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Vektori
Definicija 1.3. Vektori istog pravca ili paralelni istoj ravni nazivaju
se kolinearnim vektorima.
1
Definicija 1.4. Dva vektora istog pravca, istog intenziteta nazivaju
se suprotnim vektorima.
= −−→ =
takve da je Zbir vektora i u oznaci + je
−→
= + ) gde je taˇcka teme paralelograma
OC c a b C OACB
vektorc = (
suprotno temenu O.
Slika 1.1:
Osobine:
(grupa) a + 0 =a
a + b +c = a + b +c
+ = a
+ (−a ) = 0
a b b +a
2
1.2 Mnoˇzenje vektora skalarom
5888 b ⇔a = k b
Osobine:
1. 1 a =a
2. k a + b = k a + k b
0 (k + k1) a = k a + k1 a
4. k (k1 a ) = (k k1) a
0 + b ≤ a| | + b - nejednakost trougla
Zadaci:
m = −f + b +e
+
m = f +a −e
m2 =a + b
3
5888
=a +b 2
5889 a, b
AA1 =AC+CA1
1 BA +
1
BB 1 =BA+AB 1 =BA+ AC
−−→
proizvoljna taˇcka. Izraziti vektor Preko vektora −→ i
−→ = −→ + −→
OC OA AC
−→ −→ −−→ − −→
= p+q = p+q
p p
AC AB OB OA
−→ −→ −−→ −→ −→
= + p+q − = p+q + p+q −−→
p q p
OC OA OB OA OA OB
−→ −→ −−→
= p+q + p+q
q p
OC p
OA OB
q + =1
p+q p+q
4
Teorema 1.1. Neka su date taˇcke A, B i O. Tada je taˇcka C izmed¯u
−→ −−→ −→
taˇcaka A, B akko OC = t OB + (1 − t) OA, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
AC −→
−−→ = t +(1− )−→
AD AB t AC
−→ + −→
−−→ = = −→ + −→ =
AD AB
λ −→ AC λ
AB λ
AC
−→ −→ −→
−→ AB AC AB AC
−→
AC −→ + AB −→
AB AC
AB+AC AB+AC
−→ −→ −→ −→
λ λ
−→+−→=1
AB AC
−→ −→
AB AC
1
λ= AB
1 + AC
1 = AB+AC −→ −→
−→ −→
AD q AB p AC
= +
−−→ p+q −→ p+q −→ AC
−→ = q
AB + AC p+q
−→ −→
1 = 1
p +1
AB q
−→
+1
AC
−→
5
−→
AB p
−→ =
q
AC
Slika 1.2:
−→ +−→ + −→ = −→
AT BT CT 0/
2
−→ + −→ + −→ = −2 −→ −→ +−→ −→ +−→ −→
AT
2
BT
2
CT
2 AT BT AT CT BT CT
−→ +−→ =−→ ⇒ −→ = −→ − −→ ⇒ −→ = −→ − −→
AB BT AT AB AT BT BA T A T B/2
−→ − 2 −→ −→ + −→ = −→
2 2 2
TA TA TB TB BA
Analogno je,
−−→ = −→ −−→
CB T B T C/2
6
−→ − 2 = −−→
−→ −→+−→
TB
2 TB TC TC 2
CB
2
−→ − 2 −→ −→ + −→ =−→
TC
2 TC TA TA
2
AC
2
−→
−→ +−→ +−→ +−→ +−→ + −2 −→ −→+−→ −→ +−→ −→ =
2 2 2 2 2
−→
TA + −−→ +
TB TB
−→
TC 2 TC TA TA TB TA TC TB TC
2 2 2
BA CB AC
2 −→ + −→ + −→ −2 −→ −→+ −→ −→ +−→ −→ =−→+
2 2 2
TA TB TC2 TA TB TA TC TB TC BA
−−→ + −→
2 2
CB AC
3 −→ + −→ + −→ = −→ +−→ + −−→
AT 2 BT 2 CT 2
AB AC 2
BC
2 2
−→ + −→ + −→ 2 = 3 −→ + −→2 + −−→
2 2 1 2 2
AT BT CT AB AC BC
3. a + b c =a c + b c
−−→ −−→ −→
i jednak nuli, tj. =0
−−→ = 0...........(1)
HC HB HA
−−→
−−→ −
−−→
HC HB BC
8
HC HB HB AC, pa ako je E preseˇcna taˇcka pravih
−−→ −−→ = 0 ⇒ −−→⊥−→
−→ −−→ −−→ −→
AC HB BE AC
odred¯enih vektorima
HB
i H.
sledi da je ⊥ ˇsto znaˇci da visina
−−→
prolazi kroz taˇcku
Visine ABC se seku u jednoj taˇcki H.
a| | = b ..................(1)
d1 d1 = a + b a − b =a a + b a − b a − b b =a a − b c
←
=a| | |a | cos a,(a ) − b b cos b, b b b
d1 d1 cos d1, d2
=a| | |a | 1 − b 1 =a| |2 − b 2
9
π
cos d1, d2 = 0 ⇒ d 1, d 2 = 2 ⇒ d1⊥d2
Slika 1.5:
5888 ⊥b
−→⊥− ⇔ −→ −−→ = 0
−→
AC BC AC BC
−→ −−→ = 0
AC BC −→ −→ −→
2
+OA OC+OC
−→ −−→ = −→ + −→ −→ = r
−−→ +
−
AC BC OA OC BO OC
−−→ + =
−→ −→ +
−−→ = −→ 0=0
BO OC OA BO OC
r2
10
−−→ = b,
−→ =
AB a, AD
d1 = −→ + −−→ = −→ + −−→ = −→
AB AD AB BC AC
d2 = −→ − −−→ = −−→
AB AD DB
d = −→ + −−→ = + b
1
AB AD a
d2 = −→ − −−→ = − b
AB AD a
2
d1 d1 = d1 d1
cos d1, d1 = d1
2
d2 d2 = d2
d2 cos d2, d2 = d2
d1 = d 2 = d
2
b cos a, b + b b cos b, b =a| |2 + 2a| | b cos a, b + b =
d
1 d1 cos d1, d1 =
2
d1 .........(1)
d2 d2 = a − b a − b =a a −a2 b+bb =a| | |a | cos a,(a )−2a| |
2 2
b cos a, b + b b cos b, b =a| | −2a| | b cos a, b + b =
d2 d2 cos d2, d2 =
2
d2 ..........(2)
Iz (1) i (2) sledi
a| |2 + 2a| | b 2 2
− a| | − 2a| | b
2
cos a, b + b cos a, b + b=
11
2 2
d1 − d2
◦
cos a, b = 0 ⇒ a, b = 90 ⇒ a, b =
π
2
a a = b −c b −c = b b − b c −c b +c c = b b − 2b c +c c
c| | |c | cos c,(c )
12
2 2
a| | 2
= b +c| | − 2 b |c | cos α
2 2 2
a = b + c − 2bc cos α
BC AC AB AC π
AB
−−→ 2 −→ 2 −→ 2
= +
BC AC AB
2 2 2
c =a +b
7. Neka je u = 4 −→ = 2 , α = 60◦ .Ako taˇcka
ABC dato −→
AB , AC
D deli stranicu BC u odnosu 1 : 2, odrediti cos DA, DC .
−−→ −−→
Reˇsenje.
−−→ = −−−→ = − 3−→ + 3 −→
DA AD 2
AB 1 AC
−−→ = 3 −−→ = 3 −→ − −→
DC 2
BC 2
AC AB
13
−−→ 2 − 3 −→ −→ 2 = −→ −→ =
+3 9 4 +4 −→ −→ +
DA AB AC AB AC
=
2 1 1
2 2
2 AB AC
−→ 2
9 4 −→ +4 −→ −→ cos ε + 2 4 16+4 4 2 +16=9
AB AB AC 2 AC
=9
1 1 1 84
−−→ 2 3 −→ = −→ 2 2 =
−→ − 9
= −2−→ −→+−→
DC AC AB AC 2 AB AC AB
2 4
2 = =
9 −→ − 2 −→ −→ cos + −→ 9 4−2 4 2 2+16 9
4
AC AB AC α AB 4 1 48
−−→ −−→ = 3 −→ 3 −→
− 3 −→ = −9 −→ −→ + −→
+ − −→ − 2−→
DA DC 2
AB 1
AC 2
AC AB 2
AB AC 2 AC
AB
2
5888 (4 2−2 16+4)= 489
9
48 √ √
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
cos = DA DC =
9
=√ =
√ =
√7
DA, DC
√
√ 84 48 84 14
48 8 2
−−→ −−→
DA DC 3 3
−→ = 3 −−→ = 2,
1
cos α = 6 . Neka je taˇcka O presek dijagonale, taˇcka F deli DC u
odnosu 2 : 1, a taˇcka E deli DB u odnosu 3 : 1. Odrediti cos ugla
−→ −→
izmed¯u AE i OF .
Reˇsenje.
Slika 1.7:
−→ = 4 −−→ + 4−→
AE 1
AD 3
AB
−−→
−→ = −→ + −−→ + = −2 −−→ −→ −−→ 2 −→ 1 −−→ AD+AB
1
OF OA AD DF +AD+3AB = 2AD+
6 −→
1
AB
14
2 2 −−→−→ + 16 −→ =
−→ −−→ +4 −→ −−→ +
= 4 161 16
AE AD AB ADAB
=
1 3
2 6 9
2
AD AB
AD AD AB α AB
6 9 1 1
16
91
16
√
−→ = 91
AE
4
−→ = −→ 2 + −−→ −→ + 36 −→ =
2 −−→ + 6 4 −−→ 12
=
OF AD AB 2 AD AB 2
1 1 1 2 1
AD AB
4 −−→ 2 + −−→ −→ cos α + 9 −→ 2 4
4+3 +1 =12
3 =
AD AD AB AB
1 2 1 1 2 17
−→ =√ √
17
12 =
√ 17
2 √3
OF
−→ 2 −−→ 4 −−→ −→ = −−→ +
−→ −→= +6 +4 8 + 8 24 −→
1 1 1
OF AE = AD AB AD 3 AB 1
AD
2 3 1
AB
−−→ + 8 −→
AD 1 2
AB
8 −−→ 2 2
+ 3 −→ −−→ cos + −→ =8 4+3 3 2 6 +9 =
AD AB AD α AB
1 10 1 10 1
1 4 +10 + 9 = 49 = 49
1
8 38 3 24
49 √ √
−→ −→ −→ −→
OF AE
√
cos = 91 = =
OF, AE
= √17 √ √ √ √
24 49 2 3 4 49 3
−→ −→
24 17 91 3 17 91
OF AE 2
√ 4
EA EC EO OA EO OC EO EO OC OA
−→ 2 −−→ 2 2
= − −→ ...(2)
AO EO AO
(−→ = −−→)
AO OD
Iz (1) i (2) sledi −−→ −−→ = −→ −−→
ED EB EA EC
b) −→ 2 −−→ 2
AC DB
=
EC EA EB ED
−→ 2 = 2
−−→ − −−→ − −−→
EC EA EB ED
−−→ 2 −→ 2 −−→ 2 −−→ −−→ 2
− 2−−→ −→ +
−2 + −−→ =
EC EC EA EA EB EB ED ED
−−→ 2 2 −−→ 2 −−→ 2
+ −→ = +
EC EA EB ED
16
−→2 −−→2 −−→2 −−→2
EA +EC =EB +ED
Slika 1.9:
k1 −−→1 + k
−−→ 2 + k 3 −−→32
XX XX XX =0
−−→ −−→ −−→
aX X1
t1
+ a Xt2 X2 + a Xt3X3 = 0
1 1 1
k1 = , k2 = , k3 =
t1 t2 t3
−→ = 1 −→ = 2 −−→ =
11. Neka je u tetraedru ABCD dato AB , AC , AD
3 cos −→ −→ = cos −→ −−→ = 6 cos −→ −−→ = 3
1 1
2 , AB, AD .
, AB, AC 1, AC, AD
Neka taˇcka F deli CD u odnosu 3 : 1, a taˇcka E deli BF u odnosu −→ −→
2 : 3. Odrediti ugao izmed¯u AE i AF .
