gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš

Kiwæš bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd

kÂ¥ÕL – tYñ£lš gæ‰Á

ca® bjhl¡f ãiy

MÁça® f£lf«

2016-2017
 f£lf¤ jahç¥ò¡ FG
FG¤jiyt®

Kidt® é.Á.Ïuhnk°tuKUf‹,
Ïa¡Fe®,
khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«,
br‹id -6.
ÂU. it. ghyKUf‹, Kidt® Á.cõhuhâ
Ïiz Ïa¡Fe® (gæ‰Á), Ïiz Ïa¡Fe® (gæ‰Á),
khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á midtU¡F« fšé Ïa¡f«,
ãWtd«, br‹id -6. br‹id -6.
nkyhŒths®
njÁa ešyhÁça® ÂUk uh. khyÂ, Mnyhrf®,
khãy¤ £l Ïa¡ff«,
midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«,br‹id -6.
Ehš MÁça®fŸ
gæ¿Á f£lf xU§»iz¥ghs® ÂUkÂ. br.b#aªÂ v°j®,
V.gî® mfkJ, Kjšt®, cjé xU§»iz¥ghs®- gil¥gh‰wš
kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, fšé , khãy¤ £l Ïa¡ff«,
Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«. midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«, br‹id -6.
1. ÂUk r. ònshuh, 2. Á.Fkh®
thrf®, éçÎiuahs®,
khãy fšéæaš k‰W« gæ‰Á Ïa¡f«, kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«,
br‹id. Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«.
3. ÂU j. Ia¥g‹, 4. ÂUk . g. fiy¢bršé
éçÎiuahs®, éçÎiuahs®,
kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«,
ãWtd«, fëah«ó©o, fhŠÁòu« kht£l«.
Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«.
5. ÂU. kh. jduh#h, 6. ÂUk . v°.V. mKjh,
xU§»iz¥ghs®- gæ‰Á, cjé xU§»iz¥ghs®- gæ‰Á,
khãy¤ £l Ïa¡ff«, khãy¤ £l Ïa¡ff«,
midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«, br‹id -6 midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«,br‹id -6
7. ÂU Á. RnuZFkh®, 8. ÂUk . r. kça Ãur‹dh,
MÁça® gæ‰We®, MÁça® gæ‰We®,
fh£lh§Fs¤ö®, k©lš-5
t£lhu tsika«, fhŠÁòu« kht£l«. òuirth¡f«, br‹id kht£l«.
ÂUk . K. Á¤uhnjé,
MÁça® gæ‰We®,
k©ly« 10,
kæyh¥ó®t£lhu tsika«, br‹id kht£l«.
 bghUsl¡f«
t.v© jiy¥ò g¡f«

1 gil¥gh‰wš fšé-m¿Kf« k‰W« goãiyfŸ és¡f« 1-7

2 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ- (bghJ) 8-12

3 jäœ – ghl¤ £l« 13-20

4 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –jäœ 21

5 M§»y« ghl¤Â£l« 22-28

6 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –M§»y« 29-30

7 fâj«-ghl¤Â£l« 31-40

8 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ – fâj« 50

9 m¿éaš - ghl¤Â£l« 51-66

10 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ - m¿éaš 67

11 r_f m¿éaš - ghl¤Â£l« 68-80

12 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ - r_f m¿éaš 81

 gil¥gh‰wš fšé
“c©ikahd òçjšjh‹ f‰wY¡F mo¥gil”

- nguhÁça® aZghš

Ïtç‹ T‰Wgo e« gil¥gh‰wš fšéÍ« x›bthU FHªijÍ« jhdhf,

neuoahf¡ f‰wš brašghLfëš <Lg£L bjëÎ bg‰W òçjš ãiy milªJ
gil¥òfŸ gy gil¤Âl tê tif brŒ»wJ.

x›bthU khztD« ghl¥bghUis jdJ Ra Ka‰Áæš kdtiugl«

tiutJ« fU¤J¡fis bjhF¥gJkhd ntiyia brŒtjhš, f‰wyhdJ MHKila
f‰wš M»wJ. nkY« jh‹ f‰wt‰iw g»®ªJbfhŸt‹ _y« (tH§Fjš) f‰w
jftšfŸ kw¡fhkš ãidéš ãiy ãW¤j¥gL»wJ.

F¿¡nfhŸ

• ghl¡ fU¤J¡fis gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfis¥ Ëg‰¿ Kiwahf

f‰Ã¥gij cW brŒjš
• gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš Kiwæš bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥Õ£il
nk‰bfhŸS« têKiwfëš bjëÎ V‰gL¤Jjš
• khzt®fŸ brŒJ f‰fΫ, fU¤J gçkh‰w« ãfœ¤jΫ, FG kd¥gh‹ikia
ts®¡fÎkhd Nœãiyia cUth¡Fjš.

neh¡f§fŸ

• gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfëYŸs Ïl®ghLfis milahs§fhQjš

k‰W« fisjš.
• kztiugl« tiujš k‰W« bjhF¤jiy¤ bjhl®ªJ tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL (m)
k‰W« (M) Áw¥ghf ãfœ¤j têtif brŒjš.

1
 gil¥gh‰wš fšé-m¿Kf« k‰W« goãiyfŸ és¡f«
gil¥gh‰wš fšé

FHªijfë‹ Ïa‰ifahd M®t¤ij ts®¥gJ« f‰wY¡fhd têKiwfis

cUth¡FtJnk f‰wè‹ neh¡f« MF«. nk‰f©l éj¤Âš f‰wš eilbgw
tF¥giw NHiy mik¤J f‰wèš <LgLtj‰fhd goãiyfis¥ gil¥gh‰wš fšé
V‰gL¤Â¤jU»wJ. Ï¥gil¥gh‰wš fšéæ‹ goãiyfis¡ ÑnHfhzyh«.

goãiyfŸ brašghLfŸ
m¿Kf« go¡F« ghl¥bghUS¡F V‰g Ma¤j¥gL¤J« t©z« ghl¤ bjhl®ghd
jftšfŸ më¡f¥gLjny m¿Kf«.
• ÁWghlšfŸ ghLjš mšyJ fijfŸ Twš.
• el¤j¥nghF« ghl¤Â‰F¥ òF« thæyhf.
• Kªija ghl¤ij ãidñ£Ltjhfnth m¿Kf« mik¤jš.
• ghl¥gFÂnahL bjhl®òila vëa nfŸéfŸ nf£lš.
• brašghLfŸ k‰W« gçnrhjid brŒJ fh©Ã¥g‹ _y« vJ
ghl¥gF¡F V‰w éjkhf mikÍnkh mj‹go ghl¤ij m¿Kf«
brŒjš.
• ghl¤Â‰F¤ bjhl®òila brašghLfŸjhdh v‹gij MÁça®
cWÂbrŒjš.
• mid¤J ghl§fS¡F« xnu khÂçahd brašghLfŸ më¥gij¤
j鮤jš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

The main points of the lesson given by the teacher in English .
go¤jš gil¥gh‰wš fšéæš äf K¡»akhd goãiy go¤jš goãiy MF«. ÏJ
Áªjid¤ ÂwD¡F _yhjhukhf és§F»wJ. go¡F« Âw‹,
khztD¡F¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs jftšfnshL, RakhfΫ RjªÂukhfΫ
xU bjhl®ig cUth¡»¡ bfhŸs cjλwJ.
• ghl¥gFÂia Kjèš MÁça® go¤jš.
• Ëò MÁça® têfh£LjYl‹ khzt® go¤jš.
• khzt® mo¡nfho£l òÂa brh‰fS¡F MÁça® bghUŸ Twš.

2
 j䜥 ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• brŒÍis¥ go¡F«nghJ brh‰fis¥ Ãç¤J¥ go¡F« Kiwæid¡

TWjš.
• ciueilæš ãW¤j¡F¿fS¡F V‰g go¡F« Kiwæid¥ gH¡Fjš.
• ciuahlš, fijfŸ ghl§fshf mikæ‹ Fuš V‰w Ïw¡f«, cz®¢Á
btë¥gL¤JkhW go¤jš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• The Teacher guides the students to read the lesson with proper
pronunciation, stress and intonation.
• The students along with the help of the teacher, reads the lesson
in groups. Students are involved in silent reading and underline
the new words they come across while reading.
• The students are encouraged to use dictionary to find out the
meaning of the new words on their own.
• The teacher simultaneously writes the meaning of new words on
the blackboard.
• The new words are related to the context of the lesson with the
help of the teacher.
Note: For grammar part, Guided reading is not followed.
Instead, it is given as ‘Understanding’ so that the teacher can
teach the concept of grammar.

fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

nkyhŒÎ
• MÁça® Ï¥ghlntis¡Fça ghl¤Â‹ Mu«g« k‰W« KoÎ g¡f
v©fis¡ TWjš.
• khzt®fS¡F MÁça® F¿¥Ã£l g¡f¤ÂYŸs N¤Âu§fŸ,
tiuaiwfŸ, jiy¥òfŸ, cgjiy¥òfŸ, tiugl§fŸ, m£ltizfŸ,
F¿¥òfŸ ngh‹wt‰iw¢ RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.

kdtiugl« ghl¡fU¤Âid cŸth§» khzt‹ òçªJ bfh©lij btë¥gL¤Jjny

kdtiugl«.

3
 • kd tiugl¤Âid khzt®fŸ tiujš
• ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fŸ jahç¤j kdtiugl¤ij
tH§Fjš (xU FG khzt®fŸ k£L« xU ghlntisæš, kdtiugl¤ij
és¡Fjš nghJkhdJ. k‰w khzt®fS¡F mL¤j ghlntisfëš
RH‰Á Kiwæš thŒ¥ò më¡fyh«.
• éLg£l fU¤J¡fSl‹ MÁça® j« kdtiugl¤ij tH§Fjš.
• MÁça® kdtiugl« tiutš Áuk¥gL« khzt®fS¡F tiua nt©oa
têKiwfis¡ T¿ têel¤jyh«.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

As far as Grammar is concerned, the teacher can give a guided mind
map, if needed.
fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«
òçjš
fU¤J¢ brašghL
• fU¤J¢ brašghL v‹gJ fh»j« ko¤jš, fh»j« bt£o x£Ljš,
fijfŸ, c©ik¢ r«gt§fŸ, gl§fŸ, tiugl§fŸ, thœ¡ifæš
cgnah»¡F« bghU£fŸ Kjèat‰iw¥ ga‹gL¤Â brašghLfis¢
brŒt‹ _y« fU¤ij¤ bjëÎ¥gL¤Jtjhf mika nt©L«. Ï~J
MÁça® braš MF«.

MÁça® brŒÍ« vëa fz¡F

• MÁça® fU¤J¤ Âwåš òçjš V‰gL« tifæš gæ‰Áæš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs xU fz¡»id és¡» ԮΠf©L tH§Fjš.

khzt®fŸ jå¤J brŒÍ« fz¡F

• MÁça® brŒj fz¡»id vL¤J¡fh£lhf¡ bfh©L, mj‰F V‰w

fz¡Ffis¥ gæ‰Áæš milahs« f©L, m¡fz¡FfS¡F
khzt®fŸ jå¤J¤ ԮΠfhQjš nt©L«. (FiwªjJ Ïu©L
fz¡Ffis khzt®fŸ brŒjš nt©L«)

bjhF¤jY« (bjhF¤jny ghl¥bghUë‹ KGik. )

tH§FjY«
• VnjD« xU Kiwæš ghl¡fU¤Âid¤ bjhF¤jš

4
 • kdtiugl« tH§»a FG j鮤J k‰bwhU FG bjhF¤jiy tH§Fjš
éLg£l fU¤JfSl‹ MÁça® bjhF¤jë¤jš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

Scope should be provided to enrich the speaking skill of the

students.

fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• neuoahf¢ N¤Âu¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤jhkš gy fU¤J¡fis¥

ga‹gL¤Â ԮΠfhQ« fz¡F x‹¿id khzt®fël« ciuaho
MÁça® brŒJ fh£o tH§Fjš nt©L«.

Ka‹W brŒÍ« fz¡FfŸ

• ÁW FGéš, MÁçaç‹ cjéÍl‹ khzt®fŸ rthyhd

fz¡FfS¡F¤ ԮΠfhQjš.
• x›bthU FGthf¡ fU«gyifæš tH§Fjš.

tYñ£Ljš ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J¤

jUjš nt©L«
• ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš, V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J
tH§Fjš.
• ghl¡ fU¤Jfis thœéaš NHèš bjhl®ògL¤Â vëa brašghLfŸ
_y« MÁça® és¡Fjš

j䜥 ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• bkhê¤Âw‹ btë¥gL« tifæš brašghLfŸ mikjš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• The content of the lesson is reinforced with some activities

which can be designed in such a way to provide more space for
developing the listening and speaking skills.
• Book back activities can be utilized for further practice.

5
 fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

braš 1

ghl¡ fU¤Âid tYñ£L« éjkhf MÁça® kd¡fz¡Ffis

cUth¡» nf£lš. khzt®fisÍ« nfŸéfis cUth¡f¢ brŒjš.

braš 2

• Áªjidia¤ ö©L« brašghL v‹gJ x›bthU ghl¡ fU¤ij¡

f‰Ã¤jËD« Ñœ¡fhQkhW tH§Fjš.
MÁça®fŸ brhªjkhf cUth¡»a fz¡Ffis Ϫj¢ brašgh£oš
tH§Fjš.
Âwªj ãiy (Open ended questions) édh¡fS¡F¥ gÂyë¡f
khzt®fis¤ jah®gL¤Jjš.

kÂ¥ÕL • khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid cW brŒtj‰fhf MÁça®

édh¡fis¡ nf£lš.
• brašghLfŸ, vëa vG¤J¤ nj®Î, ò® édh éil mik¤jš ngh‹w
brašghLfŸ _y« kÂ¥Ãlš.

