Journal Pre-proofs

Damage assessment in composite laminates using ANN-PSO-IGA and Corn-

well indicator

Samir Khatir, Samir Tiachacht, Cuong-LeThanh, Tinh Quoc Bui, Magd Abdel
Wahab

PII: S0263-8223(19)32053-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111509
Reference: COST 111509

To appear in: Composite Structures

Received Date: 30 May 2019

Accepted Date: 23 September 2019

Please cite this article as: Khatir, S., Tiachacht, S., Cuong-LeThanh, Quoc Bui, T., Abdel Wahab, M., Damage
assessment in composite laminates using ANN-PSO-IGA and Cornwell indicator, Composite Structures (2019),
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111509

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 Damage assessment in composite laminates using ANN-PSO-IGA and
Cornwell indicator

Samir Khatir1, Samir Tiachacht2, Cuong-LeThanh1,3, Tinh Quoc Bui4,5, Magd Abdel Wahab6,7*
1Soete Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark
Zwijnaarde 903, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Khatir_samir@hotmail.fr, Samir.khatir@ugent.be
2 Laboratory of Mechanics, Structure, and Energetics (LMSE), Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-

Ouzou, B.P.N°17 RP, 15000, Algeria

3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
4Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, Viet Nam
5Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Japan
6Division of Computational Mechanics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
7Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
*Corresponding author: magd.abdelwahab@tdtu.edu.vn

Abstract. A simple, yet powerful, new technique based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) combined
with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for damage quantification in laminated composite plates using
Cornwell indicator (CI) is proposed. The analysis is performed in two stages. In the first stage,
IsoGeometric Analysis (IGA) is formulated for square laminated composite plates having three layers
[0°/90°/0°]. In the second stage, IGA model is coupled with PSO for damage quantification using an
inverse problem approach and CI as an objective function to minimize the difference between calculated
and measured values. This paper aims to assess the application of ANN-PSO for damage quantification
in composite structures in order to achieve efficient computational time. IGA is used as modelling
technique, CI is used as input data, whereas damage locations and severities are output data. The result
indicates that high accuracy of damage quantification is achieved using ANN-PSO-IGA-CI.
Furthermore, it is demonstrated that huge saving in computational time is achieved when using ANN-
PSO-IGA-CI compared with PSO-IGA-CI.
Keywords: IGA, Cornwell Indicator (CI), laminated composite plates, free vibration, damage detection,
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
1. Introduction
Laminated composite plates are widely used in many engineering sectors, e.g. civil and mechanical
engineering constructions. Therefore, damage identification in composite materials at an early stage in
various engineering structures is a practical interesting aspect for structural assessment and health
monitoring. There are serval Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques used particularly in the
engineering research in structural damage identification.
In the literature of structural damage assessment, vibration based damage detection methods are widely
used for composite structure. Dos Santos et al. [1] presented a technique for damage detection based on
frequency response function (FRF) sensitivities. Experimental and theoretical vibration analysis of
homogeneous beam damaged by notches and strengthened by CFRP was introduced by Capozucca and
Magagnini [2]. Gillich and Praisach [3] presented an algorithm for damage identification in beam-like
structure using the power spectrum and time-frequency analysis. The proposed algorithm has been
experimentally validated. Damage detection in laminated composite plates based on local frequency
change ratio indicator was presented by Khatir et al. [4]. The sensitivity of Modal Strain Energy (MSE)
for damage localization in composite stratified beam structures was studied by Behtani et al. [5]. Gomes
et al. [6] presented an application for delamination detection in laminated composite plates based on
combined ANN and GA. Abdeljaber et al. [7] proposed a technique using convolutional neural networks
for damage identification in a large-scale steel frame. The advantage of this method is its capability to
extract damage characteristics of structures with high sensitivity from the raw acceleration signals. FRFs
were used as input data in ANN technique for damage identification in structures by Zang and Imregun
[8]. Zhou et al. [9] used a continuous wavelet transform and mode shapes for damage identification in
composites. He et al. [10] used Curvature Mode Difference (CMD) for damage detection in composite
beams based on mode shapes. A combination of RBF and pseudo-spectral methods provided more
accurate results for free vibration analysis of symmetric composite plates as presented by Ferreira and
Fasshauer [11]. Delamination detection in laminated composite using Virtual crack closure technique
(VCCT) and modal flexibility using dynamic analysis was reported in Ref [12].

