MACHINE TOOL.

A machine tool is a type of machine that is used to shape solid materials, mainly metals. Its
main feature is its lack of mobility, since they are usually stationary machines. The
modeling of the part with a certain degree of precision, automation, surface finish, etc. is
done by the removal of a part of the material, which can be performed by chip removal,
stamping, cutting or electroerosion.

The term machine tool is usually reserved for tools that use an energy source other than
human effort, although they can also be driven by people if they are installed properly or
when there is no other energy source.

Around.
Around. The most common and oldest rotating machine, holds a Metal or Wood Part and
rotates it while a cutting tool shapes the object. The tool can move parallel or perpendicular
to the direction of rotation, to obtain parts with cylindrical or conical parts, or to cut
grooves. Using special tools a lathe can also be used to obtain smooth surfaces, such as
those produced by a Milling Machine,or to drill holes in the part.

The lathe is a machine tool that allows machining geometrically shaped parts (cylinders,
cones) These devices are responsible for rotating the part while the cutting tools are pushed
against its surface, cutting the leftover parts into shape chip.  it is mainly used for fast
turning operations of metals, wood and plastic.

The main movement in turning is the rotation and is carried by the piece to which we are
going to shape. The cutting and penetration movements (putting the blade on the cutting
piece) are usually straight and are the movements carried by the cutting tool.

Types

The lathe used for the overview of its different mechanisms is the parallel or cylindrical
lathe. The nature of the parts, the number of them or the special work have imposed the
need for other types that differ, mainly, by the way in which they hold the part or the work
they perform.
The most important are.

Tornos Revolver

They are distinguished from cylindrical sins in that they do not carry counterpoint and the
moving head is replaced by a rotating tower around a horizontal or vertical tree. The tower
has several tool holders, allowing consecutive machining to be carried out by simply
turning the turret

Lathes al Aire

They are used for machining large plate parts on the main axis. The feed is provided by a
chain that is difficult to fix at two points. The piece is then fixed on a large plate on the
main axis. The feed is provided by a chain that transmits, by a ratchet mechanism, the
movement to the spindle, which advances the tool holder.

Vertical Lathes

The inconveniences pointed to the lathes to the air are avoided by making the turning axis
vertical. The piece is placed on the horizontal plate, which directly supports the weight of
the dish. Tools are on carts that can move vertically and crosswise.
Automatic Lathes

They are stirring lathes in which the movements of the turret as well as the advance of the
bar can be performed automatically. They are usually used for the serial manufacture of
small parts.

PARTS OF THE LATHE

 The Bank.
 Fixed Head.
 Main cart of Bancada.
 Transverse Displacement Cart.
 Top Carriage Tool Holder.
 Tool Holder
 Transverse Motion Box.
 Forward Mechanism.
 Threading Screw or Pattern.
 Cilindrar bar.
 Advance Bar.
 Moving Head.
 Mordaza dish (Usillo).
 Rotation Movement Command Levers.
 Headstock.
 Guide.
 Support Legs.

PARTS OF THE LATHE

Turning

Turning is removing part of a part, using a blade or other cutting tool, to shape it. This
process is done using a machine called Torno. Turning is possibly the first machining
operation (shape a part) that resulted in a machine tool. Turning generates revolution
surfaces (cylinders, cones, propellers). The main movement in turning is the rotation and is
carried by the piece to which we are going to shape. The cutting and penetration
movements of the blade (putting the blade on the cutting piece) are usually straight and
carried by the cutting tool.

TYPES OF KNIVES TO MAKE OPERATIONS

 Tuning Curves: It's about getting a carefully finished, accurate shape-like and
polished surface. The chip started must be small. Rounded and broad shapes are
therefore of interest.
 Side cutting blades: Side. They are used to counterand and till very marked angles.
 Interior blades: To machine the inner surfaces of a hole, long body tools and
reduced section are required.
 Choppingblades: serve both to make grooves or throats, as well as to cut on the
lathe.
 Shape blades: They are made with well annealed fast steel bars or planks, finishing
with diesmer files.
 Threading blades: can be considered as shape blades. Its cut varies according to the
profile of the thread to be carved.
 Roughing Blades: Try to start as much material as possible in the shortest possible
time, making the most of both the tool's cutting capacity and lathe capacity.