FiwÔ® f‰wš • f‰wš miléš FiwghLila khzt®fis kÂ¥Õ£o‹nghJ

f©l¿ªJ, mt®fS¡F V‰w FiwÔ® f‰wiy tH§Fjš.
• brašghLfŸ vëikahf ÏU¤jš.

vGJjš f‰w ghl¡fU¤J¡fis tY¥gL¤J« brašghLfis totik¤J¤ jUjny

vGJjš.
• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤J« tifæY« ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ thæyhf
vGJ« Âw‹ tsU« tifæY« brašghLfis totik¤J¡
bfhL¤jš.
• üyf¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤J« Âwid khzt®fël« ts®¤jš.

bjhl®gâ • ghl¡ fU¤JfS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhf xU gUt¤Â‰F 1 mšyJ 2

brašÂ£l§fis¡ (project) bfhL¡f nt©L«. MÁça®
têfh£LjYl‹ jåahfnth, Á¿a (m) bgça FGényh
brašgL¤jyh«.

6
 j䜥 ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• bkhê¥ghl¤Â‹ ca®ãiy¤ Âw‹fshd féij, f£Liu, foj«,

ciueilia ciuahlyh¡Fjš, ciuahliy¢ brŒÂah¡Fjš ngh‹w
bjhl®gâæid tH§Fjš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

The students are encouraged to involve in gathering information

from other sources like newspaper, reference books and internet.
This task helps the students enrich their language skills.
Note: As far as English subject is concerned, the teacher has to
communicate in English in the classroom, which provides
opportunity for students to listen to English language.

fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

ghl¡fU¤Âid ikakhf¡ bfh©L thœ¡if¡ fz¡FfŸ k‰W«

gæ‰Áæid mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©l fz¡Ffis bjhl® gâahf
tH§Fjš.

kd tiugl¤Â‰fhd K¡»a F¿¥ò:

• Kj‹ik fU¤ij ikakhf¡ bfh©L TLjš/ JizfU¤J¡fis¤ (rh®ò
fU¤J¡fŸ) bjhl®ògL¤Â tçir¡»uk¥go fh£Á¥gL¤Jtif kdtiugl«
v‹»nwh«.
• kdtiugl¤Â‹ ika¤Âš xU ika¡fU¤njh, mšyJ xU édhnth
mikÍ«. Ïjid¤ bjhl®ªJ tU« TLjš/ Jiz¡fU¤J¡fis bt›ntW
mik¥òfŸ _y« bjhl®ògL¤Â éçÎgL¤j nt©oaJ mtÁakhF«.
• jå¤njh mšyJ FGthfnth cŸth§»a fU¤J¡fis¤ bjhl®ògL¤Â¡
fh£Á¥gL¤j kdtiugl« cjλwJ. ÏJ xU f‰wš/ f‰Ã¤jš c¤Â vdyh«.
• jh§fŸ òçªJbfh©lij btë¥gL¤Jtš x›bthUtU« ntWgL»wh®fŸ.
vdnt kdtiuglK« ntWgL«. Ïj‹ _y« mt®fS¡F©lhd òçjèš
cŸs F¿¥Ãl¤ jFªj kh‰w¤Âid msél KoÍ«.

7
 • j‰nghija m¿Îl‹ òÂa¡fU¤J¡fis xU§»iz¡fΫ; £lälš k‰W«
gF¤jhŒÎ brŒaΫ; fU¤J¡fŸ, v©z§fŸ k‰W« jftšfis¤
bjëthfΫ JšèakhfΫ btë¥gL¤jΫ kdtiugl« Jiz ò绋wJ.

goãiyfis¤ j鮥gÂdhš V‰gL« éisÎfŸ (gæ‰Á¤jhŸ)

t.
goãiyfŸ goãiyfis¤ j鮥gÂdhš V‰gL« éisÎfŸ
v©

• ghl¤Â‹ Ûjhd M®t« FiwÍ«.

• go¡F«nghJ ghl¤Â‹ ika¡ fU¤Âid m¿ahkš
nghfyh«.
• ghl¤Â‰fhd neh¡f§fŸ k‰W« mo¥gilahd
1 m¿Kf« jftšfŸ/c©ikfŸ/ fU¤J¡fŸ ngh‹wt‰iw¤
j鮡f neçL«.
• òÂa fU¤Âid bjhl®ªJ, K‹bdL¤J bršy
Ïayhkš nghfyh«.

go¤jš
2

• fU¤J¡fŸ, v©z§fŸ k‰W« jftšfis¤

bjëthfΫ JšèakhfΫ btë¥gL¤j thŒ¥òfŸ
Fiwͫ.
kdtiugl«
3 • mid¤J¡ fU¤J¡fisÍ« KGikahf btë¥gL¤j
thŒ¥òfŸ Ïšyhkš nghF«.
• ghl¡fU¤J¡fis xU§fik¡f Ïayhkš nghF«.
• ghl¥bghUŸ Ú©l ehŸ ãidéš ãiy¡fhJ.

8
 • khzt®fë‹ jå¤Jt« k‰W« MSik¤Âw‹fis
btë¥gL¤j thŒ¥òfŸ Ïšyhkš nghF«.
• £lälš k‰W« gF¤jhÍ« Âw‹fŸ FiwÍ«.
• fU¤J¡fŸ F¿¤J éthj« jilgL«.

• ghl¡fU¤J¡fis¥ òçjYl‹ xU§fik¡fΫ,

xUKf¥gL¤jΫ khzt®fS¡F Ïayhãiy
fhz¥gL«.
• brh‰fis Ïiz¤J¤ bjhluhf mik¤jš jilgL«.
• rçahd brh‰fSl‹ bjhl® mik¤jš/Ko¤jš ngh‹w
brašghLfëš Ã‹j§»a ãiy fhz¥gL«.
• khzt®fëilna éth¤J vGJ« braš
bjhF¤jY« eilbgwhjbghGJ khzt® kdš fU¤JfŸ
4 tH§FjY« cŸth§Fjš jilgL«. (xU Kiw vGJjš g¤J Kiw
go¤jY¡F¢ rk«)
• khzt®fŸ gaä‹¿ RjªÂukhf¤ j§fŸ fU¤J¡fis
vL¤Jiu¥gj‰fhd thŒ¥òfŸ ÏšyhkšnghF«.
• k‰wt®fë‹ fU¤J¡fis¡ nf£F« jåkåj
cz®ÎfS¡F kÂ¥gë¡F« g©òfŸ tsuhJ.
• FGéš tH§Fjš eilbgwhjjhš nj®éš j§F
jilæ‹¿ édh¡fS¡F cça éilia më¤Âl
ÏayhJ.

tYñ£Ljš
5

• khzt®fë‹ f‰wš milit m¿a ÏayhJ.

kÂ¥ÕL
6 • fšéæ‹ neh¡f¤ij ãiwÎ brŒa ÏayhJ.
• khzt®fë‹ Âwikfis¥ òçªJbfh©L

9
 btë¡bfhzu ÏayhJ.
• khzt®fël« FiwghLfis¡ f©l¿ªJ fisa
ÏayhJ.

FiwÔ®
7 f‰wš

• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤j ÏayhJ

vGJjš • khzt®fë‹ vGJ« gæ‰Á jilg£L vGJjèš M®t«
8
Fiwͫ.
• khzt®fë‹ ifbaG¤J (vGJjš) Áw¥ghf mikahJ.

bjhl®gâ
9

gil¥gh‰wš fšéÍ« bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥ÕL«

gil¥gh‰wš fšéæš khzt®fis¡ FGthfnth jåahfnth kÂ¥ÕL
brŒayh«. m›thW f‰wiy btë¥gL¤j Ïayhj khzt®fis¡ f©l¿ªJ
mt®fS¡F¡ FiwÔ® f‰Ã¤jè‹nghJ jå¡ftd« brY¤Â nk«gL¤jyh«.

bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥ÕL v‹gJ f‰nghç‹ fšérh® k‰W« fšé

Ïiz¢ brašghLfis¤ bjhl®ªJ kÂ¥ÃLjyhF«. xU khzt‹ fšé k‰W« fšé
Ïiz¢brašghLfëš fh£L« <LghL, M®t«, Ka‰Á, xG§FKiw, brašÂw‹,
MSik ts®¢Á vd m¿Î, clš, kd«, r_f« rh®ªj mid¤J¡ TWfisÍ«
bjhl®ªJ kÂ¥ÃLjyhF«. Ï›thW kÂ¥ÃLtjdhš, f‰wš – f‰Ã¤jèš cŸs
FiwghLfis¡ fisªJ nk«gL¤jyh«.

10
 gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš cŸs x‹gJ goãiyæš Ñœ¡fhQ« goãiyfëš
tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL brŒtj‰fhd thŒ¥òfŸ Ïašghf mikªJŸsd.

* go¤jš
* kdtiugl«
* tYñ£lš
* kÂ¥ÕL
* bjhl®gâ

gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. gil¥gh‰wš fšéæ‹ goãiyfis KGikahf tF¥giwæš

eilKiw¥ggL¤j më¡f¥g£LŸs fhy« ------------------------
2. Kjš 45 ãäl§fëš ---------------- goãiyæèUªJ --------------------
goãiytiu
3. mL¤j 45 ãäl§fëš ---------------- goãiyæèUªJ --------------------
goãiytiu

f£èæl¤ij ãu¥òf

1. m¿Kf« 4. -------------- 7. FiwÔ®¡f‰wš

2. --------- 5. tYñ£Ljš 8. -------------
3. kdtiugl« 6. ----------- 9. bjhl®gâ
5.fâj¥ghl¤Âš nkyhŒÎ goãiyæš MÁçaç‹gâ v‹d ?

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

6.fâj¥ ghl¤Âš òçjš brašgh£o‹ _‹W ãiyfŸ

1. ----------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------
3. --------------------------------------

11
7. rf khzt® cjéÍl‹ ÁW FG¡fëš fz¡Ffis khzt®fŸ brŒÍ«
brašghLfŸ vªj¥ goãiyæš mikªJŸsJ ?

--------------------------------------------------------------

8.gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL brŒtj‰fhd goãiyfŸ

* ------------
* ------------
* ------------
* ------------
* ------------
* ------------

12
 jäœ

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò –Kjš gUt«

ghl« : jäœ ts®¤j rh‹nwh®fŸ
g¡f« : 8,9

1.m¿Kf«

khzt®fS¡F¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« brašgh£oid¡ bfhL¤J Ma¤j¥gL¤Jf.

brašghL

• g¤J ciwfis vL¤J¡bfh©L mt‰¿‹nkš Ñœ¡fhQ« bga®fis¤

jå¤jåna vG¡bfhŸf.
1. ghuÂah®
2. ghuÂjhr‹
3. ÂU. é. f.
4. kiwkiy mofŸ
5. m¿P® m©zh
6. òJik¥ äj‹
7. jhÍkhdt®
8. ÂUtŸSt®
9. ÂU¤j¡f¤ njt®
10. f«g®

• ciwæDŸ, nkny cŸs rh‹nwh® F¿¤j fU¤J¡fis¢ ÁW jhëš vGÂ

it¡f.
• mjid khzt®fël« bfhL¤J, ciwæ‹ nkYŸs rh‹nwhiu¥g‰¿,
mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢ brŒf. (m¥bgaiu v¥ghl¤Âš
go¤ÂU¡»‹wd® vd¡ T¿dhY« nghJkhdJ)
• mt® T¿ Ko¤jË, ciwæDŸ cŸs¡ fU¤ij¥ go¡f¢ brŒf.
• mt®fŸ T¿at‰iw¤ bjhF¤J, jäœ ts®¤j rh‹nwh®fŸ vD« ghl¤Âid
m¿Kf« brŒf.

13
2.go¤jš

g¡f v© 8,9Ïš cŸs ÅukhKåt® v‹D« jiy¥Ã‹ Ñœ cŸs ciu¥ g¤Âfis¥

go¤J¥ òÂa brh‰fis mo¡nfhol brŒf.

• mo¡nfho£l brh‰fis¡ fU«gyifæš vGJf.

• brh‰fS¡fhd bghUis khzt®fisna Tw¢ brŒf.
• khzt®fŸ jLkhW« brh‰fS¡F MÁça® bghUŸ TWf.

òÂa brh‰fŸ

mfit tçtot«

<®¡f¥g£lh® fy«gf«

g‰W m«khid

N£o¡bfh©lh® Á‰¿y¡»a«

gæ‹W fj«g«

f‰W Ïy§F

M‰¿a K¤jhu«

14
3.kdtiugl«

Ϥjhè
fh‹°lh©o‹
K¥gjh« mfit
n#hr¥ bg°»
jäHf« tUif

ehL
Ïa‰bga®
rka¤ ÂU¥gâ
uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis bjhl¡f«
òfHhu«
N£oat® ÅukhKåt®
m¿ªj
bkhêfŸ
vG¤J¢
M§»y«, vÃnua«,
Ó®ÂU¤j«
Ïa‰¿a ijçaehj‹ »nu¡f«, jäœ,
tçtot¤ ÂU¤j« üšfŸ bjY§F, tlbkhê

ÅukhKåt®

rJufuhÂ, nj«ghtâ,
bjh‹}š és¡f«,
gukh®¤j¡ FU fij,
fhtYh®¡ fy«gf«

15
4.bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«
kdtiugl¤Âš cŸs fU¤Jfis¥ g£oaš Kiwæš bjhF¡f¢ brŒJ, tH§f¢
brŒf.