Many approaches for damage identification in composite materials have been developed in recent years.
Khatir et al. [13-15] used different optimization techniques for damage identification in steel and
composite structures using frequencies and mode shapes. Tran-Ngoc et al. [16] presented an efficient
artificial neural network for damage detection in bridges and beam-like structures by improving training
parameters using cuckoo search algorithm. A new application for fast damage identification in Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite using vibration analysis was based on model reduction,
numerical model using Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental data [12, 13]. The inverse
problem was used using optimization techniques coupled with model reduction instead of FEM for fast
calculation. The obtained results showed that the proposed application was more accurate for detecting
the damage location and its severity. Li et al.[17] developed a technique using a generalized flexibility
matrix change for damage identification. Dinh-Cong et al. [18] employed an application of Optimal
Sensor Placement (OSP) for damage identification in laminated composite structures using model
reduction method. Vo-Duy et al. [19] proposed a two-step approach using MSE and the optimization
technique for damage quantification in laminated composites. A modified indicator for damage
detection, localization, and quantification in two- and three-dimensional structures was presented by
Tiachacht, et al. [20]. The inverse problem was investigated using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a
modified indicator was used as an objective function for accurate results. A damage identification
technique for beam-like and truss structures based on FRF, GA, PSO, and Bat Algorithm was presented
in Refs [21, 22]. Damage detection in CFRP composite beams using proper orthogonal decomposition
method with radial basis functions and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm was reported in Ref. [12].

Hughes et al. [23] presented a new powerful numerical tool, known as IsoGeometric Analysis (IGA).
The domain discretization is totally removed using Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline (NURBS) to
define the geometry. Based on IGA, Thanh et al. developed the size-dependent numerical solution to
explore the static and dynamic behaviours of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube Reinforced
Composite (FG-CNTRC) nanoplates [24], thermal bending and buckling of composite laminated micro-
plates [25], thermal post-buckling of porous FG micro-plate [26], nonlinear static and dynamic
responses of FG-CNTRC [27]. Using a new modified couple stress theory and IGA, they presented a
non- classical Reissner-Mindlin plate theory model for free vibration of angle-ply laminate micro- plate.
This study extended the new modified couple stress theory for complicated geometrical structures with
internal cut-outs by Thanh et al. [28]. Tiran et al. [29] presented an effective numerical approach based
on IGA and Higher-order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) for geometrically nonlinear analysis of
laminated composite plates. Thai et al. [30, 31] presented a generalized layerwise HSDT for laminated
composite and sandwich plates modelled using IGA. Khatir et al. [32] presented a two-stage approach
for damage assessment in beam-like structures using two-dimensional IGA and FEM combined with
optimization techniques. A study on crack identification in plate structures using eXtended Finite
Element Method (XFEM) and eXtended IsoGeometric Analysis (XIGA) using PSO and Jaya Algorithm
was reported in Ref. [33]. The main idea was to identify, which method performed better based on CPU
time and convergence. XIGA was used for single and multiple crack identification based on Proper
Oroghonal Decomposition with Radial Basis Function (POD-RBF) by Khatir et al. [34].

The objective of this study is to present an enhanced application for damage quantification in laminated
composite with less computational time based on IGA using modal analysis. Laminated composites,
which are one of the most important construction materials in mechanical and civil engineering
applications, are modelled using IGA. In the first stage, we use CI to predict damage, whereas in the
second stage we use IGA to quantify damage using PSO with CI as an objective function. This
manuscript is organized as follows. In section 2, a brief description of IGA formulation for laminated
composites is presented. Section 3 presents the damage indicator CI. The inverse problem using IGA-
PSO and ANN-PSO are described in section 4. A brief description of the hybrid ANN-PSO is presented
in section 5, and numerical experiments are reported in section 6. Finally, conclusions and remarks are
presented in section 7.
2. A brief description of IGA formulation for laminated composites
By using the Cox-De Boor recursive formula, the B-spline basic functions N i , p    are defined
recursively based on knot vector as follows [35]:

