IO@NCOQ @N QGI^CKAGOE

^EG@K@ 1: RKQO 1 - IO@NCKX W QGI^CKX QGQPNIKQ GE@^QPXGKCNQ AOE

HKQN NE PNOXÉK @N AOCKQ

RXNQNEPK@O ROX:

XGAMKX@ KCN]KE@NX HCKEAO FOINZ

FX^RO

8;828<_0<

P^POX

JOQN NEXG[^N AOPNQ

^EG\NXQG@K@ EKAGOEKC KHGNXPK W K @GQPKEAGK

NQA^NCK @N AGNEAGKQ HËQGAKQ, PNAEOCOFÉK N GEFNEGNXÉK
RXOFXKIK @N GEFNEGNXGK GE@^QPXGKC
\KCCN@^RKX-ANQKX

IKXZO ‑ 8282
 

GEPXO@^AAGOE

Ck tnorék `n aocks ns ue tnik pnrtnenagnetn k ck Gevnstgfkagñe `n Opnrkagoens,

neakrfk`k `n propoenr io`ncos pkrk nc ikenjo nlgagnetn `n cks céenks `n
nspnrk, snke nstks pnrsoeks, pro`uatos, kutoiñvgcns, cckik`ks tncnlñegaks

netrn
netrn ot
otrk
rkss (M
(Mgcgccgcgnr
nr & Cg
Cgnh
nhnri
nrike
ke,;
,;77
776)
6).. Ne nstn
nstn tr
trkhk
khkjo
jo rn
rnkc
kcgz
gzkr
krni
nios
os ck
io`nckagñe y sgiuckagñe `n sgstniks ge`ustrgkcns aoe hksn ne tnorék `n aocks
`n kaunr`o kc tkccnr euinro 1 io`ncos `n aocks y sgiuckagñe:
 

Ohjntgvos
Qgiuckr y rnkcgzkr nc keëcgsgs nstk`éstgao, aoe hksn ne tnorék `n aocks tgpos `n
sgiu
sgiuck
ckag
agñe
ñe y akr
akrka
katn
tnré
rést
stga
gaks,
ks, sgst
sgstni
niks
ks `n aoaock
ckss ao
aoe
e ue soco
soco akek
akekc:c: ke
keëc
ëcgs
gsgs
gs
nstk`éstgao, io`ncos `n aocks y sgiuckagñe: keëcgsgs `n snesghgcg`k`.

Ohjntgvos Nspnaélgaos:
 Xnaoeoanr cos aoeanptos `n ck io`nckagñe y sgiuckagñe `n proansos ne
sgstniks ge`ustrgkcns y nc uso `n tnaeocoféks pkrk nc keëcgsgs `n nsanekrgos.

 @ntnrigekr cks tçaegaks `n io`nckigneto pkrk ck fnenrkagñe `n nsanekrgos

`n socuagñe ñptgik, `n kaunr`o k cks aoe`gagoens y in`g`ks `n `nsnipnûo
`nc sgstnik rnkc pro`uatgvos y coféstgaos.

  Kpcgakr cks tçaegaks `n sgiuckagñe `n cos nsanekrgos kekcgzk`os k trkvçs `n

mnrr
mnrrki
kign
gnet
etks
ks gelo
gelori
riët
ëtga
gaks
ks pk
pkrk
rk getn
getnrp
rprn
rntk
tkrr cos
cos sgst
sgstni
niks
ks,, pr
prop
opoe
oenr 
nr 
socuagoens y toik `n `nagsgoens.
 

KAPG\G@K@NQ RKXK @NQKXXOCCKX

;. Cnnr cos aoetne
aoetneg`os
g`os tni
tniëtgaos
ëtgaos `
`n
n ck ^eg`
^eg`k`
k` 1, qun n
neaoetr
eaoetrkrk
krk ne nc N
Netoreo
etoreo
`n Aoeoagigneto.

k. ^e n
nsqu
squni
nik
k `n tr
trkhk
khkjo
jo,,

h. Nc roc k `nsnipnûkr y snk gelorik`o kc nqugpo `n trkhkjo

Netrnfks: Kcnrtkr sohrn cos tgnipos `n netrnfk `n cos pro`uatos y nevgkr nc

`oauineto ne cos tgnipos nstgpuck`os, utgcgzke`o cos rnaursos `nstgek`os
pkrk nc nevéo.
 

