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    05 13 2020 03.58.44 (01 10) PDF

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    or ct tn 19108 2090 Pape 12 d FIRST PAGES 132+ Chapter 21 / Optical Properties Concept Check 21.7 Is the semiconductor zinc selenide (2nSe), which has a band gap of 258 eV, photoconducive when exposed to visible fh racition? Why or why no? [Teaser maybe urd at wn wily confatenecastor (Suen Companion Site) 21.13 LASERS ‘Altheradative electron ranstons hertooreescussed are sportaneous thats. an election alls fom ‘high eneray sate 1o a ower one without any extemal peovocaton. These tanto events occur Indopendertly ef one another and at random tmes, producing rodation thats incoherent: theta the light waves are out of phaze wth one another With laser, however coherent ightis generated by ‘lecten trantons inated by an external stimulus; fact, "aor" fet the acronym for ight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ‘Aitough there ae several diferent varieties of laser, the principles of operation ar explained sing he soli state ruby laser. Ruby is semoy a single crystal of 'NzOs (sapphire) to which has been added on the order of 0.05% crs ons. As revousl explained (Section 219), these ions impart to ruby is characteris red coor, more Important, they provide electron state that are essental forthe laser to function. The ruby lari in the frm of ard, the ends of which are Nat, paral, and highly polished. Both ends ee svered such that one is totaly electing anc the other paral transmitng, “The ruby i listed wth ight rom a xenon fash lamp (Figure 21.13). Before his exposure, q vital all the ens arein ther ground states; thats, oa ‘lctons tl the lowest energy levels, 25 represented schematically in Figure 21 14. However, photons of wavelength ‘056mm fromthe xenon lamp exote electrons fiom the Cr ions into higher ener sales. These elactons can decay back nto their ground state by vo ferent paths. Some fall back crcl, associated photon emissions are nt at ofthe laser beam Other electrons decay iio a metastable intermediate sie (path EM, Figure 24.18), where they may reside for upto 3 ms (milseconds) before spontaneous emission (oath MG). In tems of eecronie processes, 9 ms fa relaivel long ime, which means tht lage number of hese rmetasable sates may become cecupiod This situation i incicated in Figure 21.15 6 “The intial spontanecus photon emission by afew of these electrons isthe stimuli that Wiggers an avalanche of emissions from the remaining elections in renee Fore 21 Stansted he byt ands th Fron eed Ne Rese LR Shp a Te Sects Penets c rat V connate Ppa Cnr © 066 by Jahn Wey & Sons, Now York Reprinted ‘peso fd Wiey& Sone, nc) Ly FIRST PAGES Laser 18 ssi rare ea oy c Spernetenay eur tng = intents i = “ant aed the metastable sai (Figure 21.15 c). Of he photons drectod parallel to the long axis ofthe ruby od, some are trarsritad through the petal svered end: others, incident tothe oly sivered end, are reflected, Photos that are not emit in tis axial cretion are lost. The ight eam repeatedly travels back Figue 21.15 Schama epesertatns oho stilted eniesion an ight amplfeason fo aay aa. (2) The ‘heerium ns bette exciton (4) Elcons in some Cremium ns ar ect ite ghee ener stats bye en i ash) Eniss.on Fam metatate tcton states iritated or strated photon that a6 spontaneously eit) Upon reecn fom be shred er, he pte coreauo io stusie enssons as hey traverse the rod eng «) The een rere beam say ented troup he paral svered ed (From Rose, LA Shepard nd Wt ats ‘he Sucre an Preps of tri. Vo 4, Bectonc Peers Copyright 188 J Wey & Sona, New York Repti by pais John ey & Sos ne) eer 21. 14-442 109108 29:19 Page 196 oe FIRST PAGI 134+ Chapter 21 / Optical Properties ‘nd fort along the rd length, anc inkensty increases as more emissions ae stimulate. Urtmatly, a high intonsty, coherent, ae highlycolimeted laser ight bea of short duration is ‘tansmited through the parialysivered end ofthe rod (Figure 21.1 e). This monochromatic red beam has a wavelongth of 0.6983 am ‘Sericonducting materials such as alum arsenide may aso be used as lasers that are employed in capac ik layers and in the modetntelacommunicatons indus. One requirement ofthese semiconducting mater is that he wavelencth Peat tage pete Figure 21.16 For he senicondct laser, schema representations of he simulted recuinaton of excted ‘loons in fe cenducontand wit ols inthe valence band tha geist a acer beam.) Ore exe ‘lst ecobines wi 2 ol: he eneay associat witht ecombinaton is mid asa phono ight (Tho oor etn (states he recombination of archer exced econ ane resurg inthe eision of ‘nother phon cg (

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