BASIC OPERATIONS

1. Cylindrical or displacement turning: It is an operation that consists of cylindrical

shape of a rotating material, by the action of a cutting tool.
2. Counterbore: To counterbore is to make in the material a flat surface perpendicular
to the axis of the lathe, by the action of a cutting tool that moves through the
expensive transverse.
3. Center Hole: Make center hole is to open a hole of specific shape and dimension,
with a tool called a center drill.
4. Boring :It consists of enlarge a hole.
5. Threading: The displacement is performed with a very slow feed rate of the tool in
relation to the rotation speed of the part, otherwise grooves would be engraved;
well, the threading is done with a much higher feed rate in relation to the speed of
the part, thus marking a propeller that constitutes the thread.
6. Slotted: It consists of opening grooves in the pieces, if they are narrow, they are
made with a tool of the same width of the slot, but if they are wide it will be
necessary to give the tool a forward movement.
7. Knating: It consists of printing on the surface of the part an engraving by means of a
special tool called "moleta" equipped with a wheel that carries on its surface the
desired engraving and that is applied strongly on the piece to be grinded.

CILINE TORNED

Cylindrical or displacement turning This operation consists of the external or inner

machining to which the parts that have cylindrical machining are subjected. In order to
perform this operation, the pass depth and therefore the diameter of the cylinder are
regulated with the transverse carriage, and the length of the cylinder is regulated with the
parallel carriage. The parallel carriage advances automatically according to the desired
working progress.

In this procedure, the surface finish and tolerance obtained can be a major factor. To ensure
quality when displacement the lathe has to have well adjusted its alignment and centricity.

The displacement can be done with the air piece attached to the clawplate, if it is short, or
with the piece held between dotsand a drag dog, or supported by fixed or mobile window if
the piece is large dimensions and weight. To perform the displacement of parts or axes held
between points, it is necessary to perform the centering points on the axes beforehand.
It consists of machining a straight cylinder of a given length and diameter. Once the cut is
started with the desired depth and feed, the tool automatically scrolls and gets the job done.

Facing.

The face-off consists of obtaining a flat surface by making the tool advance through the
front face of the piece, which is kept in rotational motion attached to a gag plate, a smooth
plate or between points. Unless the part is mounted on a chuck, when its two faces have to
be countered, it must be turned over when the first one is finished and the operation is
repeated with the second.

Since most rebraking is performed on surfaces away from the motor head, for this operation
the tool is usually almost always right. The spindle speed must be determined from the
largest diameter of the surface to be counterbore. The counterbore can be done from the
outside, or from the center outwards but, whatever the case may be, the tip of the tool
should always be at the height of the center of rotation.
CENTRE HOLE

To make a center hole is to open a hole of particular shape and dimension, with a tool
called a center bit.

This operation is generally done on materials that need to be worked betweentheheads or

plate and tip. Sometimes it is made center hole as a pre-step to hole with common drill bit.
Boring.

Boring means widening an existing orifice, obtained by drilling or by a noyó of the

molding.
If the piece is small and has a single hole, the boring is done on a lathe, fixing the piece on
its plate and printing a twist. Vertical chucks and CNC machining centers are used for cubic
parts with one or more holes.
The limitation of cutting conditions in the boring is imposed by the rigidity and overhang
that the tool may have, because if they are not adequate they can produce vibrations. It also
depends on the desired machining quality and hole accuracy.
Boring or boring is a machining operation used to expand or improve the quality of an
existing hole, obtaining greater dimensional accuracy, greater geometric accuracy or a
lower surface roughness, that is, it is necessary when desired very narrow measures or
tolerances that with other operations cannot be achieved.

Threaded.

Thread turning is often performed on CNC lathes,with interchangeable insert carbidetools

that already have the thread profile of machining adapted.

Threaded by rolling
When large quantities of threaded parts are required, lamination is used instead of
chipremoval. In this method the fibers of the material are not cut but displaced. This
reduces manufacturing time, extending tool durability, as well as reducing material
leftovers.
Rolling threading can be performed various types of lathes, machining centers and CNC
lathes. The diameter of the thread flanks is taken into account here. The mechanical and
functional characteristics of metric screws, cemented and tempered is found in the UNE-
EN ISO 7085:2000 standard.

TRONZATED AND SLOTTED

In parting and grooving, process safety and productivity are two important aspects. With
the right adjustment and choice of tools, many difficulties can be avoided when parting.
Problems such as nipples and burrs, tool breakage, chip jamming, poor surface finish of
parts with complex grooves, incorrect coolant pressure, long overhangs, and many
vibrations can result in the need to dispose of expensive components. To help you avoid
these specific difficulties and perform successful parting and grooving, we offer the
following recommendations and tips.

