08360 XSBH6VBIONLO’ LSLILBOL OBOOLOL LSbIAVOB B603IGL0GIGO BSBTBHO 8586SG0COW 89M1B4SBOOL N6LG0GISO 36HMISHS 8693839R0 6520 LIGDS Ne 3(82)IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY VAKHUSHTI BAGRATIONI INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY COLLECTED PAPERS NEW SERIES Ni 3(82) "ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL WARMING" PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Dedicated To The 100th Birthday Anniversary Of Academician Feofan Davitaya TBILISI 2011Topical Problems of Geography of Georgia Nodar Elizbarashvili, George Meladze Iv,Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia E-mail: nelizbarashvili@yahoo.com Summary ‘The science of geography in Georgia faces new challenges at the moment. It has to evaluate the modem state of the country and is associated with geo-ecological problems on the one hand, and with the practical requirements and perspectives of social-economic development on the other hand. Among the practical requirements, one should note such urgent issues, as a new trend in the land use and optimal use of the natural-resource potential of the regions, demographic stability and development of the mountainous area. Such urgent issues, as global ecological problems and prediction of the conditions of geo-systems, development of the military geography and landscape planning of the ecologically stressed territories are associated with the prospects of the country’s development, and the Georgian school of geography has to play an essential role in putting them forward and solving them efficiently what will also become a precondition of its further development. RLOGIGHSISS semb6ody 35 orbbodg ayerGoqyoo'do. B., goo ganobdsdoigoeno 6. erobyeos “ybogg@boego", 2005, 300 aVObSSMo’joge0 6, Goyerwoo'FMo ©. so bby. woHeIoyOiyto woggadoegdo: Iyornorr«ergyos so godogworegdo. 078. god, yA toe”, 2009, 200 33, Goyreoodgoren @. boJatnggeor NobwIoRggob bog%gg Seon ohoego'bo. 7%, yododgonby, 2009, 430 93. 8) Lobgeedfogogddiogo — IGeBengAgdo — bodbyweer 5, fio seoqmaioypob gargymezrgnyso bogyyigerge. nd, gom8g,On Problem of Calculation of Condensation Moisture in The Caves Kukuri Tsikarishvili', Omar Lanchava 1 Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Tbilisi, Georgia; 2 G. Tsulukuidze Mining Institue , Tbilisi, Georgia; E-mail: kukuritsikarishvili@ymail.com Microclimate of karst caves are formed by the simultaneous process of heat and moisture (mass) exchange in the double-component thermodynamic system of “cave air — environment rock massif”. Cave formations in this case are belonged to the rock massif. The simultaneous heat-mass-transferring process can be considered as a simple process of transferring heat and mass, or isolation of heat transfer itself and the occurrences of evaporation and condensation for the purpose of simplifying the evaluation of the rests. Accordingly, relatively reliable must be the observations results on occurrences of evaporation and condensation in case when it is possible to isolate indicated simple processes from each other. ‘Though the importance of condensation precipitation is great in the annual balance of underground karst waters and it has a substantial impact on intensity of karsting processes and is of particular importance in formation of underground or ground waters of karst areas, this issue is considered oppositely in speleological references. Most of the researchers (S. Dolgov, M. Preobrazhenskaia, P. Koloskov) consider, that precipitation play the substantial role in the balance of underground karst sources and their feeding based on the data of V. Dublianskii (DUBLIANSKII V. N., 1977), but to his mind, even the opposite idea has its followers (M. Abramova, A. Lebedev, A. Schvebs). It is notable that even for one and the same cave the different results are achieved by different authors that can be explained by the different approaches to the problem and complexity of measuring on locations. It should be taken into account the circumstances that the isolated moisture amount depends on. volume of the cavity, as well as on intensity of air exchange and surface air vapor resilience in the system of “cave air — environment rock massif”, et