LALJRPCFKLRNZEC

Ghsl 2 ‚ Jcepcklktl prhjtnjc.

Hkbrîs Glanpl ecvnaah Rcrrnocs

Lrnji ecktls
Jrnstnhk hjcsth.
Alknk jhabhs.

Auns bla vhaal

\KNWLPZNBHB KHJNCKHA H@NLPRH ^ H BNZRHKJNH

‚ \KHB NKFLKNLPÅH

0404
 

C@OLRNWC FLKLPHA.
 Plhanzhr ah lktrlfh bla nkgcrel bl prèjtnjhs bl ah`crhtcrnc lk
laljtrcehfkltnsec.

C@OLRNWCZ LZTLJNGNJCZ.
 Hprlkblr l nksthahr scgtwhrl la sneuahbcr nktlrhjtnvc TmLR ‚
Flklrhbcr h rlhanzhr ahs sneuahjnckls lk bnglrlktls.
 @usjhr ahs bnglrlktls bnglrlkjnhs bl acs rlsuathbcs lk jhbh ukc bl
acs lxplrnelktcs rlhanzhbcs.
 Rcehr acs bnglrlktls phkthaahzcs bl ahs sneuahjnckls y
prlslkthrahs lk uk nkgcrel.
 Plhanzhr la nkgcrel jck tcbhs ahs kcrehs HTH jck pcrthbh, th`ah
bl jcktlknbc, c`oltnvcs ehrjc tlúrnjc, prcjlbnenlktc, jcktlknbc y
jckjausnckls.
 

Ehrjc tlúrnjc.

C`slrvhecs qul lk hafukcs kcbcs (jcec lktrl P8 y P0) ah jcrrnlktl ls

ah enseh thktc lkahahuknúk
(lspljågnjhelktl lktrhbh
lktrhbh
trnpaljcec
lktrllkP0,
ah shanbh. Lk ah
P:, y P2) ctrcs
ctrcs kcbcs(hzua)
prnkjnpha
jcrrnlktl sl bnvnbl lk bcs bnglrlktls. ¡Lsh ls ah bnglrlkjnh jahvl lktrl
slrnl y phrhalac!
Jnrjuntc lk slrnl.
Bcs jcepcklktls lstèk lk slrnl sn jcephrtlk uk kcbc y ah enseh
jcrrnlktl gauyl h trhvîs bl laacs. Hquå mhy uk lolepac bl uk jnrjuntc jck
trls rlsnstlkjnhs lk slrnl?

Zcac mhy ukhbla

Leplzhkbc gcreh phrh pcsntnvc
tlrenkha qul ah jcrrnlktl gauyh la
bl ah `htlråh, lkgauoc
la jnrjuntc hktlrncr.
bl jcrrnlktl
 

prnelrc sl lkjcktrhrh jck P8. Blsbl hmå ah jcrrnlktl vh h gaunr

bnrljthelktl h P0,
P0, aulfc h P:, y gnkhaelktl bl vulath ha tlrenkha
klfhtnvc bl ah `htlråh. Kútlsl qul scac mhy uk jhenkc qul ah jcrrnlktl
pulbl slfunr. Lstcs jcepcklktls lstèk lk slrnl.

Jnrjuntcs lk phrhalac.
Zn acs jcepcklktls jcephrtlk bcs kcbcs lk jceÿk, lstèk lk phrhalac.
Hquå mhy uk lolepac bl uk lsquleètnjc bl trls rlsnstlkjnhs lk phrhalac
jck ukh `htlråh?

Blsbl la tlrenkha
tlrenkha pcsntnvc bl ah `htlråh, ah jcrrnlkt
jcrrnlktll gauyl h P8,
P8, y P0, y
P:.
ctrhsLarlsnstlkjnhs.
kcbc qul jckljth ah `htlråh
Acs ctrcs h P8 bl
tlrenkhals the`nîk lstè jckljthbc
lsths rlsnstlkjnhs sckh ahs
snenahrelktl uknbcs, y aulfc sl oukthk lk la tlrenkha klfhtnvc bl ah
`htlråh. Mhy trls jhenkcs bnstnktcs qul pulbl tcehr ah jcrrnlktl hktls
bl rlfrlshr h ah `htlråh, pcr ac qul sl bnjl qul ahs rlsnstlkjnhs
hscjnhbhs lstèk lk phrhalac.

Enlktrhs qul acs jcepcklktls lk slrnl tnlklk ah enseh jcrrnlktl

htrhvlsèkbcacs, acs jcepcklktls lk phrhalac tnlklk la ensec vcathol
hpanjhbc h trhvîs bl laacs?
 

Jnrjuntcs Zlrnl y Thrhalac Rrh`hohkbc Ouktcs

Blsbl hquå, pcblecs elzjahr acs jnrjuntcs. Lk aha h prúxneh nehflk vlecs
kulvhelktl trls rlsnstlkjnhs y ukh `htlråh. Blsbl la tlrenkha pcsntnvc
bl ah `htlråh, ah jcrrnlktl prnelrc sl lkjulktrh jck P8. Tlrc ha ctrc ahbc
bl
AcsP8 la kcbc
phscs sl bnvnbl,h ytrhvîs
bl jcrrnlktl ah jcrrnlktl
bl P0 ypulbl nr thktc
P: sck uknbcsh bl
P0 kulvc,
jcec hyP:.
ah
jcrrnlktl rlfrlsh ha tlrenkha klfhtnvc bl ah `htlråh.

Lk lstl lolepac, P0 y P: lstèk lk phrhalac la ukc jck la ctrc, y P8 lstè

lk slrnl jck ah jce`nkhjnúk phrhalac bl P0 y P:.
 

Jhajuahr Plsnstlkjnhs Lqunvhalktls lk Jnrjuntcs Zlrnl

Hquå mhy uk pcjc bl nkgcrehjnúk qul pulbl slr blb l usc eès prèjtnjc
phrh ustlb. Juhkbc pcklecs ahs rlsnstlkjnhs hså, lk slrnl y phrhalac,
jhe`nhecs ah gcreh lk qul gauyl ah jcrrnlktl h trhvîs bl laacs. Tcr
lolepac, sn tlklecs uk suenknstrc bl 84W h trhvîs bl ukh rlsnstlkjnh bl
84Iή, ah Aly bl Cme bnjl qul tlklecs ukh jcrrnlktl bl 8eH.

Zn pcklecs ctrh rlsnstlkjnh lk slrnl bl 84iή jck ah prnelrh y blohecs

la suenknstrc nfuha, mlecs rlbujnbc ah jcrrnlktl h ah enthb pcrqul
bc`ahecs ah rlsnstlkjnh.
 

Lk ctrhs phah`rhs, hÿk mhy uk scac jhenkc qul ah rlsnstlkjnh pulbl

tcehr y ÿknjhelktl mlecs mljmc eès bngåjna qul gauyh ah jcrrnlktl.
³Juèktc eès bngåjna3 84iή + 84iή 5 04iή. ^ hså ls jcec jhajuahecs ahs
rlsnstlkjnhs lk slrnl, scac suehecs sus vhacrls.

Thrh flklrhanzhr eès lsth ljuhjnúk? Ah rlsnstlkjnh tctha bl K ‚ uk

kÿelrc hr`ntrhrnc bl rlsnstlkjnhs ls ah sueh tctha bl laahs.

Jhajuahr Plsnstlkjnh Lqunvhalktls lk Jnrjuntcs Thrhalac

³Xuî phsh jck ahs rlsnstlkjnhs lk phrhalac3 Lstc ls uk pcjc eès
jcepanjhbc, plrc kc pcr eujmc. Jcksnblrlecs la ÿatnec lolepac qul
jcksnståh bl uk suenknstrc bl 84W y ukh rlsnstlkjnh bl 84iή, plrc lsth
vlz al hfrlfhecs ukh rlsnstlkjnh bl 84iή lk phrhalac lk vlz bl lk
slrnl. Hmcrh mhy bcs jhenkcs phrh qul ah jcrrnlktl tcel. ^h qul la
vcathol bl suenknstrc kc jhe`nc, ah Aly bl Cme bnjl qul ah prnelrh
rlsnstlkjnh vh h cjuphr 8eH. Tlrc, the`nîk ac vh h mhjlr ah slfukbh
rlsnstlkjnh, y hmcrh tlklecs uk tctha bl 0eH qul vnlklk bl ah gulktl,
bc`ahkbc la 8eH crnfnkha. Lstc nepanjh qul mlecs rlbujnbc ah rlsnstlkjnh
tctha h ah enthb.
 

Enlktrhs, pcbråhecs bljnr qul 84iή || 84iή 5 <iή (‑||― sl trhbujl

jcec ‑lk phrhalac―).

Kc snleprl vhecs h tlklr bcs rlsnstlkjnhs nbîktnjhs. ³Xuî phsh

lktckjls3

TPCJLBNENLKRC.