Bucking

Parting operations are usually performed on bar feed machines, often with mass production.
Typically, parting is only a small part of the total machining time of the part and therefore
is not usually an area of focus for time savings. However, after the parting sequence, some
parts have additional features for machining on the secondary spindle. If the chips wrap
around the part, they can prevent the next part from being clamped on the secondary
spindle. In this case, the machine will produce defective parts or even stop. Chips tangled
around the finished part can cause problems in the following operations (heat treatment,
deburring, assemblies, etc.) and damage the surface finish. As parting is often one of the
last features in the part, safety is of great importance. If the tool breaks during parting, the
part is usually discarded. This can result in prolonged downtime.
 1. Shallow swiping2. Half-sly3. Deep trunking
Profiling
Profiling is used to machine complex grooves. Mere access to the slot can be challenging.
Finishing and surface integrity are the most important factors. For example, many
aerospace engine parts contain complex grooves that are difficult to access and have an
outstanding surface finish requirement. The shape and material (often difficult work
materials) of these parts make grooving-profile making the grooved-profile the best
solution.

Parts with complex grooves in hard-to-machine materials are often very expensive to
manufacture. Ensuring process safety can be challenging due to the combination of slot
access and complex material work. When machining components in a complex way, look
for inserts that increase the efficiency of profiling-slotting. Replace conventional tools on
the right and left with a single tool to minimize the number of tools needed. This results in
fewer tool changes and more turret space. The use of profiling inserts usually offers a way
to remove a lot of material in a short time.
Knurled.

With the knurling it is intended to equip a piece with a rough surface evenly formed. The
knurling can be done on other machine tools, and even on flat surfaces, but is usually done
on cylindrical surfaces on thrones of one type or another. Typically, it is a cold forming
operation with no chip removal, for which tools are used. These are equipped with
tempered rollers that compress against the rotating part with sufficient force to stamp on the
metal an embossed drawing of rhombic striatum. Other types of grinder reduce chip-
starting knurling and work by pressing less on the part, so it does not tend to combine it and
are therefore preferable when it comes to tilling the small diameter piece and working on
automatic machines.
Chamfered.

Chamfering is a very common turning operation that consists of killing the inner and outer
edges to avoid cuts with them and in turn facilitate the work and subsequent assembly of
the parts. The most common chamfering is usually 1mm by 45o. This chamfer is made by
directly attacking the chants with a suitable tool.

OUTER GROOVING

The goal of grooving is to achieve high productivity. Outdoor grooving is often less
demanding than parting and therefore easier to achieve safety in the process. This allows
attention to be focused on improving productivity, especially in wide grooves because they
require more time and have a greater impact on the total machining time of the part than a
small groove.
 
Outer grooving methods
In deep grooves, process safety can be challenging due to the need for long overhangs, the
difficulty of chip evacuation, and the complexity of ensuring coolant access to the edge.
Single-cut grooving is the most economical and productive method for generating grooves.
However, if the groove depth is greater than the insert width, it is possible to use multiple
grooving, axial feed turning, ramping, or profiling to create the groove. In outer grooving,
the first choice will be a tool with high precision coolant.

INNER GROOVING

Long waves and poor chip evacuation are two of the most problematic aspects of internal
grooving. Long overhangs can cause both deflection and vibration problems. Vibrations
and poor chip evacuation can cause insert breakage. Chip evacuation difficulties can also
make surface finish poor. The most common internal front grooving process is radial
grooving, although multiple grooving (A) and plunge turning (B) can also be used.

Milling machine.

A milling machine is a machine tool used to perform machine machining by chip removal
by moving a multi-edged rotary tool called a cutter. By milling it is possible to machine the
most diverse materials, such as wood,steel,ironcasting, non-ferrous metals and synthetic
materials, flat surfaces curves, notch, groove, toothing, etc. In addition, milled parts can be
roughororororord or tuned. In traditional milling machines, the part moves closer to the
areas to be machined to the tool, allowing to obtain different shapes, from flat surfaces to
more complex ones.

It is a machine tool where the cutting motion, which is circular that corresponds to the tool
(strawberry).
The piece has the movement of advancement and can be moved in several directions,
following different paths, allowing it to obtain pieces of the most varied geometric shapes,
such as:

 Polyprismatic parts
 Slotted and drilled parts
 Gears
 Helical and spiroidle cams
 Etc.

Milling is essentially the cutting of the material that is machined with a multi-tooth rotary
tool called a cutter. It executes movements in almost any direction of the three possible
axes in which you can move the table where the machined part is fixed.

Milling is called cylindrical when the cutter shaft is arranged parallel to the surface to be
machined. In this case, the cutter can rotate counter-feed, being called normal milling or in
the same direction, which is the milling in accordance. When the cutter shaft is
perpendicular to the surface of the machined part, it is called front milling.

PARTS OF A MILLING MACHINE.

Most milling machines have autonomous electric drive motors, cooling systems, variable
spindle speeds and electricallydriven tablefeeders.

Let's look at the main parts of any milling machine with an image:
TYPES OF MILLING MACHINES.