Reˇsenje: 25
−→
−→ 3−→ AF
AE=5AB+
−→ 1−→ AF 34
−− →
AD
=4AC+
17
Slika 1.10:
5 −→ 4 10 −→ −−→
−→ = +5 −→ + 4 −−→ = 5 −→ + + 10
3 2 1 1 3
AE 2
AB AC 3 AD 2
3
AB AC AD
−→ = 5 −→ + 10 −→ −−→ −→ −→ + −−→ +
+10 + 100 100
=
2 2 2
AE AB AC AD
25
3 1 3 9 1 9
AB AC AD
50 −→ −→ +
50 −→ −−→ + 100 −→ −−→ =
6 18 6
AB AC AB AD AC AD
25 −→ 2 −→ 2 −−→ 2 50 −→ −→ cos −→ −→ +
+ 100 + 100
AB AC AD AB AC AB, AC
+
9 1 9 6
2
18
2 4 2 16 −−→
−→ 4 −−→ = −→ + −→ −−→ + =
=
−→ + 16 16
AF AC AD
AC AD 2 2
1 3 1 6 9
AC AD
16 −→ 2 −→ −−→ cos −→ −−→ + 16 −−→ 2
16
AC AC AD AC, AD AD
+
=
1 6 9
1
4 + 62 1 +9 9 1+ 3+ 81= 4+6+81 = 91
3 =
1 16 6 16 4 8 16 100 16
6
−→ √
= 91
4
AF
−→ −→ = 5 −→ + 10 −→ + 10 −−→ + 4 −−→ =
4 −→
AE AF 3
AB 1
AC 3
AD 1
AC 3 AD
= −→ −→ 40 40 40 −−→ −→ −−→ =
20 +20 −→ −−→+ −→ + −→ −−→+ +40
3
AB AC 9 AB AD AD
1
AC
2 3 AC AD 3
AD AC 9
2
20 −→ −→ cos −→ −→ +
20 −→ −−→ cos −→ −−→ +
3
AB AC AB, AC 9
AB AD AB, AD
40 −→ 2 +
403 −→ −−→ cos −→ −−→ 40 −−→ −→ cos −−→ −→ +
AC 2 AC AD AC, AD AD AC AD, AC
+
1 3
40 −−→
=
AD
9
1 9 1 1 3 1 3 1 9 4
3 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 2 + 9=
+
20 2 20 3 404 64 6 40
0 0
3 +9 + 1 + 3+ 3 + 9 = 6+18+4+3+9 = 43
2 20 10 40 40 40 40 40
0
√ √√ √
cos −→ −→ = −→ −→ = √7 91 = =
AE AF 4324 344
AE, AF
43
4
0
−→ −→
AE AF 40 7 91 40 637
2 4
(2u −v ) u( +v ) = 0
u( − 2v ) (2u +v ) = 0
19
2 2
2u + u2v −uv −v =0
2
u2 + u2v − 4uv − 2v 2 = 0
2 −v 2 = 0
u2 +uv
2 2
u2 − 3uv − 2v = 0
2u| | 2 +u| |v| | cos α − v| | 2 =20/ :v| | 2
2 2
2 u| | | cos α 2 = 0/ ( 1)
3u|
v
| | − v
| | − −
u
4 | | cos α + 1 = 0
v| |
u| | cos α = 1
v| | 4
u| | 1 −1=0
2 v||
2 −4
23 u| |
2
=5
v| |4
u| | 2 =5
v| | 8
u | √ √ √
1 | 1 8 2 2 2 1
cos α = − 4 v =− 4 √5 = √ √2 =− √
|| − 10
4 5
◦
13. Neka je u ABC dato −→ =4 −→ =2
AB , AC , α = 60 . Ako
taˇcka D deli stranicu BC u odnosu 1 : 2, odrediti cos DA, DC .
−−→ −−→
Reˇsenje.
−−→ = −−−→ = − −→
3 + 3 −→
DA AD 2
AB 1
AC
20
−−→ 2 −−→ 2 −→ −→
DC=3BC=3 AC−AB
−−→ 2 −→ + 3−→ −→
− 2 = −→ =
3 9 4 +4−→ −→+
DA AB 1 AC AB AC
=
2 1
2 2
2 AB AC
−→ 2
9 4 −→ +4 −→ −→ cos ε + 2 =
4 16+4 4 2 +16=9
1
AB AB AC 2 AC 1 1 84
9
−−→ 2 3 −→ = −→ 2 2 =
−→ − 9
= −2−→ −→+−→
DC AC AB AC 2 AB AC AB
2 4
2
=
9 −→ − 2 −→ −→ cos + −→ 9 4−2 4 2 21 +16 = 9
4
AC AB AC α AB 4 48
−−→ −−→ = −3
3 −→ 3 −→
= −9 −→ −→ −→ + −→
−→ + − −→ − 2
DA DC 2
AB 1
AC 2
AC AB 2
AB AC 2 AC
AB
2 48
− 9(4 2−2 16+4)= 9
−−→ −−→ √ √
−−→ −−→ = DADC = 9
48 23 48= 8= 2
c d −c b + b c − b d + d b − d c =c d − b c + b c − d b + d b −c d=
c d −c d + b c − b c + b d − b d = 0
21
Slika 1.11:
−→ −−→ −→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AB CD+AC DB+AD BC =0
−−→ −→ −→
BD
=−−→−
AD AB/ CA
−−→ −→ −→
=−−→−
BC AD AC AB AD AC AD AB AD
BD CA AD AB CA AD CA AB CA
BC AD BC AD BC, AD
−−→ −→ = −−→ −→ cos −−→ −→
CD AB CD AB CD, AB
−−→ −→ = −−→ −→ cos −−→ −→
BD CA BD CA BD, CA
−−→ −−→ + −−→ −−→ cos −−→ −−→ +
−−→ −→ + −−→ −→ =
BC AD CD AB BD CA BC AD BC, AD
−−→ −→ cos −−→ −→ + −−→ −→ cos −−→ −→ =0
CD AB CD, AB BD CA BD, CA
Kako je −−→ −−→ 0 −−→ −→ > 0 −−→ −→ 0 (jer
BC AD > , CD AB , BD CA > ,
−→ −−→ −→ −−→ −−→ −−→
vektori AB, BC, AC, AD, BD, CD nisu nulti vektori), onda je
23
−−→ −−→
π
cos BC, AD = cos 2
5888 0
−−→ −→
π
cos CD, AB = cos 2
5889 0
−−→ −→
π
cos BD, CA = cos 2 = 0, ˇsto znaˇci da su naspramne ivice
tetraedra normalne.
−→ −−→
16. Ako je u teraedru ABCD AB⊥CD, dokazati da je
2 2 2 2
AC − AD = BC − BD
Reˇsenje:
−→ −−→
AB⊥CD
−→ −−→
AB⊥DC
a( 2 =a a cos a,(a ) =a | 2 cos 0 = a
◦ 2
2
| 1=a )
2 2 =
−→ − −−→ = −→ −−−→ = −→ − −−→ −→ + −−→ =
AC −AD AC 2 AD 2 AC2 AD2 AC AD AC AD
−→ −−→ −→ − −−→ = −→ + −−→ −−→
AC+AD AC AD AD DC AC
−→ −−→
Iz ABC ⇒ = −→ + iz ABD ⇒ −−→ = −→ + −−→
AC AB BC AD AB BD
AC 2 AD = −→ + −−→ + −→+−−→ −−→ =
− 2 AB BC AB BD DC
−→
2 + −−→ + −−→ −−→ = 2−→ −−→ + −−→ + −−→ −−→ =
AB BC BD DC AB DC BC BD DC − −−→
0+ −−→ +−−→ −−→ = −−→ + −−→ −−→ = −−→ + −−→ −−→ =
BC BD DC BC BC BD
BD BC DC BD
−−→ −−→ +−−→ −−→ − −−→ −−→ 2 −− 2 =
−−→ −−→ =
BC BC BD BC BC BD BD BD BC BD =
−−→ −−→ cos −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ cos
− −−→ −−→
BC BC BC, BC BD BD BD, BD
◦ ◦
−−→ 2 cos 0 − −−→ 2 0 = −−→ 2 −−→ = BC2 − BD2
2
BC BD cos BC BD
24
1.4 Vektorski proizvod vektora
Slika 1.13:
a × b a| | b sin ∢ a, b
2.a × b = 0 ⇔a b ⇔a = kb
3. k a × b = ka × b =a × kb - homogenost
4.a × b +c =a × b +a ×c
25
n n
a × ai= a ×a i
i=1 i=1
sin γ = sin β
−→ −→
AB AC
sin α = sin γ
c b
−→ = −→ + −−→ × −→
AC AB BC/ AC
−→ ×−→ = −→ + −−→ −→ −→ −→ −−→
−→ ×
AC AC AC AB BC =AC×AB+AC×BC=0 ⇒
−→
−→ ×−→ = − × −−→
AC AC AC BC
−→ −→ (− sin α −→ −−→ sin γ/ 1
)=− BC
− −→ −→ −−→
AC AB AC AC AB BC
sin α sin γ
−−→
BC = −→
AB
sin α = sin γ
c a
sin = sin β = sin γ
α
a b c
a = b = c
27
2. Neka je dat ABC i taˇcka O u njemu. Neka su vektori −→ −−→ −→
OA1, OB1, OC1 normalni na odgovaraju´ce stranice i imaju intenzitete −→ −−→ −→
jednake njihovim duˇzinama. Dokazati da je OA1 + OB1 + OC1 = 0.
Reˇsenje.
−→ Slika 1.15:
−→1
1+ −−→1 + =
OA OB OC a
k ×a k je jediniˇcni vektor normalan na ravan trougla
−→ −→
k × 1 + −−→1 + −→1 = k × 1+ k × −−→ 1 +k × −→ 1 =
OA OB OC OA OB OC
−−→ + −→ + −→= 0
BC BA CA
k ×a = 0
k ×a =0
0
5888 |a | sin 90 = 0
a| | = 0
28
23 = 0
Slika 1.16:
−→
AB - A pomera u B
−−→
BC - B pomera u C
−→ +−−→ - A pomera u B, i B pomera u C = −→
AB BC AC
−→ −→1 −−→ −→ 1 − ×−−→
PA=PS +S1A=PS k P S1
29
−−→ −→ −−→ −→ + k
× −−→
PB = PS2 + S2B = PS2 P S2
−→ 2 −→ −−→ 2 −−→ −−→ ×−−→− × −−→
1 1
PF = PA+PB = PS1 + PS2 + k P S2 k P S1 =
2 −−→ −−→ 2 × −−→ − −−→ 2 −−→ −−→ 2 × −−→
1 1 1 1
P S1 + PS2 + k P S2 P S1 = P S1 + PS2 + k S1S2
4. Za koju vrednost paramerta k ´ce vektorip = ka + 5b iq = 3a −b
p ×q = ka + 5b × 3a − b = 3k a( ×a )−k a × b +15 b ×a −
5888 b×b =
−k a × b − 15 a × b = a × b (−k − 15)
23×q = 0 ⇒ −k − 15 = 0 ⇒ k = −15
m,(n ) = π
6
m| | =n| | = 1
30
5888 Dve stranice trougla sup = a2 + 3b iq =a − 4b, gde sua i
b normalni ortovi. Izraˇcunati visinu prema tre´coj stranici trougla.
Reˇsenje.
Slika 1.17:
23 = a2 + 3b 23 =a − 4b
a| | = b = 1
5888 ⊥b
1 1 2a + 3b × a − 4b = 1 2 a( ×a ) − 8 a × b + 3 b ×a −1
P= 2p| ×q | = 2 2
1
2 −8 a × b + 3 b b ×a = 12 −11 a × b = 1
2 11a × b = 11
2a| |
11
sin a, b = 2
r =p −q = a2 + 3b −a + 4b =a + 7b
2 2 2
= a + 7b =a| |
r + 49 b + 14a| | b = 1 + 49 1 = 50
√ √
r| | = 50=5 2
rh
23 = 2
31
√
11 5 2
2 = 2 h
h= 11
√
5 2
1
P= 2 c× b
P= 1 c b sin α
2
2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 a = b +c − 2b c cos α
P =4 c b c sin α =4
1 2 2 2
4 c2 b −c b2 cos α =
1
4 c b −c b cos α c b +c
2 2
b 1 − cos α =
5888 cos α
2 2
b +c −a
2 2
a = b +c − 2b c cos α = 2
2 1 2 2 2
P = c b− b +c −a c b + b2+c 2−a 2
=
4 2 2
1 2 2 2
a − b −c b +c 2
1 −a =
6
2 2
1 2 b +c
1
a − b −c 23 a
2
6
1 a − b +c a + b −c b +c −a b +c +a
16
1
P= 4 a − b +c a + b −c b +c −a b +c +a
32
Definicija 1.13. Broj, odnosno skalar a, b, c = a × b c naziva se
meˇsoviti proizvod vektoraa, b ic.
Slika 1.18:
Povrˇsina bazisa je B = a ×b
visina paralelograma je jednaka skalarnoj projekciji vektorac na
vektora × b pa je
V=B H
V=a ×b (a ×b)c = a × b c
a| ×b|
V=a ×b c
5888 × b c = 0 ⇔a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
Osobine meˇsovitog proizvoda
1. a, b,c = c,a, b = b,c,a - meˇsovit proizvod se ne menja
pri cikliˇcnoj permutaciji argumenata
2. a, b,c = − b,a,c - meˇsovit proizvod menja znak ako dva
argumenta zamene mesta
33
3. αa, b,c = α a, b,c - homogenost
a × b + b ×c +c ×a = 0
a × b + b ×c +c ×a = 0/ a
a × b a + b ×c a + c( ×a ) a = 0
b ×c a
b,c,a =0
V1 =a + b +c
V2 =a − 2b + 2c
V3 = a4 + b + c5
V 1, V 2, V 3 = 0
V1×V2 V3=0
V1 × V2 = a + b +c × a − 2b + c2 = a( ×a ) − 2 a × b + 2 a( ×c ) + b ×c = −3 a
× b + a( ×c ) + 4 b ×c
34
V1 × V2 V3 = −3 a × b + a( ×c ) + 4 b ×c a4 + b + c5
23 −12 a × b a − × b b − 15 a × b c + 4 a( ×c ) a + a( ×c ) b + 5 a(
3a b + 16 b,c,a = −15 a, b,c − a, b,c + 16 a, b,c =
= −15 a, b,c + a,c,
a = x i + y j = (x, y)
Koordinate nekog vektora su koordinate njegovog vrha, pri
ˇcemu se poˇcetak tog vektora nalazi u koordinatnom poˇcetku.