Lxplrnelktc 8? Eckthol
8? Eckthol bl jnrjuntcs slrnl, phrhalac y enxtc,
e nxtc, elbnjnúk
bl jcrrnlktl y bnglrlkjnh bl pctlkjnha, jceprc`hjnúk bl ah aly Inrjmmcgg
lk uk jnrjuntc.
Jnrjuntc lk slrnl?
8. Plhanzhr
Plhanzhr la eckt
eckthol
hol lk slrnl hsnfkhkb
hsnfkhkbcc bnglrlktls
bnglrlktls vhacrls
vhacrls phrh ahs
rlsnstlkjnhs P8, P0 y P:, hsueh uk vhacr
v hacr phrh W (lolepac? 80W).
 

Gnfurh 2? Jnrjuntc lk slrnl

0. Bltlrenkl
Bltlrenkl ehkuhaelk
ehkuhaelktl tl acs jcacrls
jcacrls bl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnh ushkbc ‑la
‑la
júbnfc bl jcacrls phrh rlsnstcrls― (nkvlstnfhr).

 P 85 Ehrrck∐ Klfrc∐ Ehrrck

 P 05Wlrbl ∐ Ehrrck∐ Ehrrck

 P :5 Ehrrck∐ Klfrc∐ Pcoc
 

:. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr bl vcathol
vcathol utnanzhkbc
utnanzhkbc la
la euatåeltrc
euatåeltrc bl jhbh
rlsnstlkjnh, jcepalthr th`ah 8.

Rh`ah 8 vhacrls slrnl

Plsn
Plsnst
stlk
lkjn
jnhh YYCm
CmeU
eU Wh
Whac
acrr b
bll vvca
cath
thol
ol YWca
YWcattsU
P85 844 WP85 8.2>8
P05 <84 WP05 6.740
P:5 8444 WP:5 82.>8

2. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bl ah jcrrnlkt
jcrrnlktll tctha bla jnrjuntc.
jnrjuntc.
Plhanzhkbc ukh ehaah phrh c`tlklr ah jcrrnlktl, ha lepalhr ah aly
bl tlksnckls bl Inrjmmcgg
∐02 + N  ( ( 844 ) + N ( <84 ) + N   ((8444 )54

 N ( 844 ) + N   ((<84 )+ N   (( 8444 )502

 N ( 8784 ) 502

  02
 N 5
8784

 N 582.>47= Y eH U

<. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bla
bla vcathol lk jhbh
jhbh rlsnstlkjnh.
rlsnstlkjnh.
 

Thrh c`tlklr ah tlksnúk lk jhbh rlsnstlkjnh hpanjhecs ah aly bl

cme.
W 5 N ∖ P

Rlksnúk lk ah rlsnstlkjnh 8.
W   85 N ∖ P 8

W   85( 82.>47= ³ 84∐

:
)∖( 844)
W   858.2>47= Y W  U
 U
Rlksnúk lk ah rlsnstlkjnh 0.
W   05 N ∖ P 0

W   05( 82.>47= ³ 84 )∖( <84)

∐:

W   056.7402= Y W U

Rlksnúk lk ah rlsnstlkjnh :.
 : :
W  5 N ∖ P
W   :5( 82.>47= ³ 84 )∖( 8444 )
∐:

W   :582.>47= YW  U

 U
7. Jcephrl
Jcephrl acs rlsuathbcs
rlsuathbcs tlúrnjcs
tlúrnjcs jck acs rlsuathbc
rlsuathbcss prèjtnjc
prèjtnjcss
(sneuahbcr), lxpanqul ahs bnglrlkjnhs lk acs rlsuathbcs (lk jhsc bl
qul lxnsthk).
Acs bhtcs c`tlknbcs bl ehklrh prhjtnjh elbnhktl la sneuahbcr y bl
ehklrh tlúrnjh sck euy phrljnbcs plrc sl prlslkthk jnlrths bnglrlkjnhs
h phrtnr bl ah juhrth jngrh snfkngnjhtnvh, bckbl lk la sneuahbcr hprcxnehk

lstcs
ehklr
ehk vhacrls
lrh
h tlúr y bl
tlúrnjh
njh kcehklrh
sl utnatlúrnjh
utnanzh
nzhk
k tc kc,s hbleès
tcbh
bhs ah
ahss jngr ctrhsnfk
jngrhs
hs bnglrlkjnh
snfkng
ngnj
njht
htnvh ls ac
nvhs,
s, quljuha
jubl
ha
flklrh uk plquløc frhbc bl nkjlrtnbue`rl.
Jnrjuntc lk phrhalac?
8. Plhanzhr la eckthol lk phrhalac jck bnglrlktls
b nglrlktls vhacrls phrh ahs
rlsnstlkjnhs P8, P0 y P:, hsueh uk vhacr phrh W (lolepac? 80W).
 

Gnfurh <? Jnrjuntc lk phrhalac

0. Bltlrenkl
Bltlrenkl ehkuhaelk
ehkuhaelktl tl acs jcacrls
jcacrls bl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnh ushkbc ‑la
‑la
júbnfc bl jcacrls phrh rlsnstcrls―.

 P 85 Pcoc ∐ Pcoc ∐ Ehrrck

 P 05 Khrhkoh ∐ Khrhkoh ∐ Ehrrck

 P :5Frns ∐ Pcoc ∐ Ehrrck

 

:. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr bl ah jcrrnlk
jcrrnlktl
tl utnanzhkbc
utnanzhkbc la euatåeltr
euatåeltrc
c lk jhbh
rlsnstlkjnh, jcepalthr th`ah 0.

Rh`ah 0 vhacrls phrhalac

Plsnstlkjnh YYC
CmeU Whacr bl J
Jc
crrnlktl YYH
HeplrlsU
P85 004 NP85 >4.>8 ³ 84∐ :

P05 ::4 NP05 74.78 ³ 84∐ :

P:5 =04 NP:502.:> ³ 84∐ :

2. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr
vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bla vcathol
vcathol tctha
tctha bla jnrjuntc.
jnrjuntc.

Ha lkjcktrhrsl lk phrhalac jhbh rlsnstlkjnh jck ah gulktl bl

tlksnúk, sl tnlkl hqul

jcrrlspckbnlktl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh tlkbrè ah enseh tlksnúk
ah gulktl.

WP8 5 WP0 5 WP: 5 04 YWU

<. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bl ah jcrrnlkt
jcrrnlktll bl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnh..
Thrh c`tlklr ah tlksnúk lk jhbh rlsnstlkjnh hpanjhecs ah aly bl
cme.
W 
 N 5
 P

Jcrrnlktl lk ah rlsnstlkjnh 8.
 

  W 
 N 8 5
 P 8

  04
 N 8 5
004

∐:
 N 8 5>4.>4>4∖84 Y H U

Jcrrnlktl lk ah rlsnstlkjnh 0.
  W 
 N 0 5
 P 0

  04
 N 0 5
::4

∐:
 N 0 574.7474∖84 Y H U
Jcrrnlktl lk ah rlsnstlkjnh :.
  W 
 N : 5
 P :

  04
 N : 5
004

∐:
 N : 502.:>40∖84 Y H U

7. Jcephrl
Jcephrl acs rlsuathbcs
rlsuathbcs tlúrnjcs
tlúrnjcs jck rlsuathbc
rlsuathbcss prèjtnjc
prèjtnjcss
(sneuahbcr), lxpanqul ahs bnglrlkjnhs lk acs rlsuathbcs (lk jhsc bl
qul lxnsthk).
Zl c`slrvh lk la sneuahbcr qul acs bhtcs sck hprcxnehbcs h phrtnr bl ah
juhrth jngrh snfkngnjhtnvh lk jcephrhjnúk h ah tlúrnjh qul h elbnbh qul
sl al høhbl eès jngrhs snfkngnjhtnvhs sl lktrlfhrh uk vhacr ehs prljnsc y
snk hprcxnehjnckls jcec ls la jhsc bla sneuahbcr.
sneua hbcr.

Jnrjuntc enxtc?
8. Plhanzhr
Plhanzhr la eckthol bla jnr
jnrjuntc
juntc enxtc
enxtc jck bnglrlktls
bnglrlktls rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnhs.
s.
 

Gnfurh 7? Jnrjuntc enxtc

0. Bltlrenkl
Bltlrenkl ehkuhaelk
ehkuhaelktl tl acs jcacrls
jcacrls bl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnh ushkbc ‑la
‑la
júbnfc bl jcacrls phrh rlsnstcrls―.