al. In addition, reliable measurement of the speed and discharge of the air stream is complicated due to the objective and subjective reasons. Researches and observations on locations carried out by us in the karst caves of West Georgia first of all aimed at identification of the amount of condensation precipitation isolated in the karst cavities according to the seasons, and on the other hand, to test the equity of present calculation formulas for the caves in the Caucasus generally. As a result of observations on locations, it has been stated by us that the occurrences of evaporation and condensation in the caves of medium and foothills limestone massifs are underway in the isothermal conditions basically, as the air temperature in the observation points along to all caves are unchangeable during the whole year practically. ‘We used the formula of V. Obolenskii (OBOLENSKII V.P., 1944),), worked up by V. Dublianskii (DUBLIANSKII V. N.,19771, OBOLENSKII V.P. (1944), in order to analyze the observations on locations: QIVT (1-2), @ where: Q — amount of condensation moisture, gr; 1 ~ air exchange coefficient in the cave (1,5 — in average); V ~cavity volume, m’, V=1,5.10° m’; T — duration of condensation process, daily (166). 1 — surface air water vapor resilience, mm; ¢;=14,7 mm; 2 — cave air vapor resilience, mm, e=10,9 mm, Q-qv.86400, 2 where: Q - amount of condensation moisture, gr: q— water vapor resilience, mm; V - cavity volume, m’. 226The first method is based 6n the identification of difference among values of surface atmospheric precipitation and the runoff at defined area of the cave. In addition, it must be foreseen the values of possible evaporation and the runoff percolated in the underground cracks. During the condensation process we have to do with the caves or the volume objects, which may contain the other cavities, foreseeing of which is related to the great complications, and some times it is even impossible. ‘The second method is based on the following facts: on the walls and ceiling of the cave the water vapor condensation occurs from the air with high temperature saturated with moisture; as it is known, the speed of air stream intruded in the underground, as well as the area of entry’s cross section and the humidity content of the air, the amount of isolated moisture due to condensation of given area for given observation time period can be calculated. It is supposed that the evaporation-condensation is a dynamic process and may be we will have to do with oversaturated water vapor, as a lack of the dust particles ~ the condensation cores is a general occurrence and it is also supposed that the mountain massif environment and the cave formations are mainly of hygroscope and hygrophilous by their nature. ‘According to the formula (1), analysis of the results of observations of the entire period (May- October, 1970-1980) for the Akhali Athoni Cave resulted in amount of condensation moisture as Q=1414,0 m’, and by the formula (2) — as Q=1414,6 m’, or obtained results differ from each other only with 0.25 % and both of formulas are of the same exactness for given conditions. By our supposed calculations total amount of condensation moisture in the Tskaltubo cave is 1870- 2000 m’ or 115-120 mmvyear, which is 6,3% of annual sum of surface atmospheric precipitation (1818 mm) and 25% of the seasonal one (460 mm). Proceeding from this the 259,2 m’ of condensation precipitation is observed in September and it is lower (216 m’) in June. {As it was expected, process of condensation is intense during the warm spell of the year, when on the surface the water vapor resilience exceeds the resilience under the ground. In the caves of hills and foothills, karst regions of Western Georgia the condensation processes are characterized with sharp annual course. The process starts in April (0.06%), intensifies in May (4.3%) and June (17%), and reaches its maximum in July (32,2%) and August (34%), (Table). Table. Mean monthly and daily values of water vapor condensation (+) and evaporation (-) in the Akhali ‘Athoni Cave (April-October, 1970-1980) Condensation, m Month Monthly mean Daily Evaporation | Condensation | ~ Evaporation] Condensation January A823 “15.55 February 409.9 “14.63 March “345.0 “IL2 “April ~1462 097 “584 013 May 60.45 195 June 230.8 7.99 Tuly 639 472 ‘August 783.0 15.58 September 161.75 3.39 October “9072 17.64 394 014 November “2340 “78 December “383.62 “12.37 ‘Annual 2091.64 ~7125 227During the cold spells of the year in most of the caves the evaporation takes place by poorl expressed daily variation. Difference among the water vapor resiliencies reaches its maximum in ‘anuary and February (4-5 mm). In March the daily course of evaporation is well expressed — it is reduced at night and increased at daytime. At that moment the occurrence of condensation is possible in some of the caves of foothills karst. Maximum value (482.3 m’) of evaporation is observed in January. In April (146.2 m’) and October (90.7 m’) it is reduced considerably (Fig.). Though this value does not have any impact on the water balance of siphon lakes located in the Akhali Athoni Cave, as in the huge halls of the cave due to complex ventilation conditions the evaporated water is isolated again as dews on the cold walls of the cave. 3 Evaporation 1 a i WV Vi ViLViIiX x x0 xn Mouth Fig. Annual course of condensation ('+) and evaporation (-) in the foothills’ karst caves (166 — duration of condensation process) It should be taken into account the horizontal or surface precipitation (dew, ice crust, hoar-frost, et al.) . In the low-mountain landscape zone the number of days with dew equals to 110-130. According to M, Kordzakhia (KORDZAKHIA M.,1970) in the low-mountain landscape zone of Western Georgia, where the area is characterized with moderate humid climate and rich deciduous vegetation, the horizontal precipitation should not be less than 1300-1500 mm. Taking into account the mentioned factors, the condensation moisture in the low-mountain karst caves makes only 2.6-3.6 % of the atmospheric and surface precipitations. In these conditions the inflow of infiltrated waters is more intensive in the caves than the precipitations isolated by the condensation of water vapor. Itis notable that in the Akhali Athoni Cave the total amount of condensation precipitation is more than in the karst caves in the North that can be explained by the closeness of Akhali Athoni Cave to the sea coast and its location in the humid subtropical zone. Here, under the ground, the condensation process is much longer than that of the caves located in the northern latitudes. Condensation precipitations are of hydrocarbonate or of natrium-calcium by its chemical composition, mineralization of which reaches 0.3-0.5gr/l. In the moment of origin the condensation precipitations are characterized by zero mineralization and high aggressiveness. As a rule, in the caves it sous be of main importance in modeling of underground karst microforms (Trombe F., 1952, Ustinova , 1963, Gvozdetskii N.A., 1972, Gergedava B.A., 1983). Though, on the basis of observations conc in the adjacent karst regions (Alek, Atskhu, Vorontsov) of Western Caucasus, it was stated, that the condensation corrosion (50.7m° per year, or 2.9 %) is unimportant in formation of karst cavities, though the corrosion induced by condensant plays certain role in modeling of cave rocks, Thus, amount of condensation moisture of Akhali Athoni Cave makes 1400 m? per year. For assessment of its amount application of the formulas (1) and (2) are available. As researches showed, isolation of condensation precipitation is characterized with sharp zonality according to the altitude of the area, and by chemical composition the moisture obtained due to water vapor condensation is of hydrocarbonate or of natrium-calcium, mineralization of which does not exceed 0.3-0.5 gril. 228Aego8ggdBo yerGegSbogoyso Sg6ob grdmagmob bogonbobsorgob dada Fofstotyoge', obs wosbbog? Lyoby Ajo dogdopombob ggrgGogo0b 06505 75° 78. Pareggedob bodon ob4505 960 gee-gerigss: kukuritsikarishvili@ymail.com 690789 VoJotenggegnb wadsgeBorosbo yoSbSolomgob gobbogegWos Fysob ermarjeerb yoby6bogoo, GeZOGE Fyseob Bogeobbob aeegAghGo. Asogosofoyto wWoggomgqQoon gabobs'degGs gobegbbo- 0960 Hgbob Logodoye GorQg6mBs osbogvo sOMGob> wo FySLSyOb Iegodg%o bob g2ydobsor- gob. seo;06@9 yrbeySbogoy%o ByGob Ao d6ge~rgo6 Gego ysGbeysra dobogyob