𝑁𝑖,0(𝜉) = 0 {
1 if 𝜉𝑖 ≤ 𝜉 ≤ 𝜉𝑖 + 1
otherwise (1)
𝜉 ― 𝜉𝑖 𝜉𝑖 + 𝑝 + 1 ― 𝜉
𝑁𝑖,𝑝(𝜉) = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝑝 ― 𝜉 𝑁𝑖,𝑝 ― 1(𝜉) + 𝜉𝑖 + 𝑝 + 1 ― 𝜉 𝑁𝑖 + 1,𝑝 ― 1(𝜉) (2)
𝑖 𝑖+1


where the value of knots i  R are taken from the knot vector   1 ,  2 ,...,  n  p 1 , n is the 
number of basic functions and p is the polynomial order. The B-spline curve is defined as:
𝑛

𝐶(𝜉) = ∑𝑁 𝑖,𝑝 (𝜉)𝑃𝑖 (3)

𝑖=1

where Pi and Ni , p  ξ  are control points and B-spline basis function, respectively.
A B-spline surface is defined as:
𝑛 𝑚

𝑆(𝜉,𝜂) = ∑ ∑𝑁 𝑖,𝑝(𝜉)𝑀𝑗,𝑞(𝜂)𝑃𝑖,𝑗 (4)

𝑖 = 1𝑗 = 1
where 𝑁𝑖,𝑝(𝜉) and 𝑀𝑗,𝑞(𝜂) are the B-spline basis functions. Equation (4) can be rewritten as:
𝑛×𝑚

𝑆(𝜉,𝜂) = ∑ 𝑁 (𝜉,𝜂)𝑃
𝐴 𝐴 (5) where 𝑁𝐴(𝜉,𝜂) = 𝑁𝑖,𝑝(𝜉)𝑀𝑗,𝑞(𝜂)
𝐴

is the shape function of node A. Similarly, a NURBUS surface is defined as:

𝑛×𝑚
𝑁𝐴𝑤𝐴
𝑆(𝜉,𝜂) = ∑ 𝑅𝐴(𝜉,𝜂)𝑃𝐴 ; 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑛 × 𝑚
∑ 𝑁 𝑤
(6)Based on the third-order
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

shear deformation theory (TSDT) proposed by Reddy [36], the displacements of the plate are given
by:

𝑢(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = 𝑢0 + 𝑧𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧3 𝛽𝑥 + ∂𝑥 ( ∂𝑤

)
𝑣(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = 𝑣0 + 𝑧𝛽𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 (𝛽
3
+ ∂𝑦
∂𝑤
) ; (𝑐 = ― 4 3ℎ3) (7)
𝑦
𝑤(𝑥,𝑦) = 𝑤0

The in-plane strain vector is 𝛆 = [𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦]𝑇, which can be written as 𝛆 = ε0 +𝑧κ1 + 𝑧3κ2,
with

 u0, x    x, x    x , x  w0, xx 
     
o   v0, y  ; 1    y , y  ;  2  c   y , y  w0, yy  (8)
u  v           2w 
 0, y 0, x   x, y y,x   x, y y,x 0, xy 

The transverse shear strain vector is 𝛄 = [𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝛾𝑦𝑧]𝑇, which can be written as:

[𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝛾𝑦𝑧]𝑇 = ε𝑠 + 𝑧2κ𝑠 (9)

where,
   x  w0, x    x  w0, x 
s    ;  s  3c   (10)
  y  w0, y    y  w0, y 

The equation of an orthotropic layer, in the local coordinate system, is derived from Hooke’s law
for plane stress as follows:
(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)

{} [
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑄11 𝑄12 0 0 0

]{ }
𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑄21 𝑄22 0 0 0 𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0 0 𝑄66 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 (11)
𝜏𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 𝑄55 0 𝛾𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 𝑄44 𝛾𝑦𝑧

𝐸1 𝜈12𝐸2 𝐸2
𝑄11 = , 𝑄12 = , 𝑄22 =
,
1 ― 𝜈12𝜈21 1 ― 𝜈12𝜈21 1 ― 𝜈12𝜈21 (12)
𝑄66 = 𝐺12 , 𝑄55 = 𝐺13 , 𝑄44 = 𝐺23
where E1, E2 are Young’s moduli, G12, G23 and G13 are the shear moduli, and ν12 and ν21 are Poisson’s
ratios. Equation (11) in the global coordinate system becomes:
(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)