Slika 1.19:
−→ = −−→−−→ = x 1 i +y 1 j − x i +y j =( 1− x )i +
ABOB OA x
(y1 − y) j = (x1 − x, y1 − y)
Koordinate vektora u ravni ili u prostoru dobijaju se tako ˇsto od
koordinata vrha oduzmemo koordinate poˇcetka.
A(5, 2); B(0, 3)
−→
AB =(0−5, 3−2)=(−5, 1)
35
Slika 1.20:
Slika 1.21:
5888 = (x, y)
23 = (x1, y1)
+ b = (x + x1, y + y1) k
a = (kx, ky)
36
Slika 1.22:
−−→ = (1 7)
BC ,−
−→ = ( 2 5)
CA − ,
−→ = −→ −−→ −→
OT
3
OA OB OC + +
−→ = 3
OC x, y Slika 1.23:
−→ = ( )
−→
−→ = 5 + 5 −−→ = 5 (1 3)+ 5 (4 0)= 5 5
OC 2 OA 3 OB 2
, 3
, 14
,6
x − 4 = −6
y − 2 = −4
x = −2
y = −2
D (−2, −2)
38
−−→ −−→
BC AD
−−→
BC = (10, 6)
−−→
AD = (5, 3)
−−→ −−→
BC = k AD
k=2
−−→ −−→
BC=2 AD
= (3, −1)
b = (4, 2)
b = (12 − 2) = 10
a| |2 =a a = 9 + 1 = 10
a| √
|= 10
2
= 20
39
√
b =2 5
a b 10 1
√2
cos α = a| | |b|
=√ √ =√ = 2
10 2 5 2
◦
α=45
Formula za rastojanje izmed¯u dve taˇcke A (x, y) i B (x1, y1) :
d (A, B) = −→ = ( 1 ) +( 1 )
AB x − x2 y − y2
−→ = ( 1 x, y 1 y )
AB x − −
| |
A = (−3, −5)
B = (1, −2)
O = (−1, −1)
= (x, y)
−−→ −−→
BD = 2BO
(x − 1, y + 2) = 2 (−2, 1) = (−4, 2)
40
x − 1 = −4
y+2=2
x = −3
y=0
−→ −→
AC = 2AO
(x + 3, y + 5) = 2 (2, 4) = (4, 8)
x+3=4
y+5=8
x=1
y=3
C=(1,3)
D = (−3, 0)
−→ √ 2 2 = (4,3) = 4 +3 =5
AB
| |
−−→ √ 2 2 = (0,5) = 0 +5 =5
AD
| |
−→⊥−−→
OA OB
−→ = ( 24)
OA − , −
−−→
OB
= (2 ,
1)
−
−→ −−→ =−2 2+(−4) (−1)=0
OA OB
41
Data su temena trougla A = (−1, −2, 4) , B = (−4, −2, 0) , C =
(3, −2, 1) . Odrediti uglove α i β.
Reˇsenje.
−→
AB = (−3, 0, −4)
−→
AC = (4, 0, −3)
−→
AB =5
−→
AC =5
−→ −→
AB AC =(−12+0+12)=0
−→ −→
ABAC =0
cos α = −→ −→
AB AC
◦
= 90
◦
=β=45
42
i j k i j k
b ×a = b1 b2 b3 = − a1 a2 a3 = − a ×b
a1 a2 a3 b1 b 2 b 3
2. Homogenost
i j k i j k
ka × b = ka1 ka2 ka3 = a1 a2 a3 ka ×b
b1 b 2 b 3 b1 b2 b3
3. Aditivnost
i j k i j k ij k
a + b ×c = a1 + b1 a2 + b2 a3 + b3 a 1 a 2 a 3 c1 + b1 b2 b3 =
c1 c2 c3 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
a ×c + b ×c
−→ × −→ i jk
= −3 3 0 = (15 15 15) = 15 (1 1 1)
AB AC , , , ,
−5 0 5
√
1 15 15 3
P= 2 |15 (1, 1, 1)| = 2 |(1, 1, 1)| = 2
√
=15 3
ABC2
Doma´ci
2. A = (1, 2, 1), B = (4, 3, 3), C = (3, 0, 5).
43
A = (1, −1, 2) , B = (5, −6, 2) , C = (1, 3, −1) . Na´ci visinu i
duˇzinu iz temena B.
44
a2 a3 a1 a 3 a1 a2
a, − c2
b,c = a × b c = c1 b2 b3 b1 b3 + c3 b1 b2 =
a 1 a2 a 3
b1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c3
a1 a2 a3
V= b b b
1 2 3
c1 c2 c3
m−2 1 −4
−2 m − 1 2= 0
−3 1 m−3
(m − 2) (m − 1) (m − 3) − 6 + 8 − 12 (m − 1) − 2 (m − 2) + 2 (m − 3) =
2
m − 3m + 2 (m − 3) + 2 − 12m + 12 − 2m + 4 + 2m − 6 =
3 2 2
m − 3m + 2m − 3m + 9m − 6 + 2 − 12m + 12 − 2m + 4 + 2m − 6
2 2
= m (m − 6) − (m − 6) = m − 1 (m − 6) = (m − 1) (m + 1) (m − 6)
(m − 1) (m + 1) (m − 6) = 0
m ∈ {1, −1, 6}
45
−−→
AD = (1, 5, −1)
−→
AC = (−4, 1, −2)
−→
AB = (−2, 5, −4)
1 5 −1
VP = −4 1 −2 = |−4+20+20−2+10−80| = |−36| =
36 −2 5 − 4
1
Vt = VP
6
1 36
Vt =
6
1
Vt =
6
1 −1 2
0 − 2 4= −2 + 8 − 8 − 4 (y − 1) = −4y + 2
−2 y − 1 1
Vt = 5
VP =6 5=30
46
|−4y + 2| = 5 6 = 30
1. −4y + 2 = 30
−4y = 28
y = −7
D = (0, −7, 0)
2. −4y + 2 = −30
−4y = −32
y=8
D=(0,8,0)
b = (0, 1, 3)
r| | = 26
r = (x, y, z)
1.r ⊥a∧r ⊥b ⇒r = λ a × b
i j k
a × b = 4 − 2 − 3 = i (−6 + 3) − 12j + 4k = (−3, −12, 4) 0 1 3
47
= λ (−3, −12, 4)
π
∢r,( O y ) > 2
π
∢r,( j ) > 2 , j ∈ Oy
j = (0, 1, 0)
j<0
3. r| | = 26
√
r| | = |λ| 9 + 144 + 16 = 13 |λ|
13 |λ| = 26
|λ|=2
= −2 hspace8mm λ = 2
=2
d⊥a,c
48
i j k = i (12 + 4) − j (6 − 2) + k (−4 − 4) = 16i −
a ×c = 2 4 2
1 −2 3
4j − 8k
a ×c d
1
4 a( ×c ) d
π
∢ b, d < 2
d b>0
1 2
4λ 1 −2 3 =140
−1 −2
|4λ(4+12−2+16+3+2)|=35
|λ|=1
=−1,λ=1
<0 ⇒ λ=−1
d = (−16, 4, 8)
49
Odrediti vektor d koji je noemalan na vektorea = (4, 1, 1) , b =
(6, 0, 2) , sa vektoromc = (1, 2, 3) gradi oˇstar ugao, a sa
vektorimac i b obrazuje paralelopiped zapremine 24.
Reˇsenje.
= (4, 1, 1)
b = (6, 0, 2)
d⊥a∧ d⊥b ⇒ d = λ a × b
i j k = 2i − j (8 − 6) − 6k = 2i − 2j − 6k
a ×b= 4 1 1
6 0 2
λ(1, −1, −3)(1, 2, 3) > 0 ⇒ λ(1, −2, −9) > 0 ⇒ −10λ > 0 ⇒
λ<0
1 2 3
λ 6 0 2 = 24
−1 −3
|λ(4−18+2+36)|=24
24 |λ| = 24
|λ|=1
=−1,λ=1
<0 ⇒ λ=−1
50
d = (−1, 1, 3)
d = (45, 24, 0)
1. cos a, b = a b
a| | |b|
cos a,(c ) = ac
a| ||c |
a b ac
=
|| | |
a b
=⇒
a| ||c |
(2λ, 1, 1−λ)(−1, 3, 0) (2λ, 1, 1−λ)(5, −1, 8)
√ 2
4λ +1+(1 λ)
2 √ 1+9
= √ 2
4λ +1+(1 λ)
2 √ 25+1+64
⇒
− −
−2λ+3 10λ−1+8−8λ √ √ 2
√
5λ2 + 2λ+2
√ 10 = √
5λ2+ 2λ+2
√
90
/ 3 10 5λ + −
2λ+2 ⇒
− −
1
−6λ+9=2λ+7 ⇒ −8λ=−2 ⇒ λ=
4
π c (a ×b)
cos 2 −ϕ = c a b|
||| ×
51
π 9 3 5 45 + 3 +20
(5, −1, 8) (− 4 , − 4, ) − 38 38
cos 2 ϕ = 81 9 25
12
= 4 4
130 = √ √ = √
√
√ 19 √ − √19 √ 90√ 16 + 16 +144 90 √ 16 3 10 190 30 19
3 1
8 9
√ 19 = 30 19 = 15
√ √
π 19 π 19
2 − ϕ = arc cos 15 ⇒ϕ = 2 − arc cos 15 ⇒ϕ =
√
19
arc sin 15
1 13 11 0 35 11 35
12 4 12 4 1
2 4
2.V= 6 −130 = 6 14024 = 6 14 24 =
15 −1 8 5 −1 8
245 19
6 132 − 2 =12
=BH
3
H= 3V
B
√
9 3 5 190
B=a ×b = − 4i − 4j + 4 k = 4
3 19 √ √
H= = =√ = =√ =
3V 12 19 19 19 19 √
√ √ 10 √ √ 1, 9
a| ×b|
190 190 19 19 10
4
8. Dokazati a × b ×c = a( c) b−bc a
i j k a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
a × b = a1 a2 a3 = b2 b3
,−
b 1 b3
,
b1 b2
b 1 b2 b 3
52
i j k
a × b ×c = a2 a3 − a1 a3 a1 a2 =
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
− b1 b3 c 1 b2 , c2 c 3 b3 b1 b2 , b2 b3 −
a1 a3
b1 b2
a1 a3 a1 a2 a2 a3 a1 a2 a2 a3
− c1 c3 b1 b3
c2 c3 c1 c2
(b1c1 + b2c2 + b3c3) (a1, a2, a3) = (a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3) b1−
(b1c1 + b2c2 + b3c3) a1, (a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3) b2 − (b1c1 + b2c2 + a 2,
b3c3) (a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3) b3 − (b1c1 + b2c2 + b3c3) a3
x( −c ) a = 0
x( −c ) b = 0
81α+9β−21=0
9α+9β−9=0
1
= 6
5
β= 6
53
Slika 1.24:
1 5
x = a + b
6 6
(x0, y0) ∈ p
A (x − x0) + B (y − y0) = 0 - jednaˇcina prave kroz taˇcku (x0, y0)
koja je normalna na vektor (A, B) .
Vektor poloˇzaja neke prave nije jedinstven, ali su svi vektori
poloˇzaja med¯usobno kolinearni.