Simple milling machine

It's the most elementary. It has a horizontal cutter shaft. The table has a vertical
displacement driven by a screw and on it the carriage moves parallel to the cutter shaft. It is
simple to build and easy to handle. It is used more advantageously than heavy-duty
universal milling machines, as the trolley offers longer guide length, which gives greater
stability and prevents rapid wear. The advance of the cart is automatic, not so the
movement of the table is made by hand. The different speeds required are obtained by
means of a gearbox on the head when in the old ones it was obtained by a cone with
pulleys. 

Universal milling machines

They are similar to flat milling machines,differing from these in that the carriage is rotating
around a vertical axis. This type of milling machines is not suitable for heavy work,
because the slides of the slide are short, so that the carriage when turning does not stumble
with the body. In this way, in addition to the poor stability of the carriage would result in
rapid wear in convex form, of the guides. They also have a gearbox and are powered by an
individual motor. 

Flat milling machines

Like the previous ones it has the cutter shaft horizontally. The table consists of a real bench
on which the cart slides that is long and similar to those of the brushing machines. The
bench in this case is fixed, and it is the full head that has vertical displacement. The cutter
shaft has an outer support whose height is graduated next to the head. The carriage has two
movements: transverse and longitudinal, which are performed automatically.
Vertical milling machines
This type of milling machines, has the head very similar to the drilling machines. The table
has vertical movement, on which slides the carriage that has transverse and longitudinal
displacement. In some machines of this type, the trolley is rotating, just like in universal
milling machines. The cutter-bearing shaft can also be moved vertically. This type of
machine is widely used for ribbing and shaving,by the arrangement of the shaft. In the other
mechanisms it differs very little from the other types of milling machines. 

Special milling machines

Milling machines to development. They are mainly used for the contraction of cylindrical
and helical gears, crowns and their corresponding auger screws,plates for chain
transmission, etc.
Copying milling machines
In the case of playing figures or engravings, recorder or copier milling machines are used.
Some of these milling machines are used to engrave planes, as they have movement only
horizontally. There is another type of large site machine that is used to copy parts in three
dimensions. It has a great application in the construction of dies, stamps and coquillas to
melt metals.

MILLING OPERATIONS
With the increasing use of numerical control milling machines are increasing the milling
operations that can be performed with this type of machines, being that milling has become
a multipurpose method of machining. The development of the tools has also helped to
create new milling possibilities as well as significantly increasing the productivity, quality
and accuracy of the operations carried out.

Milling consists mainly of cutting material that is machined with a multi-edged rotary tool,
called teeth, lips or carbide inserts, which executes programmed bench feed movements in
almost any direction of the three possible axes in which the table where the machined part
is fixed can be moved. The milling tools are characterized by their outer diameter, the
number of teeth, the passage of the teeth (distance between two consecutive teeth) and the
milling system in the machine.

In universal milling machines using the appropriate accessories or in numerical control

milling machines, the following milling ratio can be performed:

Planned.
The most common application of milling is the planned, which aims to achieve flat
surfaces. For the planning are usually used cutters plan of interchangeable carbide inserts,
there is a very varied range of diameters of these cutters and the number of inserts that each
cutter assembles. Insert manufacturers recommend the use of round inserts or 45o angles as
an alternative.

FRESH IN SCHOOL.
Square milling is a variant of the plan that consists of leaving perpendicular steps in the
machined part. To do this, square or rhombic inserts located on the tool holder are used
appropriately.

This operation is frequently used and is usually performed with gliding and squareing
cutters and grooving cutters. Being shallow, it allows for greater radial machining. It is
common for these cutters to replace glide cutters, particularly when the axial pressure on
the part is limited and when there has to be accessibility next to vertical faces or sections of
the attachment. Oversized square cutter options provide good accessibility when milling
surface squares in deep places.

PROFILE MILLING.
Profile milling is a common milling operation. Round inserts and radius concepts are
cutters used for roughing and semi-roughing while spherical tip grooving cutters are used
for finishing and super-finishing.
 

The profile milling process

Profile milling covers multi-axis milling of concave and convex shapes in two or three
dimensions. The larger the part and the more complicated it is to machine its configuration,
the more important the planning process becomes.
The machining process should be divided into at least three types of operations:

 Roughing/semi-roughing
 Semi-finished
  Finish

Sometimes it is necessary to apply super finishing, with high speed machining techniques.
Milling of excess material, also called debris milling, is included in semi-finishing and
finishing operations. For the best accuracy and productivity, it is recommended to perform
roughing and finishing on independent machines, and to use specific machining tools for
each operation.
The finishing operation should be performed on a 4/5-axis machine tool with advanced
programming software and techniques. In this way you can significantly reduce, or even
eliminate completely, the laborious manual finishing work. The end result will be a product
with better geometric accuracy and higher surface structure quality.