{} [ ]{ }
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑄11 𝑄12 𝑄16 0 0 𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑄21 𝑄22 𝑄26 0 0 𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑄61 𝑄62 𝑄66 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 (13)
𝜏𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 𝑄55 𝑄54 𝛾𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 𝑄45 𝑄44 𝛾𝑦𝑧

For free vibration analysis using TSDT, a Galerkin weak form based on the principle of virtual work
is given by [31]:

   Db  b   γ s  Ds γ s de    u T mu de  0

T T
b  (14)
e e

Where  b  ε 0 κ1 κ 2  and γ s  ε s κ s  and D , D are the general material matrices that are
T b s T

defined as:
 Au Bu Eu 
  As Bs 
Db   B u Du F u  ; Ds   s  (15)
 u B Es 
E Fu H u 

and
k 
hk 2
 Q11 Q12 Q16 
6  
N
 A , B , D , E , F , H     1, z, z , z , z , z  Q12 Q22
u u u u u u 2 3 4
Q26  dz
k 1  hk 2
Q16 Q26 Q66 
 (16)
k
N  hk 2 Q44 Q45 
 A , B , E     1, z , z  Q
s s s 2 4
 dz
Q55 
k 1  hk 2 45

 u1 u 2 u3  in Eq. (14) is described as:

In addition, the vector u=
 u0   x    x  w, x 
     
u1  v0  ; u 2    y  ; u3  c   y  w, y 
(17)
w     
 0 0  0 
 I1 I2 cI 4  N hk 2
m=  I 2 I3 cI 5  ;  I1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , I 7      1, z , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 , z 6 dz (18)
k 1  hk 2
cI 4 cI 5 c 2 I 7 

The transverse deflection and the rotations can be approximated by using the NURBs basic function
as follows:
n m
u0  RA  ,  q A (19)
A1

𝑇
where 𝑛 × 𝑚 represents the number of basis functions. RA and 𝑞𝐴 = [𝑢𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑤𝐴 𝛽𝑥𝐴 𝛽𝑦𝐴]
are rational basis functions and the degrees of freedom vector, respectively. The strain vector
becomes:
mn

ε p γ s    0 , 1 ,  2 ,  s ,  s    B I , B I d I

T u s

I 1 (20)
B   B
u
I
m
I  ,  B  ,  B  ;
b1
I
b2
I B   B
s
I
s0
I  ,  B 
s1
I

where
 N I ,x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N I ,x 0 
  b1  
B  0
m
I NI ,y 0 0 0  ; B I  0 0 0 0 NI ,y  ;
 NI ,y N I ,x 0 0 0  0 0 0 NI ,y N I , x 
 
0 0 N I , xx N I , x 0 
  (21)
B  c 0 0
b2
I N I , yy 0 NI ,y 
0 0 2 N I , xy N I , y N I , x 

0 0 N I ,x N I 0  0 0 N I ,x NI 0
B sI 0    ; B sI1  3c 
0 0 NI ,y 0 NI  0 0 NI ,y 0 N I 

Substitute Eqs. (15)-(21) into Eq. (14) and ignore the differential variable  q , the matrix form of
global equilibrium equation for free vibration problem is obtained as:

(K   2 M )d  0 (22)

where K and M are the global stiffness matrix and the global mass matrix, respectively. These
matrices are defined as:
   m T T 
  B   A u
B u
E   B   
u m
s0 T 
T 
    B   A B s  B 
s s0
T   u
K u     Bb1   B Du F u   Bb1      s   de
e  
s1 T
 B E s  B s1 
T   Eu
 Fu H u  Bb 2   B  
  Bb 2   
    (23)
 R1 T  I1 I2 cI 4  R1 
   
M    R 2   I 2 I3 cI 5  R 2  de
e  
R  cI cI 5 c 2 I 7  R 3 
 3   4 

where the matrices R1, R2 , R3 are defined as follows:

 NI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N I 0 0 0 N I , x NI 0
R1   0 NI 0 0 0  ; R 2  0 0 0 0
 N I  ; R 3  0 0 N I , y
 0 N I  (24)
 0 0 NI 0 0  0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 