 P 85 Hehrnaac∐Wncalth ∐ Ehrrck

 P 05Wlrbl ∐ Hzua ∐ Klfrc

 P :5 Pcoc ∐ Klfrc∐ Pcoc
 

 P 2 5 Hzua ∐Frns ∐ Ehrrck

 P <5 Ehrrck ∐ Pcoc ∐ Khrhkoh

 Ehrrck

:. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr
vhacr bl ah jcrrnlkt
jcrrnlktll y bla vcathol
vcathol utnan
utnanzhkbc
zhkbc la
euatåeltrc lk jhbh rlsnstlkjnh, jcepalthr th`ah :.

Rh`ah : vhacrls enxtc

Plsnstlkj
lkjnh YCmeU
meU Wcathol YWcatsU Jcrrnlk
lkttl YHe
Hep
plrlsU
P85 264 WP85 8<.:= NP85 :0.6:∖84∐ :

P05 <7 WP05 8.6<8 NP05 :8.07∖84∐ :

P:5 0444 WP:5 8<.=6 NP:5 6.>::∖84∐ :

P25 7=4 WP25 8<.=6 NP25 0:.::∖84∐ :

P<5 80444 WP<5 86.70 NP<5 8.27=∖84∐ :

 

2. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bl ah jcrrnlkt
jcrrnlktll y bla vcathol bl jhbh
jhbh
rlsnstlkjnh.
Thrh lkjcktrhr ahs tlksnckls bl jhbh rlsnstlkjnh lepalhrlecs ah
aly bl jcrrnlktls bl Inrjmmcgg lk acs kcbcs Wx y Wy.

Ljuhjnúk bla kcbc Wx.

8 Wx ∐Wy  Wx
Wx∐ W   8
+ + 54
 P 8  P 0  P <

Wx∐ :: Wx ∐Wy   Wx
+ + 54
264 <7 80444
Hfruphkbc tîrenkcs slelohktls.

Wx (  8
264
+
 8
<7
+
  8
80444 )∐ ( )5
Wy
 8
<7
  ::
264

Ljuhjnúk
Wy ∐ Wx  Wybla  Wkcbc
y Wy.
+ + 54
 P 0  P :  P 2

Wy ∐ Wx   Wy   Wy
+ + 54
<7 0444 7=4
Hfruphkbc tîrenkcs slelohktls.

Wy (  8
<7
+   8
0444
+   8 ∐Wx
7=4 ) ( )5  8
<7
4

Blsplohecs bl ah ljuhjnúk bla Kcbc Wy la vhacr bla kcbc Wy.

 

Wy (  8
<7
+   8
0444
+   8 5Wx
7=4 ) ( )  8
<7

Wy 5Wx ( ) 20<4
268>

Plepahzhecs lstl vhacr lk ah ljuhjnúk bla kcbc Wx.

Wx (  8
264
+
 8
<7
+
  8
80444 ) ( )( )
∐Wx
20<4
268>
 8
<7
5
  ::
264

Blsplohecs la vhacr bl Wx.

Wx ( :.>=<6 ³ 84
∐:
) 5   ::
264

Wx 586.7874 Y W   UU

\kh vlz c`tlknbc la vhacr bla Kcbc Wx, jhajuahecs la vhacr bl Wy.
Wy 5( 86.7874 ) ( )20<4
268>

Wy 58<.=7<0 Y W U
\kh vlz c`tlknbcs lstcs Kcbcs, prcjlblecs h jhajuahr jhbh
tlksnúk lk ahs rlsnstlkjnhs.

WP 85W   8
8 ∐Wx
WP 85:: ∐86.787458<.:=24 Y W   UU

WP 05Wx ∐Wy
WP 0586.7874 ∐8<.=7<058.6<4= Y W U

WP :5Wy
WP :58<.=7<0 Y W   UU

WP 2 5Wy
WP 2 58<.=7<0 Y W   UU

WP <5Wx
WP <586.7874 Y W U
 

<. Jhajuahr
Jhajuahr la vhacr tlúrnjc
tlúrnjc bla
bla vcathol tctha
tctha y bl ah jcrrnlktl
jcrrnlktl tct
tctha
ha bla
jnrjuntc.

Ha c`tlklr jhbh tlksnúk lk ahs rlsnstlkjnhs sl hpanjh ah aly bl cme

phrh jhajuahr ah nktlksnbhb bl jcrrnlktl.

 NP 85 WP 8
 P 8

8<.:=24
 NP 85 5:0.6:8> Y eH U
264

WP 0
 NP 05
 P 0

8.6<4=
 NP 05 5:8.0720 Y eH U
<7

WP :
 NP : 5
 P :

8<.=7<0
 NP : 5 56.>:07 Y eH U
0444

WP 2
 NP 2 5
 P  2

8<.=7<0
 NP 2 5 50:.::88Y eH U
7=4

WP <
 NP < 5
 P <

86.7874
 NP < 5 58.27=4 Y eH U
80444

7. Jcephrl
Jcephrl rlsuathbcs
rlsuathbcs tlúrnjcs
tlúrnjcs jck rlsuathbcs
rlsuathbcs prèjtnjcs
prèjtnjcs (sneuahbc
(sneuahbcr),
r),
lxpanqul ahs bnglrlkjnhs lk acs rlsuathbcs (lk jhsc qul lxnsthk).
 

Zl lkjulktrhk jnlrths bnglrlkjnhs lk ahs rlspulsths lk he`cs eîtcbcs,

ha c`slrvhr qul lk la sneuahbcr sl rlhanzh hprcxnehjnúk bl ah rlsth lk
sus jngrhs snfkngnjhtnvhs, enlktrhs lk ah gcreh tlúrnjh sl rlhanzh uk jcrtl
bl jngrhs snfkngnjhtnvhs. Hukqul sl lkjulktrhk lsths bnglrlkjnhs ahs
rlspulsths tnlklk vhacrls euy jlrjhkcs lktrl laahs.
mttps?//ycutu.`l/a0=Mz`PX@h\
mttps?//ycutu.`l/oMT8>7yr-X2
mttps?//ycutu.`l/2VWCNtW7LjE
mttps?//ycutu.`l/cKa:hmfKiAi

Lxplrnelktc 0? Jnrjuntc
0? Jnrjuntc PJ, hanelkthjnúk jck ah sløha bl ckbh
juhbrhbh prcvlknlktl bla flklrhbcr, h trhvîs bl juyh rlsnstlkjnh
nktlrkh PF sl jhrfh y blsjhrfh la jckblkshbcr. La vcathol lktrl pahjhs
bla jckblkshbcr sl hpanjh ha csjnacsjcpnc
8. Zneual la jnrjuntc PJ qul sl eulstrh lk ah gnfurh 6. La jnrjuntc sl
hanelkth jck ukh ah sløha bl ckbh juhbrhbh prcvlknlktl bla flklrhbcr,
la juha, h trhvîs bl ah rlsnstlkjnh PF, jhrfh y blsjhrfh la jckblkshbcr.
La vcathol lktrl pahjhs bla jckblkshbcr sl hpanjh ha csjnacsjcpnc.

Gnfurh 6? Jnrjuntc hanelkthbc jck ukh sløha juhbrhbh.

0. \tnanjl uk jckblkshbcr lktrl 84 ¼G y 844¼G c suplrncr, y ukh

rlsnstlkjnh lktrl <4 Cme y 844 Cme c suplrncr. Ah grljulkjnh bl ah
ckbh juhbrhbh pulbl lsthr lktrl 844Mz y 0IMz c suplrncr jck vhacr
eèxnec bl ckbh <W c suplrncr. Lsjcoh ah lsjhah bl tnlepc bla

csjnacsjcpnc
jckblkshbcr.qul al plrenth c`slrvhr uk plrncbc bl jhrfh y blsjhrfh bla
 

:. Nkjauyh lk la jnrjuntc ukh rlsnstlkjnh P jcec eulstrh ah gnfurh =.

 

Gnfurh =. Jnrjuntc hanelkthbc jck ukh sløha juhbrhbh y rlsnstlkjnh hbnjnckha.

<. Jck ah rlsnstlkjnh hbnjnckha P, ³Juèa ls ah kulvh rlspulsth bl jhrfh y

blsjhrfh bla jckblkshbcr3 Lxpanqul.
 

Ha jcacjhr ukh rlsnstlkjnh hbnjnckha, la tnlepc bl jhrfh y blsjhrfh bla

jckblkshbcr huelkth, bl`nbc h qul la tnlepc bl jhrfh bla jnrjuntc ls
prcpcrjnckha h ah ehfkntub bl ah rlsnstl
prc jtrnjh P y ah
stlkjnh laîjtr
jhphjnbhb J  bla
bla jckb
jckblk
lksh
shbc
bcr.
r. La pr
prcb
cbuj
ujtc
tc bl ah rl
rlsn
snst
stlk
lkjn
jnhh pcr
pcr ah
jhphjnbhb
jhphjnbhb sl aaheh jcksthktl bl tnlepc bla jnrjuntc Rhc ( ς ) y tnlkl
uk phpla euy nepcrthktl lk la jcepcrthenlktc bl lstl.
7. Ha jnrjuntc bl ah gnfurh =, høhbh uk jckblkshbcr lk slrnl ha
jckblkshbcr J, bltlrenkl la vhacr bla jckblkshbcr lqunvhalktl
(nkvlstnfhr) y vlrngnqul la jcepcrthenlktc bl ah rlpulsth bl jhrfh y
blsjhrfh bla kulvc jckblkshbcr.