PKCCNX-CKHOXKPOXGO 1: IO@NCOQ @N KQGFEKAGÑE

Rkrk nc snfugigneto aorrnspoe`gnetn ne nc `nskrrocco `nc aurso `n Io`ncos y
sgiuckagñe, sn orgnetk `nskrrocckr ue gelorin ne Vor` o R@L aoe ue Kenxo

ne Nxanc, nc gelorin aoetne`rë cos sgfugnetns

s gfugnetns auktro puetos:
;. Aoesuctn nc cged `nc kihgnetn `n kprne`gzkjn prkatgao –Aoeanptos `n
sgiuckagñe’ ne nc akpétuco ;7 K y Xnspoe`nr nc sgfugnetn aunstgoekrgo:

¿Ror quç k vnans sn cn cckik k ck sgiuckagñe uek tçaegak `n úctgio rnaurso?

Ror nc tkikûo `n cks sgtukagoens o aoipcnjg`k` `n cos prohcniks prnsnetk`os ne
uek pcketk aoio cks geaoesgstneagks `n cos gevnetkrgos, `gstrghuagñe `n pcketk,
iketnegigneto, nta.4 Qn utgcgzke ueks tçaegaks `nc sgstnik pkrk nvkcukr y
`nskrrocckr cos akihgos ne cks vkrgkhcns, nc aoetroc ne tgnipo rnkc y `nskrrocckrk
eunvks g`nks.
¿[uç pkpncns auipcne cks prunhks `n mgpñtnsgs nstk`éstgak ne ck
sgiuckagñe?
Auipcn aoe netrnfkr `ktos n gelorikagñe qun sn pun`n aoipkrkr aoe otros
rnsuctk`os aoio: `ktos opnrktgvo rnkcns, `ktos opnrktgvos `n sgstniks sninjketns
y pnranpagñe `nc kekcgstk `n ck opnrkagñe `nc sgstnik rnkc.
¿[uç `ntnrigek ck vkcg`nz `n ue io`nco `n sgiuckagñe?
 K prohkr nc profrkik `n aoiputkagñe pkrk fkrketgzkr qun ck sgiuckagñe nstk hgne.
Nspnaélgakinetn ns uek vnrglgakagñe pkrk aorrohorkr sg nc añ`gfo `n ck
aoiputk`ork ns uek trksckagñe vkcg`k `nc io`nco `nc `gkfrkik `n lcujo y sg ck
sgiuckagñe rnprnsnetk k`nauk`kinetn nc sgstnik rnkc.
¿Qn `nhn uskr uek aoiputk`ork pkrk ohtnenr gelorikagñe k`nauk`k `n uek
sgiuckagñe? Nxpcgqun.
Qg, ns uek mnrrkignetk vgtkc4 porqun ne ck sgiuckagñe sn utgcgzke ue içto`o
iktniëtgao, nstk`éstgao y utgcgzkios ck aoiputk`ork pkrk proanskrco y ohtnenr
`ktos `nsnk`os. Pkihgçe, ne ck aoiputk`ork po`nios ohtnenr frëlgaos qun soe
iës lëagc `n getnrprntkrcos.
 