A=2 B=−6
p : 2 (x − 1) + (−6) (y − 1) = 0
p : 2x − 6y + 4 = 0
p : x − 3y + 2 = 0
55
a) 3x + 5y − 1 = 0
−4x + my − 2 = 0
3 5 20
− 4 =m ⇒m=− 3
(3, 5) ⊥ (−4, m)
(3, 5) (−4, m) = 0
12
−12 + 5m = 0 ⇒ m = 5
A (x − x0) + B (y − y0) = 0
(x + 1) + (y − 5) = 0
x+y−4=0
: 1 (x − 3) − 2 (y − 3) = 0
x − 2y + 3 = 0
B (x1, y1)
2x1 + y1 − 4 = 0
x1 − 2y1 + 3 = 0
56
x1 = 1
y1 = 2
B = A+A′
2
′
2(1, 2) = (3, 3)+A
′
2(1, 2)−(3, 3) = A
′
A = (−1, 1)
A+ B
= 2 ∈s
−→
AB⊥s
C= 12,4
−→
AB = (−3, 2) ⊥s
1
s : −3 x − 2 + 2 (y − 4) = 0
13
−3x + 2y − 2 =0
−6x + 4y − 13 = 0
II naˇcin:
2 2 2 22
(x − 2) + (y − 3) = (x + 1) + (y − 5) /
57
2 2 2 2
x − 4x + 4 + y − 6y + 9 = x + 2x + 1 + y − 10y + 25
−6x + 4y − 13 = 0
1
= 3(A+B+C)
2
T= 1, 3
−−→
BC = (5, −3)
ha : 5 (x − 2) − 3 (y − 1) = 0
ha : 5x − 3y − 7 = 0
−→
AC = (1, −2)
hb : (x + 2) − 2 (y − 2) = 0
hb : x − 2y + 6 = 0
5x − 3y − 7 = 0
x − 2y + 6 = 0
32
= 7
37
y= 7
32 37
, 7
7
−−→
BC = (5, −3)
58
′ 3−2 , −1+2 = 1 ,1
A =
2 2 2 2
1 1
sa : 5 x − 2 −3 y− 2 =0
sa : 5x − 3y − 1 = 0
′ 3+2 , −1+1 = 5, 0
B =
2 2 2
−→ = (1 2)
AC ,−
5
sb : 1 x − 2 − 2 (y − 0) = 0
5
sb : x − 2y − 2 =0
5x − 3y
5
−1=0
x − 2y − =0
2
11
= − 14 y
23
=− 14
11 23
− 14 ,− 14
2
T= 1, 3
32 37
7 , 7
11 23
− 14 ,− 14
y− 2 = 377 − 23 (x − 1)
32
3 7 −1
y− 2 = 111−14 (x − 1)
21
3 327−7
2 97
y− 3 =3 25 (x − 1)
2 97
y− 3 = 75 (x − 1)
97 47
y= 75 x− 75
59
23 97 11 47
14 = 75 − 14 − 75
1=1
23 97 11 47
14 =− 75 14 − 75
23 1067 47
14 =− 1050 − 75
23 1725
14 =− 1050
Reˇsenje.
2x + y − 6 + α (x − 3y + 4) = 0
2 0+3−6+α(0−3 3+4)=0
−3−5α=0
3
=− 5
60
3
2x + y − 6 + − 5 (x − 3y + 4) = 0
10x + 5y − 30 − 3 (x − 3y + 4) = 0
p : 7x + 14y − 42 = 0/ : 7
p : x + 2y − 6 = 0
paralelna je sa pravom 3x − y + 1 = 0
normalna je na pravu 2x − 3y + 1 = 0
Reˇsenje.
2x + y − 6 = 0
a)
x − 3y + 4 = 0
2x + y − 6 + α (x − 3y + 4) = 0
2x + y − 6 + αx − 3αy + 4α = 0
−2−α=3−9α
5
= 8
5
p : 2x + y − 6 + 8 (x − 3y + 4) = 0
16x + 8y − 48 + 5x − 15y + 20 = 0
21x − 7y − 28 = 0/ : 7
61
3x − y − 4 = 0
−3(1−3α)=0
4+2α−3+9α=0
1
= −11
2x + y − 6 + −111 (x − 3y + 4) = 0
2x + y − 6 + −111 (x − 3y + 4) = 0
22x + 11y − 66 − (x − 3y + 4) = 0
21x + 14y − 70 = 0
7x + 2y − 10 = 0
2x + 7y − 8 + α (3x + 2y + 5) = 0
= −(2+3α)x+8−5α 7+2α
= −2+3α x + 8−5α
7+2α7+2α
62
2x + 3y − 7 = 0
3y = 7 − 2x
y = 7−2x
3
2 x 7
=− 3 + 3 k1
2+3 α
=− 7+2 α k2
2
=− 3
tg α = k2−k1
1+k1k2
◦ 2 2+3α
tg 45 =
−3 + 7+2α
2
1+( 3 )( 7 +2 2+3αα )
−14−4α+6+9α
1= 3(7+2α)
21+6α+4+6α
3(7+2α)
5α−8 =1
12α+25
1. 5α−8=12α+25
−7α = 33
33
=− 7
33
2x + 7y − 8 − 7 (3x + 2y + 5) = 0
2. −5α+8=12α+25
63
−17α = 17
= −1
2x + 7y − 8 − (3x + 2y + 5) = 0
2x + 7y − 8 − 3x − 2y − 5 = 0
−x + 5y − 13 = 0
x − 5y + 13 = 0
p : Ax + By + C = 0
= (x0 − x, y0 − y)
n =n| | d
(jer je d =a cos (x, y))
a| n | = a| n | =|A(x0 −x)+B(y0 −y)| =|−Ax−By+Ax0+By0| = |−Ax−By−C| =
d= n
||
√
A
2 +B 2 √ 2+B 2
A
√ 2 +B 2
A
√ 2
A +B
2
|Ax+By+C|
√ 2 2
A +B
= |Ax+By+C|
√
2 2
A +B
(x0, y0) ∈ p
Ax0 + By0 + C = 0
Ax0 + By0 = −C
(2, 3)
3x − y + 5 = 0
64
d= 3 2−3+5 = 8
√ 3 2+( 1) 2
√ 10
p:x+y+2=0
q : x + 7y + 3 = 0
dp = dq
|x+y+2| = |x+7y+3|
√ 2 2 √ 2 2
1 +1 1 +7
|x+y+2| = |x+7y+3|
√2 5√ 2
5 |x + y + 2| = |x + 7y + 3|
5 (x + y + 2) = (x + 7y + 3) 4x
− 2y + 7 = 0
5 (x + y + 2) = − (x + 7y + 3) 6x
+ 12y + 13 = 0
(0, 5) ∈ p
p : 4x − 3y + 15 = 0
65
5 1
d = |8 0−6 5+25| = =
√
2 2
8 +6 10 2
2d1 = d2
2 |4x−3y+15|
√
= |8x−6y+25|
√
22 22
4 +3 8 +6
2 |4x−3y+15| = |8x−6y+25|
5 10
4 (4x − 3y + 15) = 8x − 6y + 25
16x − 12y + 60 = 8x − 6y + 25 8x
− 6y + 35 = 0
2x − 18y + 85 = 0
AB : 7 (x − 4) + (y + 5) = 0
7x + y − 23 = 0
= |AB| h c
2
√ 2 2 √
1 +7 hc 10
P= 2 √2
= 50 ⇒ 5 2 hc = 50 ⇒ hc =
66
|7x+y−23| 10
√ 2 2
7 +1 = 2
√
|7x + y − 23| = 50
1. 7x + y − 23 = 50
7x + y − 73 = 0
2. 7x + y − 23 = −50
7x + y + 27 = 0
Reˇsenje.
2x − y − 1 + α (3x + y − 4) = 0
p : (2 + 3α) x + (α − 1) y + (−4α − 1) = 0
3
d= √ 5
|(2+3α) 2+(α−1) (−1)+(−4α−1)| 3 2
√ (2+3α)2+(α 1)2
= √ 5 /
−
2 2
5(4+6α−α+1−4α−1)=9 4+12α+9α +α −2α+1
2
17α +10α−7=0
√
α = −10± 100+476
1,2 34
= −10±24
1,234
α1=−1
7
α2 = 17
67
α1 = −1 ⇒ p : −x − 2y + 3 = 0, ⇒ p : x + 2y − 3 = 0
7
α2 = 17 ⇒ p : 11x − 2y − 9 = 0
p : x − 2y + 8 = 0
A (8, 3)
q : 3x + 4y − 11 = 0
d1 = d 2
A (x, y)
x = 2y − 8
2 2 |10y−35| 2
(2y − 16) + (y − 3) = /
5
2 2
125y − 1750y + 6625 = 100y − 700y + 1225
2
25y − 1050y + 5400 = 0/ : 25
2
y − 42y + 216 = 0
√
y = 42± 1764−864
1,2 2
= 42±30
1,22
68
y= 36
6
x= 64
−→ Slika 1.25:
= ( 7 , 1)
CA −
−−→ = (1 7)
CB ,−
−→ = (8 8) = 8(1 1)
AB ,− ,−
CA CB
− 6 (1, 1)
√
5 2
69
(1, 1) ⊥(1, −1)
(1, −1)
(x − 4) − (y − 4) = 0
x−y=0
−→ = (8 8)
AB , −
−→ = (7 1)
AC , −
−→ −→ − −
(1, −1) +(7,√−1) 1 1 + 75 , 1 1 =
+ = √ + √ = √ =√
AB AC (8, 8) (7, 1)
k1 = −→ −→ 5
8 2 5 2 5
AB AC 2 2 2
−−
1 12 6
√2 5, − 5 (2, −1)
(x + 3) + 2 (y − 5) = 0
x + 2y − 7 = 0
x + 2y − 7 = 0
x−y=0
x=y
3y − 7 = 0
7
x=
3
7 7
3, 3
AB : (x + 3) + (y − 5) = 0
x+y−2=0
70
r = |7 √2 | √2
=3
3
+37 −2 8
n| 1||n 2|
1. Odrediti ugao izmed¯u pravih 3x − y + 5 = 0 i 2x + y − 7 = 0.
Reˇsenje.
1 = (3, −1)
2=(2,1)
n| 1n 2| 5 5 1 π
cos α = n n =√ 10 √ =√ =√ α= 4
| 1|| 2
|
5 50 2 ⇒
2x + 3y − 3 + α (x + y − 1) = 0
(2 + α) x + (3 + α) y + (−3 − α) = 0
1 =(2+α, 3+α)
2=(3,3)
(2+α) +(3+α)
2
2
3 +3
2 3 2 2α +10α+13
2
34
71
34 36α2 + 180α + 225 = 25 18 2α2 + 10α + 13
2
9α −45α+50=0
45±15 10
α1,2 = 18
= 3
5
3
10 10
2+ x+ 3+ y + −3 − 10 =0
3 3 3
5 5
2+ 3x + 3+ 3 y + −3 − 53 = 0
11x + 14y − 14 = 0
Doma´ci.
Odrediti ravan koja sadrˇzi preseˇcnu taˇcku pravih 5x −4y −6 =
◦
0 i x − y − 1 = 0, a sa pravom 2x − y + 3 = 0 gradi ugao 45 .
(Reˇsenje: x − 3y + 1 = 0)
α p1 : y = k1x + n1
p 2 : y = k 2x + n 2
= ∢ (p1, p2)
=ϕ2−ϕ1
72
tg ϕ = tg ϕ2−tg ϕ1
1+tg ϕ2 tg ϕ1
tg ϕ = |k2−k1 | - ugao izmed¯u pravih
|1+k1 k2|
π 1
2
p1⊥p2 ⇔ ϕ = ⇔ tg ϕ = ∞ ⇔ 1 + k1 k2 = 0 ⇔ k1 = − k2
p1 p2 ⇔ k1 = k2
Slika 1.26:
x y
n +m =1
Ax + By + C = 0
73
Ax + By = −C
x y
− C +− C =1
A B
2x + y + 1 + α (x − y + 2) = 0
(2 + α) x + (1 − α) y + 1 + 2α = 0
C C
A = −B
1+2α = 1+2α
2+α 1−α
1. 1+2α = 1+2α
2+α 1−α
(1+2α)(1−α) = (1+2α)(2+α)
(1+2α)(1−α−2−α)=0
2
(1+2α) =0
1
=− 2
2. 1+2α = 1+2α
2+α α−1
(1+2α)(α−1) = (1+2α)(2+α)
(1+2α)(α−1−2−α)=0
1
−3(1+2α)=0 ⇒ α=− 2
1 1
2− 2x + 1+ 2 y+0=0
3 3
2 x+ 2 y=0
74
1.15 Kruˇznica
Slika 1.27:
d (A, O) = r
2 2 2
(x − p) + (y − q) = r/
2 2 2
(x − p) + (y − q) = r - jednaˇcina kruˇznice
x = x (t)
= y (t)
x = r cos t
y = r sin t
t=ϕ
O (3, 2)
2 2 √ 2
r = (A, O) = (3 − 1) + (2 − 1) = 5/
75
2 2
: (x − 3) + (y − 2) = 5
Pr. Na´ci jednaˇcinu kruˇznice koja prolazi kroz taˇcku (3, −6) i
2 2
kon-centriˇcna je sa kruˇznicom x + y + 6x − 4y − 62 = 0.
2 2
x + y + 6x − 4y − 62 = 0
2 2
(x + 3) − 9 + (y − 2) − 4 − 62 = 0
2 2
(x + 3) + (y − 2) = 75
O (−3, 2)
2 2 √
r = (A, O) = (3 + 3) + (−6 − 2) = 100 = 10
2 2
(x + 3) + (y − 2) = 0
-Potencija taˇcke u odnosu na krug
Slika 1.28:
Teorema 1.2. Neka prava p koja sadrˇzi taˇcku A seˇce krug u taˇckama
A1 i A2. Tada proizvod AA1 AA2 ne zavisi od prave p. Proizvod AA 1 AA2
naziva se pontecijom taˇcke A u odnosu na krug K. Ako je t
76
duˇzina tangente duˇzi povuˇcene iz taˇcke A na krug K tada je
2
pontencija taˇcke A jednaka t .