Juhkbc sl jckljthk jhphjntcrls

jhphjntcrls ukc
 ukc trhs ctrc, sl bnjl qul lstèk
lk slrnl
slrnl.. Lk acs jhphjntcrls lk slrnl sl
slrnl sl pulbl lkjcktrhr ah

jhphjnthkjnh tctha ha suehr acs rljåprcjcs bl ahs jhphjnthkjnhs

 

nkbnvnbuhals y tcehr la rljåprcjc bl ah sueh, ls bljnr, sl suehk jcec sn

rlhanzh la prcjlsc bl rlsnstlkjnhs lk phrhalac.
J 0∖J :
Jkulvc5
J 0+ J :

( <4∖84∐ )∖(
)∖( 844∖84∐ )
7 7

Jkulvc5 ( <4∖84∐ )+( 844∖84∐ )

7 7

∐>
∖
  < 84
Jkulvc5 ∐7
∖
8<4 84

∐<
Jkulvc5 :.:::∖84 Y G U

6. Ha jnrjuntc bl ah gnfurh =, høhbh uk jckblkshbcr lk phrhalac ha

jckblkshbcr J, bltlrenkl la vhacr bla jckblkshbcr lqunvhalktl
(nkvlstnfhr) y vlrngnqul la jcepcrthenlktc bl ah rlpulsth bl jhrfh y
blsjhrfh bla kulvc jckblkshbcr. 
 

 Ah jhphjnthkjnh tctha (c lqunvhalktl) lk phrhalac sl jhajuah suehkbc ahs jhphjnthkjnh bl jhbh ukc
bl acs jhphjntcrls.

Jkulvc5J 0 +J :

Jkulvc5 ( <4∖84 ) +(844∖84∐ )

∐7 7

∐7
Jkulvc58<4∖84 Y G U

Lxplrnelktc :? Jnrjuntc
:? Jnrjuntc PJ, elbnjnúk bl ah jhrfh laîjtrnjh y la tnlepc
qul thrbh lk haehjlkhrsl ah lklrfåh lk uk jhphjntcr.
j hphjntcr.
 

Gnfurh =. Jnrjuntc PJ
8. Houstl, hbljuhbhelktl, la jnrjuntc jcec eulstrh ah gnfurh =. La
heplråeltrc, la jhphjntcr y ah `htlråh bl`lk jckljthrsl lk la crblk
hbljuhbc. Wlh ahs ehrjhs + y - lk acs jcepcklktls bla jnrjuntc. Ah
pahjh pcsntnvh bla jhphjntcr bl`l jckljthrsl h aha h tlrenkha pcsntnvh bl ah
`htlråh. Zn ahs jcklxnckls sl nkvnlrtlk, la jhphjntcr pulbl bhøhrsl. Ahs
rlsnstlkjnhs kc tnlklk lxtrlec + c -. Plfnstrl lk ah th`ah 2 la vcathol bl
ah `htlråh y la vhacr bla jhphjntcr.
0. Aulfc bl eckthr la jnrjuntc bl ah gnfurh =, lkjnlkbh ah gulktl bl
hanelkthjnúk y rlfnstrl jhbh < slfukbcs acs vhacrls
v hacrls scanjnthbcs lk ah
th`ah < (jcauekh 0 y :). Rcel ahs aljturhs mhsth qul slhk blehsnhbc
plquløhs phrh elbnr.
:. Plpnth acs phscs 8 y 0 jck ukh rlsnstlkjnh bl elkcr vhacr P0.
Plfnstrl ahs aljturhs lk ah th`ah < (jcauekh 2 y <).
Rh`ah 2 ehtlrnhals utnanzhbcs
Wcathol (W) Jhphjnthkjnh (¼G) Plsnstlkjnh 8 Plsnstlkjnh 0
84 24 8044 804

Rh`ah < bhtcs bl jcrrnlktl

Jcrrnlktl lk Wcathol lk la Jcrrnlktl lk ah Wcathol lk la
Rnlepc YsU ah jckblkshbcr J rlssnstl
rl nstlk
kjnh
jnh 0 jckblkshbcr J
rlsnstlkjnh 8 ushkbc P8 YWU N0YeHU ushkbc P0 YWU
N8YeHU (vlr gnfurh =) (vlr gnfurh =)
4 4 4 4 4
< -6.2>7 ->.<88 -:=.40 ->.<88
 

84 -<.880 -<.=6= -0.><8 -<.=6=

04 6.44> >.<88 0<.:0 >.<88
:4 -6.2>7 ->.<88 -:=.40 ->.<88
24 <.880 <.=6= :7.04 <.=6=
<4
74
64
=4
>4
844
804

8. Blsjrn`h jck sus phah`rhs ³pcr quî ah jcrrnlktl nknjnú lk uk vhacr

eèxnec y blsjlkbnú mhsth jlrc enlktrhs la jhphjntcr sl lsth`h
jhrfhkbc3
Ah jcrrnlktl h elbnbh qul la jhphjntcr sl lsth jhrfhkbc vh
bnsenkuylkbc, yh qul la jhphjntcr lsth haehjlkhkbc
haehj lkhkbc lklrfåh, ac juha
mhjl qul ah nktlksnbhb slh bnsenkunbh pcr lsth h`scrjnúk.
0. Jcephrl acs bhtcs c`tlknbcs phrh jhbh rlsnstlkjnh P8 y P0, lxpanqul
ah gukjnúk bl ah rlsnstlkjnh lk la jnrjuntc.
Ah rlsnstlkjnh
rlsnstlkjnh tnlkl jcec gukjnúk ecbngnjhr
ecbngnjhr la tnlepc
tnlepc qul sl blecrh
blecrh la
jhphjntcr lk jhrfhrsl y blsjhrfhrsl, bl ah enseh elbnbh the`nîk sl
lkjhrfh bl rlfuahr ah jcrrnlktl qul lsth phshkbc pcr la jnrjuntc.

:. Lepalhkbc acs bhtcs bl ah th`ah <, bn`uol bcs frègnjhs phrh ah

jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh lk gukjnúk bla tnlepc. Rrhjl ukh jurvh jcktnkuh.
P58044 Cme
 

P5 804 Cmes

Ptr5804 Cmes

2. Jhajual ah jhrfh bla jckblkshbcr J5q/W lepalhkbc la vhacr ushbc bl

ah jhphjnthkjnh lk ah th`ah 2 y ah bnglrlkjnh bl pctlkjnha elbnbh bl ah
gulktl bl pcblr.
q 5J ∖W 

q 5( 24∖84 )∖( 84∐( 4 ) )

∐7

q 5( 24∖84 )∖(84 )
∐7

∐2
q 5 2∖84 YJ U

La lstubnhktl bl`l rlscavlr.

Jck `hsl lk ahs frègnjhs bl jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh jcktrh tnlepc, ³Xuî
jckjausnckls y c`slrvhjnckls pulbl ustlb c`tlklr bl lsth lxplrnlkjnh3
Blsjrn`h júec uk jckblkshbcr ls jhphz bl jhrfhrsl y blsjhrfhrsl lk
tnlepcs nfuhals, ³Tcbråh bèrslal hafÿk usc h lstl jcepcrthenlktc3 Lstl
snstleh tnlkl eÿatnpals hpanjhjnckls, jcksuatl hafukcs bl laacs.
 