3. Damage indicator CI
The strain energy of a plate is presented in Ref. [37] as:
𝐷 𝑏 𝑎
𝑈 = 2 ∫0∫0 (( ) + ( ) + 2𝜐( )( ) + 2(1 ― 𝜐)( ) )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∂2𝑤 2
∂𝑥 2
∂2𝑤 2
∂𝑦 2
∂2𝑤
∂𝑥 2
∂2𝑤
∂𝑦2
∂2𝑤 2
∂𝑥∂𝑦 (25)

3
where 𝐷 = 𝐸ℎ 12(1 ― 𝜐2) is the bending stiffness.
∂2𝜓𝑖 2 ∂2𝜓𝑖 2
𝑈𝑖 =
𝐷 𝑏 𝑎
2 ∫0∫0 (( ) ( ) ( )( )
∂𝑥2
+ ∂𝑦2
+ 2𝜐
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑥2
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑦2
+ 2(1 ― 𝜐) ( ) )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∂2𝜓𝑖 2
∂𝑥∂𝑦 (26)

The energy associated with sub-region for the 𝑖th mode can be expressed in the following form:
∂2𝜓𝑖 2 ∂2𝜓𝑖 2
𝑈𝑖𝑗𝑘 =
𝐷𝑗𝑘 𝑏𝑘 + 1 𝑎𝑗 + 1
2 ∫ 𝑏𝑘 ∫ 𝑎𝑗 (( ) ( ) ( )( )
∂𝑥2
+ ∂𝑦2
+ 2𝜐
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑥2
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑦2
+ 2(1 ― 𝜐) ( ) )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∂2𝜓𝑖 2
∂𝑥∂𝑦 (27)

𝑁 𝑁
𝑈𝑖 = ∑𝑖 =𝑦 1∑𝑗 =𝑥 1𝑈𝑖𝑗𝑘 (28)

The fractional energy at location 𝑗𝑘 can be expressed as:

𝑈𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝐹𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑈𝑖 (29)

and
∑𝑁𝑦 ∑𝑁𝑥 𝐹𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 1 (30)
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

In the case of damaged structure, the following equation is satisfied:

∗
𝐷𝑗𝑘 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝐷𝑗𝑘∗
= 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘 (31)

where
 2 2 2
𝑏 𝑎
∫𝑏𝑘 + 1∫𝑎𝑗 + 1
𝑘 𝑗 (( ∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑥2
+
∂2𝜓𝑖
) ( ) ( )( )
∂𝑦2
+ 2𝜐
∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑥2
∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑦2
+ 2(1 ― 𝜐) ( ) )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑥∂𝑦

𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 2 2 2 (32)
𝑏 𝑎
∫0∫0
(( ∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑥2
+
∂2𝜓𝑖
) ( ) ( )( )
∂𝑦2
+ 2𝜐
∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑥2
∂2𝜓𝑖

∂𝑦2
+ 2(1 ― 𝜐) ( ) )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∂2𝜓𝑖
∂𝑥∂𝑦

∗
The term 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘 can be found using the mode shapes of the damaged structure. The damage index for sub-
region 𝑗𝑘 can be expressed as:
∑𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘
∗
𝑖=1
𝛽𝑗𝑘 = (33)
∑𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝑖=1

A normalized damage index, i.e. Cornwell Indicator (CI), is given by:

(𝛽𝑗𝑘 ― 𝛽𝑗𝑘)
𝐶𝐼𝑗𝑘 = 𝜎𝑗𝑘 (34)

where 𝛽𝑗𝑘 and 𝜎𝑗𝑘 are the mean and standard deviation, respectively.
4. ANN-PSO-IGA-CI methodology
The actual damage location and its severity will be perfectly detected in this section using two steps. In
the first one, the inverse problem based on PSO-IGA using CI as an objective function is used. In the
second step, PSO combined with ANN is formulated using input and output data from IGA-CI. This
methodology is called ANN-PSO-IGA-CI.
4.1 ANN
Recently, artificial intelligent and nature-inspired methods have great potential to solve different
complex problems. Neural networks are considered as intelligent systems to solve complex functions
such as control systems, image processing, and damage identification. The advantage of neural networks
is to determine the required output data by making connections between all the parameters used based
on input and output. In this paper, we employ ANN combined with PSO for damage quantification in
laminated composite having three layers [0°/90°/0°]. A network of ANN has three major components
consisting of the hidden layer, input layer and output layer as presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the ANN structure.