ÅukhKåt®
Ïa‰bga® fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°»
ehL Ϥjhè
rka¥gâ jkJ K¥gjh« mfitæš rka¥ gâah‰w, jäHf« tªjh®.
m¿ªj bkhêfŸ M§»y«, vÃnua«, »nu¡f«, jäœ, bjY§F, tlbkhê
ijçaehj‹ jäœÛJ bfh©l g‰¿dhš ijçaehj‹ v‹D« bgaiu
ÅukhKåt® vd kh‰¿¡ bfh©lh®.
Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ rJufuh (mfuKjè), nj«ghtâ (»¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãa üš),
bjh‹}š és¡f« (F£o¤ bjhšfh¥Ãa«)
vG¤J¢ jäœ tçtot¤Âš ÂU¤j¤ij¡ bfh©L tªjh®.
Ó®ÂU¤j«
òfHhu« uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis Ñœ¡fhQkhW òfœªjh®.
“nj«ghtâ, fhtÿ®¡fy«gf« fj«gkhiyahf¡
fh£Áaë¡»‹wJ; bjh‹}š bgh‹}yhf Ïy§F»‹wJ;
rJufuh K¤jhukhf äs®»‹wJ; ÅukhKåt® jäœ
Kåt®fSŸ xUtuhf és§F»‹wh®.”

5.tYñ£Ljš
brašghL-1 ne®fhzš
• khzt® ÏUtiu miH¤J, ne®fhzš el¤Jf.
• xU khzt‹ ÅukhKåtuhfΫ, k‰bwhU khzt‹ ne®fhzš
brŒgtuhfΫ eo¡f/brašgl¢ brŒf.

16
v.fh.
ne®fhzš
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Iah! tz¡f«.
ÅukhKåt® : tz¡f« thU§fŸ…
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : j§fis¥ g‰¿Í« j§fŸ j䜥 g‰W g‰¿Í«
nfŸé¥g£nl‹. mJF¿¤J, j§fëlnk édé
m¿ayhbk‹W tªJŸns‹.
ÅukhKåt® : ešyJ; nfS§fŸ; TW»nw‹.
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : j§fë‹ ehL?
ÅukhKåt® : Ϥjhè.
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : ÅukhKåt® v‹gJjh‹ j§fë‹ bganuh?
ÅukhKåt® : Ïšiy Ïšiy. vdJ bg‰nwh® vd¡F it¤j
bga®, fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°».
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Ë v¥nghJ, v¥go ÅukhKåt® v‹D« bga®
tªjJ?
ÅukhKåt® : rka¤ ÂU¥gâah‰w jäHf« tªjnghJ
ijçaehj® v‹w bgaiu¢ N£o¡bfh©nl‹.
Ë jäœÛJ bfh©l g‰¿dhš, ijçaehj‹
v‹gij ÅukhKåt® vd kh‰¿¡bfh©nl‹.
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : v¥nghJ jäHf« tªÔ®?
ÅukhKåt® : vdJ K¥gjh« mfitæš jäHf« tªnj‹.
rka¤ij¥ gu¥òtj‰fhf…
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : jäœeh£oš rka¤ij¥ gu¥òtJ v‹whš jäœ
bkhê bjçªÂU¡f nt©Lnk?
c§fS¡F K‹dnu jäœ bjçÍnkh?
ÅukhKåt® : Ïšiy… Ïšiy… vd¡F M§»y«, vÃnua«,
»nu¡f«jh‹ Kjèš bjçÍ«. jäœeh£o‰F
tªjÃwF jäiH¡ f‰W¡ bfh©nl‹. mjDl‹
bjY§ifÍ« tlbkhêiaÍ« f‰nw‹.

17
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Áw¥ò… Áw¥ò… Iah! jäêš jh§fŸ brŒj
bjh©oid m¿ªJbfhŸs éU«ò»nw‹.
ÅukhKåt® : jäêš…. tçtot¢ Ó®ÂU¤j« Áyt‰iw
nk‰bfh©nl‹; m¤Jl‹ rJufuhÂ, nj«ghtâ,
bjh‹}š és¡f«, gukh®¤j¡ FU fij,
fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf« Kjèa üšfis Ïa‰¿
cŸns‹.
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : mitbašyh« äf Áwªj gil¥òfŸ Iah
mjdhšjh‹ uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis, “nj«ghtâ,
fhtÿ®¡fy«gf« fj«gkhiyahf¡
fh£Áaë¡»‹wJ; bjh‹}š bgh‹}yhf
Ïy§F»‹wJ; rJufuh K¤jhukhf äs®»‹wJ;
ÅukhKåt® jäœ Kåt®fSŸ xUtuhf
és§F»‹wh®” vd¥ òfHhu« N£oÍŸsh®.
ÅukhKåt® : mJ vd¡F¤ jäœ bfhL¤j bfhil; jäG¡F
eh‹ v‹W« flik¥g£LŸns‹.
ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Iah! j§fël« ngÁaš bgUk»œ¢Á
bfh©nl‹. j§fis¥ g‰¿a brŒÂfis¤
j§fë‹ _ykhfnt m¿ªJbfh©nl‹.
jäê‹ghš äf <®¥ò bfh©nl‹. e‹¿!
tU»nw‹ Iah!…
ÅukhKåt® : ešyJ … thU§fŸ…

18
brašghL-2
Ñœ¡fhQ« brh‰fis¢ brhšy¡nf£L vGJf.
1 fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°» 6 F£o¤bjhšfh¥Ãa«
2 ijçaehj‹ 7 fy«gf«
3 ÅukhKåt® 8 m«khid
4 rJufuh 9 gukh®¤j¡FU fij
5 nj«ghtâ 10 uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis
6.kÂ¥ÕL
brašghL-1
ghlüèš cŸs ÅukhKåt® g‰¿a édh¡fS¡F éilaë¡f (g¡f«-11)
brašghL-2
ghlüèš cŸs édh¡fis¤ j鮤J MÁça® òwta édh¡fis cUth¡»,
kÂ¥ÕL brŒf.
(v.fh.)
1. ÅukhKåt® Kj‹ Kjyhf ___________v‹D« mfu Kjèia btëæ£lh®.
2. »¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãakhd ___________ ÅukhKåtuhš Ïa‰w¥g£lJ.
3. gukh®¤j¡ FU fij v‹gJ ___________üš MF«.
4. bjh‹}š ___________ Ïy§F»‹wJ.
5. rJufuh ___________ äë®»‹wJ.
7. FiwÔ® f‰wš
brašghL-1
ghlüèš t©z vG¤Âš cŸs brh‰fis¥ gh®¤J vGj¢ brŒf

19
 brašghL-2
rçahd Ïizia¥ ghlüiy¥ gh®¤J¡ F¿¡f¢ brŒf.
1 ÅukhKåt® - fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°»
2 rJufuh - mfuKjè
3 nj«ghtâ - »¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãa«
4 bjh‹}š és¡f« - F£o¤ bjhšfh¥Ãa«
5 gukh®¤j¡ FU fij - eif¢Rit üš
6 fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf« - K¤jhu«

8. vGJjš

1. Ñœ¡fhQ« brh‰fis¡ bfh©L bjhluik¡f.

1. ÅukhKåt®-Ϥjhè-Ãw¥ò
2. j䜥g‰W-ijçaehj‹-ÅukhKåt®
3. rJufuhÂ-mfuKjè-btëælš
4. nj«ghtâ-fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf«-fj«g khiy
5. uh.Ã.nrJ¥ÃŸis-ÅukhKåt®-òfHhu«

2. ÅukhKåt® F¿¤j j‹étu¡F¿¥Ãid¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« jiy¥òfS¡F V‰g vGÂ

tUf

1 Ïa‰bga® :
2 ehL :
3 m¿ªj bkhêfŸ :
4 Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ :
5 uh.Ã.nrJ¥ÃŸis N£oa òfHhu« :

20
9.bjhl®gâ

1. ÅukhKåt® F¿¤j fU¤Âid¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« jiy¥òfëš f£Liuahf¤ bjhF¡f¢

brŒf.

1. Ãw¥ò
2. j䜥 g‰W
3. Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ
4. òfHhu«

2. ÅukhKåt® brŒj vG¤J¢ Ó®ÂU¤j¤ij üyf« / Ïizajs¤Âš njo, f©l¿ªJ

vGÂ tUf.

gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. tYñ£lš goãiyæš cŸs Kjš brašghL vªjÂwid ts®¡F« tifæš

cŸsJ?m¤Âwid ts®¡f Úé® v¤jifa brašgh£il tH§FÅ®? mjid
totik¡f.

21
 English- Lesson Plan

Class: VII – I term

Lesson : Unit I (Prose)- Gone Forever – Barbara Reeves (Page 81)
1.Introduction:
The teacher distributes the picture of some animals to students at random. 1.
Elephant 2. Cheetah 3.Tiger 4. Rhinoceros 5. Panda 6. Whale 7. Bear 8. Dinosaur

• The names of these animals are written in chits and given to another
group of children
• The children hold up their animal picture one by one and the student who
has got that animal’s name should stand up and read out the name. It
continues till all the animals are identified and read out
• Simultaneously the teacher puts up the chart containing a few questions
for conversation
• The students are asked to involve in answering the questions in pair, after
identifying the picture
Questions
1. Have you ever seen these animals?
2. If yes, where? If no, why?
3. Can you say any two things about these animals?
4. What is the animal famous for?

After this activity is over, the teacher leads into the content of the lesson by
asking them the difference between Dinosaur and other animals given in the list. After
receiving responses from students, the teacher conveys that Dinosaur is extinct where
as the rest are existing.

In this lesson, “Gone Forever”, the students are introduced into the world of
animals. It deals with various animals and how they are endangered and slowly
disappear due to Hunting and Deforestation.

22
2. Guided Reading:

The teacher gives the model reading with proper stress, pause and intonation.

Then the students repeat after the teacher phrase by phrase.

Reading practice is given to students in small groups and the teacher checks them in
random individually.

Students are asked to read silently and underline the new words. Simultaneously, the
teacher writes some new words with their meanings on the blackboard.

The students find meanings for the new words in dictionary.

The teacher then explains the words with the context of the lesson.

Example

1. Abundance – plenty, large quantity

2. Endangered – in danger of extinction
3. Exotic – unusual
4. Extinct – destroyed
5. Fascinate- to attract.

23
 Endangered Species

3. Mind Map

Africa North America South America Asia

Rhinoceros Elephant Cheetah Howler Three -Toed Macaw &

a Monkey Sloth Parakeet

Destruction of rain forest Sold as exotic pets

For For Ivory

Horns Tusk
Bear Red wolf American Panda Snow Tiger Blue
Crocodile Leopard Whale

Human
Encroachment
Deforest Hunted Hunted Sea
ation of for Fur for Sport Pollution
Human Encroachment
Bamboos &
& Habitation Shrinking
Hunting

24
4. Consolidation

The content of the selected paragraph is consolidated using the technique, ‘facts’
African Rhinoceros are powerful and dangerous, hunted for horns and magical
powers
African Elephants are gentle and intelegent, hunted for Ivory Tusk
Cheetah, living in Africa, is the fastest land animal, endangered because of
habitation shrinking
Grizzly Bears of North America, wandering great distances, endangerd because
of habitation shrinking
Red Wolf and American crocodile living in North America, endangerd because of
habitation shrinking

5. Reinforcement Activity

Survey Activity:

The teacher divides the class into four groups. Each group is given a question in a chit.
They need to conduct a survey based on the question. They have to ask the question to
everyone in the class and note down the answers. The group members have to
consolidate their answers to prepare a Survey report.

Questions

1. Pick any one animal which you want to protect.

2. Pick any one animal which you think is highly endangered.
3. Which animal do you think can be protected by preventing deforestration?
4. Which species do you think is used as a pet?
Note: The following scaffolded model can be given for the children to present
their survey report.

25
S.L
Name of the Student Answer for the given question
No

Example:

Group I

We conducted a survey based on the question _____________________

__________________. Totally ______________________ students took part in the
survey. Out of __________ students __________ reported as they would protect
Panda. ____________ Students said as they would protect _____________.
____________ said they would protect ___________.

6. Evaluation

Read the paragraph and answer the questions given below:

The giant Panda of Asia is a fascinating and unique animal. Yet there are only
about 1000 still living in the wild. The giant Panda’s diet consists mainly of the bamboo
plant, so when the bamboo forests die, so does the panda. China is now making an
effort to protect these special creatures from becoming extinct.

26
 Asia’s big cats are also in trouble. The exotic snow Leopard lives high in the
mountains. Even there, it faces the loss of its natural habitat and hunters who kill it for
the fur. The tiger, the largest of all the big cats, is hunted merely for sport.

Questions & Answers

1. Where do the Snow Leopards live?

2. What do Pandas mainly eat?

3. Which animal is the largest of all the big cats?

4. How many Pandas are still living in the wild?

5. Which country is taking special effort to protect Pandas?

7. Remedial Teaching:

The late bloomers are encouraged to go through the lesson with the help of peer
group. Reading practice can be given to them by adopting certain strategies like
phonics and blending and syllabification. The following crossword activity has been
given as a sample for the late bloomers.

27
Cross word Activity

Find and circle the names of animals

W E L E P H A N T M H S
X O L E A P A R D A O O
M R L A P O B E O C R R
P A R A K E E T N A S E
A S S L F M A O K W E C
N E T L E R R S E C Y O
D H O L C H E E T A H N
A W A W E M G H O R E I
V H M O U S I J Z D N H
W Z Q S L O T H P T A R

Match the animals and adjectives.

1. Whale Asia’s big

2. Leopard The giant
3. Bear lightning quick
4. Rhinoceros intelligent
5. Wolf golden
6. Monkey great green
7. Macaw howler
8. Parakeet red
9. Elephant grizzly
10. Cheetah powerful
11. Pandas snow
12. Cat Blue

28
8. Writing:

Answer the following questions:

1. How do people cause problems to the animals?

2. What can we do to help endangered animals?
3. List out the names of the endangered animals?
4. What will happen if we allow even one species on earth to become extinct?

9. Follow up activity-9

Students are assigned a project to search and collect information about a few extinct /
endangered species.

Imagine and write down your views if there are no animals in the world.

Work sheet

Read the following passage silently and answer the questions.