SLOT MILLING
Slot milling is an operation in which lateral and planned milling is often preferred versus
grooving.
 Cavities or grooves can be long or short, closed or open, straight or not straight,
deep or shallow, wide or narrow.
 The selection of the tool usually depends on the width and depth of the groove and,
to some extent, the length.
 The type of machine available and the frequency of the operation will also
determine whether to use a grooving cutter, a long edge cutter or a disc cutter.
 Disc cutters or side milling and milling offer the most efficient method for milling
large amounts of long and deep grooves, especially when using horizontal milling
machines. Increasing vertical milling machines and machining centers, however,
 mean that groove cutters and long edge cutters are also frequently used in various
groove milling operations.

CHAMFER MILLING.
Chamfers, V-bezels, recesses, weld preparations and deburring along the edges of the parts
usually involve chamfer milling operations. These operations can be performed in a variety
of ways, depending on the type of machine and setting available. You can use a small plan
ingemill, a long edge cutter, a grooving cutter, or a chamfer cutter.

TORNOFRESADOThe milling lathe is defined as milling a curved surface as the part

rotates around its center point.
Eccentric shapes that differ considerably from those produced with conventional milling
methods or turning operations are often lathened. This method allows a high metal starting
speed with excellent chip control.

 Only when the cutter advances in a radial direction during rotation can a cylindrical
surface occur.
 Moving the cutter simultaneously in two directions makes it possible to produce
eccentric surfaces such as tree cams.
 A movement on more than 2 axes requires a tool with ramping capability.
 5 axes are required to machine a conical shape.
  Lathe milling of complex profiles, such as turbine slats, requires simultaneous
movement on 5 (or 4) axes, 2 or 3 for the part, and 1 or 2 for the tool.
 Moving the cutter forward on more than 2 axes while the part rotates
simultaneously allows you to produce parts such as turbine blades.

Principle of advancement
During the milling lathe process, the milling tool must advance towards the part in a radial
direction. The rotation speed of the part shall correspond to the feed per tooth
recommended for the insert. The cutter must be removed axially.

MANUFACTURE OF GRAINS.
In the changing landscape of gear manufacturing, choosing the most efficient and accurate
gear machining method and tools is critical. The part, production process and lot size
determine the choice of tool and the method of manufacture of the gear.
Gear machining is performed on the untreated material and its challenge is to acquire
narrow dimensional tolerances. Careful preparation of the quenching phase provides
relatively simple hard part turning operation, followed by hard part machining of the gears.
In hard part turning, predictable machining and a good surface finish are essential. All this
must be accompanied by profitability.
The gear machining process will change dramatically as a result of the emergence of
electric vehicles, new transmission designs and the simultaneous need for flexibility and
productivity. The focus will move away from conventional gear machining machines and
multitasking of gears/striates will be the norm. Power skiving will occupy the central stage
as it will replace the forming, brushing and laminate of striates along with, to some extent,
the carving with mother cutter.
FRESHING OF NEEDLES AND CAVITIES/ACCOMMODATIONS

1. Linear two-axis ramping

2. Circular ramp machining
3. Enlarge a hole
4. Milling/machining on an outer circular ramp
5. Milling in "plunge"
6. Interrupted milling
7. Trimming methods
 8. Closed cavities or angles

Hole milling: cavity machining

 Cavity machining in a solid piece

 Enlarge a hole or cavity
 Opening/extending a cavity or housing

Cavity machining in a solid piece

Linear ramp ingasing

Interrupted milling
 
Open a slot
When milling a hole, it is always preferable to apply linear ramp machining (2 axes at a
time) over interrupted milling.
Interrupted milling is an alternative hole machining method that often produces long chips
and generates unfavorable cutting forces in the cutter.
Opening a hole or cavity
 
 Drilling

Circular ramp machining

Ramping of a cavity
 
Drilling is the traditional and fastest method for producing a hole, but chip breakage can be
challenging in some materials and lacks the flexibility to create different diameters and
shapes that are not round.
Circular ramping (3 axes at a time) is a less productive method than drilling but can be a
good alternative in the following cases:

 Large diameter holes when machine power is limited.

