Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Cristian Andres Gonzalez Gonzalez

Group 203058_45
1144184932

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
R//
Electromagnetic waves travel through guides through various
configurations that we call modes of propagation.
A mode is the way in which the energy can propagate along the waveguide,
it should be clarified that anyway they must satisfy certain boundary
conditions in order for them to occur.

 Longitudinal mode: it is a particular type of stationary formed by

waves confined in the cavity.
 Transversal mode: it is classified into different types.
o TE (Electric Transversal) mode: the component of the
electric field in the direction of propagation is zero.
o TM (Magnetic Transverse) mode: The magnetic field
component in the direction of propagation is zero.
o TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) mode: The
component of both the electric and magnetic fields in the
direction of propagation is zero.
o Hybrid mode: They are those that do have a component in
the direction of propagation in both the electric and magnetic
fields.
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
R//
When the wave changes material medium: part of the
wave is reflected and part is refracted. When the angle of incidence is
greater than the limit angle there is no refracted ray,
so it is said that there is total reflection. Total reflection
used in optical fibers that are transparent media
in which light is transmitted so that it falls on the
surface with angles greater than the limit angle, allowing
so the light will not scatter and 'travel within the fiber'.
 3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
R//
It is the change of direction of a wave that it experiences when passing
from one medium to another, up to the critical angle of refraction.

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
R//
The purpose of this law in the propagation of electromagnetic waves is
that we can study the refractive index that can exist between two media
with different density, in order to avoid losses in the emitted signal, since
these refractions or decrease its angle of incidence thus allowing this wave
to be reflected instead of refracting.

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .
R//
𝑮𝑮 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟗𝟑𝟐
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓𝑴𝒉𝒛
𝜼𝟏 = (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅𝛀) = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀
𝜼𝟐 = (𝟗𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀
𝑷+
𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾/𝒎
𝟐

We calculate the reflection coefficient which relates the passage of a wave from
one medium to another with different density:

942Ω − 377Ω
Γ= = 0.42835481425
942Ω + 377Ω
We solve for the following formula to find the reflectance:

𝑅 = Γ2
𝑅 = 0.428354814252 = 0.18348784689
Now we calculate the transmission under the following formula:

𝑇 =1−𝑅
𝑇 = 1 − 0.18348784689 = 0.81651215311
Reflected power 𝑃1− :

120𝑚𝑊
𝑃1− = 0.18348784689 ∗ = 22.01𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
Transmitted power 𝑃2+
120𝑚𝑊
𝑃2+ = 0.81651215311 ∗ = 97.98 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
According to the results obtained, we can see that most of the power was
transferred to the wall and this is at the angle of incidence of the wave in front
of the wall, therefore the power that will be reflected will be less than that
transferred.
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a
wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm
away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

𝑷+
𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾/𝒎
𝟐

𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓𝑴𝒉𝒛
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎
𝜼𝟏 = (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅𝛀) = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀
𝜼𝟐 = (𝟗𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀
𝜼𝟑 = 𝜼𝟏
We calculate Beta under the following formula:
𝝎𝜼𝟐 𝟐 ∗ 𝝅 ∗ 𝒇 ∗ 𝜼𝟐
𝛽= 𝛽=
𝑪𝟎 𝜼𝟏 𝑪𝟎 ∗ 𝜼𝟏
𝟐 ∗ 𝝅 ∗ 𝟒𝟓𝑴𝑯𝒛 ∗ 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝛽= 𝟖
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 ∗ 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀 𝒎
Now:
𝜼𝟑 + 𝒋𝜼𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒙)
𝜼𝒊𝒏 = 𝜼𝟐
𝜼𝟐 + 𝒋𝜼𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜷𝒙)
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀 + 𝒋𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀 ∗ 𝐭𝐚 𝐧 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎)
𝜼𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀 ∗
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀 + 𝒋𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀 ∗ 𝐭𝐚 𝐧 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎)

𝜼𝒊𝒏 = (𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝒋)𝛀

First coefficient of reflection:
𝜼𝒊𝒏 − 𝜼𝟏
𝚪𝟏 =
𝜼𝒊𝒏 + 𝜼𝟏
(𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝒋)𝛀 − 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀
𝚪𝟏 =
(𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝒋)𝛀 + 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀
𝚪𝟏 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟐𝒋)𝛀
Transmitancia:
Τ1 = 1 − [𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟐𝒋]2 = 1.00000006 − 0𝑗 = 100.0%
Now we calculate the reflectance under the following formula:

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏 − (1.00000006 − 0𝑗) = −0.0000000000627 + 0𝑗 = 0%
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾 𝟎𝒎𝑾
𝑷−
𝟏 = 𝟐
∗ −0.0000000000627 = −0.0000000000075 =
𝒎 𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾
𝑷+
𝟐 = 𝟐
∗ 1.00000006 = 0.1200000072 =
𝒎 𝒎𝟐
Now we continue with the other side of the wall, since here the wave
is leaving, therefore another change of medium occurs:
First coefficient of reflection:
𝜼𝟏 − 𝜼𝟐
𝚪𝟐 =
𝜼𝟏 + 𝜼𝟐
𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀 − 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀
𝚪𝟐 = = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔
𝟑𝟕𝟕𝛀 + 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝛀
Transmittance:
Τ2 = 1 − [−𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔]2 = 0.8165121 = 81.65%
Reflectance:

𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟏 = 0.1834878 = 18.34%

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝑾
𝑷−
𝟐 = 𝟐
∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟖 = 0.02201854 =
𝒎 𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑾 𝟗𝟕𝒎𝑾
𝑷+
𝟑 = 𝟐
∗ 0.8165121 = 0.097981458 =
𝒎 𝒎𝟐

The total transmittance is given by the product transmittance 1 and

transmittance 2 gives the total transmittance:

Τ𝑇 = Τ1 ∗ Τ2
a. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
R//

𝚻𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟗 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟓%

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
R//
We set variables:
𝜽𝒂 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝟗°
𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎
𝜼𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏
𝜼𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗
𝜼𝟑 = ¿
𝜼𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟓
As we can see in the previous graph, we obtain an angle of 90% between
angle A and the angle that we will call (theta aa), therefore to find the value of
said angle, we will only have to make use of trigonometry and subtract from
90% angle the value of the angle (theta a):
𝜃𝑎𝑎 = 90° − 44.9° = 45.1°
Now to calculate the following angle, we will use the following equality, where
we will solve for angle 2 or also called b:
𝜼𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒂𝒂 = 𝜼𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒃

We solve for theta b:

𝜂1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑎𝑎
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑏
𝜂2
𝜂1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗ = 𝜃𝑏
𝜂2
𝜂1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑎𝑎
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗
𝜂2
1.31 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45.1
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗ = 68.07°
1.00029
Now for C:
𝜃𝑐 = 90° − 68.07° = 21.93°
Now For n3:
𝜂3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑏 =
𝜂2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑏 ∗ 𝜂2 = 𝜂3
𝜂3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑏 ∗ 𝜂2
𝜂3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 68.07° ∗ 1.00029 = 2.484

𝜂3 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

Using snell's law we are going to find our angle (d), we establish equalities and
we solve for our unknown:
𝜼𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒄 = 𝜼𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒅
𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑
𝜂4
𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗ = 𝜃𝑑
𝜂4
𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐
𝜃𝑑 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗
𝜂4
2.484 ∗ sin(21.93°)
𝜃𝑑 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ∗ = 38.2°
1.5

Now to find the total distance of each point, we will apply trigonometric ratios,
and finally we will add each and every one of their distances to obtain the
total:

𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 942𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(68.07°) = 2339𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 942𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(21.93°) = 379𝑚𝑚
 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 942𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(38.2°) = 741𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑇 = 2339𝑚𝑚 + 379𝑚𝑚 + 741𝑚𝑚 = 3459𝑚𝑚
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOW8AclwLQw&feature=youtu.be&ab_ch
annel=MichuartyMhat
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
 Application example

Example:

Mobile technology

The 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G networks work by emitting electromagnetic waves of the
order of microwaves, these are transmitted by antennas that generate said
signals, which must be located in an optimal way to avoid the maximum losses
generated either by reflection or by refraction. , although in many cases
reflection is used to transmit these signals.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/rhYkU8iF_z8
 References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://sear
ch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=11715
2&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation.

Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://sear
ch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=1450542
2&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Recovered from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140