Znfhs ahs nkstrujjnckls bhbhs blktrc bla prcjlsc bl nksthahjnúk mhsth

c`tlklr ah snfunlktl nehflk, slaljjnckhkbc ah plsthøh 8 @hrrh
Nehkthbh..
Nehkthbh

Gnfurh 88 @hrrh Nehkthbh

8. ³Xul sl
sl c`slrvh
c`slrvh ha hjlrjhr
hjlrjhr uk
uk neèk h ukh `rÿouah3
`rÿouah3

Blplkbnlkbc bl qul pcac sl lstl hjlrjhkbc h ah `rÿouah,

` rÿouah, la pcac
jcktrhrnc ha qul sl hjlrjh (lk ah `rÿouah) sl eulvl bl tha ehklrh qul
hpukth ha pcac bla neèk qul sl
s l lsth hjlrjhkbc. Ls bljnr, sn sl lsth
hjlrjhkbc la pcac sur bla neèk, la pcac kcrtl bl ah `rÿouah hpukthrh h
bckbl lstl sl lstî hjlrjhkbc.
0. Nblktngnqul
Nblktngnqul y lxpan
lxpanqul
qul la glkúelkc
glkúelkc gåsnjc bla lxplrnelk
lxplrnelktc
tc hktlr
hktlrncr.
ncr.
\kh `rÿouah jhe`nh bl crnlkthjnúk jlrjh bl ukh jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh? ahs
`rÿo
`rÿoua
uahs
hs sck
sck pl
plqu
qulø
løcs
cs neh
nehkl
klss suol
suoltc
tcss h uk sc
scpc
pcrt
rtll bl gcgcre
rehh qul
qul
pulbhk
pulbhk fnrhr
fnrhr an`r
an`rlel
lelktl
ktl.. Bl gcreh
gcreh jhsn
jhsn gcrtun
gcrtunth,
th, la jnlktå
jnlktågnj
gnjc
c bhkîs
bhkîs
Clrstlb sl plrjhtú bl qul ukh `rÿouah sugråh blsvnhjnckls ha lsthr jlrjh
bl ukh jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh. Jcec ah `rÿouah ls uk plquløc neèk sl
lepalh ah aly bl acs pcacs acs juhals y pcr laac ls qul la pcac kcrtl bla
neèk sl htrhl jck la pcac sur bl ah `rÿouah.
:. Gnkhaelktl
Gnkhaelktl blohr
blohr la neèk lk
lk rlpcsc
rlpcsc y ecvlr h bnglrl
bnglrlktls
ktls
vlacjnbhbls ah `rÿouah9 lsjrn`nr jckjausnckls rhzckh`als y c`oltnvhs
(Kc bl ukc c bcs rlkfackls) bl acs rlfnstrcs c`slrvhbcs y
prcpcklr lxpanjhjnckls rhzckh`als.
 

Ha ecvlr lk bnglrlktls bnrljjnckls ah `rÿouah y blohr

b lohr lk rlpcsc la neèk,
ahs aåklhs bl jhepc ehfkîtnjc plrehkljl lsth`al snk prlslkthr knkfukh
hatlrhjnúk, bl`nbc h qul la jhepc ehfkîtnjc ls flklrhbc pcr la neèk y
sn lstl plrehkljl qunltc ahs aåklhs bl jhepc plrehkljlrèk lk la
ensec slktnbc. Ac qul jhe`nh ha ecvlr ah `rÿouah ls ah bnrljjnúk puls
lsth fnrh mhsth hanklhrsl jck la pcac eès jlrjhkc bla neèk. H elbnbh
qul sl vh fnrhkbc ah `rÿouah harlblbcr bla neèk h jnlrth vlacjnbhb sl
c`slrvh jcec ah hfuoh bl ah `rÿouah sl vh ecbngnjhkbc su bnrljjnúk
mhsth hpukthr ha pcac bla neèk ehs
e hs jlrjhkc. Lstc ls bl`nbc ha
ehfkltnsec qul pcsll la nehk y flklrh ukh gulrzh bl htrhjjnúk ah juha
eulvl ah hfuoh.
2. Nkvlstnfhr y hkhanzhr tcbc ac rlglrlktl ha Lxplrnelktc Bl Clrstlrb 
Clrstlrb 
y jck sus prcpnhs phah`rhs rlhanzhr uk hkèansns jcepaltc bla ensec.
La lxplrnelktc bl Clrstlb jcksnståh lk ecvlr ukh `rÿouah jlrjh bl uk
jh`al qul jckbujåh jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh bckbl sl kcth qul ah hfuoh sl
blgahjth`h mhsth qulbhr lk ukh pcsnjnúk plrplkbnjuahr h ah bnrljjnúk bla
jh`al. Aulfc sl rlpntnú la lxplrnelktc ukh frhk jhktnbhb bl vljls phrh
jckg
jc kgnr
nrehr
ehr la glkú
glkúel
elkc
kc.. Bl ls
lstl
tl lx
lxpl
plrn
rnel
elkt
ktcc sl pu
pubc
bc blbu
blbujnr
jnr qu
qull
ukh jhrfh lk ecvnenlktc jrlh uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc lk la lsphjnc qul ac
rcblh y qul ukh jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh 
laîjtrnjh  qul jnrjuah pcr uk jckbujtcr flklrh
h su ha harl
rlbl
blbc
bcrr uk jh
jhepc
epc ehfk
ehfkîtîtnj
njc
c juyh
juyh nktl
nktlks
ksnbh
nbhb
b blpl
blplkb
kbll bl ah
nktlksnbhb bl ah jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh y bl ah bnsthkjnh bla jckbujtcr.

Lxplrnelktc :. 
:.  Jhepc ehfkî
ehfkîtnjc
tnjc flklrhbc pcr ukh `c`nkh.

Trcjlbnenlktc?
Thrh la blshrrcaac bl lstl lxplrnelktc ls kljlshrnc vlr lk aåklh la
sneuahbcr nktlrhjtnvc TmLR qul sl lkjulktrh lk la snfunlktl lkahjl
mttps?//pmlt.jcacrhbc.lbu/snes/mtea/ghrhbhys-ahw/ahtlst/ghrhbhys-
ahwSls.mtea  
ahwSls.mtea
 

Gnfurh 80 Jce`nkhjnúk bl `c`nkhs

 Jckljtl ahs tlrenkhals h ah `c`nkh bl ehycr lspnrh. Nktrcbuzjh la

neèk blktrc bl ah `c`nkh. Plfnstrl sus c`slrvhjnckls l nr
rlhanzhkbc jckjausnckls.
 Jckljtl ahs tlrenkhals h ahs bcs `c`nkhs. Nktrcbuzjh la neèk
blktrc bl ahs `c`nkhs. Plfnstrl sus c`slrvhjnckls ls nr rlhanzhkbc
jckjausnckls.
 Plpnth ah lxplrnlkjnh hktlrncr nkvnrtnlkbc ah pcahrnbhb bla neèk bl
`hrrh y sn plrjn`l jhe`ncs hpuktl jck junbhbc sus c`slrvhjnckls.

8. Lxpanqul
Lxpanqul y hkhanjl
hkhanjl gåsnjhelktl
gåsnjhelktl juèals
juèals sck
sck ahs jhushs
jhushs bla
ecvnenlktc flklrhbc lk ah hfuoh y lk la `ce`naac juhkbc la neèk
sl nktrcbujl lk jhbh ukh bl ahs `c`nkhs, the`nîk qul sujlbl
juhkbc ls ecvnbc h bnglrlktls vlacjnbhbls.
Ah hfuoh vhråh blplkbnlkbc bl qul ahbc bl ah `c`nkh lstè nkfrlshkbc la
neèk, sn sl nkfrlsh pcr la ahbc blrljmc y vh nkfrlshkbc la ahbc kcrtl bla
neèk sl rlfnstrhrh uk vhacr klfhtnvc bl vcathol y h elbnbh qul la ahbc
sur vh shanlkbc bl ah `c`nkh sl vh flklrhkbc ukh tlksnúk pcsntnvh qul
vh bnsenkuylkbc h elbnbh qul vh shanlkbc la neèk. La ensec glkúelkc
sl prcbujl ha nkfrlshr pcr la ahbc nzqunlrbc plrc lsth vlz la qul nkfrlsh
ls la ahbc sur bckbl prnelrc sl flklrh ukh tlksnúk klfhtnvh y aulfc
pcsntnvh ha nr shanlkbc la ahbc kcrtl bla neèk. Lstc sl bl`l frhjnhs h ah
aly bl jcrrnlktl nkbujnbhs ah juha bnjthenkh qul uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc
vhrnh`al pulbl flklrhr lklrfåh qul lk lstl jhsc ls jhphz bl lkjlkblr
 

uk `ce`naac. Ah vlacjnbhb bl ecvlr la neèk sl vl rlgalohbh lk la blstlaac

bla `ce`naac lktrl eès rèpnbc sl eulvl la neèk su blstlaac ls eès
rèpnbc lk jhe`nc sn sl eulvl bl ehklrh
e hklrh alkth la blstlaac burh eès.
0. Ecvlr
Ecvlr la neèk harlblbcr
harlblbcr bl ahs `c`nkhs
`c`nkhs h bngl
bnglrlktl
rlktlss vlacjnbhbls9
vlacjnbhbls9
lsjrn`nr jckjausnckls rhzckh`als y c`oltnvhs bl acs rlfnstrcs
c`slrvhbcs y prcpcklr lxpanjhjnckls rhzckh`als.
Zn sl eulvl la neèk harlblbcr bl ahs `c`nkhs y kc lktrl bl laahs kc sl
pulbl prlkblr la `ce`naac, bl`nbc qul phrh flklrhr jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh
sl kljlsnth uk kuelrc rhzckh`al bl aåklhs bl jhepc lstîk pcr blktrc
bl ah `c`nkh. Lk jhe`nc, sn la neèk ls ecvnbc blktrc bl ahs `c`nkhs sl
pulbl flklrhr jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh bl`nbc h qul la ehycr kÿelrc bl
aåklhs bl jhepc lstèk blktrc bl ah `c`nkh flklrhkbc jcrrnlktl qul
aulfc prlkblrh la `ce`naac y flklrhrh ukh bnglrlkjnh bl pctlkjnha.

