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Submitted to:
Dr. M H Shwehdi
EE 525
Submitted by:
Mohd Afzal Biyabani
G200904750
ABSTRACT:
GENERAL DERIVATION OF
This paper describes the effect of transmission line POWER FLOW CONDITIONS
resistance on the direction of real power flow along a
transmission line under specific conditions. If power FOR A TRANSMISSION LINE:
factor of load is poorer than the power factor of the
transmission line impedance, then direction of power Power flow equation at receiving end of a
flow is decided by voltage gradient and it flows from transmission line is written as follows;
lagging phase angle to leading phase bus angle.
Further a new condition has been derived for price
inversion at sending end even under lagging power
factor condition. These facts have been illustrated
with suitable examples.
INTRODUCTION:
Transmission line is an important element of a power
system utilized for transfer of real and reactive Separating the real and imaginary parts, a and b can
powers from source to load end. Under normal be obtained as follows;
conditions, the voltage gradient does not dictate
direction of power (real) flow along the transmission
line1. But, when large reactive power (in proportion
to real power) is to be transferred along a
transmission line, the real power transfer may be due
to voltage gradient. In such a situation the real power
flows from lagging phase angle bus to leading phase
angle bus. In view of the above discussion a general
condition has been derived for a transmission line in
terms of transmission line parameters. Real time spot
pricing has been proposed by researchers like Receiving end voltage is written as follows;
Schweppe Hogan and Read since 1982. In a recent
paper Ward et al have claimed New Zealand is the
only country that depend solely on a spot pricing
market for the dispatch of total electrical power. In
particular it has been established that real power The careful observation of equation (2) reveals
flows from a higher priced node to lower priced node that .b. will be positive under following condition;
in constrained power system. Further it has been
justified in New Zealand’s spot market that spot price
can decrease in the direction of real power flow in an
unconstrained power system. Such price behavior has where tan: is the power factor angle.
been termed as “Price Inversion”. Ward, et al have
demonstrated that price inversion can be caused by Under usual operating condition equation (5) is not
the physical characteristics of the power system. This encountered. Therefore, .b. is negative and real power
even includes the nature of load. It has been flows along the angle gradient. This means that such
established that price inversion takes place under unusual situation may occur at very low power factor.
light loading conditions and when load end voltage of Equation (5) can further be written in terms ofload
the transmission line is more than sending end power factor as follows
voltage. This amounts that either Ferranti effect
predominates or line is operating at leading power
factor. In view of above discussion a condition of
price inversion has been derived in this paper under
lagging power factor operation of the transmission
line using the power flow condition. This means that if load power factor is less than cos f,
(transmission line power factor itself) then real power
flow will be due to voltage gradient and the angle Expression for incremental power loss with respect to
gradient will be reversed. real power load change can be written as follows
RESULTS:
A transmission line having following parameters and
Ward, et al 7 gave a loss differential spot pricing
specified variables is considered.
(LDSP) formula, which can be utilized to derive the
condition for spot price inversion. LDSP model for
R = 0.01 pu, X = 0.03 pu, Qd = 4 pu, Pd = 1 pu, V1 =
two bus system is given as follows
1.0 +j0.0
V2 = 0.88720