In South America, the destruction of rain forest threatens many animals. Unusual
mammals, such as the howler monkey and the three – toed sloth, are endangered.
Beautiful birds like the great green macaw, and the golden parakeet are also becoming
extinct. They are losing their homes in the rain forest and thousands die when they are
caught and shipped off to be sold as exotic pets.

1. What are the difficulties in reading the passage?

2. What kind of preparation is needed for giving a guided reading?

29
3. What strategies will you adopt to explain the following words?

toed sloth
green macaw
extinct
exotic pets

4. Why is reinforcement activity more important for English subject?

5. How does ‘Survey Report’ activity serve the purpose of skill enrichment?

30
 gil¥gh‰wš fšé -fâj«

fâj¥ghl« jd¡nf cç¤jhd bkhê tot« bfh©lJ. nkY« ÏJ fU¤J¢

br¿Î ä¡f ghl« v‹gš Iaäšiy. tF¥giwæš fU¤JfisÍ« Âw‹fisÍ«
xU§»iz¤J brštJ mtÁakhF«. gšntW Âw‹fŸ fâj¤Âš Ïl« bg‰¿UªjhY«
bghJthd neh¡f§fis¥ ËtUkhW tiuaW¡fyh«.

Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¤jš (Mathematical problem solving)

bt›ntW NHšfëš V‰gL« Á¡fšfis mQfΫ; fâj fU¤J¡fŸ, Âw‹fŸ

k‰W« »il¡f¥g£l bjhl®òfŸ _y« mªj¢ Á¡fšfS¡F¤ ԮΠfh©gJ« fâj¤Â‹
mo¥gilahd xU brayhf¡ fUjyh«. tF¥giw¡F cŸnsÍ« btënaÍ« m‹whl
thœéš vG« Á¡fiy Kiwahf milahs§fhzΫ, Á¡fiy¡ f£lik¤J
cUth¡»lΫ; Ëò cfªj Ô®it¥ ga‹gL¤Â¤ Ô®¡fΫ khzt®fis¥
gH¡f¥gL¤Jjš mtÁakhd fâj¥ g©ghF«. Ϥjifa Ïy¡if milÍ« éjkhf
khzt®fS¡»ilna bt›ntW Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¥gj‰fhd Âw‹fisÍ«, têãiyfisÍ«
ts®¤bjL¥gJ MÁçaç‹ flik MF«. fâj¤Â‹ äf K¡»a neh¡fkhdJ
khzt®fis¢ Áwªj Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¡F« eguhf kh‰w cjÎtjhF«.

fâj¡fU¤J¥ gçkh‰w« (Mathematical communication)

fâjbkhê¡fhd brh‰fsŠÁa« k‰W« F¿pLfë‹ Jizbfh©L

fâj¡fU¤J¡fis¤ Jšèakhf btë¥gL¤JtJ fâj¡fU¤J¥gçkh‰w« vdyh«.
fâjbkhêæš nf£gjhY«, vGJtjhY«, go¥gjhY«, éthÂ¥gjhY« F¿¤jyhY«
khzt®fël« fâj¡fU¤J¡fëš Áªjid bjëΫ, Mœªj òçjY« V‰gL»wJ.

fâj MuhÍ« Âw‹ (Mathematical Reasoning)

fâj¤Â‹ mo¥gil Âw‹fshd MuhÍ« Âw‹ k‰W« ãUáF« Âwid

khzt®fël« ts®¤jš mtÁakhF«. fâj¡ T‰Wfis MuhŒªJ, j®¡f ßÂahf
mQ» Koit¥ bgw éÂtUKiw k‰W« éÂés¡F KiwfŸ monfhY»‹wd.
khzt®fŸ xU fâj¡ T‰¿id¥ gF¤jhuhŒªJ, KoÎ e«gf¤j‹ik thŒªjjh vd
Ô®khå¡f¤ j®¡fßÂahf MuhÍ« Kiw ga‹gL»wJ. é»j« k‰W« tot§fŸ F¿¤j

31
Âwid m¿ªJ ga‹gL¤Jjš, tiugl«, k‰W« m£ltizfŸ _y« bt›ntW
Kiwfëš F¿¤J¡ fh£lΫ m¿ªÂU¤jš nt©L«.

Ãwghl§fSl‹ fâj¤Â‹ bjhl®ò (Mathematical Connections)

fâj¥ghl¤ÂYŸs bt›ntW jiy¥òfëš Ïl«bgW« fU¤J¡fŸ k‰W«

brašKiwfis khzt®fŸ bjhl®ògL¤j¤ bjçªÂU¤jš nt©L«. nkY«,
fâjkhdJ Ãwghl§fnshL Ïizªj ghlkhF«. fâj¥ghl¤Â‹ m‹whl ga‹ghL
k‰W« brašKiw¤Âw‹ _ykhf khzt®fŸ fâj¥ghl¥ ÃçΡFŸS« Ãw
ghl§fS¡F« cŸs bjhl®Ãid¡ f©Lz®jš nt©L« (F¿¥ghf m¿éaš ghl«).
Ï‹iwa fhy¡f£l¤Â‹ mtÁa¤jhš fâj« k‰W« m¿éaiy cŸsl¡»a xU
fiy¤Â£l¤Âid cUth¡Ftš fâj« k‰W« m¿éaš MÁça® <LgL»wh®.

fâjbkhêæš F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš (Mathematical Representations)

gšntW fâj¡fU¤J¡fis és¡fΫ, bghJik¥gL¤jΫ, bjhl®ògL¤jΫ

bt›ntW Kiwfëš F¿¤J¡ fh£lΫ khzt®fis¥ gH¡Fjš nt©L«.
fâj¡fU¤J¡fis f‰fΫ, brŒJ gh®¡fΫ, vL¤Jiu¡fΫ, fâjbkhêæš
F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš äfΫ mtÁa« v‹gij khzt®fŸ òçªJ bfhŸsnt©L«.
tiugl«, v©âaš, Ïa‰fâj«, thŒbkhê, clyirÎ k‰W« milahs« fhQjš vd
khzt®fŸ vëikæèUªJ fod têfëš F¿¤J¡fh£lΫ, mj‹ _y« brašKiw
k‰W« éisit¥ bgwΫ F¿¤J¡ fh£Ljš (representations) mtÁakh»wJ.

fâj¥ghl¤Â‰F¥ gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfis¥ Ëg‰¿ Ïu©L

ghlkhÂçfŸ tH§f¥g£LŸsd.

32
 khÂç ghl¤Â£l« -fâj«

jiy¥ò: bkŒba©fë‹ bjhF¥ò

tF¥ò : 8
neh¡f« : • é»jKW v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš
• é»jKW v©fë‹ g©òfis¥ òçªJ bfhŸSjš (T£lš
k‰W« fê¤jiy¢ rh®ªJ k£Lnk)
go:1 m¿Kf« :
M®t_£lš : • MÁça® v©nfh£oš ‘0’ Ïl¤Âš ã‹W bfh©L,
tyJòw« 5 myFfŸ ef®»wh®. ÃwF ÏlJòw« 8 myFfŸ
ef®»wh®. Ë 2 myFfŸ tyòw« ef®»wh® v‹whš
MÁça® vªj v©âš ã‰gh®?
ãidÎTWjš : Ñœ¡fhQ« T‰Wfis khzt®fël« nf£L, MÁça®
éilfhz nt©L«.
• mid¤J Ïaš v©fS« KG¡fns.
• mid¤J KG¡fS« é»jKW v©fns.
• mid¤J Ëd v©fS« é»jKW v©fns.
Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»a é»jKW v©
bjhF¥Ã‰F khzt®fis bt‹gl« tiua¢ brŒjš nt©L«.
go:2 nkyhŒÎ: g¡f« 3 ÏèUªJ 7 tiu MÁça® fU¤J¡fis¢ RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.

go:3 fU¤J¥ òçjš :

é»jKW v©fŸ :

, , M»ait KG¡fŸ k‰W« ≠ 0 v‹wthW mikÍ« v©fis

é»jKW v©fŸ v‹»nwh«. Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ

M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»aitahf é»jKW v© bjhF¥ò mik»‹wJ.

33
brašghL

ÑœfhQ« v©fŸ v›tif v©tif v‹gij ( / x ) Mš F¿¤J¡ fh£Lf

v©fŸ 8 1 −2013
79 -4 0
v© tif 7 2 2014
Ïaš v©fŸ
KG v©fŸ
KG¡fŸ
Fiw KG¡fŸ
äif KG¡fŸ

MÁça® brŒÍ« fz¡F :

I é»jKW v©fis¡ F¿¤J¡ fh£Ljš

Kjèš khzt®fis 8, -7, -9.8 ngh‹w v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¡f¥ gH¡Fjš

nt©L«. k‰W« M»a é»jKW v©fis¥ ËtUkhW MÁça® f‰Ã¡fyh«

mšyJ fhbzhè fh£Á têahf¡ f‰Ã¡fyh«.

1. I¡ F¿¤J¡fh£lš:

v‹w v©âš bjhFÂiaél, gFÂ bgça v©zhf mikªjhš mªj v© MdJ

0-¡F« 1 F« Ïilæš mikÍ«. 0 k‰W« 1 I cŸsl¡»a nfh£L¤J©il 7

J©Lfshf¥ Ãç¡f.

0 1

I ËtUkhW F¿¤J¡fh£lΫ

0 1

34
 2. v‹w v©iz v©nfh£oš MÁça® ËtUkhW F¿¤J¡ fh£l nt©L«.

−8 1
= −1
7 7
ÏJ −1 ¡F« - 2 ¡F« Ïilna mik»wJ. vdnt -1 Ï¡F« -2 Ï¡F« Ïilnaahd
gFÂia 7 rkJ©Lfshf¥ Ãç¤J, mš I F¿¡f m›élkÂ¥ò −1

−2 −1

khzt® brŒÍ« fz¡F

ËtU« v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡fh£Lf.

1)
0 1

2)
-1 0

go -4 :

FGntiy: I v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡ fh£l¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

II. é»jKW v©fë‹ g©òfŸ

T£liy¥ bghW¤J milÎ¥ g©ò, nr®¥ò¥ g©ò, gçkh‰W¥ g©ò, rkå, v®kiw
M»a g©òfis MÁça® éth¤jš nt©L«.

35
brašghL:

1. Ï‹ T£lš v®kiw_____________
2. + 12 = _____________+
3. rçgh®:

1 2 7 1 2 5
+ + = + +
3 3 3 3 3 3

Ïnj ngh‹W fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J milÎ¥ g©ò, nr®¥ò¥g©ò, gçkh‰W¥ g©ò M»a
g©òfis MÁça® éth¤jš nt©L«.

brašghL :

g©òfis¡ f©LÃo

fz¡F +/ - I bghW¤J g©Ã‹ bga®

7 7
5+ = +5 + gçkh‰W g©ò
3 3

0 + − ! = − !+0 + ‘0’ xU T£lš rkå

1 −1
+ =0 ‘+’ v‹gJ Ï‹ T£lš v®kiw
12 12
1 1 7 1 7 7
+ + = + + + nr®¥ò éÂ
2 5 12 5 12 12
nr®¥ò éÂia ãiwÎ
1 − ! − 3 =1− − 3! -
brŒaéšiy
12 + "−7# = −7 +12 + gçkh‰W g©ò

FG ntiy : , k‰W« M»a v©fŸ T£lš k‰W« fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J nr®¥ò¥

g©ig ãiwÎ brŒ»wjh v‹gij¢ nrh¤J éilfhQjš nt©L«.

36
go:5 tYñ£lš: khzt®fis miH¤J m£ltizia¥ ó®¤Â brŒJ
fhuz¤Âid tH§Fjš nt©L«.

fê¤jš
v©fŸ
milÎ¥ g©ò gçkh‰W¥ g©ò nr®¥ò¥ g©ò
Ïaš v©fŸ X 3-2 = 2-3 X X
KG v©fŸ X X X
KG¡fŸ X X X
é»jKW v©fŸ X X

go : 6 kÂ¥ÕL :

1. Ñœ¡fhQ« v©fS¡F¡ T£liy¥ bghW¤J gçkh‰W k‰W« milÎ g©ig¢

nrh¡f

m. ,4
M. −3, −8

2. Ñœ¡fhQ« é»jKW v©fëš _‹W _‹W v©fshf¤ bjçÎbrŒJ fê¤jiy¥

bghW¤J gçkh‰W g©Ãid¢ nrh¡f.

− , , , 5, -7

go :7 FiwÔ® f‰wš:
nk‰fhQ« fz¡Ffëš ÃiHbrŒÍ« khzt®fS¡F¤ jåahfnth mšyJ
FGthfnth f‰f MÁça® cjt nt©L« mšyJ bjhl®ghd fhbzhè
fh£Áia¡ fh©Ã¤J f‰gij cW brŒayh«.
go : 8 vGJjš:
gæ‰Á 1.1 Ïš cŸs T£lš k‰W« fê¤jš rh®ªj é»jKW g©òfis¥
gçnrh¡F« fz¡Ffis khzt®fis¢ brŒa brhšYjš.

go : 9 bjhl® gâ:
bt›ntW v©tiffëš cŸs v©fis¤ bjçÎ brŒJ (Ïaš v©fŸ, KG
v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ) T£lš / fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J milÎ, nr®¥ò, gçkh‰W, rkå,
v®kiw ngh‹w g©òfis¢ nrh¤J¥ gh®.