Fyeeob do- se06bo. GoZOGG Ambo eeerebyewa ayo, yObeglbogook IAnggbo Igoseoo FyRofoweob odoge Geb, Goreghg dgRosoKy Fymob eGogevol Lo3jg6039 SegAHge bodyyGoggb HoFob Jggd. seobogeegor LogoGogg@ed yosbOyZe Gygon6j80b Amobs > BnobFobgmob degndyQo3o yobwegbbagoob I6e- Gabo baboomegds Bygga%0 FgrayGo Bodgobosgrdon. IGmgqbo oFygdo. o3eo~o'Fo (0,06%), dgwog- GB Boobbs (43 %) seo agGob'Io (17%) «wo oefggh wogob BoJbo8yIb ogerobls B22 %) go oayob- G00 34%). mob Gog 3gG0m@Io Begodggob yAghgbodoIo omeargeegdob osegoseo odgh Vybsow go¥er hoGaEo wAZCSsyJGo goMosgooor. gobbbgoggdo Fywob mmmjeeob bodygeogq7ob Bosob sefggh AdfbodyIL oabgodbs ws orpegGgome'Bo (45 23). B6G30 serinjeogdob wepwdyGo Abymegerrd got goss godmbogigeea — ob Agomagds Wodon so BxyEQedb |eeobor. 98 ImBgh59o Bgbodee gg G09 yObRILGoob FoHBmInd> ImobFobgorob yoObsob "bezog%or Begody do REFERENCES Dublianskii V. N. (1977). Karst Caves And Mines Of The Mountainous Crimea. L. (In Russian); Dublianskii V. N., Kiknadze T.Z., Kolomiets A.A. (1983). Bulletin Of An Gssr, V.110, Ni2; Gergedava B.A. (1983). Underground Landscapes. Tbilisi (In Russian). Gvozdetskii N.A. (1972). Problems Of Studying Karst And Practice. Moscow (In Russian); Kordzakhia M. (1970). Dew In The Kolkheti Lowland. Proceedings Of Georgian Ssr Geographical Society, V. 11, Tbilisi (In Georgian); Obolenskii V.P. (1944). Course Of Meteorology. Moscow-Sverdlovsk, (In Russian); Trombe F. (1952). Traite De Speleologie. Paris; Ustinova T.I. (1963). Method Of Calculation Condensation Moisture In The Caves. In The Book: Methodology Of Studying Karst. Perm, Issue 9, (In Russian). 229gee-govlge: kukuritsikarishvili@yMeil.cor 1961 Vexob ogavo'do bogosinggenb Aygbogsgdoms sory goby gob bobgeredob BIBGEGOab obbAoHAdob UIyeegoeLegzoyGo gJb3gwogor, ee doseeg> youoabob byeo- AdegobyeerrBon, shoe oormbob Aos~odergSIo YG yoseag ‘Jgbmdo yObs'yeeo Begodggdobs ‘AbVogaeab Iggego. Goyer Lagergoemgoys xggh deg Bego9yG0 G'yG0%I00 oo obAIGPLI ILE. EAI BGogO orygoOyeo yborybookAgdo seo woAbgybqoeeqs0q ‘Iyyge A636. XgTBIO obo ommbob GyGoGmGos'hy Godegbody Aego0y Beobsbygrs, Boor “er Gob abso sormGob dggeo Lgoeaddogogob6 bogeay", GeBggab ‘Iybobgcegera Ae. Bhodgbol bomsgy¥o, byob AoGxgab YaGwOnd'y, egob grboes6 40 J bodoesegby Obbb ge. AggoVob e~ebog swobsngwo waeygabo As—ogG Goswobosba |bjgGou, ogogo0 yor Logaeyers, Gomog Iegody bIg~ymdyGobIon woobgg%ghydywwo sodbggbyeeeqdaboorgols Loobjgegher bogdbggy@borr mdogdhb VowAemrosea,g6b, ImBQ AGE KWAgb, IggodyH HyGoddob swaogmdsogo Amygotggegdob swoyobgoyego omberghom, bageansoams XaIYo by GoOsiodoh byeeddegobyeeerBom, yyOGS sbomga ommbob feweagemgmom, dbsaey Bb wydoGer GIO" Hoyo. IMgIELO ayMAGYO, agMBoAgogenge, yoShhmeengo, MELET|IM BIBGBOY IyghoyS gon weJGeeo, Ie gabon, boJosoggerob gangigero Iggbogsgooms syosogdoob FaaG-yomgbsnGeog6h0, bobgeedfoge 36 gA0ob — gosrgegogo. LOGLZOb eepghob gogoeegen. ogeingorgto Aygboy6g- dob yaydgXegdgeLo boJocogyererdo. sbseeo sombob Aegody0 Lobggiob 1961 Farol Lageegmagh3ggea goo Borogn’y Gohdob bygeddegoGgavo. soxrowomyeycons sabo'bgnobs (1966) > bs- spGorggeb (1984) “gdomengho bodgob I6gbosorydob bodshoer HIG G00 bogaeeadon, wodbydob eexegboor (1988). (1928-2011) o'bg%Jon GrBog@o gobs, Ge obyoo IGoGyGogbrgo6o GsbIon, Hob¢3 Bfoso oeesobobsyGo bogygwob odgwose, yabrBo YRbyOyeeob woero’IJgos seow Gabynob oyer sogoq BOG PBgeo. WIGgybygGoobo sgGyHbJO :9 aD Joos bobigs boyBoow ase AAZBOLS YBbsoye Io: ,dergercio ghory bobo wo Inberdps0o—y 6 os gdesgghobo, fgg6b Soho bogfbig@ogon xb dees 6 Ty bRg30> gybyAigeob byGor byes Igo Gdengo Beno" (‘>4)s'3009, 1967). odago oyGoIob war’ gobobsepdyeo ‘Izioseagheomdom, 13 yogos6e xaago (oboe smobab doesdegsio Amaydogy oBdgq oBh5o5 yb Jowansengorg%o gdb3geoqoob Fygg- 6 ySoow, yog;0 gogobgodgzoenob bgywAdggrbgerroo) yyerg goo w'ydoeer exer". om Aobsbb Igoswggbos yeby , Isao Ggdbogz6o bodorg- SLagdob swoeggbo ws Logg io a i) LODHI Vo Ad'IggEo gByRgsaboorgob boy Gxey6o IybJHgQdob Boiggo. Fosdmosego6go, ‘gygho bodbyeeg, exgbog ASTyJo ByIobGob bo oy6gab do wo Boyer. oGabogGobo boysdob aggsob oBgws~e. HoomygEo oog- Go'dob HoIgqo Low Gobyorb oye swogoqIoGgoyero... bobyGdgnago gos BmAJo6 ago. og Goto IyBeg3. KVIB bogdde Gio wo YbFassbFase qybyegwob IoGob ode 230