¿[uç içto`os sn uske pkrk gearninetkr nc tgnipo ne ue io`nco `n

sgiuckagñe? ¿Añio lueagoeke?
Içto`o gearnineto `n tgnipo `oe`n ns lue`kinetkc nc aoeanpto `nc rncoj.
Nstn içto`o `nc tgnipo pun`n kvkezkr ne:
Gearninetos lgjos. Qn nspnaglgake ne gearnineto ueglorins `n tgnipo `nc rncoj
(`éks, morks, igeutos).
Gearninetos vkrgkhcns. Ck sgiuckagñe aoetgeuk por getnrvkcos `n ue pnrgo`o
sgfugnetn. Ne ak`k pueto tgnipo `nc rncoj, sn rkstrnk nc sgstnik pkrk `ntnrigekr sg
oaurrn ue nvneto. @n snr ksé, sn sgiucke cos nvnetos y kvkezke ne nc tgnipo4 `n
co aoetrkrgo, nc tgnipo kvkezk uek ueg`k`.
¿Auëcns soe cks vnetkjks y `nsvnetkjks `n nipnzkr uek sgiuckagñe aoe nc
sgstnik vkaéo? ¿W aoe nc sgstnik ne nqugcghrgo?
\netkjks sgiuckagñe aoe nc sgstnik vkaéo
- Eo sn enansgtk getnrruipgr ck opnrkagñe
- Rroporagoek iuamos tgpos `n kctnrektgvks pkrk nxpcorkr 
- Ck sgiuckagñe proporagoek ue aoetroc totkc sohrn nc tgnipo, `nhg`o qun sn
pun`n kancnrkr nc nvneto.
- Ns iks hkrkto injorkr nc sgstnik vék sgiuckagñe qun rnkcgzkrco ne sgstnik
rnkc.
@nsvnetkjks.
- Ck sgiuckagñe ns giprnagsk y eos pun`n in`gr nc frk`o `n nstk.
- Cos rnsuctk`os soe euiçrgaos, surfn nc pncgfro `n ktrghugr eúinros ue frk`o
ikyor `n vkcg`nz y prnagsgñe.
\netkjks ne nqugcghrgo
- aoetrghuyn k ck rn`uaagñe `nc rgnsfo gemnrnetn k ck toik `n `nagsgoens.
- Rnrigtn `kr sufnrneagk `n posghcns injorks `nc sgstnik rnkc.}
- @ntnatkr cks vkrgkhcns iks gelcuynetns ne nc rne`gigneto `nc sgstnik rnkc
@nsvnetkjks
- Xnqugnrn ckrfos pnrgo`o pkrk `nskrrocckrco
- Run`ne snr aostosos.
 

¿@gstgefk netrn cks `gstrghuagoens iktniëtgaks aoeoag`ks y cks

`gstrghuagoens nipérgaks?
Ck `gstrghuagñe nipérgak sn `nrgvk `nc ohsnrvkr cks lrnauneagks rncktgvks `n agnrto
nvneto, aoio ck ccnfk`k ne uek céenk o ck `nike`k `nc pro`uato. Ns `nagr, sn trktk
`n uek `gstrghuagñe `n khork`k snfúe sus enansg`k`ns qun soco ns rncnvketn pkrk
uek sgtukagñe pkrtgauckr.
Ck `gstrghuagñe nstëe`kr ns uek `nike`k qun vgeauck ck iktniëtgak, aoio co
eorikc o Rogssoe, Co ketnrgor sn sgipcglgak ne frke in`g`k k ck rnaopgckagñe y
akpturk `n `ktos
¿[uç gelorikagñe sn enansgtk pkrk uek sgiuckagñe aoe uek `gstrghuagñe
iktniëtgak aoeoag`k?
@nhnios tnenr ue fnenrk`or `n eúinros kcnktorgos aoelgkhcns o (`nsvgkagoens)
eorikcinetn `gstrghug`os aoe uek loriuck `n nstk`éstgaks, ck `nike`k rnkc `gkrgk,
`gstrghuagñe eorikc `n ck igsik.
¿Ror quç ns giportketn ne ck sgiuckagñe ck `urkagñe `n ck njnauagñe?
Ns giportketn porqun auke`o nstkhcnanios ck `urkagñe `n ck njnauagñe po`nios
ohtnenr uek iunstrk sulgagnetninetn frke`n pkrk nlnatos `n prunhks `n mgpñtnsgs
nstk`éstgaos y kc njnautkr ck sgiuckagñe ne ; ins, kûo, o `çak`k y vnr cks
aoe`gagoens kc lgekc `nc pnrgo`o soe rkzoekhcns.
¿^ek njnauagñe `n ;22 ohsnrvkagoens ns `os vnans iës vëcg`k qun uek `n
>2? Nxpcgqun.
Rorqun uek `n >2 iunstrn aoe`gagoens nstkhcns, kc `upcgakr ck njnauagñe pun`n
krrojkr aoe`gagoens eunvks y `glnrnetns, kuequn gfukcinetn nstkhcns, pnro aoe
nstk po`nios aoesg`nrkr qun ns ue nxpnrgineto eunvo.
¿@nsarghk qun soe cos eúinros kcnktorgos y aoio sn utgcgzke ne ck
sgiuckagñe?
^e euinro kcnktorgo ns kqunc ohtneg`o kc kzkr, ns `nagr, qun to`o euinro tnefk ck
igsik prohkhgcg`k` `n snr ncnfg`o y qun ck sncnaagñe `n ueo eo `npne`k `n ck
ncnaagñe `n otro.