′ ′ ′
AA2A 1 ∼ AA1A 2 jer je ∢A je zajedniˇcki, ∢A2 = ∢A 2 (kao
periferijski ugao nad istom tetivom)
′
AA2 = AA 1
′
AA 2 AA1
′
AA2 AA1 = AA 1 AA′2
Slika 1.29:
2 2 2
(x − p) + (y − q) = r
2 2 2
(x − p) + (y − 7, 5) = 7, 5
x = 0, y = 3
2
p = 36
p = ±6
77
2 2 2
: (x − 6) + (y − 7, 5) = 7, 5
k (O, r)
2 2 2
: (x − p) + (y − q) = r
p|Ap+Bq+C|
: Ax + By + C = 0
= r - uslov dodira prave i kruga
√
2 2
A +B
2 2 2
Teorema 1.3. Prava y = kx + n je tangenta na krug x + y = r ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ako je r 1 + k = n , a kruga (x − a) + (y − b) = r ako je r 1 +
2 2
k = (ka − b + n) .
2 2
Teorema 1.4. Ako je M (x1, y1) neka taˇcka kruga (x − a) +(y − b) =
2
r jednaˇcina tangente kruga u toj taˇcki glasi (x − a) (x1 − a)+(y − b) (y1 −
2
b) = r .
t : Ax + By + C = 0
A ∈ t ⇒ −4A + 3B + C = 0
=4A−3B
78
|1 A−2 B+C| =√
√
A +B
2 2 5
|A−2B+4A−3B| √ √
2 2
√ A2+B2 =5/A +B
√ √ 2 2
A 2
+B/
|A−2B+4A−3B|= 5
2 2 2 2
A −2AB+B =5 A +B
2 2 2 2
25A − 50AB + 25B = 5A + 5B
2 2
4A −10AB+4B =0/:B
A2 A
B −10 B 4=0/:2
A 2 A
2 B −5 B 2=0
√
= 5± 25−16 = 5±3
B1,244
A =1
B 1 2
A =8 =2
B 2 4
=4A−3B
C = 4 AB − 3
B
C =4 1
B 1 2 − 3 = −1
C = 4 2 − 3= 5
B 2
t : Ax + By + C = 0/ : B
A C
B x+y+B =0
1
2 x + y − 1 = 0/ 2
79
t1 : x + 2y − 2 = 0
t2 : 2x + y + 5 = 0
2 2
1. Pod kojim uglom se seku prava x −3y −5 = 0 i krug x + y = 5.
2 2
x +y =5
x − 3y − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 3y + 5
2 2
(3y + 5) + y = 5
2 2
9y + 30y + 25 + y = 5
2
10y + 30y + 20 = 0/ : 10
2
y + 3y + 2 = 0
√
= −3± 9−8 = −3±1
1,222
y1 = −2
y2 = −1
x1 = −1
x2 = 2
1 5 1
x − 3y − 5 = 0 ⇒ 3y = x − 5 ⇒ y = 3 x− 3 ⇒k= 3
kt k 2− 1 5
3 3
tg α = − = 1 = 5 =1
1+kt k 1+2 3 3
tg α = 1
80
◦
= 45
π
= 4
2 2
Odrediti jednaˇcinu tangente na krug (x − 3) + (y − 1) = 4 u
taˇcki A (1, 1) .
(1 − 3) (x − 3) + (1 − 1) (y − 1) = 4
−2 (x − 3) = 4
−2x + 6 = 4/ (−1)
2x − 6 = −4
2x = 2
x=1
2 2
3.Na´ci jednaˇcine tangenti kruga x + y − 10x − 12y + 36 = 0
koje su paralelne pravoj 4x − 3y + 10 = 0.
Reˇsenje. (A, B) = (4, −3)
Ax + By + C = 0
4x − 3y + 10 = 0
2 2
x − 10x + 25 − 25 + y − 12y + 36 = 0
2 2
(x − 5) + (y − 6) = 25
p = 5, q = 6
|4 5−3 6+C| =5/ 5
√
42+32
|2+C|=25
81
1. 2+C =25
= 23
t1 : 4x − 3y + 23 = 0
2. −2−C =25
= −27
t2 : 4x − 3y − 27 = 0
Napisati jednaˇcinu kruga koji prolazi kroz taˇcke A (−2, 9) ; B (−4, 5) ; C (5,
8) . Odrediti ugao koji tetiva AB zaklapa sa njim kao i tangente na krug
iz taˇcke D (8, 4) .
Reˇsenje.
2 2 2
: (x − p) + (y − q) = r
2 2 2
A ∈ k ⇒ (−2 − p) + (9 − q) = r
2 2 2
B ∈ k ⇒ (−4 − p) + (5 − q) = r
2 2 2
C ∈ k ⇒ (5 − p) + (8 − q) = r
2 2 2
p + 4p + 4 + 81 − 18q + q = r
2 2 2
p + 8p + 16 + q − 10q + 25 = r
2 2 2
p − 10p + 25 + q − 16q + 64 = r
2 2 2 2
p + 4p + q − 18q + 85 = p + 8p + q − 10q + 41
2 2 2 2
p + 4p + q − 18q + 85 = p − 10p + q − 16q + 89
−4p − 8q + 44 = 0/ : (−4)
14p − 2q − 4 = 0/ : 2
p + 2q − 11 = 0
7p − q − 2 = 0
82
= 7p − 2
p + 14p − 4 − 11 = 0 ⇒ 15p = 15 ⇒ p = 1
q=5
O (1, 5)
2 2 √ √
r = d (O, A) = (1 + 2) + (5 − 9) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 k :
2 2
(x − 1) + (9 − 5) = 25
tB : (x − 1) (−4 − 1) + (y − 5) (5 − 5) = 25
−5 (x − 1) = 25/ (−5)
x − 1 = −5
tB : x = −4
5 −9
AB : y − 9 = (x + 2)
−4+2
AB : y − 9 = 2 (x + 2)
AB : y = 2x + 13
AB : 2x − y + 13 = 0
cos ϕ = 21 2
√1√5 = √5
D (8, 4)
t : Ax + By + C = 0
8A+4B+C =0
=−8A−4B
83
|A+5B+C| √ 2 2
√ A +B 2 2 = 5/ A + B
√ 2 2
2
5 A + B =|A+5B−8A−4B|/
2 2 2 2
25 A + B = B − 14AB + 49A
2 2 2
−24A + 14AB + 24B = 0/ : −2B
A 2 A
12 −7 −12=0
B B
√
= 7± 49+576 = 7±25
2424B1,2
A = 4
B 1 3
A =− 3
B 2 4
=−8A−4B/:B
C A
B =−8B −4
C = −8 43 −4=− 44
B 1 3
C =− 8 −3 − 4=2
B 2 3
t : 8A + 4B + C = 0/ : B
A C
t:8 +4+ =0
B B
4 44
t : x+y− = 0/ 3
1 3 3
3
t2 : − 4 x + y + 2 = 0/ (−4)
3x − 4y − 8 = 0
84
1.17 Elipsa
a2
2
x
2
+y = 1 - jednaˇcina elipse
2
2
a b
c
Veliˇcina e = a naziva se ekscentricitet elipse.
√
c = a2 − b 2
a a a 2 a 2
Prave x = e i x = − e , tj. kada se zameni c ix=− c nazivaju
x = se direktrise elipse.
a
Direktrisa x = odgovara ziˇzi F2 = (c, 0) , a direktrisa x = −ae
e
odgovara ziˇci F1 = (−c, 0) .
Koliˇcnik rastojanja od proizvoljne taˇcke elipse M = (x, y) do
ziˇze i rastojanja od te taˇcke do odgovaraju´ce direktrise je
konstantan i jednak je ekscentricitetu e.
Parametarske jednaˇcine elipse:
x = a cos t .
y = b sin t
Krug je elipsa kod koje je b = a, tj. c = 0.
85
Slika 1.30:
Slika 1.31:
−→ =3 −−→ + 3 −→ = 3 ( 0)+ 3 (0 1)=33 1 =( )
OC 2 OB 1 OA 2 t, 1
,t 2 1
t, t x, y
2
x= 3 t
1
= 3 t1
3
t= x
2
t1 = 3y
2 2 = 2 2 9 2 2
t +t + (3y) = x + 9y
3 x
1 2 4
86
2 2 2
t +t 1 = 12
9 2 2
4 x + 9y = 144/ : 9
1 2 2
4 x + y = 16/ : 16
x 2 y2
64 + 16 =1
Problem:
Neka je data prava p i taˇcke A i B sa iste strane prave p na
kojoj treba da se nalazi taˇcka C tako da zbir AB + CB bude
najmanji mogu´ci.
Taˇcka C se dobija tako ˇsto se taˇcka simetriˇcno preslika u
odnosu na pravu p i pri tome se dobije taˇcka A 1. Taˇcka CO koju
traˇzimo ´ce se nalaziti u preseku prave p i prave AB.
Slika 1.32:
AC + CB - minimalno
′ ′
AC +C B >AC+CB
87
Slika 1.33:
′ ′
A 1C = C A
′ ′
A1C + C B > A1B = A1C + CB
A1C = CA
′ ′
A1C + C B > CA + CB
′ ′
AC +C B >CA+CB
′ ′
AC +C B >AC+BC
Teorema 1.5. Svetlosni zrak koji prolazi iz jedne ziˇze date elipse
posle odbijanja od nje pro´ci ´ce kroz drugu ziˇzu ili drugim
reˇcima tan-genta na elipsu u njenoj proizvoljnoj taˇcki gradi
jednake uglove sa duˇzima koje tu taˇcku spajaju sa ziˇzama.
Opiˇsimo krug k oko proizvoljne taˇcke M na elipsi, koji prolazi kroz F 2,
i neka produˇzena duˇz F1M, preko taˇcke M, preseca krug k u taˇcki
H.
Kako je M srediˇste kruga k M F2 = M H ⇒ F2M H je jed-
nakokraki, i simetrala t kroz M je tangenta elipse u taˇcki M.
88
F1H = F1M + MH = F1M + MF2 = A1A2
Uzmimo neku drugu taˇcku L ∈ t, L = M. Kako je t simetrala
stranice F2H, F2M H ⇒ LF2 = LH ⇒ LF2 + LF1 = LF1 + LH > F1H
⇒ LF1 + LF2 > A1A2. Svaka taˇcka L = M, prave t je izvan elipse, a
to znaˇci da je prava t tangenta elipse u taˇcki M.
Iz F2M H ⇒ M F2 = M H Kako je t simetrala ∢F2M H ⇒
∢ (F2M, t) = ∢ (t, M H) = ∢ (t, M F1) ⇒ ∢ (t, M F1) = ∢ (t, M F2) .
89
2
a = 40
x2
20
x 2 y2
40 + 10 =1
2 2
Odrediti tangente na elipsu x + 4y = 20 koje su paralelne, a
zatim i one koje su normalne na ravan 2x − 2y − 13 = 0.