37
ghlkhÂç -2

ghl¥gFÂ : toéaš

jiy¥ò : òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js«

tF¥ò : 6

neh¡f« : • òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js« Ït‰¿‹

fU¤J¡fis¥ òçªJbfhŸSjš.
• òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js« Ït‰iw¡
F¿¡fΫ, ga‹gL¤jΫ m¿jš.
1.m¿Kf« : • ínah gyif / òŸë¤jhis¡ bfh©L bt›ntW
tot§fis mik¡f khzt®fis m¿ÎW¤Jjš.
• c¿ŠR FHhŒ (straw) fis x‹nwhL x‹W
M®t_£lš / : Ïiz¡f¢ brŒJ Ús« v›tsÎ v‹gij¡ fhz¢
Áªjidia¤ ö©L« brŒjš.
édh¡fŸ • c‹ Å£o‹ mfy« v›tsÎ?
• c‹ tF¥giwæ‹ Ús« v›tsÎ?
2.nkyhŒÎ : g¡f« 66 Kjš 69 tiu cŸs K¡»a fU¤J¡fis
MÁça® RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.
3.fU¤J¢ brašghL
òŸë : • òŸë v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Ïl¤Âid /
ãiyæid¡ F¿¥gjhF«.
• òŸë¡F Ús«, mfy«, cau«, »ilahJ.
• bghJthf¥ òŸëfis M§»y bgça
vG¤J¡fshd A,B,C……… ngh‹w vG¤J¡fshŒ
F¿¥gJ tH¡f«.
• òŸëia A vd F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš.
nfhL : • bjhl®¢Áahd òŸëfë‹ bjhF¥ò nfhL MF«.
• nfhlhdJ nfh£L¤J©lhfnth, fÂuhfnth
mikayh«.

38
 • nfhL $% vd F¿¡f¥gL»wJ $, % v‹w òŸëfŸ
têahf¢ bršY« nfhL ËtUkhW.

A B

nfh£L¤J©L :

• xU nfhlhdJ KoÎW Ús¤Âid¡ bfh©oU¥Ã‹ mjid¡ nfh£L¤J©L

v‹»nwh«.
• ÏJ ne®¡nfh£o‹ xU gFÂ.
• F¿¥Ã£l Ús« bfh©lJ. bjhl¡f k‰W« KoÎ¥òŸë c©L.
• A,B v‹w òŸëahš Ïiz¡f¥g£l nfh£L¤J©L $% ËtUkhW:

A B

nfh£L¡f® :

• xU F¿¥Ã£l òŸëæèUªJ tiua¥gL« nfhL nfh£L¡f® MF«.

• bjhl¡f¥òŸë c©L, KoÎ¥òŸë Ïšiy.
• Kot‰w Ús« cilaJ.

A,B v‹w òŸë tê¢ bršY« nfh£L¡f® $% ËtUkhW:

A B

js« :

xnu ne®¡nfh£oš mikahj _‹W òŸëfshš V‰gL« gFÂ js« vd¥gL«.

(v.fh) jiu, Rt®, nkir, jhŸ.

39
khzt® brŒÍ« brašghL

1. A v‹w òŸë tê¢bršY« eh‹F nfhLfis tiuf.

2. VnjD« eh‹F òŸëfis¡ F¿¤J mt‰ow¡ nfh£L¤ J©odhš Ïiz¡f.

4.FGntiy :

rJu«, br›tf«, K¡nfhz« M»at‰iw tiua njit¥gL« Kid¥òŸëfŸ,

nfh£L¤J©LfŸ ahit?

5.tYñ£Ljš :

fU¤J¡fŸ tiuaiw Ús« F¿¡F« Kiw

òŸë

nfh£L¤J©L

nfh£L¡f®

nfhL

40
6.kÂ¥ÕLjš :

1. Ï‹ bga® v‹d?
X Y

2.

A E F D

cŸs nfh£L¤J©Lfis vGJf.

A
3.

I J B C
H D
F

G E

nk‰fhQ« gl¤Âš Ïl«bgW« nfh£L¤ J©Lfis vGJf.

7. FiwÔ® f‰wš:

nk‰fhQ« fU¤J¡fëš bjëÎ bgwhj khzt®fS¡F vëa tot§fë‹

Jizbfh©L fU¤J¡fis és¡Fjš.

8. bjhl® gâ:

m‹whl thœéš Ú§fŸ fhQ« bt›ntW cUt§fŸ tot§fis tiuªJ, mš Ïl«
bg‰¿U¥gJ nfhlh/ nfh£L¤ J©lh/ nfh£L¡ fÂuh v‹gij¡ f©LÃo¤jš.

41
kdtiugl¤ij¤ bjçÎ brŒjš

8 M« tF¥ò fâj¥ ghl¤ÂYŸs Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ, é»jKW

v©fŸ M»a v©bjhF¥ig kdtiuglkhf ËtU« ÏUntW têfëš F¿¤J
fh£Ltjhf bfhŸsyh«.

kdtiugl«

é»jKW v©fŸ é»j KWv©fŸ

KG¡fŸ

KG v©fŸ
KG¡fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

KG v©fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

Ϫj ÏU kdtiugl§fS« x¤j fU¤Âid¡ fh£Á¥gL¤J»‹wd. ÏU¥ÃD«

Ïul©lhtJ kd tiugl« khzt®fël¤Âš vëikahd òçjiy bfh©L brš»wJ.
vL¤J¡fh£lhf KG¡fŸ v›thW mik»wJ vªj v© mik¥ÃèUªJ ts®¢Á
bgW»‹wJ vdgij kdtiugl« _y« òçªJbfhŸtš (Ïaš v©fŸ KG v©fŸ
KG¡fŸ) r‰W fodkhfΫ Mdhš kdtiugl« 2 š Ïaš v©fŸ KG v©fS¡FŸ
tU«, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fS¡F cŸshfΫ miktij¡ fhzyh«.

vdnt òçªjt‰iw¢ Áw¥ghf btë¡bfhzU« tifæyhd kdtiugl¤Âid¤

(tiufiy mik¥Ãid) bjçÎ brŒtJ äf äf mtÁakhF«.

42
fâj¥ghl¤Âš kÂ¥ÕL

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs g¤Âæid¥ go¤J rçahd fâj¢ brh‰fis¤ nj®ªbjL¤J ãu¥òf.

1. ________ v‹gJ v©âaè‹ bghJik¥gL¤j¥g£l fâj¥ÃçÎ MF«.

________ v‹gJ bt›ntW v© kÂ¥ig V‰F« xU cU vdyh«. xU F¿¥Ã£l
xU kÂ¥Ãid kh¿ V‰F«nghJ ________v‹»nwh«. xU kh¿ k‰W« xU kh¿è
mšyJ kh¿è k‰W« kh¿fë‹ bgU¡f‰gyid ________v‹»nwh«. jå¤j
cW¥ghfnth mšyJ cW¥òfis T£lš, fê¤jš F¿pLfshš Ïiz¤J
F¿¥ÃLtij ________ v‹»nwh«. bghJthf Ïa‰fâj¤Âš nfhitfŸ ÏU
tiffshF«. x‹W Ïa‰fâj¡ nfhit k‰bwh‹W ________. mid¤J
v©fâj¡ nfhitfS« Ïa‰fâj¡ nfhitfns. Ïj‹ kWjiy c©ika‹W.
(kh¿; Ïa‰fâj«; cW¥ò; kh¿è; v©fâj; nfhit Ïa‰fâj nfhit;
nfhit)
2. ________v‹gJ xU KG¥bghUis¢ rkghf§fshf¥ Ãç¤J xU F¿¥Ã£l
ghf¤Âid¡ F¿¤J fh£l¥gL« v© vdyh«. KG gFÂæ‹ ghf« rkkhf ÏU¡f
nt©L«. Ëd¤Âš nkèU¡F« v© bjhFÂahfΫ, ÑêU¡F« v©
gFÂahfΫ miH¡f¥gL«.

xU Ëd¤Â‰F Ãw Ëd§fŸ rkhd Ëd§fshf mik»‹wJ våš Ãw

Ëd§fë‹ RU§»a kÂ¥ghf m¥Ã‹d§fŸ mikÍ«. ËdkhdJ ÏU
tif¥gL«. x‹W ________ k‰bwh‹W jfh Ëd«. bjhFÂia¡ fh£oY« gFÂ
bgçajhf mikªjhš m¥Ã‹d¤ij ________ v‹W« miH¡»nwh«. Ïu©L
mšyJ Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l Ëd§fis x¥Ã£lhš mt‰¿‹ gFÂfŸ x‹whf
ÏUªjhš mit ________ vdΫ, gFÂfŸ bt›ntwhf ÏUªjhš mit nt¿d
Ëd§fŸ vdΫ tiuaW¡f¥gL»‹wd. bghJthf jfh Ëd§fis fy¥ò
Ëdkhf vGJtJ©L. ________ xU KG v© k‰W« jF Ëdkhf
F¿¡f¥gL«.

(jfh Ëd«, fy¥ò Ëd§fŸ, jF Ëd«, Ëd«, Xçd Ëd§fŸ)

43
khÂç tiufiy mik¥òfŸ (kdtiugl«)

x¥ÕL« ntWghL« - gF v©fŸ & gfh v©fŸ

gF v©fŸ gfh v©fŸ

X® Ïaš v©â‰F X® Ïaš v©â‰F

Ïu©L¡F« nk‰g£l Ïu©L tF¤ÂfŸ
x¤j¡ fU¤J¡fŸ k£Lnk ÏU¥Ã‹
tF¤ÂfŸ ÏU¥Ã‹
m›bt© gF v©
Ïšiy. m›bt© gfh v©
vd¥gL«. vd¥gL«.

v.fh 4, 6 v.fh 2, 5

x‰iw v©fS« gfh v©fS«

x‰iw gfh v©fŸ

X® Ïaš v©âid X® Ïaš v©â‰F

Ïu©lhš tF¡f ÛÂ Ïu©L¡F« nk‰g£l
»il¡Fkhdhš tF¤Â ÏU¥Ã‹
m›nt© x‰iw 3,5,7…
m›bt© gfh v©
v© vd¥gL«. 1 « vd¥gL«.
x‰iw v©nz.
v.fh 2; 97
v.fh 245

44
 K¡nfhz¤Â‹ tiffŸ

g¡f§fë‹ mo¥gilæš nfhz§fë‹ mo¥gilæš

rkg¡f ÏU rkg¡f mrk g¡f FW§nfhz br§nfhz éçnfhz

K¡nfhz« K¡nfhz« K¡nfhz« K¡nfhz« K¡nfhz« K¡nfhz«

_‹W g¡f§fS« 3 br. Û 5 br. Û

bt›ntW _‹W nfhz
700

msÎilait msÎfS« < 900

600
500
4 br. Û

VnjD« ÏU 5 br. Û 5 br. Û

g¡f msÎfŸ
rk« _‹W nfhz
6 br. Û mséš VnjD«
xU nfhz msÎ 900
900

_‹W 8 br. Û 8 br. Û

_‹W nfhz
g¡f§fS«
rk« mséš VnjD«
xU nfhz msÎ
8 br. Û 45 > 900
3x-7=8 v‹w rk‹gh£il¤ Ô®¤jš

&
3x-7=8 3x-7+7 =8+7 3x=15 = x=5

ÏUòw« +7 Mš T£l ÏUòw« 3 Mš tF¡f

46
 Ëd«

Ëd¤Â‹ tiffŸ

vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ
vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ

jFËd« jfhËd«
1 9
2 8
1001 8
8
1002 fy¥ò Ëd« 8
7

11 122
102 12

4 12
122 4

1
tiuaiw tiuaiw

gFÂia él bjhFÂ Á¿ajhf gFÂia él bjhFÂ rkkhf

3
cila Ëd« jF Ëd« mšyJ bgçajhf cila Ëd«
jfh Ëd«.
12

13

47
 Ëd¤ij x¥Ãlš

Ïu©L mšyJ Xçd Ëd« nt‰¿d Ëd« Ïu©L mšyJ

Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l
Ëd§fis Ëd§fis x¥ÃL«
x¥ÃL«nghJ nghJ mt‰¿‹
mt‰¿‹ gFÂfŸ gFÂfŸ bt›ntW
xnu v©zhf v©zhf mikªjhš
, , , ,
mikªjhš mitfŸ mit nt‰¿d
Xçd Ëd§fŸ Ëd§fŸ

48
 0 + x® v© =mªj v©

0-x® v© =-mnj v©

0x x® v© =0
(
(
= njw¥bgwh tot«
Ïu£il v©
Áw¥ò g©òfŸ

cŸsl§fh v© tif ó{ía«

f©l¿ªj ehL

ϪÂah

T£lš rkå
cŸsl¡»a fz§fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ,
é»jKW v©fŸ,
bkŒ v©fŸ

49
 fâj« mk®Î gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –é»jKW v©fŸ

1. tiuaiwfë‹ és¡fkhdJ vªj goãiyæš tH§f¥gL»wJ?

2. v‹w é»j KW v©iz v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡ fh£Lf.

3. Ï¥ghl¤Â‰fhd tY¥gL¤J« brašghL x‹¿id tH§Ff.

4. ÑœfhQ« T‰¿‰F¡ fhuz fhça¤Jl‹ és¡f« jUf.

a) 3, -4 MdJ KG v©fëš T£liy¥ bghW¤J milÎ g©ig ãiwÎ
brŒÍ«.

b) é»jKW v©dhdJ T£liy¥ bghW¤J nr®¥ò éÂia ãiwÎ brŒÍ«.

5. xU filæš 50 thiH¥gH§fŸ th§»tu¥gL»‹wd. mt‰¿èUªJ g§F

Kjš ehëš é‰»wJ. Ïu©lh« ehŸ g§F é‰gidah»wJ våš _‹wh«

ehëš cŸs thiH¥gH§fŸ v¤jid?