:. Jcksuathr y lxpanjhr (\tnanzhkbc su prcpnc hkèansns bl ah sntuhjnúk

pahktlhbh) la glkúelkc snfunlktl?
 ‑ah hfuoh sl blsvåh lk ukh bnrljjnúk juhkbc la neèk sl nktrcbujl lk ah
`c`nkh y lk ah bnrljjnúk cpulsth juhkbc la neèk sl shjh―.
Lstc sl bl`l slfÿk ahs aåklhs bl jhepc, sn ahs aåklhs bl jhepc vhk
nkfrlshkbc lk ah `c`nkh sl c`tnlkl ukh tlksnúk pcsntnvh, plrc sn vhk
shanlkbc slrè klfhtnvh ah tlksnúk. Lstc blplkbl bla neèk bckbl ahs
aåklhs bl puls ah jcrrnlktl qul sl flklrh pcr la jhepc ehfkîtnjc nrh lk
ah bnrljjnúk lk ah bnrljjnúk jcktrhrnh h ah juha ac flklrh pcr ah aly bl
Alkz.
2. Lkjulktrl acs ghjtcrls qul hgljthk bnrljthelktl ah ‑G.L.E― (gulrzh
laljtrcectrnz) flklrhbh lk uk snstleh bl nkbujjnúk y lxpanqul su
nkgaulkjnh lk ah flklrhjnúk bla vcathol nkbujnbc.
Zn uk neèk sl eulvl rèpnbhelktl lk la nktlrncr bl ukh `c`nkh bl
ha
hahe
he`r
`rl,
l, lk îstl
îstl sl nk
nkbu
bujl
jl ukh
ukh jcrr
jcrrnl
nlkt
ktl.
l. Zn la ne
neèk
èk sl rl
rleu
eulv
lvll
rèpnbhelktl, sl nkbujl ukh jcrrnlktl lk ah bnrljjnúk cpulsth (bnsenkuyl
h trhvîs bl ah `c`nkh). Eès hÿk, sn la neèk sl ehktnlkl lsth`al y ah
`c`nkh bl hahe`rl sl eulvl mhjnh c blsbl la neèk, bl kulvc sl nkbujl
ukh G.L.E. y gauyl ukh jcrrnlktl. Zl rlqunlrl la ecvnenlktc c la jhe`nc
phrh nkbujnr ukh G.L.E. Kc nepcrth sn la neèk c ah `c`nkh sl eulvlk. Ls
su ecvnenlktc rlahtnvc la qul julkth.
 

Jcksuathr?
8. ³Xuî rlahjnúk lkjulktrh lktrl ah jcrrnlktl qul jnrjuah h trhvîs bl uk
jckbujtcr y la jhepc ehfkîtnjc qul sl flklrh h su harlblbcr3
Znleprl qul mhy uk gauoc bl jcrrnlktl h trhvîs bl uk jckbujtcr lxnstl
uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc lk tcrkc h îa, y ah bnrljjnúk bl lstl jhepc
blplkbl bla slktnbc bl ah jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh. Juhkbc ah jcrrnlktl jnrjuah
bl nzqunlrbh h blrljmh, la slktnbc bla jhepc ehfkîtnjc ls jcktrhrnc h
ahs hfuohs bla rlaco. Zn la slktnbc bla gauoc bl ah jcrrnlktl sl nkvnlrtl, la
slktnbc bla jhepc ehfkîtnjc the`nîk sl nkvnlrtl.
0. Jcksuathr ah rlfah bl ah ehkc blrljmh. Plhanzhr uk bnhfrheh y
lxpanjhr acs phrèeltrcs nkvcaujrhbcs phrh bltlrenkhr ah bnrljjnúk bla
jhepc ehfkîtnjc harlblbcr bl uk jckbujtcr rljtc.
Ls uk eîtcbc phrh bltlrenkhr bnrljjnckls vljtcrnhals, y tnlkl jcec
`hsl acs pahkcs jhrtlsnhkcs. Zl lepalh prèjtnjhelktl lk bcs ehklrhs9
ah prnelrh prnkjnphaelktl ls phrh bnrljjnckls y ecvnenlktcs vljtcrnhals
anklhals, y ah slfukbh phrh ecvnenlktcs y bnrljjnckls rcthjnckhals.
 

:. ³Xuî lgljtc sc`rl la jhepc ehfkîtnjc sl flklrh ha vhrnhr ah

nktlksnbhb bl ah jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh qul phsh pcr uk jckbujtcr3
La jhepc ehfkîtnjc vhrnh bl ehklrh prcpcrjnckha h ah
a h jcrrnlktl
laîjtrnjh, bhbc qul la jhepc ehfkîtnjc
flklrhbc pcr ukh jcrrnlktl qul phsh pcr uk hahe`rl ls bl.

2. ³Xuî jhrhjtlråstnjhs blgnklk ah gulrzh bl htrhjjnúk bl uk laljtrcneèk3

³Xuî thk bltlrenkhktl ls ah khturhalzh bl su kÿjalc3
\k laljtrcneèk ls uk tnpc bl neèk lk la qul la jhepc ehfkîtnjc sl
prcbujl elbnhktl la gauoc bl ukh jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh, blshphrljnlkbc lk
juhktc jlsh bnjmh jcrrnlktl.0 Acs laljtrcnehkls flklrhaelktl jcksnstlk
lk uk frhk kÿelrc bl lspnrhs bl hahe`rl, euy prúxnehs lktrl så qul
jrlh
jrlhkk la jhep
jhepc c ehfk
ehfkît
îtnjc
njc.:
.: Ah
Ahss lspnr
lspnrhs
hs bl hahe`
hahe`rl
rl h elku
elkubc
bc sl
lkrc
lk rcaaaahk
hk ha
harl
rlbl
blbc
bcrr bl uk kÿja
kÿjalc
lc ehfk
ehfkîtîtnj
njc
c mljm
mljmc
c bl uk ehtl
ehtlrn
rnha
ha
glrrcehfkîtnjc c glrrcehfkîtnjc, jcec la mnlrrc9 la kÿjalc ehfkîtnjc
jckjlktrh la gauoc ehfkîtnjc y mhjl uk neèk eès pctlktl.
<. Bltlrenkl : bnglrlkjnhs lktrl uk ‑laljtrcneèk― y uk ‑neèk khturha―.
Lk uk laljtrcneèk, la jhepc ehfkîtnjc sl flklrh elbnhktl ukh
jcrrnlktl laîjtrnjh lk ukh `c`nkh bl hahe`rl y sl rlgulrzh elbnhktl uk
kÿjalc bl mnlrrc
mnlrrc buajl enlktrhs
enlktrhs qul la \k neèk sl jcepckl bl ehtlrnha
ehtlrnha
glrrcehfkîtnjc qul sl ehfkltnzh elbnhktl uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc
 

lxtlrkc nktlksc.
Lk uk laljtrcneèk lk juhktc ah jcrrnlktl sl blshjtnvh, la kÿjalc bl
mnlrrc buajl pnlrbl su ehfkltnzhjnúk enlktrhs qul lk la neèk la
ehtlrnha ehfkîtnjhelktl burc lepalhbc ehktnlkl ukh phrtl bl su
ehfkltnzhjnúk trhs blshjtnvhr la jhepc ehfkîtnjc lxtlrkc.
Lk uk laljtrcneèk ah nktlksnbhb bla jhepc ehfkîtnjc blplkbl bl ah
nktlksnbhb bl ah jcrrnlktl y bl ah gcreh bla hahe`rl y lk acs nehkls
the`nîk sl flklrhk jhepcs @ elbnhktl jcrrnlktls. Kc c`sthktl, lsths
kc jckstntuylk jcrrnlktls ehjrcsjúpnjhs lk ahs qul ahs phrtåjuahs
jhrfhbhs gauylk lk ukh bnrljjnúk, snkc jcrrnlktls laîjtrnjhs
enjrcsjúpnjhs.

7. Jcksuathr y jcephrhr ah nktlksnbhb bl acs jhepcs ehfkîtnjcs

flklrhbcs pcr bcs scalkcnbls, ukc jck kÿjalc bl hnrl y ctrc jck kÿjalc
glrrc-ehfkîtnjc.
Zl pulbl utnanzhr ukh `c`nkh ahrfh y rljth bl mnac laîjtrnjc, phrh flklrhr
uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc ukngcrel jhsn snenahr h ah bl uk neèk bl `hrrh.
Rhals `c`nkhs, aahehbhs scalkcnbls, tnlklk ukh lkcrel jhktnbhb bl
hpanjhjnckls prèjtnjhs. La jhepc pulbl slr euy rlgcrzhbc pcr ah hbnjnúk
bl uk kÿjalc bl mnlrrc.

