]rîatfan >

Kdkatrihnoektfshi-(AIH]IEKEPKY]ZNAPFAI)

Kstu`fnetk<

Dufs Ndgiesi Irtfz Qurhny

Orupi< 06?2=

Putir (n)<
Dufs Lnvfkr `kd Wnddk

[efvkrsf`n` Enafiend Njfkrtn y n @fstneafn [EN@

Ksaukdn `k Afkeafns Jîsfans, Pkaeidioèn k Feokefkrèn
(KAJPF)
Kdkatrihnoektfshi
:=:=
 

Fetri`uaafñe

Ke kd prksketk trnjnli, sk `ksnrriddnrî ke trks ktnpns quk sie kd prk

dnjirn
dnjirntir
tirfi,
fi, dnj
dnjirn
irntir
tirfi
fi y pis
pistt dnj
dnjirn
irntir
tirfi
fi (ne
(netks
tks,, `ur
`urnet
netk
k y `kspuæ
`kspuæs
s `kd
`ksnrriddi `k dns prîatfans vfrtundks), jnli uen hkti`idioèn `k prîatfan aie
kd usi `k sfhudn`irks dn aund kstî aiegirhn`n pir `fgkrketks kxpkrfhketis.

Hk`fnetk kstn prîatfan vnhis n ketke`kr dis aieakptis okekrndks `k dn

tkirèn `k afrauftis< fetkesf`n` `k airrfketk, `fgkrkeafn `k pitkeafnd, kekroèn y
pitkeafn kdæatrfan, kta.

Npdfanrkhis dns dkyks `k Cfrabbigg rksidvfke`i afrauftis rksfstfvis

npiyn`is ke sfhudn`irks kspkafndfzn`is.

Npdfanrkhis dns `fgkrketks tæaefans `k neîdfsfs `k afrauftis pnrn hi`kdnr,

sfhpdfgfanr y siduafienr ue afraufti kdæatrfai.

 

Kxpkrfhketi >< Hietnlk
>< Hietnlk `k afrauftis skrfk, pnrndkdi y hfxti, hk`fafñe `k
airrfketk y `fgkrkeafn `k pitkeafnd, aihprijnafñe `k dn dky Cfrabbigg ke ue
afraufti.

Afraufti ke skrfk<
>. Zkndf
Zkndfznr
znr kd hietnlk ke skr
skrfk
fk nsfoene`i
nsfoene`i `fgkrk
`fgkrketks
etks vndir
vndirks
ks pnrn dns
rksfstkeafns Z>, Z: y Z1, nsuhn ue vndir pnrn W (klkhpdi< >:W).

Gfourn 0< Afraufti ke skrfk

:. @ktkr
@ktkrhfek
hfek hneun
hneundhket
dhketkk dis aidirk
aidirks
s `k an`n rksfstke
rksfstkeafn
afn usne`i —k
—kdd
añ`foi `k aidirks pnrn rksfstirks‘ (fevkstfonr).

Z>8 :; c℧

:   ; R >C℧   ;%

Z>8 >= c℧

>   = R >C℧   >=%

Z>8 ;.7 c℧

;   7 R >==℧   >=%
 

Afraufti ke skrfk

1. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir `k v
vidtnlk
idtnlk ut
utfdfzne
fdfzne`i
`i kd hudtèh
hudtèhktri
ktri `k an`
an`n
n
rksfstkeafn, aihpdktnr tnjdn >.
Pnjdn > vndirks skrfk
Zksfstkeafn Wndir `k vidtnlk
:; c℧
Z>8>= ?.126 W 
WZ>8:.6;;?
Z:8 c℧ WZ:8 W 
Z18;.7 c℧ WZ18>.7;;: W 

0. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k dn ai
airrfke
rrfketk
tk titnd `k
`kdd afrauft
afraufti.
i.

]nsi >< Zkndfznr
>< Zkndfznr dis aîdaudis tkñrfais pnrn keaietrnr dn rksfstkeafn titnd
Aihi dns rksfstkeafns kstîe ke skrfk sk suhne eirhndhketk

 Zt 8 Z > + Z : + Z 18 :; c℧ + >= c℧ + ;.7 c℧8 0=.7 c℧

W> Zt
>:W 0=.7 c℧
 

]nsi :< Keaietrnr dn airrfketk titnd `kd afraufti

Vn aie kd vndir `k dn rksfstkeafn titnd, priak`khis n snanr dn Fetkesf`n`
Zkair`khis quk  Ft 8W  / Z

Zkhpdnznhis tærhfeis
>: W 
 Ft 8 8 =.===:6;;7  N 8:6;.;7 uN
0=.7 c℧

;. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k
`kdd vidtnlk k
ke
e an`n rksfs
rksfstkeafn
tkeafn..