ANN has a group of cells that are connected with each other as presented in Fig. 1. The main objective
of the input network is to import the information as signals from the numerical model or experiments.
Each cell is computed according to the signal and creates output.
The summation function is computed as the sum of the weighted calculated output signals as presented
in the following equation:
𝑛

NETi = ∑𝑤 𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑤𝑏𝑖 (35)

𝑗=1

where i and j are processing elements, 𝑤𝑏𝑖 is the weight of the biases between layers, n is the number
of the processing elements, NETi is the weighted sum of the input to the ith processing element, 𝑤𝑖𝑗 are
weight of the connections and 𝑥𝑗 is the output of the jth processing element.
The output of the network is produced by processing data from the hidden layer as follows:
1
f((NETi)= ― NETi (36)
1+𝑒

The MSE of the network is given by:

𝑁
1
MSE =
𝑁 ∑(𝑦 ― 𝑦 ) 𝑖 𝑖
2
(37)
1

where N is the number of data investigated, 𝑦𝑖 is the expected output and 𝑦𝑖 is the actual output.
4.2 PSO
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is an optimization technique proposed firstly by Eberhart
et al. [38]. The particles are moving in space randomly. The position 𝑥𝑖 and velocity 𝑣𝑖 of each particle
will be changed by the particle best value 𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 and global best value 𝑔𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 in the search space after each
iteration as presented in the following equation:
𝑣𝑖 + 1 = 𝜔 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑐1𝑟1(𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 ― 𝑥𝑖) + 𝑐2𝑟2(𝑔𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 ― 𝑥𝑖) (38)
𝑥𝑖 + 1
= 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 + 1 (39)
where, 𝜔 is the inertia weight, r1 and r2 are random numbers between 0 and 1, whereas C1 and C2 are
acceleration coefficients.
4.3 Hybrid ANN-PSO
The description of the hybrid ANN–PSO model is depicted in Fig. 2. After the construction of the neural
network based on input and output selected data, all particles are randomly updated with the best
population size. Each particle acts as a set of ANN weights. For each generation, the velocity and
position are updated through the search domain and then both parameters pbest and gbest are updated
according to the fitness function of ANN corresponding to each weight.
This process will continue until the number of generation chosen and the best global solution are
realized, and the predicted amounts of the network are reported as output results. Otherwise, the next
generation with a new particle, which has velocity and position, is processed to reach the target. This
processing will continue until the trained ANN fitness function is accepted with small error.

Begin

Initialize the network and parameters of ANN

Create a random initial population, and initialize

location and velocity

Run Neural Network and calculate Fitness of Each

Particle

Update iteration count and search space

Update velocity (v) Next particle

Update position (x) If f(x) < f(gbest)

Evaluate fitness function with new population If f(x) < f(pbest)

Select gbest as best position

 Fig. 2. Flowchart for ANN-PSO
5. Numerical results and discussion
In this section, modal analysis of square cross-ply laminated plates using IGA and FEM is firstly
performed. The plate configuration and grid of 9× 9 are shown in Fig. 3. The material properties of a
layer are: 𝐸1 𝐸2 = 40; 𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 0.6𝐸2; 𝐺23 = 0.5𝐸2; 𝜐12 = 0.25. The shear correction factor 𝐾𝑠
= 𝜋2 12 , the NURBS order is 3 for the IGA, non-dimensional natural frequency is used as: 𝜔 = 𝜔
(𝑏2 𝜋2) 𝜌ℎ 𝐷0 with 𝐷0 = 𝐸2ℎ3 12(1 ― 𝜈12𝜈21). The convergence study of non-dimensional natural
frequencies is presented in Table 1 for three-layer [0°/90°/0°] clamped CCCC square laminated plates
of thickness to span ratios 𝑡/𝑏 = 0.001 and 𝑎/𝑏 = 1 using FEM and IGA and compared with the exact
solutions. The first eight mode shapes are presented in Fig. 4.

1 2 ........ 9

10 11 ........
𝓎
𝐿

𝐿𝑥

73 ........ 81

Fig. 3. Simply supported three-ply [0°/90°/0°] square laminated plate modelled with a grid of 99

Table 1. Natural frequencies of undamaged plate structure.