^e fnenrk`or `n eúinros kcnktorgos ns ue kcforgtio `ntnrigeéstgao, usk`o pkrk

arnkr vkcorns rnkcns `gstrghug`os netrn ; y O, tkc qun O 39 ] 3 c. Qn `nhn
aoesg`nrkr co sgfugnetn:
 

- Ck oaurrneagk `n aukcqugnr vkcor ns nqugprohkhcn o ueglorin.

- Nc vkcor `n ck iunstrk prnvgk eo klnatk ck prohkhgcg`k` `nc vkcor `n ck
prñxgik iunstrk (ge`npne`neagk).

Nstos eúinros pun`ne snr trkeslorik`os ne vkcorns qun sn kjustke k uek

`ntnrigek`k `gstrghuagñe ne içto`o `n sgiuckagñe. Nxgstne vkrgos içto`os qun
soe utgcgzk`os pkrk fnenrkr eúinros kcnktorgos, cos iës popuckrns soe cos
içto`os aoefruneagk cns, qun pun`ne snr: k`gtgvos, iuctgpcgaktgvos o igxtos

Gevnstgfun pkrk ck io`nckagñe cks prgeagpkcns mnrrkignetks `n soltwkrn

s oltwkrn
utgcgzk`ks.

Cos soltwkrns `n propñsgto fnenrkc pnrigtne k cos profrkik`orns `gsnûkr sus

propgos

io`ncos. Kcfueos
FRQQ/RA, njnipcos soe QCKI GG, QGIQAXGRP GG.>, QGIKE, FRQQ/M,
RA-IO@NC
y XNQ[. Cos profrkiks `n soltwkrn `n sgiuckagñe `n propñsgto nspnagkc sn
`gsnûke pkrk sgiuckr 
kpcgakagoens
nspnaélg aks, aoio Nxtne` y QGILKAPOXW. Ror njnipco, ne uek sgiuckagñe
nspnagkcgzk`k pkrk
ikeulkaturk, cks provgsgoens `n ue io`nco pnrigtne nspnaglg akr nc eúinro `n
anetros `n trkhkjo,

su `nsargpagñe,
aketg`k` rgtios `n ccnfk`k, tgnipo `n proanskigneto, tkikûos `n cotns,
`n trkhkjo
ue proanso, rnaursos `gspoeghcns qun geacuyne ikeo `n ohrk, snauneagks, nta.
 K`niës, nc profrkik
pun`n pnrigtgr kc ohsnrvk`or vnr ck opnrkagñe kegik`k, ksé aoio cks aketg`k`ns y
lc ujos ne nc
 sgstnik aoelorin sn njnautk ck sgiuckagñe. Cos `ktos sn rnaopgcke, kekcgzke y
prnsnetke ne ck lorik
 iës aoevnegnetn pkrk nsn tgpo `n kpcgakagñe. Nc pkquntn `n soltwkrn cckik`o
Nxtne` sn prnsnetk ne ck snaagñe Geeovkagñe tgtuck`k –Qoltwkrn `n kegikagñe y
sgiuckagñe’.
 

@nc tnxto IO@NCK@O W QGI^CKAGÑE: KRCGAKAGÑE K RXOANQOQ

COFÉQPGAOQ @N LKHXGAKAGÑE W QNX\GAGOQ, `nsarghk aukcns soe cks lksns
`n ue nstu`go y proynato `n sgiuckagñe. Nc kramgvo ne Gevnstgfkr ne
`glnrnetns lunetns nstkhcnag`ks ne nc sycckhus orgnetk`o k ck ueg`k` 1. Cks
ntkpks `n ck sgiuckagñe y mkanr uek `nsargpagñe `n ak`k uek `n nstks.