6. ehfkîtnjc,
Juhkbc
Juhkbc uk jckbujtcr
jckbujtcr jck
sl flklrh jcrrnlk
jcrrnlktl
sc`rl tl gulrzh
îa ukh sl nktrcbujl
nktrcbujl lk uk
ehfkîtnjh jhepc
jhetcrqul9
y uk pc
 

jcksuathr lgljtcs y prcpnlbhbls.

Ah aly bl Acrlktz lsth`aljl
Acrlktz lsth`aljl qul ukh phrtåjuah jhrfhbh q qul jnrjuah
h ukh vlacjnbhb v pcr uk puktc lk la qul lxnstl ukh nktlksnbhb bl
⃖

jhep
jhepc c ehfk
ehfkîtîtnj
njc
c @, sugrnrè ah hjjnúk bl ukh gulrzh  G  
⃖ ⃖

blkcenkhbh gulrzh bl Acrlktz juyc

Acrlktz juyc vhacr ls prcpcrjnckha ha vhacr
bl q, @ y v  sl c`tnlkl pcr elbnc bl ah snfunlktl lxprlsnúk?
⃖

 G 5q v x @
⃖

Bl ukh gcreh frègnjh ls pcsn`al bltlrenkhr ah bnrljjnúk y slktnbc bl

ah gulrzh bl Acrlktz hpanjhkbc ah rlfah bl ah ehkc blrljmh. Thrh laac
sntÿh tu ehkc blrljmh bl tha gcreh qul tu blbc åkbnjl jcnkjnbh jck ah
bnrljjnúk y slktnbc bla vljtcr vlacjnbhb, la elbnc (c jcrhzúk)
jcnkjnbh jck ah bnrljjnúk y slktnbc bla jhepc ehfkîtnjc. Zn ah jhrfh
ls pcsntnvh, tu blbc puafhr lsthrè nkbnjhkbc ah bnrljjnúk y slktnbc bl
bnjmh gulrzh. Zn ls klfhtnvh lsthrè nkbnjhkbc su bnrljjnúk, hukqul la
slktnbc slrè la jcktrhrnc bla qul ehrjh tu puafhr.

La tcrqul Zl trhth bl ukh ehfkntub vljtcrnha qul sl c`tnlkl h phrtnr

bla puktc bl hpanjhjnúk bl ah gulrzh. Ah enseh lstè jckstntunbh pcr la
prcbujtc vljtcrnha (la vljtcr crtcfckha qul surfl trhs ukh cplrhjnúk
`nkhrnh lktrl uk phr bl vljtcrls bl uk lsphjnc lujaåblc bl trls
bnelksnckls).
ς 5 r x  G 
⃖

8. Lk ah cpjnúk Laljtrcneèk,
Laljtrcneèk, qul
 qul hphrljl lk ah phrtl suplrncr blrljmh
bla sneuahbcr, slaljjnckl jcec Gulktl bl hanelkthjnúk? JH, qul
JH, qul
jcrrlspckbl h jcrrnlktl hatlrkh9 slaljjnckl lk ah cpjnúk Wulaths? 29
29
gnkhaelktl, huelktl ha eèxnec ah jhktnbhb bl vcathol hpanjhbc h ah
prnelrh `c`nkh, su`nlkbc la slaljtcr vlrtnjha qul hphrljl lk ah Gulktl
bl hanelkthjnúk JH? ha 844%, la juha lstè u`njhbh lk ah phrtl
suplrncr bl ah prnelrh `c`nkh.
 

Gnfurh 82 Jce`nkhjnúk bl `c`nkhs

0. Zlfunbhelktl, lk ah cpjnúk @c`nkh nkbujnbh,
nkbujnbh, qul hphrljl lk ah
phrtl nkglrncr blrljmh bla sneuahbcr, slaljjnckl lk ah cpjnúk vulaths? 8,
aulfc 0
aulfc  0 y gnkhaelktl
gnkhaelktl :,
 :, sljulkjnhaelktl y c`slrvl lk jhbh jhsc quî
sujlbl lk ah aèephrh. Nkvlstnful y lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.
Ha huelkthr la kuelrc bl lspnrhs sl c`tnlkl ukh nktlksnbhb ehycr lk ah
`ce`naah, bl`nbc h ah gulrzh laljtrcectrnz, c GLE, ah juha sl rlgnlrl h ah
bnglrlkjnh bl pctlkjnha h trhvîs bl ah lspnrh blsjhrfhbh (ls bljnr,
juhkbc ah rlsnstlkjnh lk la jnrjuntc ls hath).
ha th). Lktckjls elbnbh qul la
kÿelrc bl lspnrhs huelktl su GLE vhrnhrh bl ehklrh prcpcrjnckha ha
kuelrc
lspnrh slblsuehrh
lspnrhsphrh
yh qul jhbhahgulrzh
c`tlklr gulrzhlaljtrcectrnz flklrhbh
tctha lk la jnrjuntc. lk jhbh
Lktrl ehycr
gulrzh laljtrcectrnz ehycr slrè ah nktlksnbhb bla `ce`naac.
:. Aulfc, lk ah cpjnúk @c`nkh nkbujnbh,
nkbujnbh, slaljjnckl lk ah cpjnúk
vulaths? :, y lk ah Gulktl bl hanelkthjnúk JH, blsanjl alkthelktl la
slaljtcr mcrnzcktha, bl nzqunlrbh h blrljmh, qul jcrrlspckbl ha jhe`nc
bl ah grljulkjnh, y c`slrvl quî sujlbl lk ah aèephrh. Nkvlstnful y
lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.
Ah aly bl Ghrhbhy lsth`aljl qul ah tlksnúk nkbujnbh lk uk jnrjuntc ls
bnrljthelktl prcpcrjnckha h ah rhpnblz jck qul jhe`nh lk la tnlepc la
gauoc ehfkîtnjc qul htrhvnlsh ukh suplrgnjnl juhaqunlrh jck la jnrjuntc
 

jcec `crbl, ha huelkthr ah grljulkjnh la plrncbc bnsenkunrè ac juha

nkbnjh uk jhe`nc eès rèpnbc bl`nbc h qul la tnlepc mh snbc rlbujnbc.

2. Gnkhaelktl, lk ah jckgnfurhjnúk bl ah Gulktl bl hanelkthjnúk JH,

houstl la slaljtcr vlrtnjha bl grljulkjnh ha <4%, bl janj snk scathr sc`rl la
scpcrtl bl ah aèephrh y euîvhac h ah nzqunlrbh mhsth qul qulbl
hanklhbc jck ah prnelrh `c`nkh tha jcec sl eulstrh lk ah snfunlktl
nehflk. Nkvlstnful y lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.

Gnfurh 8< Hanklhjnúk bl `c`nkhs

Zl lepalh ah aly bl Ghrhbhy ah juha nkbnjh qul sl flklrh ukh tlksnúk ha c`tlklr ukh
vhrnhjnúk bla jhepc ehfkîtnjc, ha lsthr hanklhbcs y tlklr ukh grljulkjnh ac sugnjnlktl
phrh c`tlklr ukh vhrnhjnúk bl jhepc ehfkîtnjc ac sugnjnlktlelktl rèpnbh sl pulbl
tlklr lkjlkbnbc la `ce`naac. Zn ah vhrnhjnúk sl vl rlbujnbh ah nktlksnbhb bla `ce`naac
bnsenkunrè mhsth bl kc prlkblrsl y sl huelkth ah rhpnblz jck qul jhe`nh la jhepc
ehfkîtnjc ah nktlksnbhb slrè ehycr.
 

Gnfurh 87 Flklrhbcr

8. Lk ah c
cpj
pjnú
núk
k @hrrh nehkthbh, slaljjnckl
nehkthbh, slaljjnckl ah cpjnúk ecstrhr
jhepc.. H`rh alkthelktl ah aahvl, mhsth su puktc eèxnec,
jhepc
blsanzhkbc la `ctúk bl suenknstrc bl hfuh, qul sl lkjulktrh lk ah
phrtl suplrncr nzqunlrbh bla èrlh bl sneuahjnúk. Plpnth la
prcjlbnenlktc. Nkvlstnful y lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.

Thrh flklrha ukh gulrzh laljtrcectrnz sl bl`l tlklr ukh vhrnhjnúk

bla
hfuhjhepc
mhjl ehfkîtnjc, h`rnr
fnrhr ah rulbh ah aahvl
bckbl sl pcr elbnc bl
lkjulktrh uk ah gulrzh
neèk bla
la juha
flklrh uk jhepc ehfkîtnjc, lk la ecelktc qul sl fnrh la neèk
sl c`tnlkl uk jhe`nc vhrnh`al la juha nkbujl ukh jcrrnlktl lk ah
`c`nkh flklrhkbc ukh tlksnúk jhphz bl prlkblr la `ce`naac.