Intact Grid Natural frequencies (Hz) CPU
Time
(s)
Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FEM 9×9 6.67 9.65 18.03 26.64 27.9 32.45 33.77 43.98 1.51
FEM 14 × 14 6.61 9.44 16.78 25.69 26.9 29.10 30.89 39.66 10.64
FEM 18 × 18 6.59 9.38 16.46 25.44 26.68 27.99 30.49 38.63 48.23
IGA 9×9 6.60 9.42 16.23 24.77 26.15 27.25 30.00 37.90 4.83
Liew (p- 9×9 6.62 9.44 16.20 25.11 26.82 26.65 30.31 37.78
Ritz) [39]
Exact [40] 9×9 6.62 9.44 16.20 25.11 26.49 26.65 30.31 37.78

According to the results presented in Table 1, we can conclude that the IGA offers good results with
less number of elements compared with FEM. Therefore, the computational time is less for IGA, which
is suitable for fast simulation. To analyse the accuracy of the proposed application, five damage
 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4

Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8

scenarios are considered for the laminated composite plate structure as shown in Table 2. The natural
frequencies of each scenario are listed in Table 3.

Table 2. Damage scenarios for laminated composite plate structure (see Fig. 3 form elements number).
Scenarios Damaged element (% reduction in stiffness) in IGA model
D1 1 (15 %)
D2 15 (20 %)
D3 26 (30 %)
D4 50 (35 %)
D5 81 (40 %)

Table 3. Natural frequencies for all damage scenarios using IGA.

Intact IGA Natural frequencies (Hz)
Grid Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8
IGA 9 × 9 6.595 9.404 16.207 24.760 26.099 27.218 29.900 37.737
(D1)
IGA 9 × 9 6.560 9.277 15.947 24.681 25.920 26.937 29.738 37.658
(D2)
IGA 9 × 9 6.577 9.377 16.199 24.449 25.817 27.208 29.873 37.762
(D3)
IGA 9 × 9 6.488 9.357 16.154 24.745 26.126 26.902 29.960 37.864
(D4)
IGA 9 × 9 Fig. 4. The first
6.597 9.411eight mode
16.216shapes of laminated
24.767 26.122composite
27.231plate29.943 37.811
(D5)
5.1. Damage identification using IGA-CI
The IGA combined with CI is used to identify the damage in the considered laminated composite plate
for the five damage scenarios described above. The results are presented in Fig. 5 and the computational
times of each scenario are listed in Table 4. The results showed that CI can localize the damage correctly
using IGA in different locations with almost the same CPU time for all damage scenarios.

Table 4. Computational time of IGA using CI

Scenarios Techniques CPU time (seconds)
D1 IGA 17.59
D2 IGA 17.73
D3 IGA 17.59
D4 IGA 17.63
D5 IGA 17.35

10 8 8

8
6
Damage Index

6
Damage Index

Damage Index
6
4 4
4

2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0
1 0
2 1 1
3 2 2
4 9 3 3
8 4 9 4 9
5 7 5 8 8
6 6 7 5 7
7 5 6 6 6 6
4 7 5 7 5
8 3 8 4 4
Y 9 2 3 8 3
1 X Y 9 2 Y 9 2
1 X 1 X

(D1) (D2) (D3)

8
8
6
Damage Index

6
Damage Index

4
4

2
2

0
0
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 9 9
8 4 8
5 7 5
6 6 7
5 6 6
7 4 7 5
8 3 8 4
9 3
Y 2 Y 9 2
1 X 1 X

(D4) (D5)
Fig. 5. Identification of damage for different damage scenarios using IGA-CI
5.2 Damage quantification using PSO-IGA-CI
After eliminating the undamaged elements identified by CI in the previous section, the actual damage
severity will be precisely identified in this section. The inverse problem based on the PSO-IGA using
CI as an objective function (ObjF) is investigated:
ObjF = CI𝐷_𝑚 𝐷_𝑐
Measured ― CICalculated (40)
where CI𝐷_𝑚Measured is the damage index, CI, for damaged element identified in the previous section, and
𝐷_𝑐
CICalculated is the damage index, CI, for the damaged elements calculated in the process of PSO
algorithm. The results are presented in Fig. 6 and Table 5. The results show that the IGA-PSO using CI
as an objective function can quantify damage accurately, but with high CPU time. The average CPU
time for all scenarios, to quantify damage using PSO-IGA-CI, is around 6.5 hours.
19