]nsi 1< Keaietrnr dis vidtnlks `k an`n rksfstkeafn

Zkair`khis quk dn airrfketk ke ue afraufti ke skrfk ks dn hfshn pnrn ti`is

dis kdkhketis.
 Ft 8 :6;.;7 uN

 Ft 8 F  Z > 8 F  Z :8 F  Z 1

Nbirn bnddnhis kd vidtnlk `k an`n rksfstkeafn

W 8 F ∟ Z

W  Z >8:6;.;7 uN∟:; c Φ8?.0 W 

 Z :8:6;.;7 uN ∟>= c Φ 8 :.6; W 

W  Z
W  Z 18:6;.;7 uN∟;.7 c Φ 8>.7; W 

]nrn aihprijnr suhnhis dis vidtnlks `k an`n rksfstkeafn y eis `kjk `nr
found nd `k dn guketk
Wt 8WZ >∟WZ :∟WZ 18?.0 W + :.6; W + >.7; W 8>: W 

Wt 8>: W 
 

7. Aihpn
Aihpnrkrk dis rksudt
rksudtn`is
n`is tkñ
tkñrfais
rfais aie dis rks
rksudtn`i
udtn`is
s prîatfai
prîatfais
s
(sfhudn`ir), kxpdfquk dns `fgkrkeafns ke dis rksudtn`is (ke ansi quk
kxfstne).
 
Krrir
Widtnlk Widtnlk rkdntfvi %
Zksfstkeafn Pkñrfai sfhudn`i (Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :; c℧ ?.0 W ?.126: W =,>;%
Z:8 >= c℧ :.6; W :.6;;? W =,:%
Z18 1.7 c℧ >.7; W >.7;;: W =,1%
Zksfstkeafn Airrfketk Airrfketk Krrir
Pkñrfan Qfhudn`i rkdntfvi %
(Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :; c℧   :6;.;7 »N   :6;.;? »N =.==1%
Z:8 >= c℧   :6;.;7 »N   :6;.;? »N =.==1%
Z18 1.7 c℧   :6;.;7 »N   :6;.;? »N =.==1%

Girhudn krrir rkdntfvi piraketund

 Krrirrkdntf
 Krrir rkdntfvi |
vi 8
Wndir sfhudn`i   |∟
Wndir tkñrfai √Wndir sfhudn`i
>==%

Aihprijnafñe aie kd sfhudn`ir Hudtfsfh

 

]i`k
]i`khi
his
s ij
ijsk
skrv
rvnr
nr ue
uen
n `fg
`fgkr
krke
keaf
afn
n hu
huy
y pk
pkqu
qukþ
kþn
n ke
ketr
trk
k di
dis
s vn
vndi
dirk
rks
s
tkñrfais y hk`f`is hk`fnetk kd sfhudn`ir, uei `k dns vnrfnjdks quk feaf`ke

pnrn kstn `fgkrkeafn ks kd hnroke `k krrir quk tfkeke dis festruhketis pnr
pnrn
n
hk`fafñe utfdfzn`is, itrn vnrfnjdk puk`k skr quk sfkhprk quk sk utfdfzn ue
festruhketi `k hk`fafñe ke ue afraufti, kstk ndtkrnrî kd hfshi.

]uk`ke fegdufr gnatirks ndkntirfis jnsn`is ke dis dèhftks gèsfais `k dis

npnrntis `k hk`f`n i ke pkrturjnafieks nhjfketndks i `kd pripfi sfstkhn `k
hk`f`n, di quk sk `keihfene krrirks `k hk`f`n naaf`ketndks.
 

Afraufti ke pnrndkdi<
>. Zkndfznr kd hietnlk ke pnrndkdi aie `fgkrketks vndirks pnrn dns
rksfstkeafns Z>, Z: y Z1, nsuhn ue vndir pnrn W (klkhpdi< >:W).

Gfourn ;< Afraufti ke pnrndkdi

:. @ktkr
@ktkrhfek
hfek hneun
hneundhket
dhketkk dis aidirk
aidirks
s `k an`n rksfstke
rksfstkeafn
afn usne`i —k
—kdd
añ`foi `k aidirks pnrn rksfstirks‘.