Lksns `n ue nstu`go `n sgiuckagñe

 Nstk prginrk pkrtn prntne`n kproxgikreos k ue aoejueto `n
into`ocoféks y mnrrkignetks qun tgnene aoio ohjntgvo úctgio
fkrketgzkr ck iëxgik akcg`k` `nc nstu`go sohrn ck hksn `n cos
aoeoagignetos, ohjntgvos y rnaursos qun mkykios qunrg`o o po`g`o
`nstgekr k eunstro trkhkjo. Kuequn sn trktk `n ue kspnato `nc uegvnrso

`n ck sgiuckagñe kúe ne véks `n aoesocg`kagñe y sge ue frk`o `n

utgcgzkagñe nxansgvkinetn frke`n ne nc snator, cos kutorns aoesg`nrke
lue`kinetkc getro`uagr cos argtnrgos `n rgfor y rkagoekcg`k` qun `gvnrsos
kutorns aoio Hkcag, Qkrfnet o Ckw y Dnctoe mke aoesnfug`o
sgstniktgzkr k co ckrfo `n nstos úctgios kûos.
 Ne ck snfue`k pkrtn khkrakrnios nc `gsnûo `n cos nxpnrginetos
in`gketn kproxgikagoens lkatorgkcns y lkatorgkcns pkragkcns o
lrkaagoekcns. Lgekcinetn, y `netro `n ue frke frupo aoeanptukc qun
`neoigekrnios keëcgsgs `n rnsuctk`os, khor`krnios nc nstu`go `n cos
sgstniks `urketn su lksn trkesgtorgk o ne nc nstk`o nstkagoekrgo, ck
`ntnrigekagñe `n ck coefgtu` y eúinro `n rnpntgagoens `n cks
njnauagoens `nc io`nco `n sgiuckagñe kyu`ëe`oeos `n cks tçaegaks
pkrk ck rn`uaagñe `n ck vkrgkeagk, ck `ntnrigekagñe `n cos getnrvkcos `n
aoelgkezk `n cks in`g`ks `n rne`gigneto o `n getnrçs, y cos
proan`gignetos `n húsqun`k `nc ñptgio, cos intk io`ncos y nc
keëcgsgs `n snesghgcg`k`.
 

 Lgekcinetn, pnro sge prntne`nr snr nxmkustgvos ne nstk neuinrkagñe

`n kproxgikagoens posghcns k ck nstrktnfgk `n rnsocuagñe `n
prohcniks, po`nios pneskr ne sgstniks ne cos qun kcakezkr uek
`ntnrigek`k ikfegtu` o ck oaurrneagk `n ue `ntnrigek`o nvneto `ke
por lgekcgzk`k ck njnauagñe `n ck sgiuckagñe. Ne nstos aksos eos
neaoetrkrékios aoe `ktos `n skcg`k qun po`réke eo snr moiofçenos
eg aoipkrkhcns, co qun ccnvkrék k uek frke aoipcgakagñe ne cos
proansos `n nvkcukagñe o aoipkrkagñe `n kctnrektgvks `nc sgstnik.

  Lksns `n ue proynato `n sgiuckagñe

;. Lor
Loriuc
iuckag
kagñe
ñe `
`nc
nc Rro
Rrohcnik: `nlgen nc prohcnik qun sn prntne`n
hcnik:
nstu`gkr n geacuyn por nsargto sus ohjntgvos.
8. @gs
@gsnûo
nûo `nc
`nc io
io`nc
`nco
o Aoean
Aoeanptu
ptukc:
kc: ns ck nspnaglgakagñe `nc io`nco k
pkrtgr `n cks akrkatnréstgaks `n cos ncninetos `nc sgstnik qun sn
qugnrn nstu`gkr y sus getnrkaagoens tnegne`o ne aunetk cos ohjntgvos
`nc prohcnik.
1. Xn
Xnao
aofg
fg`k
`k `n @kto
@ktos:
s: g`netglgakr, rnaofnr y kekcgzkr cos `ktos
enanskrgos pkrk nc nstu`go.
0. Aoe
Aoestr
struaa
uaagñe
gñe `nc io`nco
io`nco:: nstn sn rnkcgzk pkrtgne`o `nc io`nco
aoeanptukc y `n cos `ktos.
>. \nr
\nrglg
glgakag
akagñe
ñe y vkcg`k
vkcg`kagñ
agñe:
e: aoiprohkr qun nc io`nco sn aoiportk
aoio ns `n nspnrkr y qun nxgstn ck aorrnspoe`neagk k`nauk`k netrn
nc sgstnik rnkc y nc io`nco.
<. Ke
Keëc
ëcggsgs: kekcgzk cos rnsuctk`os `n ck sgiuckagñe aoe ck lgekcg`k` `n
sgs:
`ntnatkr prohcniks y rnaoine`kr injorks o socuagoens.
6. @oa
@oauin
uinetk
etkagñ
agñe
e n Gipcnine
Gipcninetka
tkagñe
gñe:: proporagoekr `oauinetkagñe
sohrn nc trkhkjo nlnatuk`o, poenr ne prëatgak cks `nagsgoens
nlnatuk`ks aoe nc kpoyo `nc nstu`go `n sgiuckagñe.
 