0. Zlfunbhelk
Zlfunbhelktl,tl, houstl
houstl la suenknstrc
suenknstrc bl hfuh ha <4%,
<4%, slaljjnckl
slaljjnckl lk
ah cpjnúk vulaths? 8, aulfc
aulfc 0
 0 y gnkhaelktl
gnkhaelktl :,
 :, sljulkjnhaelktl y
c`slrvl lk jhbh jhsc quî sujlbl lk ah aèephrh.
aèeph rh. Nkvlstnful y
lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.
 

Ha ecel
ecelktktc
c bl huel
huelkt
kthr
hr la ku
kuel
elrc
rc bl `c`n
`c`nkh
khss ah tl
tlks
ksnú
núk
k
nkbujnbh tctha ls ehycr bl`nbc h qul jhbh lspnrh nkbujl ukh
tlksnúk nfuha y ha ecelktc bl sc`rlpcklr ahs `c`nkhs lsth tlksnúk
sl sueh, lktckjls sl pulbl bljnr qul ah tlksnúk nkbujnbh ls
bnrljthelktl prcpcrjnckha ha kuelrc bl lspnrhs jck ahs qul sl
lstè trh`hohkbc.

:. Gnkhaelktl
Gnkhaelktl,, lk ah jckgn
jckgnfurhjnú
furhjnúk
k bl ah
ah @c`nkh nkbujnbh, lk èrlh
bl lspnrha blsanjl
lspnrha blsanjl alkthelktl la `ctúk, blsbl la puktc eåknec
mhsth la eèxnec, c`slrvhkbc ac qul sujlbl lk ah sneuahjnúk.
Plpnth la prcjlbnenlktc. Nkvlstnful y lxpanqul ac sujlbnbc.
Zl c`slrvh qul ah nktlksnbhb lk ah `c`nkh ls ehycr h elbnbh qul la
èrlh bl ah lspnrh jrljl, lstc sl bl`l h qul ah GLE n sl blgnkl jcec ah
blrnvhbh bla gauoc ehfkîtnjc jck rlspljtc ha tnlepc, y la gauoc sl
blgnkl jcec la jhepc ehfkîtnjc pcr Èrlh, ls bljnr, la kÿelrc bl

aåklhs
frhkblqul htrhvnlshk
sl c`tnlkl h ukh
ehycr gauocsuplrgnjnl,
ehfkîtnjcyjck
sn ah
la suplrgnjnl ls ehs
juha sl c`tnlkl ah
GLE
 

JCKJA\ZNCKLZ.

Jnrjuntc lk slrnl?
- Ah jcrrnlktl qul gauyl pcr la jnrjuntc ls ah enseh lk la jnrjuntc
jcepaltc y lk jhbh bnspcsntnvc.
- La vcathol lk jhbh bnspcsntnvc slrè bnstnktc sn ah rlsnstlkjnh bl lstcs ls
bnstnkth.
- Ah sueh bl acs vcathols bl jhbh bnspcsntnvc, ls nfuha ha vcathol bl ah
gulktl bl hanelkthjnúk.
- Ah sueh bl ahs rlsnstlkjnhs bla jnrjuntc, ls nfuha h ah rlsnstlkjnh tctha
bla jnrjuntc.

Jnrjuntc lk phrhalac?
- La vcathol ls la ensec lk jhbh ukc bl acs bnspcsntnvcs y jcrrlspckbl ha
vcathol bl ah gulktl bl hanelkthjnúk.
- Ah jcrrnlktl lk jhbh bnspcsntnvc slrè bnstnkth sn ah rlsnstlkjnh bl lstcs
ls bnstnkth.
- Tcr ac thktc, rlsnstlkjnh y jcrrnlktl sck nkvlrshelktl prcpcrjnckhals.
- Ah sueh bl ahs jcrrnlktls bl jhbh bnspcsntnvc, slrè nfuha h aahh jcrrnlktl
tctha bla jnrjuntc.
- Ah rlsnstlkjnh tctha, ls elkcr qul la vhacr bl ah rlsnstlkjnh eès
plquløh bla jnrjuntc.

Laljtrcneèk.

la usc bla laljtrcneèk ls euy vlkthocsc lk kulstrh vnbh puls. ³Rl mhs
pulstc h plkshr jcec eujmcs bl acs trlkls grlkhk lk ahs våhs3 Jcec tÿ
sh`ls acs eltrcs qul hjtuhaelktl sck euy utnanzhbcs tnlkblk h phrhr lk
lsthjnckls phrh su`nr y `hohr flktl pcr ac juha tnlklk qul grlkhr h lstc
sl al aaheh gulrzh bl grnjjnúk y ukh bl ahs ehklrhs phrh bltlklrac ls
ushkbc acs laljtrcnehkls lk acs trlkls aahehbcs trlkls `hah acs juhals
vhk h ukh vlacjnbhb nkjrlå`al puls su ensec kce`rl ac bnjl lstl vnhoh
 

pcr ah alvnthjnúk ehfkîtnjh, plrc jcec kc tnlklk rulbhs la grlkhbc tnlkl

qul slr pcr ah rltlkjnúk qul jrlhk acs ensecs laljtrcnehkls qul tnrhk
bla trlk juhkbc ls nepuashbc, lk aufhr bl tnrhr ac qul mhjlk ls grlkhr.
La laljtrcneèk scac gukjnckh sn mhy ukh gulktl bl lklrfåh hjtuhkbc
sc`rl la hahe`rl y la jahvc

Jhphjnthbcrls.
Lktrl acs rlsuathbcs c`tlknbcs hktlrncrelktl pcblecs vlr uk lrrcr
blehsnhbc frhkbl ha jcephrhr ah jhphjnthkjnh tctha tlúrnjh jck ah
jhphjnthkjnh tctha lxplrnelktha, lstc tnlkl ukh jhush y uk snfkngnjhbc
pulstc qul lstc sl bh bl`nbc h qul ha slr ukh slrnl h`nlrth lk ah qul
utnanzhecs jhphjntcrls jck frhkbls vhacrls jce`nkhbcs jck jhphjntcrls
bl vhacrls plquløcs jcec acs jlrèenjcs, ah jhphjnthkjnh tctha sl vh h
nkjankhr lk frhk ehklrh mhjnh acs vhacrls
v hacrls eès plquløcs, pcr ac qul ah
jhphjnthkjnh lxplrnelktha `hoh su vhacr lk frhk elbnbh. Bl lstc kcs

pubnecs
jhphjntcrbhr julkth juhkbc
laljtrcaåtnjc lk la lk
qul lsth`h jnrjuntc juhkbc
phrhalac quntè`hecs
jck ctrc, uk
kc jhush`h
vhrnhjnúk lk ah elbnbh lxplrnelktha, hbleès h ah mcrh bl mhjlr acs
jèajuacs tlúrnjcs kcs pubnecs bhr julkth qul pcr ehycr vhacr qul al
bnîrhecs h uk jhphjntcr laljtrcaåtnjc, la rlsuathbc snleprl n`h h slr la
ensec lk ah jhphjnthkjnh tctha.

@N@ANCFPHGNH.

  CWH - \knbhb : ‚ Nkbujjnúk laljtrcehfkîtnjh

JI-80, Bhkk, O. (0480). Laljtrcehfkltnj nkbujtnck. YCWHU. Bnspckn`al lk

mttp?//www.ji80.crf/pmysnjs/Laljtrcehfkltnj-Nkbujtnck/

Fnhkjcan, B. (044>). Gåsnjh phrh jnlkjnhs l nkflknlråh Wca. NN. T 6<=-672,

6==-6>2. Eîxnjc, LZ? Tlhrsck Lbujhjnúk. Pljuplrhbc bl
mttp?//`n`anctljhvnrtuha.ukhb.lbu.jc?04<:/3na5:<=7&pf5=
 

Hrrhyès, E. (0446). Laljtrcehfkltnsec, jnrjuntcs y slenjckbujtcrls. T

824-827. Ehbrnb, LZ? Byinksck. Pljuplrhbc bl
mttp?//`n`anctljhvnrtuha.ukhb.lbu.jc?0466/an`/ukhbsp/rlhblr.hjtnck3
bcjNB584006>>8

Wlfh, T. O., & Wlfh, T. Z. (0482). Laljtrcehfkltnsec. T 087-007, 00>-

0:6. Eîxnjc, LZ? Ahrcussl - Frupc Lbntcrnha Thtrnh. Pljuplrhbc bl
mttp?//`n`anctljhvnrtuha.ukhb.lbu.jc?0466/an`/ukhbsp/rlhblr.hjtnck3
bcjNB58848:<02