50
 m¿éaš

Ïa‰Ãaš

tF¥ò : Mwh« tF¥ò

ghl« : msÅLfS« Ïa¡fK«
gUt« : Kjš
g¡f« : 127-130

m¿Kf«-1

brašghL -1

khzt®fS¡F mçÁ, gU¥ò, fhŒf¿fŸ, thiH¥ gH§fŸ v©bzŒ, ghš Jâ, ó

ngh‹w bghU£fis¡ bfhL¤jš

khzt®fŸ j§fŸ ifæš cŸs bghU£fis mséL« Kiwia¥ g‰¿

bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢brŒjš Ïj‹ _y« msÅ£L Kiwæš cŸs ntWghLfis
MÁça® vL¤Jiu¤jš.

brašghL-3

tF¥giwæš cŸs fU«gyifæ‹ Ús¤ij v¤jid rh© vdΫ msªJ msÎ

nfhiy¥ ga‹gL¤Â msªj msitÍ« khzt®fŸ f©LÃo¤J ËtU«
m£ltizia ãu¥g¢ brŒjš.

t.v© khzt® bga® khzt® msªj rh©fë‹ msÎnfhè‹ _y«

v©â¡if »il¤j msÎ

51
nk‰f©l msÎfë‹ _y« £l msÅL k‰W« £l myFfë‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij
òçait¤jš (bjëÎgL¤Jjš)

myF

msÎ x‹iw msªj¿a eh« v¥nghJ« xU Áy go¤ju ( standard ) msÎl‹

mjid x¥ÃL»nwh«. fæW x‹¿‹ Ús« 10 Û£l® v‹gj‹ bghUŸ v‹d? 1 Û£l®
ÚsKila bghUbsh‹¿‹ Ús¤ij¥nghš fæW 10 kl§F ÚsKŸsJ. ϧF Û£l®
v‹gJ go¤ju msthF«. Ϫj go¤ju msÎ myF vd¥gL«. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs
Ïa‰Ãaš msÎl‹ x¥Ãl¥ ga‹gL« xU ãWt¥g£l go¤ju msÎ Ïa‰Ãaš msé‹
myF vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. mo¥gil msÎfis msªj¿Í« myFfŸ mo¥gil
myFfŸ vd¥gL«.

Ús«

1895-M« M©L £l msitfis Kiw¥gL¤J« bghU£L cyfséš

International Bureau of Weight and Measures v‹w mik¥ò ÃbuŠR eh£oš
njh‰Wé¡f¥g£lJ. Ï›tik¥ò Û£l® msÎnfhèid cUth¡» mij fh£Á¥gL¤Â
guhkç¤J tU»‹wJ. Û£l® msÎnfhyhdJ Ãsh£od« (90%) k‰W Ïçoa« (10%) M»a
cnyhf¡ fyitfis¡ bfh©L xU ÚŸ tot g£oæid cUth¡» Ïu©L nfhLfis
mj‹ ÛJ 1 Û£l® bjhiyéš tiuªJ 0° bt¥gãiyæš guhkç¤J tU»wJ.
bt¥g¤Âdhš V‰gL« Ú£Áæid¤ j鮤J Jšèa msthf ga‹gL¤Âl Ï›thW
brašgL¤J»wJ.

xëæ‹ ntf¤ij ga‹gL¤Â Û£l® msÎnfhš nkY« Jšèakhf¡

fz¡»l¥g£lJ. mjhtJ xëahdJ xU behoæš (édhoæš) bt‰¿l¤Â‹ têna
bršY« bjhiyéš 1/299 792 450 ghf¤ij 1 Û£l® msthf ã®zæ¡f¥g£lJ.

ãiw
bghUbsh‹W bg‰WŸs gU¥bghUë‹ msÎ ãiw MF«. ÏJ bt¥gãiyiaÍ«
mG¤j¤ijÍ« bghU¤jjšy. ãiwahdJ Ïl¤Â‰F Ïl« khWglhJ, ãiwæ‹ myF
»nyh»uh« MF«.

52
 Ãuh‹ìš ghßR¡F mU»š r›bu° v‹w Ïl¤Âš vilfŸ k‰W« msÅLfë‹
mid¤Jyf ãWtd¤Âš it¡f¥g£LŸs Ãsh£od« - Ïçoa« cnyhf¡ fyitæyhd
cUisæ‹ efè‹ ãiw xU »nyh»uhä‰F¢ rk« MF«.

mQé‹ mo¥gilæyhd go¤ju ãiw ÏJtiu V‰W¡bfhŸs¥gléšiy

Vbdåš, bgça msÎnfhš ngh‹W Jšèakhf mQé‹ msÎnfhèš ãiwfis
msªj¿a Koaéšiy.

fhy«

1960- M©L tiu go¤ju fhy«, ruhrç Nça ehis¡ bfh©L fz¡»l¥g£lJ.
mjhtJ, Ô®¡fnuif têahf, äf caukhd òŸëæš Nça‹ fl¡f¡Toa mL¤jL¤j
ÏU ãfœÎfS¡fhd fhy Ïilbtëia¡ bfh©L fhy« fz¡»l¥g£lJ. xU
M©o‹ ruhrçahf mJ fz¡»l¥g£lJ. fhy¤Â‹ SI myfhd édho, 1967 –M«
M©L mQé‹ go¤ju¤Âš V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£lJ.

xU go¤ju beho (édho) v‹gJ, ÓÁa«-133 mQé‹ ÏU mo M‰wš ãiyfë‹ Û

E©âa k£l§fS¡»ilna Óuhd gçkh‰w« ãfœtjhš V‰gL« f® Å¢Á‰Fça 9 192
631 770 miyΡ fhy§fshF«.

SI myF Kiw (System International Units)

K‰fhy¤Âš Ïa‰Ãaš msÎfis msél gy my»L« KiwfŸ Ëg‰w¥g£ld,

Ãç£oZ Kiwahd mo – gΩL – édho mšyJ FPS Kiw, fhìa‹ (Gaussian)
Kiwahd br‹oÛ£l® - »uh« - édho mšyJ CGS Kiw, Û£l® - »nyh»uh« - édho
mšyJ MKS Kiw M»a _‹W KiwfŸ Ëg‰w¥g£ld. xU Óuhd xG§F Kiwia¥
Ëg‰Wtj‰fhf 1960M« M©oš eilbg‰w vilfŸ k‰W« msÅLfŸ kheh£oš SI
myFKiw cUth¡f¥g£L, midtuhY« V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ. Ï«KiwahdJ Áy
kh‰w§fSl‹ Toa MKS KiwahF« Ïa‰Ãaèš cŸs mid¤J Ïa‰Ãaš
msÎfS¡F« myFfis bgw Ϫj m¿Î¥ ó®tkhd j‹ik mtÁakh»wJ.

53
SI myFfisÍ« mt‰¿‹ F¿pLfisÍ« ga‹gL¤Jjèš Ã‹g‰w nt©oa éÂfS«
kuòfS« :

1. F¿¥Ã£l bgauhš tH§f¥glhj myFfë‹ F¿pLfis¢ Á¿a vG¤jhš (Small letter)

vGj nt©L«.

(v.fh) metre v‹gJ m

kilogram v‹gJ kg

second v‹gJ s

2. myFfë‹ F¿pLfS¡F ÏWÂænyh mšyJ Ïilænyh ãW¤j‰F¿fŸ ngh‹w

vªj¡ F¿fS« Ïl¡ TlhJ .

(v.fh) 50 m v‹gij 50 m. vd¡ F¿¥Ãl¡ TlhJ.

3. myFfë‹ F¿pLfis¥ g‹ikæš vGj¡ TlhJ.

(v.fh) 10 kg v‹gij 10 kgs vd vGj¡ TlhJ.

4. V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£l F¿pLfis k£Lnk ga‹gL¤j nt©L«.

(v.fh) second v‹gij sec v‹¿šyhkš s v‹nw F¿¥Ãl nt©L«.

5. v©â‰F« my»‹ F¿p£o‰F« Ïilna Ïilbtë é£L vGj nt©L«.

(v.fh) 25m v‹W vGj¡ TlhJ. 25 m v‹W vGj nt©L«.

2. go¤jš

khzt®fŸ ÁW FG¡fshf¥ ÃçªJ x›bthU FGΫ jå¤jåahf

ghl¥gFÂia¥ go¤J òçahj òÂa th®¤ijfis bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfho£L¤ j§fŸ
neh£L¥ ò¤jf¤Âš vG¡bfhŸSjš nt©L«. òçahj mo¡nfho£l
th®¤ijfS¡fhd és¡f¤Âid ÁW FGényh mšyJ bgça FGényh ( MÁça®)
bg‰W j§fŸ neh£L¥ ò¤jf¤Âš vG¡ bfhŸSjš nt©L«.

54
 3.kdtiugl«

CGS Kiw br‹o

Û£l®, »uh«, édho

MKS Kiw
Û£l®, »nyh»uh«, édho

FPS Kiw
mo, gΩL, édho

SI Kiw
Û£l®, »nyh»uh«, édho
mo¥gil
myFfŸ

msÅLfŸ

mo¥gil
msÎfŸ

fhy«

Ús«

ãiw

55
4.bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«

mo¥gil
myFfŸ
msÎfŸ
FPS Kiw CGS Kiw MKS Kiw SI Kiw
Ús« mo br‹o Û£l® Û£l® Û£l®
ãiw gΩL »uh« »nyh »uh« »nyh »uh«
fhy« édho édho édho édho

5.tYñ£Ljš

khzt®fS¡F vëš »il¡f¡Toa bghU£fŸ k‰W« ãfœÎfisÍ«

fUéfisÍ« tH§» ms¡f¢ brŒjš. (ngdh, bg‹Áš, mê¥gh‹, üš ò¤jf«, fš,
tF¥giwæèUªJ jiyik MÁça® miw¡F bršY« neu« ngh‹wit)

fUéfŸ: RUŸéš juhR, msÎ ehlh, msÎ nfhš, juhR k‰W« ãW¤J¡ fofhu«
ngh‹wit)

6.kÂ¥ÕL

1. bjçªj khwhj msnthL bjçahj msit x¥Ã£L¥ gh®¥gJ _________

vd¥gL«.
2. bjçªj khwhj msÎ _________ vd¥gL«.
3. mo¥gil msÎfŸ _________, _________, _________ MF«
4. mo¥gil msÎfis ms¡f¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« myFfŸ _________ vd¥gL«.
5. _________, _________, _________ ngh‹wit £l myFfshF«.

7.FiwÔ® f‰wš

kÂ¥Õ£L édh¡fŸ _y« khzt®fë‹ f‰wš btë¥gh£oid MÁça®

òçªJbfh©lË Û©L« vëa brašghLfë‹ _y« ghl¤ij vëikahf és¡Fjš.

56
bghU£fŸ/ãfœÎfŸ M»at‰iw xU m£ilæY« mt‰¿‹ £l myFfis xU
m£ilæY« vGÂ mt‰iw bghU¤j¢ brŒjš.

8.vGJjš

ghl¥gFÂæ‹ bjhl®¢Áahf¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fS¡fhd éilfis

khzt®fŸ vGÂtu¢ brŒjš. mt‰iw¤ ÂU¤j« brŒJ tH§Fjš.

9.bjhl® gâ

• Å£oš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« bghU£fŸ k‰W« mt‰iw ms¡f ga‹gL¤j¥gL«

fUéfis¥ g£oaèLf.
• Å£oš cŸs miwfë‹ Ús mfy§fis msÎ nfhiy¥ ga‹gL¤Â msªJ
vGJf.
• Å£oš rikaY¡F¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« mçÁ k‰W« gU¥Ã‹ msit msªJ
vGJf.
• njh£l¤Âš cŸs brofS¡F xU thëæš j©Ù® Kf®ªJ C‰w MF«
neu¤ij¡ if¡fofhu« _y« fz¡»£L 10 thë j©Ù® C‰w MF« neu¤ij
fz¡»Lf.

57
 m¿éaš

cæçaš

tF¥ò : VHh« tF¥ò

ghl« : kåj clšmik¥ò k‰W« Ïa¡f«
gUt« : Ïu©lh« gUt«
g¡f« : 61 Kjš 65

m¿Kf«
1. kåj k©ly§fë‹ cW¥ò gl§fis x›bth‹whf g§nf‰ghs®fël«
bfhL¤J mit g‰¿ mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢ brŒjš
2.

58
 nkny bfhL¡f¥g£l gl§fis¥ g§nf‰ghs®fël« bfhL¤J mt®fël«
bfhL¡f¥g£l gl§fëš fhz¥gL« brašfŸ v‹d? m¢brašghLfS¡F
bjhl®òila cW¥òk©ly« vJ vd¡ nf£L mJ g‰¿ mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡
Tw¢ brŒjš.

2.go¤jš

khzt®fŸ kåj cW¥ò k‹ly¤Â‹ mik¥ò« brašghLfS« v‹w

gFÂæèUªJ (g¡f« v© 61-65) Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly« v‹w gF tiu thÁ¤J
òÂajhŒ fUJ« th®¤ijfis¥ bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfhoLjš. j§fS¡F¤ bjçahj /
òÂa th®¤ijfS¡fhd bghUis e©g®fŸ / MÁça® cjéÍl‹ bjçªJbfh©L,
tiujhëš vG tF¥giwæš it¤ÂU¤jš nt©L«.

3.kdtiugl«

cW¥ò k©ly« - gâfŸ

njhš gâfŸ

njhYW¥ò cnuhk« cz® cW¥ò

cŸ cW¥òfis ghJfh¤jš
ef«

Vit-D cUth¡Fjš
éa®it Ru¥ÃfŸ

thŒ

czΡ FHhŒ czÎ¥ bghUŸfis¢ brç¤jš

brçkhd k©ly« czÎ _y¥bghU£fŸ

Ïiu¥ig
c¿Šr¥g£L Ïu¤Â¤Â‹ _y«
fl¤j¥gLjš.
fšÄuš

ÁWFlš Ru¥ÃfŸ

59
 fh‰¿èUªJ cæ®tëia

_¡F vL¤J Ïu¤j X£l¤Â‹ _y«

ÂR¡fS¡F¡ fl¤Jjš
Rthr k©ly« _¢R¡ FHš
c£bfhŸS« czÎ¥bghUS«
Eiupuš vç¡f¥g£L M‰wyhf
khW»wJ Ï›éidæ‹ _y«
btë¥gL« fçaäy thÍ
Eiupuš _y«
btëæl¥gL»wJ.

clY¡F totkë¡»wJ
vY«òfŸ
clš Ïa¡f¤Â‰F cjλwJ

vY«ò k©ly« FU¤bjY«òfŸ cŸcW¥òfis¥ ghJfh¡»wJ

jir eh®fŸ Ïu¤j btŸisaQ¡fŸ,

Át¥gQ¡fŸ Ïu¤j¤ j£LfŸ
_£LfŸ ngh‹wit vY«ò kŠirahš
cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.

clY¡F cUt¤ijÍ«

vY«ò¤jir Ïa¡f¤ijÍ« më¡»‹wd.