 Short series productions. For diameters greater than 25 mm, as a rule: milling is
cost-effective in series of up to 500 holes approx.
 When machining a range of hole sizes.
 Tool storage with limited space to store multiple bit sizes.
 Production of blind holes requiring flat bottoms.
 Parts not rigid, thin wall.
 Intermittent cuts.
 Materials difficult to drill due to chip breakage and chip evacuation.
 When there is no cutting fluid.
 When milling cavities/housings ("non-round holes")

Enlarge a hole or cavity

Circular ramp machining

 Circular milling
 
Enlarge a hole
The fastest method is boring, for the same reasons as drilling, but hole milling is sometimes
a good alternative. Two alternative milling methods can be used: circular ramping (3 axes)
or circular milling (2 axes). Circular ramping is preferable when the hole depth is greater
than a p max. or in vibration-sensitive applications. In addition, the roundness/concentricity
of the hole is better when machining a ramp, especially if the overhang is long. Rotating the
part instead of moving the cutter in a circular path improves the roundness of the hole in
both milling and circular ramping operations.
Enlarge a cavity
Inner shoulder milling and plunge milling require a pre-hole, and should be compared to
ramping of a cavity in a solid block.

 Ramp machining (3 axes) is more advantageous because it only requires one tool
and allows 3D shapes to be machined, making it suitable for profile milling. When
applied with high feed techniques (light and fast), cutting forces adopt a favorable
direction that minimizes vibration problems.
 Plunge milling often solves problems arising from long overhangs and/or deep
cavities.
 Inner shoulder milling requires more programming than plunge milling, but is
faster.
 Inner shoulder milling Milling Milling in "plunge"

 
Debris milling (leftover material)
After roughing a cavity, especially in the corners, there is usually excess material. Plunge
milling with a smaller cutter is one of the methods used to approximate the final shape.
Trimming (light and fast) is another technique frequently used for corner milling.
Trochoidal milling is a type of trimming technique that is also used for milling grooves,
cavities, etc.

Corner plunge machining Cutting technique: light and fast

 
 Cutting in Trocoidal corners

Milling in "plunge"
In plunge milling, machining is performed at the end of the tool instead of the periphery
and this is an advantage because it changes the direction of the predominant cutting forces
from radial to axial. Plunge milling is usually an alternative method when vibrations
prevent lateral milling.

Drilling.

Drilling is that process of making parts by which a hole is obtained as a final result; this
hole can be primary or produced by further processing of the primary hole.

The fundamental movements of the drilling process are performed by the cutting tools and
are: rotating around the geometric axis of the tool (main movement) and the linear
displacement in the direction of the tool axis (movement advance). However this process
can be performed on machines of the type lathes with some specific peculiarities given by
the movements of these machines.

Given the configuration of the basic tool, the drilling process acquires more complex
characteristics than in other processes, the cutting operation is performed by the two main
edges, with the core or edge bridge and the secondary edges. The cutting speed, along the
main edges is variable and in the core area is very low, becoming null in the center. That is
why in this area the metal is not cut, but practically compressed there is high friction and a
high generation of heat and high temperatures.

The secondary physels have no angle of incidence so the friction is high, these
characteristics of drilling make the process perform ed in more difficult conditions than
during turning.
Parts

All drilling machines have a number of common basic components, which are: a column, a
base, a drill head equipped with motor and accessories, a work table and a crank.
Depending on the type of machine and its complexity, other components are added. As the
simplest, the bench drill has only the above parts.
Type of drilling machines

Drilling machines are classified into several fundamental types:

1. Bank drills
2. Vertical column drills
3. Radial drills
4. Multi-spindle drills
5. Special drills

Bench Drills:
it is used for the elaboration of small diameter holes (0.25 x 12 mm), its installation is
carried out on metal wooden benches with fixing by screws.
Column Drilling Machines:
These machines are characterized by the rotation of a vertical spindle in a fixed position
and supported by a modified type C construction frame. The family of column drilling
machines consists of. Simple belt drive drill, sensory drill, gear feed column drill, heavy
duty production drill, precision drill, and deep hole drill.
Gear feed column drills and pulleys are characteristic of this family of machines and are
best suited to illustrate the nomenclature and main components of this type of machine.
are used to make holes with diameters up to 75 mm, these machines are characterized by
having a vertical column on which the gearbox is installed with the motor, the feed box and
the table, the latter with the possibility of vertical displacement and in some cases with
rotation relative to the column and rotation on its axis of symmetry.

Radial drilling machines:

These are identified by the radial arm that allows the placement of the head at different
distances of the column and also the rotation of the head around the column. With this
combination of head movement, you can attach and hold the spindle to drill anywhere
within the range of the machine, contrary to the operation of the column drilling machines,
which have a fixed spindle position . This flexibility of spindle placement makes radial
holes especially suitable for large parts, and therefore the capacity of radial holes as a class
is greater than that of column holes.
are used for drilling holes in large parts, and with holes in large parts, and with holes
located at considerable distance from each other, in machines of this type, matching the
hole shafts and the tool is achieved by moving the drill spindle with respect to the fixed
part.