2 2
x + 4y = 20/ : 20
x 2 y 2
20 + 5 =1
p : 2x − 2y − 13 = 0
t : Ax + By + C = 0
: 2x − 2y + C = 0
2x − 2y + C = 0
y
+ 52 = 1
2
4 20+4 5=C
2
100 = C
= ±10
t : 2x − 2y ± 10 = 0/ : 2
t:x−y±5=0
2A−2B =0
B=A
90
t : Ax + By + C = 0
2 2 2
20A + 5A = C
2 2
25A = C
= ±5A
t : Ax + Ay ± 5A = 0/ : A
t:x+y±5=0
2 2
3. Odrediti tangente na elipsu 2x + 3y = 21 u taˇcki A (3, 1) .
2 2
2x + 3y = 21/ : 21
x 2 y 2
21 + 7 =1
2
t : Ax + By + C = 0
A ∈ t ⇒ 3A + B + C = 0 ⇒ C = − (3A + B)
21 2 21 2 2
2A + 3B =C
x 2 y 2
21 + 21 =1
3
21 2 21 2 2 2
2 A + 3 B = 9A + 6AB + B
3 2 18 2 3 2
2A + 3B − 6AB = 0/ : 2B
A2 A
B −4 B +4=0
√
= 4± 16−16
B 1,2 2
A =2
B 1,2
91
3A+B+C=0/:B
A C
B +1+B =0
C C
2+1+B =0 ⇒ B =−7
t1,2 : 2 3x + 3 1y = 21/ : 3
t1,2 : 2x + y − 7 = 0
x2
4. Neka su p, p1 i t prave koje su tangente na elipsu y 2
b2 = 1,
2
a
Slika 1.34:
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
F1A⊥F1B ⇔ F1A F1B = 0
xx yy
t: 0 + 0 =1
2 2
a b
p : x = −a
p1 : x = a
yy
x0x + 0 =1
2 2
a b
92
x = −a
x 0 y 0 y
a + b 2 =1
2 2
= ab +b x0 ay0
x=a
= b2x0−ab2
−ay0
= ab2−b2x0 ay0
a, ab2−b2x0 ay0
2 2
−−→ ab +b x0
F1A = − a + c, ay0
−−→
2 2
F1 B = a + c, ab −b x0
ay0
1.20 Hiperbola
93
Slika 1.35:
Slika 1.36:
94
Slika 1.37:
b b
a2 : y = − a x ⇔ 0 = a x + y
| b x0− y0 | | b x0+y0 | b
2
x0 −y0
2 2
=
a a a2
d (A, a1) d (A, a2) = 2 2 2 2
b +a =
( a ) +(−1) ( a ) +1 2
b b
2 2
a
2 2 22 2 2
x x y
b 0 −a y0 2 2 0 0
ba − b2
= 2
a2
b +a
2
= b
2
a2
+a 2
= b2a2
2
b +a 2
= const
2
a
b
y=a x
x 0 x y 0 y
a 2 − b 2 =1
95
Slika 1.38:
2 2
x=− ab = ab
= x2
ay0−bx0 bx0−ay0
x1 + x 2 = 1 2
a b + 2
ab =a2b bx0−ay0+bx0+ay0 =
2 bx0+ay0 bx0−ay0 2 (bx0+ay0)(bx0−ay0)
2 2
ab
2
2bx0
2 2 2 2
= 2
a bx0
2 2 2
= x0x
2
y2
= x0
b b 0 0
x0 −a y0 x0−a y0 a
2−
b
2
1.22 Parabola
2
Iz taˇcke (−2, 2) povu´ci tangente na parabolu y = 16x
Ax + By + C = 0/ : B
96
Slika 1.39:
A C
B x+y+B =0
−2A+2B+C =0
=2A−2B
2
B 8−2AC =0
2
4B −A(2A−2B) = 0
2 2 2
2B −A +AB =0/:B
A2 A
2−B 2 +B =0
A2 A
B −B −2=0
√
= 1± 1+8
B 1,2 2
= 1±3
B 1,2 2
97
2
A =
B
−1
C A
B =2B −2
2
C =
B
−4
2x + y + 2 = 0
−x + y − 4 = 0
x−y+4=0
2
A (x0, y0) - taˇcka na paraboli y = 2px = px +
px y0y = px0 + px = p (x0 + x)
y0y = p (x0 + x) - jednaˇcina tangente na paraboli u taˇcki (x0, y0)
2
1. Na´ci jednaˇcinu normale parabole y = 12x u njenoj taˇcki (x0,
2
−6) . (−6) = 12x0
x0 = 3
(3, −6)
t : −6y = 6 (x + 3)
x+y+3=0
98
1.24 Optiˇcko svojstvo parabole
Slika 1.40:
2
y = 2px
: y0y = p (x0 + x)
0 = px − y0y + px0
AF : y0 x − p2 + p
2 − x0 y = 0
−→ : 0 p x0
AF y ,2 −
s : y = y0
p
|py0−y0 +x0y0|
y − y0 = 0
cos (t, AF ) = √ 2
2
p
|y0||x0+ 2 | |y0|
p
2
+y0
2 2
y0 + (
p
)
2 −x0 = p =
√ p2+y02|x0+ 2 | √ p2+y02
99
cos ∢ (t, s) = |(p, −y0)(0 , 1)| = |y0|
√ √ p2+y02
p2+y02 1
cos ∢ (t, AF ) = cos ∢ (t, s)
Slika 1.41:
2x − 3y + 9 = 0
2 3 2
x + x y + y x = 0 za (p, q)
2 3 2
(x − p) + (x − p) (y − q) + (y − q) (x − p) = 0.
100
Slika 1.42:
iϕ
z = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ = e
z1 = z (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ)
Ako taˇcku z u kompleksnoj ravni ho´cemo da rotiramo oko
koordi-natnog poˇcetka, onda z treba pomnoˇziti sa cos ϕ + i sin ϕ,
gde je ϕ traˇzeni ugao rotacije.
Slika 1.43:
◦
z = 2 + 3i 45
◦ ◦
z1 = z (cos 45 + i sin 45 )
√ √
2 2
z1 = (2 + 3i) 2
+i 2
√ √ 3√
2
√
3 2
z1 = 2+i 2+ 2 i− 2
√ 5√
2 2
z1 =− 2 + 2 i
′ ′
(x, y) = (x , y ) (cos ϕ, sin ϕ)
101
Slika 1.44:
′ ′ ′ ′
(x, y) = (x cos ϕ − y sin ϕ, x sin ϕ + y cos ϕ)
′ ′
= x cos ϕ − y sin ϕ y
′ ′
= x sin ϕ + y cos ϕ
′ ′
Formule za rotaciju taˇcke (x , y ) za ugao ϕ.
102
−A sin 2α + 2B cos 2α + C sin 2α = 0
(C − A) sin 2α = − 2B cos 2α C−A =− cos 2α ⇒ A−C = ctg 2α
2B sin 2α 2B
Zadaci
Odrediti ˇsta predstavlja skup taˇcaka zadat
2 2
jednaˇcinom 5x + 4xy + 8y + 8x + 14y + 5 = 0.
Reˇsenje.
A−C = ctg 2α 5−8 = ctg 2α tg 2α = 4 ; tg 2α = 2 tg α
1−tg α
2
2B ⇒4 ⇒ −3
−4= 2 tg α
3 1−tg α
2
2
−4 + 4 tg α = 6 tg α
2
2 tg α − 3 tg α − 2 = 0
√ 1
tg α1/2 =
3± 9+16 = 3±5 = −2
4 4
2
2 2
tg α =4 = 4
sin α = 2
1+4 5 2 1
2
1+tg α
1 1 1 ⇒ sin α = √ 5; cos α = √5 .
cos α = 1+tg 2 α = 1+4 = 5
′ 1 ′ 2
x=x −y
√5 √ 5
′ 2 ′ 1
y=x √5 +y √ 5
1 22 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
5 x′ √ y′ √ +4 x′ √ y′ √ x′ √ + y′ √ +8 x′ √ + y′ √ +
−
5 − 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
′ ′ ′ ′
8 x √
1
− y 2 √
+ 14 x √
1
− y 2
√
+5=0
5 5 5 5
5 1 − 4 x′y′ + 4
y
′2
+4
2 + 1 x′y′ − 4 x′y′ − 2 ′2 +8 4 + 4 x′y′ +1 ′2 +
x′2 x′2 y x′2 y
8 5 16 5 28 5 14 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
√5 ′ √5 ′ √5 ′ √5 ′
x − y + x + y +5=0
′2 ′2 36 ′ 2 ′
9x + 4y + √ 5x
− √5 y +5=0
22 12 36 4
9 x
′ +√ 5 +4 y −
′
4√
5 = 5 + 16 5 −5
103
2 1 2 45
2
9 x′ + √5 + 4 y′ − 4
√5 = 20
2 1 2 9
2
′
9 x′ + √5 +4 y − 4
√5 =4
2
(x′+√ )2 (y′−
1
√ )2
1
5
+ 4
9
5
=1
4 16
2
)2 1
)2
(x′+√ ′
+(y −
√
5 4 5
=1
( 1
2 (
3
4
)2 )2
Slika 1.45:
ˇ 2 2 −16x+
2. Sta predstavlja kriva zadata jednaˇcinom 3x −10xy + 3y
24=0?
Reˇsenje.
π
A−C = ctg 2α ⇒ 3−3 = ctg 2α ⇒ ctg 2α = 0 ⇒ 2α = ⇒ α=45◦
2B −10 2
√ √
′ 2 ′ 2
x=x 2 −y 2
104
√ √
′ ′ 2
y= x 2 2
+y 2
√ √ 2 √ √ √ √ √ √ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
3 x 2 −y 2 −10 x 2 −y 2 x 2 +y 2 +3 x 2 +y 2 −
√ √
′ 2 ′ 2
16 x 2 −y 2
+24=0
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 √
3 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
√ 2 x′ − xy + 2 y′ −10 2 x′ − 2 y′ +3 2 x′ + xy + 2 y′ −8 2 x +
8 2 y′ + 24 = 0
′2 ′2 √ √
−2x + 8y ′ ′
− 8 2 x + 8 2y + 24 = 0
√ 2√
2 2 2
′ ′
−2 x
′ +4 2x +8 y + 2 +24=0
y′
√ 2 √ 2
2
′ ′ +24=−16+4
−2 x + 2 2 +8 y + 2
√ 2 √ 2
2
′ ′
−2 x + 2 2 +8 y + 2 +24=−36
√ )2 (y′+ √
)2
x′+2 2 2
=1
( 2
1 − 4
8
Slika 1.46:
2
3. 6xy + 8y − 12x − 26y + 11 = 0.
A−C = ctg 2α
⇒ −8 = ctg 2α ⇒ tg 2α = −
3
2B 6 4
105
3 2 tg α
− = 4 1−tg α
2
2
−3 + 3 tg α = 8 tg α
2
3 tg α − 8 tg α − 3 = 0
√ 1
tg α1/2 = 8± 64+36 = 8±10 = − 3
6 6 3
tg α = 3
2 2
tg α = 9 = 9
1 3 3 1 3 12 1 3
′ √ ′ 10 ′ √ ′√ ′ √ ′√ ′ √ ′
6 x −y x +y +8 x +y −12 x − y 10 −
10 10 10 10 10 10
3 ′ 1
′ √ 10 +y √ 10 +11=0
26 x
3 8 3 9 6 1 12 36
6 − 10 x′y′ − 10
10 x′2
′2
y +8 10 x +
′2
10 x y +
′ ′
10 y′2 − √ ′
x+ √ y
′
−
78
10 10
26
′ ′
√ 10 x − √ 10 y + 11 = 0
1 48 18 72 48 8 12 36 78
8
′2 ′ ′ ′2 ′2 ′ ′ ′2 ′ ′
2610 x − 10 x y − 10 y + 10 x + 10 x y + 10 y − √ 10 x + √ 10 y′ −√ 10 x −
′
√ 10 y + 11 = 0
′2 ′2 90 ′ 10 ′
9x − y − x y + 11 = 0
√ 10 +√ 10
′2 10 ′ 10 ′
9 x − x y + 11 = 0
√ 10 − y′2 − √ 10
2 2
′ 5 ′ 5 +11=20
9 x − √ 10 −y − √ 10
106
2 2
9 x −
′ √ 10
5
− y −√ 10
′ 5 =9
5
(x′− )2 (y′− √ 510 )2
√ 10
1 − 9 =1
5 10 2 5 10 2
′
(x − √ √ ) (y −′
√ √ )
10 10 − 10 10 =1
1 9
√ 2
10
(y′− √ 10
2
(x′− ) )
1
2
− 9
2
=1
2 Y
2
=1
X −
9
Slika 1.47:
2 2
4. 4x − 4xy + y + 4x − 2y + 1 = 0.
A−C = ctg 2α
⇒ 4−1 = ctg 2α ⇒ tg 2α = − ;
4
2B −4 3
tg 2α = 2 tg α
2
1−tg α
4 2 tg α
− = 2
3 1−tg α
2
−4 + 4 tg α = 6 tg α
2
2 tg α − 3 tg α − 2 = 0
107
√ − 1
tg α1/2 = 3± 9+16 = 3±5 = 2
4 4 2
2 tg α
2 4 4
sin α = 1+tg α
2
= 1+4 =5 2 1
2 √5; √5.
cos α = 1
= 1+41 = 1
⇒ sin α = cos α =
2
α
1+tg 5
′1 ′2
x=x −y
√ √
5 5
′2 ′1
y=x +y
√ √
5 5
1 2 1 1 2 1
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
45 −4 5
(x − 2y ) (x − 2y ) (2x + y )+5 (2x + y ) +4 √5 (x − 2y )−
1
2 ′ ′
√5 (2x + y ) + 1 = 0
4 ′ ′ ′2 4 ′2 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′2 1 ′2 ′ ′ ′2
x′2 4x y + 4y 2x + x y − 4x y − 2y + 4x + 4x y + y +
− −
4 5 8 4 2 5 5
√5 ′ √5 ′ √5 ′ √5 ′
x − y− x − y +1=0
4 ′2 16 x′y′ + 16 ′2 8 ′2 12 x′y′ + 8 ′2 + 4 ′2 + 4 x′y′ + 1 ′2
x −8 5 y x + y x y +
−
4 5 4 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
√5 ′ √5 ′ − √5 ′ √5 ′
x − y x − y +1=0
′2 10 ′
5y − √ 5y +1=0
√
10 5
′2 ′
5y − √5 √ 5y +1=0
′2 √
5y
′
− 2 5y + 1 = 0
′ 2
(5y − 1) = 0
′
5y − 1 = 0
′1
y = √5
2 2
5. x − 2xy + y − 10x − 6y + 25 = 0.