(tçÍila jirfŸ)
clš bt¥g ãiyia Óuhf
jir k©ly«
bk‹ jirfŸ it¡»‹wd.
(tça‰w jirfŸ)
Ãw jirfŸ cŸSW¥òfS¡F
Ïja¤ jirfŸ cjλ‹wd.

60
 r¤J¥bghU£fŸ, cæ®të,
Ïja« Ah®nkh‹fŸ mid¤ijÍ«
fl¤J»wJ.
Ïu¤j X£l k©ly« Ïu¤j FHhŒfŸ
clš bt¥gãiyia
jireh®fŸ f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.

_is
clè‹ mid¤J
eu«ò k©ly« j©Ltl« brašfisÍ«
f£L¥gL¤J»wJ
eu«òfŸ

ehsäšyh Ru¥Ã ehsäšyh clš braèfis c‰g¤Â

k©ly« Ru¥Ãfë‹ bjhF¥ò brŒJ f£L¥gL¤J»wJ

ÁWÚuf«

clè‹ fêÎfis Ú¡» cliy

fêÎ Ú¡f k©ly« ÁWÚ® ehs«
rkãiyæš it¡»wJ

ÁWÚ®¥ig

éªjf§fŸ cæçd§fë‹ bjhl®¢Á,

Ïd¥bgU¡f
ãiybgw cjλwJ.
k©ly«
m©lf§fŸ
61
4.bjhF¤jY«-tH§FjY«

th®¤ij tiy

khzt®fëš xU FGéd®, jh§fŸ bjhF¤j ghl¥gFÂia tF¥giw¡F K‹

és¡fkhf vL¤Jiu¤jš nt©L«.

RH‰Á Kiwæš tH§F« thŒ¥ò mid¤J khzt®fS¡F« »il¡»‹wjh? v‹gjid

MÁça® cW brŒÂlš nt©L«.

5.tYñ£Ljš

brašghL-1

(cW¥ò k©ly§fë‹ gl§fis tiuªJ x£o¥ ga‹gL¤jyh«)

FGéèUªJ xUt®, xU gl¤ij¡ ifæš Ão¤jgo / Kf_oahŒ mâªjgo mt®fŸ

it¤ÂU¡F« cW¥ò k©ly¤Â‹ brašghLfŸ g‰¿ étç¤jš nt©L«

62
brašghL-2

eh‹ ah®? v‹ gâ v‹d f©LÃo

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs gl§fis¥ gh®¤J mt‰¿‹ bga®fis vGJf mt‰¿‹

brašghLfnshL bghU¤Jf.

1. eh‹ jirfshš Mdt‹- vY«Ãid _lΫ Ïa¡fΫ cjÎnt‹

2. eh‹ cæ® tëia c¿ŠrΫ CO2 I btëélΫ cjÎnt‹.
3. czÎ brç¥gj‰F cjÎgt‹ ehnd.
4. clè‹ fêÎfis btëna‰Wgt‹ eh‹.

5. gšntW Ru¥ÃfŸ v‹åš cŸsd.

brašghL-3

• Ú xU kh«gH¤ij¢ rh¥ÃL»whŒ. mJ cdJ thŒ têahf¢ br‹W brçkhd

k©ly¤ij mil»wJ. mJ vªbjªj cW¥òfis¡ flªJ brš»wJ v‹gJ
tçirahf¢ bfhL¡f¥gléšiy. mjid rçahd tçiræš vGJf.

Ïiu¥ig eh¡F ÁWFlš czΡ FHhŒ bgU§Flš

63
7.kÂ¥ÕL

1.nfho£l Ïl§fis ãu¥òf

1. ___________ ekJ brašfŸ mid¤ijÍ« f£LgL¤J»wJ.

2. ___________ Ïu¤j¤ij clè‹ mid¤J ghf§fS¡F« fl¤J»wJ.
3. ÁWÚuf¤ÂèUªJ ___________ fêthf btëna‰W»wJ.
4. x¤j ÂR¡fŸ x‹¿izªJ ___________ M»ÍŸsJ.
5. cy»š cæçd§fŸ bjhl®¢Áahf njh‹w ___________ cjλwJ.

( Ïu¤j ehs§fŸ, Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly«, ÁWÚ®, eu«ò k©ly«, cW¥òfŸ)

2.rçahd éilia o¡ brŒaΫ.

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs cæçfëš Át¥ò ãw Ïu¤j« bfh©l cæç

a. fu¥gh‹ ó¢Á
a b c
b. fš Ïwhš
c. nfhê

3. gŸëæš T£L cl‰gæ‰Á (Mass drill) eilbgW»wJ khzt® midtU«

F廋wd®, ãä®»‹wd®, F¡»‹wd®. cl«Ã‹ vªj k©ly« Ï¢ brašgh£il
brŒa cjλwJ.

a. vY«ò k©ly«
a b c
b. jir k©ly«
c. Rthr k©ly«
(rçahdij o¡ brŒaΫ)
1. a
2. b
3. a, b k‰W« c

64
8.FiwÔ® f‰wš

brašghL-1

cdJ ÏU¡ifæš ã䮪J mk®f. cdJ iffis cdJ beŠÁ‹ eL¥gFÂæš it¤J
Ïja« Jo¥gij cz®f. xU ãäl¤Âš v¤jid Kiw Jo¡»wJ v‹gij vGJf…

15 Kiw F¤j Ë Û©L« Ïja¤ Jo¥ig cz®ªJ vGJf.

nkY« cdJ Ïja¤Jo¥Ãid vªbjªj Ïl§fëš bjëthf czÎ KoÍ«?

(kâ¡f£L, fG¤Â‹ K‹òw«, fQ¡fhš gFÂ?

brašghL-2

ghl¥ò¤jf¤Âš (73 M« g¡f«) kÂ¥ÕL gFÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs rçahdt‰iw¤

nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf, Kjš bghU¤Jf tiuæyhd nfŸéfS¡F gÂèid FGéš
éth¤J vGJf.

vGJjš

g¡f« v© 74-š bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs 7, 8 nfŸéfS¡fhd gšfis¥ gæ‰Á V£oš

vGÂtUjš.

bjhl®gâ

brašghL-1

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs m›Îæçfë‹ mt‰¿‰Fça thêl§fëš

thœtj‰fhd jftik¥ò
cæçfë‹ bga® njhšmik¥ò

65
brašghL-2

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs cæçd§fëš fhz¥gL« Rthr cW¥ò vJ?

k©òG
jtis
ehŒ
Û‹
g£lh«ó¢Á

Rwh lhšÃ‹ ngh‹w cæçfŸ mo¡fo Úç‹ nkšk£l¤Â‰F tªJ _¢R éL»‹wdnt
V‹? cd¡F¤ bjçªjij vGJf?

66
 gæ‰Á¤ jhŸ (nfŸéfŸ)

1. SI myFKiw k‰w myFKiwfisél nk«g£lJ V‹?

2. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ghl¥gF¡F ntW v«Kiwæš kÂ¥ÕL brŒÅ®fŸ v‹gjid

jahç¤J tH§Ff?

3. kåj clš cW¥òfis¥ g‰¿a Ï¥ghl¤Â‰F bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs m¿Kf¤ij¤ jéu

ntW m¿Kf§fŸ bfhL¡fyhkh.

4. go¤jè‹ nghJ khzt®fS¡F¤ bjçahj/òÂa th®¤ijfS¡Fça bghUis vGÂ

tF¥giwæš it¡F«nghJ Tlnt mªj th®¤ijfS¡Fça M§»y
th®¤ijfisÍ« vG it¥gjhš V‰gL« e‹ikfŸ v‹d?

5. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs kdtiugl« khzt®fS¡F ãiyahd f‰wš mDgt¤ij

tH§Fkh? Ïnj ghl¥ gF¡F c§fŸ kdtiugl« v‹dthf ÏU¡F«.

6. Ϫj ghl¥ gFÂæš bfhŸF¿tif nfŸéfŸ k£Lnk bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

éçthd nfŸéfŸ bfhL¡f¥glhkš khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid kÂ¥Ãl
KoÍkh? c§fŸ fU¤J v‹d?

7. bfhL¡f¥g£l ghl¥gFÂæš FiwÔ® f‰wiy cWÂ¥gL¤j Science Lab/Science

Kit/khÂçfŸ v›thW cjλ‹wd.

67
 gil¥gh‰wš fšé – r_f m¿éaš

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò – Kjš gUt«

ghl¤jiy¥ò : ts Mjhu§fS« mj‹ tiffS«
g¡f« : 295-301
1.m¿Kf« :

ekJ òé¡nfhë‹ _‹W K¡»a TWfis¥ g‰¿ Ñœ¡fhQ« brašghL _y«

és¡Fjš.

brašghL-1:

ekJ thœéš m‹whl« ga‹gL¤j¡ Toa Ñœ¡fhQ« bghU£fis¡ t©z

m£ilfëš vG FG¡fëš bfhL¤J mt‰¿‹ mtÁa¤ij¡ Tw¢ brŒf.

1. gz«
2. Ïå¥ò
3. j©Ù®
4. czÎ
5. ãy«
6. thfd«
7. ä‹éÁ¿
8. fh‰W
9. if¥ngÁ
10. j§f«

Ëò nk‰f©l bghUŸfëš äf Ï‹¿ahikahj¥ bghUis¤ bjçÎ brŒÍkhW T¿

Ït‰¿š äfΫ mtÁakhd ãy«, Ú® k‰W« fh‰W M»aitfë‹¿ eh« cæ® thH
KoahJ v‹gij és¡f nt©L«.

2 go¤jš

• khzt®fS¡F¥ òçahj òÂa brh‰fŸ / fiy¢ brh‰fis mo¡nfholš.

68
 • mo¡nfho£l fiy¢ brh‰fS¡F¥ bghUŸ k‰W« és¡f« jUjš
(v.fh. ) Ú®¡ nfhs«, të¡ nfhs«, ghiw¡ nfhs«, nguhêfŸ, cnyhf§fŸ.

3. kdtiugl«

kåj‹

ts Mjhu§fë‹ ghJfh¥ò

ts Mjhu§fŸ

òJ¥Ã¡f¡Toa tsMjhu§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡fÏayhj tsMjhu§fŸ

Ú® ä‹r¡Â fh‰W M‰wš ãy¡fç v©bzŒ k‰W«

Ïa‰if thÍ

Nça M‰wš mQr¡Â fåk§fŸ

69
4.bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«
òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ:
ãy¡fç òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ gy äšèa‹
tUl§fshf cUthd fåk« MF«. ÏJ òij
vçbghUŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
v©bzŒ k‰W« Ïa‰if thÍ bghJthf v©bzŒ fl‰fiuæYŸs
goÎ¥ghiwfshd nr‰W k©goÎfŸ (mud
stone) bk‹fëfŸ (shale) k‰W« kz‰ghiw
(sand stone) ngh‹w mL¡Ffëš fhz¥gL«.
mQr¡Â fåk§fŸ Ínuåa«, njhça« ngh‹w fåk§fŸ
mQr¡Âia c‰g¤Â brŒa¥ ga‹gL»‹wd.

òJ¥Ã¡f¡Toa ts Mjhu§fŸ:

bjhl®ªJ Ïa‰ifahfnt òJáf¥gL»wJ. Ϫj ts§fis¤ bjhl®ªJ eh«

ga‹gL¤Â¡ bfh©nl ÏU¡fyh«.

Ú® ä‹r¡Â ÏJ Ú® éG« gFÂfëèUªJ c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»‹wJ.

Nça M‰wš Nça M‰wš, ÅLfŸ k‰W« mYtyf¡ f£ol§fëš Ú® Nlh¡Fjš
ngh‹w gy têfëš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
fh‰W M‰wš fh‰W ntfkhf¤ bjhl®ªJ ÅR« gFÂfëš fh‰wh‰wš c‰g¤Â
brŒa¥gL»wJ. Ïj‰F éir¥ bgh¿ cUis äfΫ ga‹gL»wJ.

ts Mjhu§fë‹ ghJfh¥ò:

kåjå‹ thœÎ k‰W« K‹nd‰w« M»ait òéæ‹ Ïa‰if ts Mjhu§fis¢

rh®ªJ ÏU¥gjhš m¤jifa ts¤ij¥ ghJfh¤jš mtÁa« MF«.

kåj®fŸ j§fsJ thœ¡if¡F ts Mjhu§fisna rh®ªJ cŸsd®. X® Ïl¤Âš

»il¡f¥ bgW»w ts Mjhu§fis¥ bghW¤nj kåj®fë‹ bjhêšfŸ
ã®zæ¡f¥gL»‹wd.
70
5.tYñ£lš

• khz®fis IªJ FG¡fshf¥

ãfœÎ-1

FGéš cŸs xU egçl«, xU igæš Áy ðf£Lfis ãu¥Ã¡ bfhL¡f.

gæ‰Áahs®, R‰W 1 vd¡ T¿aÎl‹ ðf£ it¤ÂU¡F« egçläUªJ FGéš cŸs

k‰wt®fŸ mt®fë‹ éU¥g¤Â‰F V‰g ðf£Lfis vL¤J¡bfhŸs¢ brŒf.

