... 92 235 %

α ... 90 230 %0

α ... 88 226 

142 -↘● U 143 %*"

140 ● 140 %0

139 226 α 230

: -#C #   R  (3 -1

:  -#C R  (#- L )

 F   "  ! 

N(0) = N0 e – λ × 0 = N0 × 1 = N0 : t = 0  8> D t = 0 +

NNa = nNa×N = 10 × 6,02 × 10 = 6,02 × 1018 7

t (s) T = t½ = 2 250 s ⇐ t = 2 250 s : 8 

: G  ; C  G  # C (2

. 1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 : <

. me = 0,000 549 u \ m( N) = 14,003 074 u \ m(14C) = 14,003 242 u :  

: ‫ل‬C  ‫"ون‬6 K < ) D ‶

 ! (     7

. 8,1 MeV/(  : 〃 140 54 Xe 〃 〃

ED = 0,90 MeV/(  ⇐ ED = |Eℓ|D/A = |mp + mn - mD |.c2/2 = 0,90 MeV/  :  " (α -⑵

‫א

Fe3+(aq) + 3 HO-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) : .

(%) (4) ( ) ... 7H

. n0 (I2) = n0 (S2O32-)/2 = C.Véq/2 : "

∆t→0 ∆t dt : F"

S2O82- + 2e- → 2SO42- : " "

2I- → 2e- + I2 :

v = (1/ V) dx/dt : .

: " " 7"

v = 1/B dG/dt : " dG/dt = B/V dx/dt

8 4" ! Cox = 0,25 mol/L

: (1) L<

2 I- (aq) + S2O82- (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq) : (G' – 7() =

. % ) (2)

xmax = (nox)0 = 5,0×10 mol : ;( (nox)0 – xmax = 0 : M!

xmax = (nréd)0 /2 = 8,0×10-3 mol : ;( (nréd)0 – 2xmax = 0 : M!

‫" ! ل‬# ‫دم‬%& A B

8 H B A " :

‫دم ! ل‬%& >‫ آ‬:34?

! L. '% (

. 33 °C * O 0 8 =

2I- (aq) → 2e- + I2 (aq) : 7a .

0,2 . [120 , 360] (min) :

xmax ≤ 3,75×10-3 mol xmax ≤ 1,0×10-2 mol : ;(

B(t = 250 s ; x = 4 mmol) \ A(t = 100 s ; x = 2,4 mmol) : : $

. t . + ! .

: [ NO ](t) x (t) " #*

[ 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e - = H2 (g) ] ×3 :

n0(H+) – 6xmax = 0 → xmax = n0(H+)/6 = 1,8 mmol : M!

100 V(H2) = n(H2)×VM = 2,7×10-3×22,0 = 59 ×10-3 L = 59 mL :

137 Y(9) → Y(9 % % ?.) + γ

. j" _ B %(

α ... 92 238 %

α ... 92 235 %

α ... 90 230 %0

α ... 88 226

142 -↘● U 143 %*"

140 ● 140 %0

: -#C # R (3 -1

: -#C R (#- L)

F "!

N(0) = N0 e – λ × 0 = N0 × 1 = N0 : t = 0 8> D t = 0 +

t (s) T = t½ = 2 250 s ⇐ t = 2 250 s : 8

: G ; C G # C (2

. 1 u = 931,5 MeV/c2 : <

. me = 0,000 549 u \ m( N) = 14,003 074 u \ m(14C) = 14,003 242 u :

: ‫ل‬C ‫"ون‬6 K < ) D ‶

! ( 7

. 8,1 MeV/( : 〃 140 54 Xe 〃〃

ED = 0,90 MeV/( ⇐ ED = |Eℓ|D/A = |mp + mn - mD |.c2/2 = 0,90 MeV/ : " (α -⑵

NHe = N. nHe = 6,023 × 10 × 4,464 × 10-2 = 2,687 × 1022 (He "G')

(7,57 × 1010) /(3 × 107) ≈ 2500 kg : ?" H ;

_ kg : 7" D u : 7" 7H D 139 57

mp = 1,007 276 5 u : ‫ل‬eq ‫"و?ن‬L %!‫● آ‬

: ( " D “ MeV ?

: " D N'0

Elibérée = |∆E| = 3,96 × 10-12 J > 0 : / Elibérée %

/ . " >

( me+ = 5,486 × 10-4 u ) β+ "

« G # * !

〝 ( β- 8 α) .. G EC 〞⑧ : 6

: M! 4=

me = 9,109 × 10 kg \ mn = 1,674 92 × 10 kg \ mp = 1,672 62 × 10 kg :

. 158O → +10e + 157 N : β+ K.

∆E = ( 2×5,486×10-4 + 4,001 5 – 4×4,007 3)×931,5 = 0,026 6×931,5 = 24,8 MeV : G.

q = |-q| = |+q| : 4

X. %0 D (1) )@

A B : #* " - D 7 –

.0 : 7 H0 :

U1 U2 U3 : !9 L' .2.1.1

4 -

. 4 R. .0

uC (t) : ‫ن‬#‫ا‬ t (s) 0 15 30 60 90 120 150

t (s) uC (t) Q. "

; ; ; tT = 5 τ = 5×10-12 s : "

(13 heures 0() tT = 5 τ = 5×104 s : "

uC = U0 ⇒ i = 0 : c H ' :

7" H D « ( 9 » - τ = RC : &

i (t) < ًJL τ : 25 H0

: 8 H ( #" .0