Horizontal drilling machines:

This family of machines is manufactured for drilling operations in general with the spindle
mounted horizontally. These machines represent another standard evolution for solving
manufacturing problems. Most of the drilling is done vertically because it is preferable to
have the help of gravity when advancing the bit, but sometimes it is impossible or
inconvenient to place the part for vertical drilling, then the horizontal drill is used. In
special machines of simple use there are many advantages for horizontal mounting of the
spindle. The horizontal drill tends to facilitate chip removal and lends itself well for
automation and for the design of transferable type drilling machines.

Turret drilling machines

In recent years, turret drilling machines have increased in popularity for both small orders
and production operations. These machines are characterized by a multi-spindle turret
mounted on bench or table to heavy-duty machine with eight-sided turret, for relatively
simple operations, the part can be placed by hand and the turret can be made advance by
hand or mechanically, to execute a certain number of operations such as those performed
on a multi-spindle drilling machine. The tortea drill becomes more and more a time-saving
device. The last use of the tortea drill is when placed in combination with a positioning
table for precise placement of the part.
Multi-spindle drilling machines
This family of machines covers the entire field from the simple group of column machines
to those specially designed for specific production purposes.
Standard multi-spindle machines: they consist of two or more standard columns, heads and
spindles, mounted on a common base
Multi-spindle drills make it easy to execute a fixed sequence of drilling features by moving
the station-to-station part along the table.
The most common applications of such machines are to eliminate the tool change for a
sequence of operations. Although multi-spindle drilling machines are still manufactured,
they are rapidly ceding their popularity to turret drilling machines.

Special drills:
are used to perform one or more operations on a given part; because of its features do not
support readjustments for machining other parts. These machines are widely used in the
automotive industry and in large agricultural machinery factories, in them they perform
drilling, boring, threading and milling operations, can work on separate lines or be part of
lines in chains or automatics.
Typical drilling operations

Apart from the operation known as drilling itself there are other operations, such as:

 Drilling
 Peck
 Drilling
 Mandrilado
 Countersunk
 Reaming
 Flare
 Threaded
 Surface counterbore
 Cutting circular grooves or discs
 Slotting

TALADRADO
Drilling is usually done well into the manufacturing process, when previous operations
have already increased the initial value of the part. Drilling, while seemingly simple, is a
complex operation in which overcoming tool capacity or tool failure can have serious
consequences.
TALADRADO IN IRREGULAR SUPERFICIES
Drilling on uneven surfaces can generate excessive and uneven forces on the drill edges and
this, in turn, premature wear. It is important to follow the guidelines and reduce progress
when necessary.

TALDRAED IN PLUNGE
Drilling in plunge or half cane is an effective method for roughing cavities; it allows to
create a deeper cavity or hole by repeated axial cuts with a bit or with a cutter and is
especially suitable for roughing machining. It is power efficient, productive and reduces the
demands on the machine spindle because the main cutting forces occur in the axial
direction along the spindle. The inner axial milling starts by drilling a hole for the half-can
machining tool.

MECHANITY IN CIRCULAR RAMPA WITH INTERCHANGEABLE PLAQUITA

BITS
A rotary tool drills the hole along a circular path while simultaneously advancing in the
axial direction. This method can be used to machine existing holes. Circular ramping is a
circular ramping operation where a tool, typically half the diameter of the hole, is used with
the recommended ramping angle for the tool.
TREPANADO
Climbing is a technique used to drill larger hole diameters when machine power is limited
as it does not require as much power as conventional drilling, where the entire hole is
transformed into chips. The climbing tool does not machine the entire diameter, but only a
ring on the periphery. Instead of removing all material in the form of chips, a core is left in
the center of the hole. Therefore, this method is used for applications with through holes.

PACKAGE TALADRADO
Packet drilling is a method used to drill large number of holes in plates of reduced
thickness. Typical applications include drilling baffle plates for heat exchangers and bridge
parts.
Reaming
It is used to slightly enlarge a hole, provide a better tolerance in its diameter and better its
surface finish.

INTERNAL THREADING
 This operation is performed by means of a crush and is used to cut an inner thread into an
existing hole.

Flare
a staggered hole occurs in which a larger diameter follows a smaller diameter partially
inside the hole.

Countersunk.
It is a similar operation to the mouthless except that the step in the hole is cone-shaped for
screws and flat head bolts.

Focused
Also called central drilling, this operation drills an initial hole to precisely establish where
the next hole will be drilled
MANDRINADO
To increase the size of a hole to a diameter with high precision.

Grinding
Machinetool, used to perform machining by abrasion, with greater dimensional precision
and less roughness than in machining by chip removal. The parts that are rectified are
mainly of heat-treated hardened steel. Robust abrasive discs called grinding wheels are
used for grinding. 