◦
A−C = ctg 2α 1−1 = ctg 2α
⇒ ctg 2α = 0 ⇒ 2α =
π α=45
2B
⇒ −2 2
⇒
√ √
′ 2 ′ 2
x=x 2 −y 2
108
Slika 1.48:
√ √
′ 2 ′ 2
y=x 2 +y 2
√ √ ′ ′ 2 √
2 (x + y )
2 (x′
− y) − 2 2 (x′ ′ ′ ′ 2 (x′ ′
4
′ 2
22 − y ) (x + y )+ 2
4
10
− 2 − y) −
√
2 ′ ′
2 (x + y ) + 25 = 0
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 √
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
√2 x′ − 2x y + y −x −y + 2 x′ + 2x y + y −5 2 (x − y )−
3 2 (x′ + y′) + 25 = 0
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 √ √
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
√
2x − xy + √
2y −x +y +2 x + xy + 2 y − 5 2x′ + 5 2y′ −
′ ′
3 2x − 3 2y + 25 = 0
′2 √ √
2y ′ ′
− 8 2x + 2 2y + 25 = 0
2 √ √
′ ′ ′
2 y + 2y − 8 2x + 25 = 0
2 y′2 + 2
y′ ′
− 8 2x + 25 = 0
√
√
2
′ 1 2 √ x′ + 25 = 1
2 y +
√2
− 8 2
1 2 √
y +
′ √
2
= 4 2x′ − 12
109
1 2 √ 3
′
y +
√
2
= 4 2 x′ − √
2
2 √
Y = 4 2X
Slika 1.49:
2 2
6. 34x + 24xy + 41y − 25 = 0.
A−C = ctg 2α 34−41 = ctg 2α ⇒ tg 2α = − 24 ;
2B ⇒ 7
24
2 tg α
tg 2α = 2
1−tg α
24 2 tg α
− 7 = 1−tg α
2
2
−24 + 24 tg α = 14 tg α
2
12 tg α − 7 tg α − 12 = 0
√ 3
tg α1/2 = 7± 49+576
24
= 7±25
24
= −4 4
3
2 2 16 16
tg α
9 9
2
sin α = 1+tg α 1
= 1+ 16 1
= 25
1 9 sin α =
4 ; cos α =
3 .
2 ⇒
5 5
9 9
cos α = 1+tg2α
= 1+16 = 25 = 25
9 9
110
Slika 1.50:
′ 3 ′ 4
=x 5 −y 5 y
′4 ′3
=x 5 +y 5
1 ′ ′ 2 1 1 ′ ′ 2
34 (3x − 4y ) +24 (3x′ − 4y′) (4x′ + 3y′)+41 (4x + 3y ) −
25 25 25
34 ′2 ′ ′ ′2 24 ′2 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′2 41 ′2 ′ ′
9x − 24x y + 16y + 12x + 9x y − 16x y − 12y + 16x + 24x y + 9y
25 25 25
′2 ′ ′ ′2 ′2 ′ ′ ′2 ′2
306x − 816x y + 544y + 288x − 168x y − 288y + 656x +
′ ′ ′2
984x y + 369y − 625 = 0
′2 ′2
1250x + 625y − 625 = 0
111
′2 ′2
2x + y =1
x1
′2
+ y′2 = 1
2
Slika 1.51:
−→⊥
MAa MAa
⇔ (x − x0, y − y0, z − z0) (A, B, C) = 0
Slika 1.53:
C=A+B
2
113
C (1, 4, 1)
−→
AB⊥α
−→
AB = (−2, 2, 4)
: −2 (x − 1) + 2 (y − 4) + 4 (z − 1) = 0
: −x + y + 2z − 5 = 0/ (−1)
: x − y − 2z + 5 = 0
Slika 1.54:
paralelan sa ravni 4x + 2y + z + 10 = 0
normalna na ravni 4x + 2y + z + 10 = 0
Reˇsenje.
a. (2, 1, a) (4, 2, 1)
2 1 a 1
4 = 2 = 1 ⇒a= 2
(2, 1, a) ⊥ (4, 2, 1)
(2, 1, a) (4, 2, 1) = 0
114
8 + 2 + a = 0 ⇒ a = −10
Slika 1.55:
I naˇcin:
−−−→ × −−−→ ij k − −
M1M2 M1M3 = 4 5 2 = (16, 6, 17)
5 2 4
M1 (1, 2, 1)
16 (x − 1) − 6 (y − 2) − 17 (z − 1) = 0
II naˇcin:
: 16x − 6y − 17z + 13 = 0
−−−→
M1M2 = (4, 5, 2)
115
−−−→
M1M3 = (5, 2, 4)
−−→
M1 T = (x − 1, y − 2, z − 1)
−−−→ x−1 y−2 z−1 − −
−−→ × −−−→
M1T M1M3 M1M3 =4 5 2 = 16 (x 1)
5 2 4
6 (y − 2) − 17 (z − 1) = 0
: 16x − 6y − 17z + 13 = 0
◦
α=45
Slika 1.56:
|2 2+3 1−1 3| 4
d= √ 22+32+( 1) 2
=√ 14
116
Odrediti jednaˇcinu ravni koja prolazi kroz taˇcke A (2, 3, −1) , B
(1, 5, 3) , i normalna je na ravan 3x − y + 3z + 15 = 0.
Slika 1.57:
2 (x − 2) + 3 (y − 3) − 1 (z + 1) = 0
2x + 3y − z − 14 = 0
117
ima α1 : x −y + 2z + 3 = 0 i α2 : 4x + y + z + 1 = 0, a koja je normalna
na ravan α3 : 2x − 2y + 3z + 2 = 0.
x − y + 2z + 3 + λ (4x + y + z + 1) = 0
(1 + 4λ) x + (λ − 1) y + (2 + λ) z + λ = 0
2+8λ−2λ+2+6+3λ=0
10+9λ=0
10
=− 9
10
: x − y + 2z + 3 − 9 (4x + y + z + 1) = 0
: −31x − 19y + 8z + 17 = 0
: 31x + 19y − 8z − 17 = 0
x + 3y − 5 + λ (x − y − 2z + 4) = 0
(1 + λ) x + (3 − λ) y + (−2λ) z + (4λ − 5) = 0
cos α = √ |(1+λ, 3−λ, −2λ) (1, 1, 1)|
2 2 2 √ 2 2 2
(1+λ) +(3−λ) +(−2λ) 1 +1 +1
cos α = √ |4−2λ| √
2
6λ −4λ+10 3
118
|4−2λ|
√ = 1 /2
2
6λ −4λ+10 33
2 2
9 16−16λ+4λ =3 6λ −4λ+10
2 2
48−48λ+12λ =6λ −4λ+10
2
6λ −44λ+38=0/:2
2
3λ −22λ+19=0
λ = 1
1/2 19
3
= 1 ⇒ x + 3y − 5 + x − y − 2z + 4 = 0
2x + 2y − 2z − 1 = 0
19 19
= 3 ⇒ x + 3y − 5 + 3 (x − y − 2z + 4) = 0
a = (A, B, C)
−−−→
M1 ∈ p ⇔ M M 1 a
⇔ (x − x0, y − y0, z − z0) (A, B, C)
x−x0 y−y0 z−z0
⇔ A = B = C
x−x y−y z−z t
⇔ A0 = B0 = C 0 = - kanonska formula jednaˇcine prave
x = At + x0
y = Bt + y0 - parametarske jednaˇcine prave
z = Ct + z0
119
Slika 1.58:
Slika 1.59:
2x − 3y + z − 5 = 0
I naˇcin:
3x + y − 2z + 4 = 0
y=0
2x + z − 5 = 0
3x − 2z + 4 = 0
120
y=0
2x + z − 5 = 0
7x − 14 = 0
y=0
2x + z − 5 = 0
x=2
x=2
z=1
A (2, 0, 1)
x=0
−3y + z − 5 = 0
y − 2z − 4 = 0
x=0
−3y + z − 5 = 0
−5y − 14 = 0
x=0
−3y + z − 5 = 0
14
y=− 5
14
= − 5 z
17
=− 5
14 17
0, − 5, − 5
A, B ∈ p
−→ =2 (5 7 11)
−
AB , 14 , 22 , ,
− − 5
5
x−2 = y−0 = z−1
5 7 11
121
vektora poloˇzaja datih ravni:
i j k
p2 : x1 = y+1 = z+2
3 −1
a) normalne; b) paralelne.
Reˇsenje.
2 + 18 − a = 0
a = 20
2 6 a
b) 1 = 3 =− 1 ⇒ a = −2
3. Odrediti taˇcku koja je simetriˇcna taˇcki M (4, 13, 10) u odnosu
x−1
na pravu = y−2 = z−3
2 4 5
α⊥p M ∈ α
(2, 4, 5) ⊥α
(x − 4) + 4 (y − 13) + 5 (z − 10) = 0
2x − 4y + 5z − 110 = 0
x−1 = y−2 = z−3 = t
2 4 5
x = 2t + 1
y = 4t + 2
z = 5t + 3
122
Slika 1.60:
45t − 85 = 0
85 17
t= 45 = 9
x=2 17 +1= 34 + 9 = 43
9 9 9 9
y= 86 ; z= 112
9 9
43 86 112
⇒ M0 9 , 9 , 9
′
M+M
M0 =
2
′
M =2M0−M
123
: 2 (x − 4) + 4 (y − 3) + 5 (z − 10) = 0
2x + 4y + 5z − 70 = 0
x−1 = y−2 = z−3 = t
2 4 5
x = 2t + 1
y = 4t + 2
z = 5t + 3
45t − 45 = 0
t=1
x=3
y=6
z=8
A1 (3, 6, 8)
A+ A′ ′
A1 = 2 ⇒ A =2A1−A
′
A = 2 (3, 6, 8) − (4, 3, 10) = (2, 9, 6)
II deo zadatka
A (1, 10, 5)
B (10, 3, 4)
C (7, 2, 6)
−→
AB = (9, −7, −1)
−→
AC = (6, −8, 1)
124
j k
n = 9 −7 1 = −15i − 15j − 30k (1, 1, 2)
−8 1
: (x − 1) + (y − 10) + 2 (z − 5) = 0
x + y + 2z − 21 = 0
p⊥α ∧ A ∈ p
x−4 = y−3 = z−10 = t
1 1 2
x=t+4
y=t+3z
= 2t + 10
(t + 4 − 1) + (t + 3 − 10) + 2 (2t + 10 − 5) = 0
6t + 6 = 0
t = −1
x=3
y=2
z=8
A1 (3, 2, 8)
′
2A =A+A1
′
A1 =2A −A
A1 = (2, 1, 6).
1 2 3
taˇcku (3, 4, 0) .
(Reˇsenje: x − 2y + z − 5 = 0)
x = 2t + λ
y=t+3
z = −5
A (2, −4, 1)
B (λ, 3, −5)
−→
=(
λ 27, 6)
AB − , −
λ−2 7 −6
3 5 −2 =0 ⇔ λ=−5
2 1 0
126
x−2 y+4 z−1
3 = 5 = −2
Kada se reˇsi sistem x+5 y−3 z+5
2 = 1 = 0
z = −5
x −2 = y+4 =3
3 5
x = 11
y = 11
q: x = y+7 =z−2
−2 9 2
4 −3 1
−2 9 2 =0
9 5 −2
i j k = (−15, −10, 30) (−3, −2, 6)
4 −3 1
−2 9 2
−3 (x − 0) − 2 (y + 7) + 6 (z − 2) = 0
−3x − 2y + 6z − 26 = 0
|−3 9−2 (−2)+6 0| 23 23
d= √ 9+4+36 = 49
√ =7
127
q: x = y+7 =z−2
−2 9 2
Doma´ci.
p: x−4 = y+3 = z−12
1 2 −1
Reˇsenje.
p: x−7 = y−3 = z−9
4 2 8
1.30 Sfera
2 2 2 2
: (x − a) + (y − b) + (z − c) = r
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y + z − 2ax − 2by − 2cz + a + b + c − r =
2 2 2 2
0O∈S⇒a +b +c −r =0
2 2 2 2
A ∈ S ⇒ 4 − 4a + a + b + c − r = 0 B
2 2 2 2
∈ S ⇒ 25 − 10b + a + b + c − r = 0
128
2 2 2 2
∈ S ⇒ 9 − 6c + a + b + c − r = 0
4 − 4a = 0 ⇒ a = 1
5
25 − 10b = 0 ⇒ b = 2
3
9 − 6c = 0 ⇒ c = 2
2 25 9 38
r =1+ 4 + 4 = 4
2 5 2
S : (x − 1) + y − 2 + z − 32 2
=
38
4 /4
2 2 2
: 4x − 8x + 4 + 4y − 20y + 25 + 4z − 12z + 9 = 38
2 2 2
: 4x + 4y + 4z − 8x − 20y − 12z = 0/ : 4
2 2 2
: x + y + z − 2x − 5y − 3z = 0
2 2 2 2
: (x − 1) + (y − 4) + (z + 7) = r
: 6x + 6y − 7z + 42 = 0
l m n
= λ (6, 6, −7)
x−1 y−4 z+7
c ∈ p ∧ p⊥α ⇒ = = =t⇒
6 6 −7
129
x = 6t + 1
⇒y = 6t + 4 z =
−7t − 7
6 (6t + 1) + 6 (6t + 4) − 7 (−7t − 7) + 42 = 0
121t + 121 = 0
t = −1
x = −5
y = −2
z=0
=p∩α
= (−5, −2, 0)
2 2 2 √
r = CM = (−5 − 1) + (−2 − 4) + (0 + 7) = 121 = 11
2 2 2
: (x − 1) + (y − 4) + (z + 7) = 121
3. Sastaviti
2
jednaˇcinu
2 2
sferne povrˇsi koja prolazi kroz kruˇznicu:
(x − 3) + (y − 4) + z = 36
i kroz taˇcku T (7, −3, 2) .