Reduction in stiffness [%]

Reduction in stiffness [%]

Element 1 20
18
19.95 Element 15
17
19.9

16 19.85

15
19.8

19.75
14
19.7
13 19.65
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Iteration
Iteration

(D1) (D2)
31.5 44
stiffness [%]

stiffness [%]
Element 26 Element 50
42
31
40

38
30.5
Reduction in

Reduction in

36

34
30
32

29.5 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Iteration Iteration

(D3) (D4)
40.2
Reduction in stiffness [%]

40

39.8
Element 81
39.6

39.4

39.2

39

38.8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Iteration

(D5)
Fig. 6. Damage quantification for different scenarios using PSO-IGA-CI
Table 5. Computational time for IGA-PSO-CI
Scenarios Techniques CPU time (hours)
D1 IGA 6.23
D2 IGA 6.78
D3 IGA 6.54
D4 IGA 6.51
D5 IGA 6.38

5.3 Damage quantification using ANN-PSO-IGA-CI

Similarly, as in the previous section, after eliminating the undamaged elements by CI, the actual damage
severity is perfectly identified in this section using ANN-PSO-IGA-CI. Firstly, the inverse problem is
solved based on PSO-IGA using CI as an objective function, as described in the previous section. Then,
in the second step, PSO is combined with ANN using input and output data to quantify damage. The
regression plots of the CI output using the ANN-PSO model with corresponding measurement values
are presented in Fig. 7. It can be seen that there is perfect conformity for all damage scenarios. The
results after the training are represented in Fig. 8. After using the CI value as input data into ANN-PSO,
we can predict correctly the severity of damage for all scenarios with higher accuracy and less
computational time than in case of using only PSO. From Table 6, the average CPU time for all
scenarios, to quantify damage using ANN-PSO-IGA-CI is around 25.4 seconds. By comparing Table 5
with Table 6, it can be seen that huge saving in computation time is achieved when using ANN-PSO-
IGA-CI compared with PSO-IGA-CI.
: R=0.99885 : R=0.99876
50 50
Data Data
45 45
Fit Fit

Output ~= 0.98*Target + 0.22

Output ~= 0.98*Target + 0.22

40 Y=T 40 Y=T

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Target Target

(D1) (D2)
: R=0.99971 : R=0.99887
50 50
Data Data
45 45
Fit Fit
Output ~= 1*Target + -0.19

Y=T Y=T
Output ~= 1*Target + 0.16

40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Target Target

(D3) (D4)
: R=0.99986
50
Data
45
Fit
Y=T
Output ~= 1*Target + 0.16

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

10 20 30 40 50
Target
 (D5)
Fig. 7. The progression for each damage scenario

(D1) (D2) (D3)

(D4) (D5)

Fig. 8. Damage quantification using ANN-PSO-IGA-CI

Table 6. Computational time for ANN-PSO-IGA-CI.
Scenarios Techniques CPU (Seconds)
D1 IGA 25.37
D2 IGA 25.30
D3 IGA 25.28
D4 IGA 25.36
D5 IGA 25.78

6. Conclusions
We presented a structural damage assessment technique using vibration data in order to identify the
damage quickly and accurately. Clamped CCCC square laminated composites with three-layer
[0°/90°/0°] under vibration was modelled using IGA combined with CI, ANN, and PSO. The following
conclusions can be drawn:
1- In the first stage, IGA and CI were used for damage identification for different damage
scenarios. The obtained results showed that the IGA-CI could predict the location of damage
correctly.
2- In the second stage, we used PSO-IGA to solve an inverse problem for damage quantification,
after eliminating the undamaged element identified in the first stage and using CI as an objective
function. The results showed that the inverse problem could quantify the damage correctly but
it took a large amount of CPU time (average 6.5 hours).
 3- A new application was presented and applied for damage quantification by introducing ANN
combined with PSO-IGA-CI. In this application, CI is used as input data collected for ANN.
The obtained results showed that using the proposed technique ANN-PSO-IGA-CI provided
more accurate results for structural damage quantification with much less computational time
(average of 25.4 seconds) than PSO-IGA-CI.

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