@nskrrocckr ne ue kramgvo `n Nxanc cos sgfugnetns njnragagos, cos aukcns sn

prnsnetkrëe ne nc gelorin `n Vor` in`gketn pketkcckzos y cos rnspnatgvos
keëcgsgs ne ak`k pueto.

8. Nstkhcnanr ue cgstk`o `n ;222 eúinros kcnktorgos ne uek aocuiek, nstkhcnanr

uek frklgak `n tgpo `gspnrsgñe ne ue auk`ro `n `gkcofo nxpcgqun sus
akrkatnréstgaks.

In`gk >2,88
@nsvgkago
8=,><
e
 

@gstrghuagñe Eorikc
2.2;<222

2.2;0222

2.2;8222

2.2;2222

2.22=222

2.22<222

2.220222

2.228222

2.222222
2.2 ;2.2 82.2 12.2 02.2 >2.2 <2.2 62.2 =2.2 72.2 ;22.2
 

@gstrghuagñe ueglorin
8;2.2

;=2.2

;>2.2

;82.2

72.2

<2.2

12.2

2.2
2.22 ;2.22 82.22 12.22 02.22 >2.22 <2.22 62.22 =2.22 72.22 ;22.22
 

1. Nstkhcnanr trns aocuieks `n 822 eúinros kcnktorgos kpcgake`o ue trktkigneto

snfúe lñriuck `n Nxanc pkrk aoiportkigneto EOXIKC, N]ROENEAGKC W
^EGLOXIN frklgakr ak`k aocuiek. Pnegne`o ne aunetk pkrk cos
aorrnspoe`gnetns aksos cos sgfugnetns `ktos: In`gk9>24 @nsvgkagñe Nstëe`kr
9>4 Rkrk ck ueglorin `n ue rkefo `n ; k >2.

FXËLGAKQ

Eúinros Kcnktorgos
62

<2

>2

02

12

82

;2

2
2 >2 ;22 ;>2 822 8>2
 

@gstrghuagñe Eorikc
2.2=22 @gstrghuagñe Nxpoeneagkc
122.22
2.2622

8>2.22 2.2<22

2.2>22
822.22
2.2022
;>2.22
2.2122

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0 2= 16 2,22117; > 7
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7 <6 02 2,2;;0=1 < =
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;2 0< 0; 2,2;0=>> 78 =
 

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8> 21 00 2,21=088 1 1
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8< 71
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86 71 00 2,21=71< 0 8,8<108820
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0= 6
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10 10 00 2,2010;1 < =
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07,876>02 8,1>=2<=82
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>< 1
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7> 0; 07 2,26=61< 17 <
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07,;02117 7;,<<<60;6 1,=<>70<28
;22 78 07 2,26722> 0 =
 

>;,12=7<6 ;<=,8>61>0 ;,10;6=06;

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06,02<22; =1,0<<=2=6 1,60>>===0
;;2 60 >2 2,267607 = >
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01,7>>161 1,6;;0>><6
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07,2=;<<2 1,7;0;1=<2
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0=,607>12 >2 2,267>02 =,1;><7610
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1= 6; >
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>;,0811;1 ;02,>=2>8< 8,8><;2222

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16 6 8
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06,128<27 8,10720228
;72 80 >7 2,2;=86> ;,8=2<;=08 6
 

07,8=1<1< ;,6>6>226>
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0 ;=%
> ;0%

Aoesg`nrke`o ue vkcor (Kclk 9 2.;2)4 y ue nrror `n 2,> hkraos.