K:
4x + y − z − 9 = 0
Reˇsenje.
2 2 2
(x − 3) + (y − 4) + z − 36 + λ (4x + y − z − 9) = 0
2 2 2
T ∈ S : (7 − 3) + (−3 − 4) + z − 36 + λ (4 7 − 3 − 1 − 9) = 0
16+49+1−36+15λ=0
15λ+30=0
130
= −2
2 2 2
: (x − 3) + (y − 4) + z − 36 − 2 (4x + y − z − 9) = 0
2 2 2
x − 6x + 9 + y − 8y + 16 + z − 36 − 8x − 2y + 2z + 18 = 0
2 2 2
: x + y + z − 14x − 10y + 2z + 7 = 0
CS (4, 7, −1)
3 (3t + 4) + (t + 7) + (t + 1) − 9 = 0
9t + 12 + t + 7 + t + 1 − 9 = 0
11t + 11 = 0
t = −1
x=1
y=0
z=0
131
2 2 2 2
CKCS = (4 − 1) + (7 − 6) + (−1 − 0)
2 2 2 2
CKCS =3 +1 +1 =11
2 2 2
rk + CK CS = rS
2 2 2
rk = rS −
CK CS
2 = 36
r
S
2
rk =36−11
r2 = 5
k
5. U taˇckama prodora prave p : x−1 = y
z−1
= i sfere S :
1 −1 2
2 2 2
(x − 2) + (y + 1) + (z − 3) = 6 postaviti ravi koje dodiruju datu
sferu.
Reˇsenje. y = −t
x− 1 y z− 1
1 = 1 = 2 =t⇒
x=t+1
− z = 2t + 1
2 2 2
(t + 1 − 2) + (−t + 1) + (2t + 1 − 3) = 6
2 2 2
(t − 1) + (−t + 1) + (2t − 2) = 6
2
6t − 12t = 0
6t (t − 2) = 0
t1 = 0 ∨ t2 = 2
x1 = 1
y1 = 0
z1 = 1
132
x2 = 3
y2 = −2
z2 = 5
T1 ∈ α1 ∧ α1⊥lt1 ⇒ α1 : (x − 1) − (y − 0) + 2 (z − 1) = 0
α1 : x − y + 2z − 3 = 0
T2 ∈ α2 ∧ α2⊥lt2 ⇒ α2 : (x − 3) − (y + 2) + 2 (z − 5) = 0
α2 : x − y + 2z − 15 = 0
α : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
x y z
x-osa 1 = 0 = 0
2 2
64B −16BC+C = 16
2 2
B +C
2 2 2 2
64B − 16BC + C = 16B + 16C
2 2
48B − 16BC − 15C = 0
√
B = 8C± 64C2+720C2
1,2 48
= 8C±28C
1,248
5 3C
B1=− 12 C,B2= 4
5 Cy + Cz = 0/ − 12
α1: −
12 C
α2 : 5y − 12z = 0
3 12
α2 : Cy + Cz = 0/
4 C
α2 : 3y + 4z = 0
7. Napisati jednaˇcinu sfere koja dodiruje pravu p1 : x−1 = y+4 =
3 6
z−6 u taˇcki M (1, − 4, 6) i pravu p 2 : x−4 = y+3 = z−2 u taˇcki
4 1 2 1 −6
M2 (4, −3, 2) .
M1 ∈ α ∧ α⊥p1 ⇒ α : 3 (x − 1) + 6 (y + 4) + 4 (z − 6) = 0
: 3x + 6y + 4z − 3 = 0
M2 ∈ β ∧ β⊥p2 ⇒ β : 2 (x − 4) + (y + 3) − 6 (z − 2) = 0
: 2x + y − 6z + 7 = 0
134
T0 (x0, y0, z0)
M1T0 = M2T0 ⇒
5 7
T0 2, − 2, 4
M1M2 :
x−1 = y+4 = z−6
4−1 −3+4 2−6
M1M2 :
x−1 = y+4 = z−6
3 1 −4
5 7
T0 ∈ γ ∧ γ⊥M1M2 ⇒ γ : 3 x − 2 + y+ 2 − 4 (z − 4) = 0
15 7
: 3x + y − 4z − 2 + 2 + 16 = 0
: 3x + y − 4z + 12 = 0
CS =α∩β∩γ
3x + 6y + 4z − 3 = 0
2x + y − 6z + 7 = 0
3x + y − 4z + 12 = 0
CS (−5, 3, 0)
2 2 2 √
r = CM1 = (−5 − 1) + (3 + 4) + (0 − 6) = 121 = 11
2 2 2
: (x + 5) + (y − 3) + z = 121
c: S1 : F1 (x, y, z) = 0 p = (l, m, n)
S2 : F2 (x, y, z) = 0
135
Slika 1.61:
Skup svih taˇcaka pravih paralelnih vektorup koje prolaze kroz taˇcke
krive c zove se cilindriˇcna povrˇs S. Kriva c zove se direktrisa ili vodilja
cilindriˇcne povrˇsi S, a prava p sa vektorom pravcap koja prolazi kroz
taˇcke krive c zove se generatrisom ili izvodnicom cilindriˇcne povrˇsi S.
M (x, y, z) ∈ S
M ∈ p, p p
M1 (x1, y1, z1) ∈ p ∩ c1
M1 ∈ c ∧ M1 ∈ p
F1x(x1, y1, 1z1)1= 0
x−l 1 =
y−m
= z−n z
2
Na´ci jednaˇcinu cilindriˇcne povrˇsi koja je opisana oko sfera x
2 2 2 2 2
+ y + z = 16 i (x − 1) + y + (z + 2) = 16.
C1 (0, 0, 0)
C2 (1, 0, −2)
136
x y
C 1C 2 : = =z
1 0 −2
C1 ∈ α ∧ α⊥C1C2 ⇒ α : (x − 0) + 0 (y − 0) − 2 (z + 0) = 0
: x − 2z = 0
D: 2 2 2
x + y + z = 16
x − 2z = 0
1−−−→ ⇒ 1 0 −2
c1 : X −x = Y −y = Z−z =t
c C1C2
=t+x
c1 : Y = y
Z = 2t + 2
Neka je A (α, β, γ) = D ∩ G ⇒ A ∈ D ∧ A ∈ G
=t+x
β=y
γ = −2t + z
α2+β2+γ2 =16
α−2γ =0
x + t + 4t − 2z = 0
5t + x − 2z = 0
t = −x+2z
5
α = x + −x+2z = 4x+2z
55
β=y
γ = 2 x+2z + z = 2x+z
2
− − 5 2 5
2
(4x+2z)
+y + (2x+z)
=1/ 25
25 25
2 2 2 2 2
16x + 16xz + 4z + 25y + 4x + 4xz + z = 400
137
2 2 2
20x + 25y + 5z + 20xz − 400 = 0/ : 5
2 2 2
4x + 5y + z + 4xz − 80 = 0
=t+x
G: Y = −2t + y
Z = −2t + z
γ = z − 2t
(α−5)2+(β−1)2+(γ−1)2 =9
α−2β−2γ−1=0
t + x − 2y + 4t − 2z + 4t − 1 = 0
=
−x+
2y+
2z+
19
α = x + −x+2y+2z+1 = 8x+2y+2z+1
γ=z−2 =
−x+2
β =y
9 − 9 −
9 = 2x+8y 9−4z−2
−x+2 9
y+2z+1
9
− y+2z+1 2x 4y+5z 2
+ − −2 + − −2 =9/ 81
8x+2y+2z+1 2x+8y 4z 2x 4y+5z
81 81 81
138
2 2 2
64x + 4y + 4z + 1936 + 32xy + 32xz −704x + 8yz −176y −176z +
2 2 2
4x + 25y + 16z + 121 + 20xy − 16xz − 44x − 44yz − 110y + 882 +
2 2 2
4x + 16y + 25z + 121 − 16xy + 20xz − 44x − 40yz + 8y − 110z = 729
2 2 2
72x +45y +45z +36xy+36xz−72yz−792x−198y−198z+1449 = 0
α⊥p ∧ A ∈ α
: 3 (x − 2) − 2 (y + 1) + (z − 1) = 0
: 3x − 2y + z − 9 = 0
p ∩ α : 9t + 3 + 4t + 4 + t + 2 − 9 = 0
p = {3, −2, 1}
X −x Y −y Z−z
G: = = =t
3 −2 1
= 3t + x
G: Y = −2t + y
Z = 2t + z
139
A(α,β,γ)=D∩G ⇒A∈D ∧ A∈G
α = 3t + x
β = 2t + y
γ2 = t 2+ z 2
(α−1) +(β+2) +(γ−2) =3
3α−2β+γ−9=0
9t + 3x − 2y + 4t + z + t − 9 = 0
3x − 2y + z + 14t = 0
= −3x+2y−z+9 14
= −9x+6y−3z+27 + x = 5x+6y−3z+27
1414
= 6x−4y+2z−18 + y = 6x+10y+2z−18
1414
= −3x+2y−z+9 + z = −3x+2y+13z+9
1414
2 2 2
5x + 36y + 9z + 169 + 60xy − 30xz + 130x + 36yz + 156y − 78z +
2 2 2
36x + 100y + 4z + 100 + 120xy + 24xz + 120x + 40yz + 200y + 40z +
2 2 2
9x +4y +169z +361−12xy −278xz +114x+52yz −76y −494z = 588
2 2 2
70x + 140y + 182z + 168xy −84xz + 56yz + 364x + 280y
−532z = −42/ : 14
2 2 2
5x + 10y + 13z + 12xy − 6xz + 4yz + 26x + 20y − 38z + 3 =
c: S1 : F1 (x, y, z) = 0
S2 : F2 (x, y, z) = 0
140
Slika 1.62:
141
Reˇsenje.
V (0, 0, 0)
−−→ −−−→
VM ∧ VM1
−−→
V M = (x, y, z)
−−−→
VM1 =(α, β, γ)
M1(α,β,γ)≡D∩G⇒M1∈D∧M1∈G
X = xt
X Y Z
G: x = y = z =t ⇒Y = yt Z =
zt
α = xt
β = yt
2
γ = zt
α −2γ+1=0
β−γ+1=0
yt − zt + 1 = 0
−1
t=
y−z
x
α=
z−y
y
β=
z−y
γ= z
z−y
x2 2z
2 − + 1 = 0/
z −y 2
(z−y) (z − y)
2 2
x − 2z (z − y) + (z − y) = 0
2 2 2 2
x − 2z + 2yz + z − 2yz + y = 0
142
2 2 2
x +y −z =0
2. Na´ci jednaˇcinu povrˇsi koja nastaje rotacijom prave x−2 =y =z
3 −2 6
oko x-ose.
Reˇsenje. x-osa: x = y =z
1 0 0
x2 + y2 + z2 = α2
x=β y z
x−32 =
2 = 6
−
x−2 = y
⇒ − 2x + 4 = 3y ⇒ y = 4−2x
⇒ y= 4−2β
3 −2 3 3
y = z z
⇒y=− ⇒ z = −3y
−2 6 3
z = 2β − 4
x 2 + y 2 + z 2= α 2
⇒β 2+ 4−2β 2 2 2 2
2
3 +(2β−4) = α ⇒β +
16−16β+4β 2 2
9 + 4β −16β+16=α / 9⇒
2 2 2
9β − 16β + 16 + 36β − 144β + 144 = 9α
2 2
49β − 9α − 160β + 160 = 0
2 2 2 2 − 160x + 160 = 0
49x − 9 x + y + z
2 2 2
40x − 9y − 9z − 160x + 160 = 0
143
2 2 2 2
(x + 1) + (y − 2) + (z + 2) = α
−x + 2y + 3z = β
x+1 = y−3 = z+2
23−1
x +1 =z+2 ⇒ −x − 1 = 2z + 4 ⇒ x = −2z − 5
2 −1
y −3 =z+2 ⇒ −y + 3 = 3z + 6 ⇒ y = −3z − 3
3 −1
−x + 2y + 3z = β ⇒ 2z + 5 − 6z − 6 + 3z = β ⇒ −z − 1 = β ⇒ z =
−β − 1
x = 2β + 2 − 5 ⇒ x = 2β − 3
y = 3β + 3 − 3 ⇒ y = 3β
x = 2β − 3
y = 3β
z = −β − 1
2 2 2 2
(x + 1) + (y − 2) + (z + 2) = α
2 2 2 2
(2β −2) +(3β −2) +(−β +1) = α
2 2 2 2
4β −8β+4+9β −12β+4+β −2β+1=α
2 2
14β −α −22β+9=0
2 2 2
14 (−x + 2y + 3z) − 22 (−x + 2y + 3z) + 9 = (x + 1) + (y − 2) +
2
(z + 2)
2 2 2
14 x + 4y + 9z − 4xy − 6xz + 12yz + 22x − 44y − 66z + 9 =
2 2 2
x + 2x + 1 + y − 4y + 4 + z + 4z + 4
13x2 + 55y2 + 125z2 − 56xy − 84xz + 168yz + 20x − 40y − 20z = 0
144