R‰W Ïu©oidÍ« m›thnw brŒf.

igæš ÛjKŸs ðf£Lfis th§»¡ bfhŸf

ãfœÎ-2

j‰nghJ FGé‹ v©â¡if¡F V‰g, ÏU R‰W¡F tUksé‰F k£L«

ðf£Lfis¡ bfhL¡f.

ÏU R‰WfŸ KoªjÎl‹, Kjš k‰W« Ïu©lh« ãfœÎfS¡F Ïilna cŸs

ntWgh£il éth¡f.

mt‰¿‹ Ky« òJ¥Ã¡f ÏaY«, Ïayh ts Mjhu§fŸ F¿¤J és¡fkë¡f.

6.kÂ¥ÕL

1. jäœeh£oš fh‰whiy mÂfkhf cŸs Ïl« vJ ________.

2. ϪÂahéš K¡»akhd v©bzŒ tašfŸ________ ãy¥gFÂfëš
fhz¥gL»‹wd.
3. ϪÂahé‹ äf¥bgça Ú® ä‹r¡Â ãiya« mikªJŸs Ïl« ________
4. jäœ eh£oš bt£obaL¡f¥gL« ãy¡fç ________.
5. mQr¡Â fåk¤Â‰F vL¤J¡fh£L x‹W TW ________.

71
7. FiwÔ® f‰wš

bkšy f‰F« khzt®fis Ïd« f©L m«khzt®fis Û¤Âw‹ khzt®fis¡

bfh©L gæ‰Á më¡f¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

brašghL-1

ÑœfhQ« gl§fë‹ bga®fis cça f£l¤Âš ãu¥òf

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs bghU£fëš òJáf ÏaY« ts§fŸ våš RR vdΫ, òJ¥Ã¡f

Ïayh ts§fŸ mš NRR, vdΫ F¿¡fΫ

Non – Renewable Resource - NRR

Renewable Resource - RR

òJáf¡ Toa ts§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts§fŸ

fh‰W RR I° f£o

j§f« Ú®

Ãsh°o¡ fh»j¤jhŸ

72
v©bzŒ Ïa‰if vç thÍ

br«ò ku§fŸ

ÏU«ò Nça M‰wš

ku¡f£il ãy¡fç

73
brašghL-2

ÂdK« ga‹gL¤j¡Toa bghU£fŸ - òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhts§fŸ - òJ¥Ã¡f ÏaY«

ts§fŸ
1. j©Ù®
2. ä‹rhu«
3. Nça M‰wš
4. K£il
5. fh¥Ã
6. fhŒfå
7. fhŒf¿
8. ir¡»ëš mo¡F« fh‰W
9. k©
10. ghiw

8.vGJjš

ghl¥gFÂæ‹ bjhl®¢Áahf¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fS¡fhd éilfis

khzt®fis vGÂ tu¢brŒjš nt©L«.

9.bjhl®gâ

Å£oš / gŸëæš ÂdK« ga‹gL¤j¥gL« òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡f

ÏaY« ts Mjhu§fŸ vd¥ Ãç¤J òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ vit vd¡
F¿¤J, Ëò mij v›thW ghJfh¡f nt©L« v‹W vG tu¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

74
 gil¥gh‰wš fšé – r_f m¿éaš

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò – _‹wh« gUt«

ghl¤jiy¥ò : khbgU« òu£Á
g¡f« : 188-190

neh¡f« :

• ϪÂa RjªÂu nghuh£l¤Â‹ é¤jhd khbgU« fyf« 1857 fhuz§fis m¿jš

• K¡»a ãfœÎfis¥ òçªJ¡bfhŸSjš

1.m¿Kf«:

Ñœ¡fhQ« m£ltizia khzt®fis¡ bfh©L ãu¥g¢ brŒJ òu£Á¡fhd

fhuz§fis m¿a¢ brŒjš nt©L«

M§»y MSe® bfhŸiffŸ ãfœÎfŸ

btšy°è Jiz¥gil¤Â£l« -
éšéa« bg©o§ rKjha Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ -
lšbAsÁ ehoH¡F« bfhŸif -
rKjha Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ

khbgU« òu£Á ÂO® v‹W njh‹¿aJ mšy M§»y M£Á¡F vÂuhf ϪÂa®fŸ bg‰w
bjhl® Jau§fë‹ btë¥ghnl v‹gij khzt®fŸ m¿a¢ brŒJ ghl¤ij
bjhl§fyh«.

go¤jš

g¡f« 188 èUªJ 190 tiu cŸs khbgU« òu£Á¡fhd fhuz§fisÍ« mj‹ K¡»a
ãfœÎfisÍ« go¤J òÂa k‰W« K¡»a th®¤ijfis bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfhoLjš.

75
kdtiugl«

76
 bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«

t.v
òu£Á¡fhd fhuz§fŸ M§»nyaç‹ brašghLfŸ éisÎfŸ
©
1 muÁaš fhuz§fŸ M§»nyaç‹ ehLÃo¡F« bfhŸif,nguuir ϪÂa k‹d®fis M§»nyaç‹ vÂçfshf
éçth¡F« elto¡iffshd kh‰¿aJ
btšy°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤ £l«
lšbAsÁæ‹ ehoH¡F« bfhŸif.
2 bghUshjhu¡fhuz§fŸ ÏaªÂu§fŸ m¿Kf«- ϪÂa®fë‹ kdš M§»nyaU¡F vÂuhd
Foir¤bjhêšfŸ mêÎ, v©z¤ij cUth¡»aJ
ü‰W¡ fz¡fz¡fhndh® ntiythŒò ÏH¥ò.
3 rKjha k‰W« ÏU¥ò¥ghij m¿Kf«, jghš, jªÂ k‰W« nkiy M§»nya®fŸ j§fis¡ »¿¤Jt kj¤Â‰F
rka¡fhuz§fŸ eh£L¡ fšé kjkh‰w« brŒant vd ϪÂa®fŸ fUÂd®.
r xê¥ò, FHªijfŸ kzKiw, éjitfŸ
kWkz¤ij C¡Fé¤jš
4 ÏuhQt¡fhuz§fŸ 1856 M« M©L bghJ¥gâ gil¢r£l¤Â‹ go ϪJ k‰W« K°Ä«fŸ, ÏJ j§fŸ kj¤Â‰F
flš flªJ br‹W ngh® òçjš vÂuhdJ v‹W fUÂd®. Ó¡»a®fŸ jho,
jho Ûirfis xG§FgL¤Jjš Ûiria bt£l kW¤jd®, ÏJ
rka¡F¿fŸ be‰¿æèl jil M§»nya®fS¡F vÂuhd v©z¤ij
njhèyhd jiy¥ghif V‰gL¤ÂaJ.
5 cldo¡fhuz§fŸ òÂa v‹ÕšL tif J¥gh¡»¡F m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l ϪJ¡fŸ gRit òåjkhf¡ fUÂajhY«
bfhG¥ò jléa njh£lh¡fŸ MF«. K°Ä«fŸ g‹¿ia btW¤jjhY« njh£lhit
bjhlkW¤J v®¥ò bjçé¤jd®.

77
K¡»a ãfœÎfŸ

v®¥ghs® Ïl« eilbg‰w ãfœÎ òu£Áia ml¡»a òu£Áæ‹ KoÎ

M§»y¤ jsgÂ
k§fŸ gh©nl (34 t§fhs¤ÂYŸs njh£lh¡fis¤ bjhlkW¤J - V¥uš 8 1857 ö¡»èl¥g£lh®
tJ fhyh£gil guh¡ó® M§»y mÂfhçfis¢ R£L
Ãçit¢ nr®ªjt®) bfh‹wh®.
Kfyha k‹duhd blšè òu£Áahs®fŸ M§»nya® r® #h‹ã¡fšr‹ eh‹F Ïu©lh« gfö®õh it
Ïu©lh« gfö®õh ÅLfS¡F¤ Ôit¤J blšèia khj K‰Wif¡F¥ ÃwF if¥g‰¿ u§TD¡F
neh¡» mâtF¤J br‹W blšèia Û©L« mD¥Ãdh® ÏtuJ
Ïu©lh« gfö®õh it if¥g‰¿dh®. kuz¤Jl‹ Kfyha¥ nguuR
mçaizæš mk®¤Âd® KoΉwJ.
ÕZth Ïu©lh« fh‹ó® fh‹ó® nfh£ilia if¥g‰¿ M§»y¤ jsgÂfshd ehdhrh»¥ neghs¤Â‰F¤
ghÉuhé‹ ts®¥ò j‹id ÕZththf f®dš Ah›yh¡ f®dš j¥Ã¢ br‹wh®.
kfŸ ehdhrh»¥ m¿é¤J¡bfh©lh®. Xbeæš ehdhrh»¥ig¤
njh‰fo¤J fh‹óiu¡
if¥g‰¿d®.
ngf« Aõu¤ kfhš y¡ndh jdJ kf‹Ã®í° fhj® v‹gtiu M§»y¤ jsgÂfshd y¡ndh M§»nyauhš
mnah¤Â eth¥ghf m¿é¤jh® M£uh«, f®dš Ah›yh¡ if¥g‰w¥g£lJ.
#h‹Áuhâ k¤Âa ϪÂah M§»nyaU¡F vÂuhf ÅuKl‹ r®A¡nuh° Åukuz« milªjh®
v®¤J nghç£lh®
Fthèa® nfh£ilia¡
if¥g‰¿dh®

78
 tYñ£lš

ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš, V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J tH§Fjš.

ghl¡ fU¤Jfis thœéaš NHèš bjhl®ògL¤Â vëa brašghLfŸ _y« MÁça®

és¡Fjš.

r_f m¿éaš ghl«, nj®ÎfS¡fhf kd¥ghl« brŒtj‰fhd òŸëétu§fë‹

bjhF¥ghf ÏU¥gijél khzt®fis¥ bghW¥òŸs Fokfdhf kh‰w nt©L« Ïjid
mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©L tYñ£lš mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

éLjiy bg‰w ϪÂahit v®neh¡»æU¡F« Ãu¢ridfŸ

m‹W ( khbgU« òu£Á ) Ï‹W rjÅj«

FHªijfŸ kzKiw, bg© k¡fŸ bjhif
FHªijfŸ bfhšy¥gLjš fz¡bfL¥Ã‹ go
jil r£l«, r xê¥ò ϪÂahéš 1000
M©fS¡F 944
bg©fns cŸsd®

ϪÂahéš fšé m¿Î

m¿ahik , bg‰wt®fë‹ rjÅj«
_l¥gH¡ftH¡f§fŸ »uhkòw§fëš 71 %
ef®òw§fëš 86 %
cŸsd®

btšy°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤ ϪÂa RjªÂu¤Â‰F¥

£l« Ëò eilbg‰w fh®»š
lšbAsÁæ‹ ehoH¡F« nghçš 500 ngh®Åu®fŸ
bfhŸif
Åukuz« milªjd®.
1000 fz¡fhndh®
fhakilªjd®

79
Foir¤bjhêšfŸ mêÎ, k¡fë‹ m¿ahikædhš

ü‰W¡ fz¡fz¡fhndh® murh§f« më¡F« fšé¢

ntiythŒ¥ò ÏH¥ò. rYifis khzt®fŸ
m¿ahkY« ntiy
Ï‹ikædhY« go¥Ã‰F
V‰w CÂa«
ÏšyhikædhY« k¡fŸ
mtÂÍW»‹wd®.

kÂ¥ÕL
khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid cWÂ brŒtj‰fhf MÁça® édh¡fis¡
nf£lš, brašghLfŸ vëa vG¤J¤ nj®Î, ò® édh éil mik¤jš ngh‹w
brašghLfŸ _y« kÂ¥ÕL brŒayh«.

1. ».à 1857 M« M©L òu£Á ____________ v‹gt® fhy¤Âš njh‹¿aJ

2. Á¥ghŒ òu£Á Kjèš njh‹¿a Ïl« ____________
3. bfhG¥ò jléa njh£lhit Kjèš bjhl kW¤jt® ah® ____________
4. 1857 M« M©L njh‹¿a khbgU« òu£Á ____________ v‹W«
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
5. #h‹Á uhâ y£RäghŒ ÁWF¿¥ò vGJf

FiwÔ® f‰wš

• f‰wš miléš FiwghLila khzt®fis kÂ¥Õ£o‹nghJ f©l¿ªJ,

mt®fS¡F V‰w FiwÔ®¢ brašfis tH§Fjš.
• vëa brašghLfshf ÏU¤jš.

vGJjš

• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤J« tifæY« ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ thæyhf vGJ«

Âwid ts®¡F« tifæY« brašghLfŸ totik¤J¡ bfhL¤jš.
• üyf¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤J« Âwid khzt®fël« ts®¤jš.

80
bjhl®gâ
brašÂ£l«
jftš nrfç¤J vGÂtu¢ brŒjš nt©L«.
Kjš ϪÂa RjªÂu¥ngh® 1857 òu£Á v‹W miH¤j Ú Ï¥òu£Áia v›thW
v‹W miH¤j tuyh‰whÁça®fŸ miH¥ghŒ fhuz« TW
tuyh‰whÁça®fŸ

gæ‰Á – gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. cæ® nfhs¤Â‰F Mjhukhf¤ ÂfœtJ vJ?

2. Ô®ªJ nghf¡Toa ts§fŸ vit? bga®fis¥ g£oaèLf?

3. ts§fis äFªj ftd¤Jl‹ ga‹gL¤j nt©oaj‹ fhuz« ahJ?

4. fU¤J¢ br¿Îila r_f m¿éaš ghl§fS¡F kd tiugl« tiuÍ« bghGJ

mij v›thW totik¡fyh«?

5. r_f m¿éaš ghl¤Âš tYñ£lš brašghLfŸ: thœéaš Âw‹fnshL

x¥Ã£L brašghLfis më¥gjhš khzt®fŸ bgW« g©òfŸ vit?

81