Grinding is then applied that the part has been subjected to other machine tools that have
removed the major impurities, leaving only a small surplus of material to be removed by
the grinder accurately.
Metal metal rectifiers consist of a frame containing a rotating grinding wheel composed of
abrasive grains that are very hard and resistant to wear and tear. The turning speed of the
grinding wheels can reach 30,000 rpm, depending on the diameter of the grinding wheel.

The grinder is a tool that performs the grinding process by abrasion. It has as a material
removal tool a robust abrasive wheel which makes it not have a defined edge.
With this machine you get a finish of the part with more precise dimensions and lower
roughness than a chip removal process.

In the machining of parts there are two processes by which a part is shaped by material
removal. These processes are chip or abrasion removal.
In the abrasion machining process, the edge used to remove material is not defined. One of
the tools to be able to perform abrasion machining is the grinder.
Parts of a flat grinder

Parts of a universal grinder

Surface rectifiers

Type I surface rectifier

Most type I surface grinders are used to rectify a flat workpiece surface, usually at a surface
equal of 0.0002 in. However, this type of grinder can also be used to machine contours in
the workpiece. The wheel can be defied in the reverse shape of the desired one in the
workpiece, and then the outline can be frosted on the part.

The workpiece is usually held in a magnetic chuck and traveled under the rotating wheel
with the table. In turn, the table is mounted on a stand that provides the transverse
movement of the table under the wheel. In some models, the grinding head is moved with
the wheel transversely to the surface of the workpiece instead of the table being on a stand.
The size of these machines can vary greatly, from the small ones of 4 by 8 in. grinding area
up to 6 by 16 feet and larger. The vast majority of these types are 6 by 12 in.

Horizontal spindle and rotary table rectifier

In this the axis of rotation of the table can be tilted a few degrees for operations such as the
hollow grinding of circular slains. When the sealing joints are frosted in this form, the
resulting pattern of circular zest provides exceptionally good celling.

Vertical spindle and reciprocating table rectifier

One form of this design is the guide rectifier, which adapts well for long and narrow
workpieces, such as for grinding guides from other machine tools. Typically these grinders
are equipped with auxiliary usillos so that all the configuration of the guides can be
completed in a single assembly of the part in the machine.

Rectifying for caresing

This typically uses a segmented wheel mounted on a horizontal spindle, so that the spindle
end is presented to the part. This machine is especially suitable for the fairing of wide
vertical surfaces.

Cylindrical rectifiers

The cylindrical grinding name covers a large number of machine tools for grinding,
including those that rectify workpieces mounted between centers; Heavy end workpieces
mounted between chumaceras; Rectified without centers and internal grinding, either with
the loose piece in a chuck or in the form of clamping without centers.

Center-type cylindrical rectifier

The fundamental form of cylindrical grinding is done with the workpiece mounted between
centers. By accuracy the workpiece is rotated between dead centers between the two ends,
giving movement to that piece by means of a dish that rotates concentrically with respect to
the center of the head of the machine. The cylindrical grinder is always able to rectify also
conical parts, by oscillating the table around a vertical axis, in the way of the table of a
universal milling machine. It can also be used vertically moving the wheel relative to the
workpiece, without the table having any movement.

Roller rectifier

It is used to finish and refill the rollers used for hot and cold finishing of steels and other
metals. These rollers are typically very heavy, so they are supported in stumps for grinding,
just as they are when working in the rolling mill in which they are used. In addition, due to
the weight of the rollers the rollers are designed so that they rotate the rollers in a fixed
position and that the head of the machine moves along rails that are parallel to the roller.
When the roller is to be used for cold steel laminating, an operation in which high pressures
are required, the machine is adjusted to rectify a slightly convex curvature roller to make
the product flat. In rollers for laminate or hot stretching, the reverse happens, and is
compensated by grinding the roller with a slightly concave shape. For smaller roller
applications, some rollers are rectified between centres and in simple cylindrical grinders,
and sometimes in abrasive-coated belt grinders that can rectify the entire surface in a single
step.

Recheror without centers

It is usually a machine that serves to work on the outer diameter of a cylindrical workpiece.
These machines are usually used in high production jobs, but are by no means limited for
simple cylindrical parts. Certain parts with different diameters, such as automotive valves,
can be advanced to a fixed stop. It is also possible to make conical parts forming both the
grinding wheels and the control wheels in the reverse way than is required and it is even
possible to rectify without centers parts of centered portions larger in diameter than the
ends, loading the part lypart the machine down from the top with special devices for
advancement.
Disc rectifier

This machine advances the parts between the two-wheeled grinding wheels. Various
methods are used to feed the parts to this type of machine.

Gear rectifier

They are divided into grinders in a way that the grinding wheel is deaused exactly to the
inverse way to that of the tooth to be rectified, and the generating types in which the shape
results from the conjugate action of the wheel and workpiece.