@ntnrigen:
 

k. Io
Io`n
`nco
co `
`n
n sgi
sgiuc
uckag
kagñe
ñe `n 12 `éks `n opnrkagñe geacuyne`o frklgao `n
nstkhgcg`k`.

h. Ak
Akca
cauc
uco
o `n
`ncc e
eúi
úinr
nro
o `n aorrg`ks enanskrgks pkrk nstkhgcgzkr ck vkrgkhcn `n
getnrçs.

a. K`naukr  nc
 nc eúinro `n aorrg`ks snfúe nc akso `nc io`nco `nc pueto k.

`. Fnenrkr ;> aorrg`ks `nc io`nco  y akcauckr nc getnrvkco `n aoelgkezk.

n. Ns
Nsttkhcn
khcnan
anrr aoeacusgoens y rnaoine`kagoens `nc akso, por ak`k
getnfrketn `nc frupo.
 

AOEAC^QGÑE.

Nc pcketnkigneto qun sn utgcgzñ pkrk nc nstu`go `n ck céenk `n nspnrks sgrvn aoio

pcktklorik o io`nco pkrk rnkcgzkr trkhkjos postnrgorns qun rnckagoene cks igsiks
 

vkrgkhcns `n netrk`k y `n rnspunstk. Pkihgçe, aoe nc ohjntgvo `n ohtnenr rkzoens

auketgtktgvks pkrk ck toik `n `nagsgoens, sn pun`n rnaurrgr k nstk into`ocofék sg
sn `nsnk ccnvkr k akho iës k`ncketn uek gevnstgfkagñe `oe`n sn sospnamn qun cks
akrkatnréstgaks ne nc sgstnik `n aocks gegagkcinetn neaoetrk`ks mke akihgk`o.

XNLNXNEAGKQ HGHCGOFXËLGAKQ
 

Fuksam,
Fuksa m, K.,
K., Rg
Rgnr
nrk,
k, I. Â.Â.,, & Ak
Akske
skeov
ovks
ks,, J. (8
(8228
228).
). Io
Io`n
`nck
ck`o
`o y sg
sgiu
iuck
ckag
agñe
ñe::
kpcgakagñe k proansos coféstgaos `n lkhrgakagñe y snrvgagos. Ik`rg`, NQ: ^egvnrsgtkt
Rocgtíaegak `n Aktkcueyk. @gspoeghcn ne ck Hghcgotnak \grtukc `n ck ^EK@ (pp.<-
8;)|. Xnaupnrk`o `n:
mttps://hghcgotnakvgrtukc.uek`.n`u.ao:8>1=/cgh/uek`sp/rnk`nr.katgoe?
ppf918&`oaG@901;220<&ti9;>00216021676  
ppf918&`oaG@901;220<&ti9;>00216021676
Pkmk,, Ike`
Pkmk Ike`y.
y. (;
(;77>
77>).
). Ge
Gevn
vnst
stgf
gfka
kagñ
gñe
e `n op
opnr
nrkag
kagoe
oens.
ns. (>
(>ªª n`.)
n`.).. Içxg
Içxgao,
ao, @.L.
@.L.::
 Kclkoinfk, 7<2 p.

@ékz `n Qketos, (822<). Añio injorkr ck coféstgak `n su niprnsk in`gketn ck

sgiuckagñe, N`gagoens. Rro[unst Nhood Anetrkc, @gspoeghcn ne ck Hghcgotnak \grtukc
`n ck ^EK@ (pp.1>-61). Xnaupnrk`o `n:
mttps://hghcgotnakvgrtukc.uek`.n`u.ao:8>1=/cgh/uek`sp/rnk`nr.katgoe?
ppf9>8&`oaG@918822>0&ti9;>00216661028  
ppf9>8&`oaG@918822>0&ti9;>00216661028

Qgefnr, I. (82;1). ^ek prëatgak tnorék `n ck optgigzkagñe cgenkc: `ktos, io`ncos y

`nagsgoens. Qketgkfo, Amgcn: N`gagoens ^A. @gspoeghcn ne ck Hghcgotnak \grtukc `n ck
^EK@ (pp.1-<7). Xnaupnrk`o `n: mttp://hghcgotnakvgrtukc.uek`.n`u.ao/cofge?
urc9mttps://hghcgotnakvgrtukc.uek`.n`u.ao:87<7/cofge.kspx?
`grnat9trun&`h9ecnhd&KE9;68>800&ckef9ns&sgtn9nmost-
cgvn&nhv9NH&ppg`9pp_1  
cgvn&nhv9NH&ppg`9pp_1