: 0
1
?
: 1
R >==℧
R >== ℧ R >==℧

;%
>=%
;%

Z>8 :.: c℧ Z:8 1.1 c℧ Z18 0.? c℧

1. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir `k dn ai
airrfke
rrfketk
tk utfdf
utfdfzne`i
zne`i kd hu
hudtèhkt
dtèhktri
ri ke an`n
rksfstkeafn, aihpdktnr tnjdn :.
Pnjdn : vndirks pnrndkdi
Zksfstkeafn Wndir `k vidtnlk
Z>8:.: c℧ FZ>8;.0;0;hN
Z:81.1 c℧ FZ:81.7170hN
Z180.? c℧ FZ18 :.;;1:N
 

0. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k
`kdd vidtnlk ttitnd
itnd `kd afr
afraufti
aufti..
]nsi >< Zkndfznr
>< Zkndfznr dis aîdaudis pnrn keaietrnr dn rksfstkeafn titnd
  Aihi dns rksfstkeafns kstîe ke pnrndkdi sk suhne `k dn sfoufketk girhn
 Z :∟ Z 1 11==∟0?==
 Zn8 8 8 >612.?; ℧
 Z :+ Z 1 11== + 0?==

Afraufti > kqufvndketk

Z> Zn
W>
>:W
:.: c℧ >612.?; c℧

 Zn∟ Z > >612.?;∟::==

 Zt 8 8 8 >=1=.;7 ℧
 Zn + Z > >612.?; + ::==

 Zt 8>=1=.;7 ℧

Afraufti kqufvndketk

Zt

W>
>:W
>=1=.;7℧
 

]nsi : Keaietrnr dn airrfketk titnd `kd afraufti

 K >: v
 Ft 8 8 8 =.=>>700 N
 Zt  >=1=.;7 ℧

 Ft 8>>,700 hN

Nbirn sf priak`krkhis n keaietrnr dis vidtnlks `k an`n rksfstkeafn

Zkair`khis quk kd vidtnlk ke ue afraufti ke pnrndkdi ks kd hfshi
h fshi pnrn ti`is
dis kdkhketis.
Wt 8 F ∟ Z

Wt 8=.=>>70 N ∟>=1=.;7 ℧8 >: W 

Wt 8WZ > 8WZ : 8WZ 18>: W 

;. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k dn ai
airrfke
rrfketk
tk `k an`n rks
rksfstke
fstkeafn.
afn.
W 
Zkair`khis quk  F 8
 Z

>: W 
 F  Z >8 8 =.==;0;0;  N 8 ;.0;0; hN
::== Φ

>: W 
 F  Z :8 8 =.==17171  N 8 1.7171 hN
11== Φ

>: W 
 F  Z 1 8 8 =.==:;; N 8 :.;;1> hN
0?== Φ

Nbirn pi`khis, aihprijnr sf dn suhn `k dns airrfketks ke pnrndkdi eis `n dn

airrfketk titnd `kd afraufti, pnrn kddi<
 Ft 8 F  Z > + F  Z : + F  Z 1 8;.0;0; hN + 1.7171 hN + :.;;1> hN 8>>.70 hN
 

7. Aihpn
Aihpnrkrk dis rksudtn`i
rksudtn`is
s tkñrfais aie rksu
rksudtn`i
dtn`is
s prîatfais (sfhu
(sfhudn`ir
dn`ir),
),
kxpdfquk dns `fgkrkeafns ke dis rksudtn`is (ke ansi quk kxfstne).
 
Krrir
Zksfstkeafn Widtnlk Widtnlk rkdntfvi %
Pkñrfai sfhudn`i (Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :.: c℧ >: W >: W =%
Z:8 1.1 c℧ >: W >: W =%
Z18 0.? c℧ >: W >: W =%
Zksfstkeafn Airrfketk Airrfketk Krrir
Pkñrfan Qfhudn`i rkdntfvi %
(Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :.: c℧   ;.0;0; hN   ;.0;0; hN =.%
Z:8 1.1 c℧   1.7171 hN   1.7170 hN =.==1%
Z18 0.? c℧   :.;;1> hN   :.;;1: hN =.==0%

Girhudn krrir rkdntfvi piraketund

 Krrirrkdntf
 Krrir rkdntfvi |
vi 8
Wndir sfhudn`i   |∟
Wndir tkñrfai √Wndir sfhudn`i
>==%

Aihprijnafñe aie kd sfhudn`ir Hudtfsfh

 

Qk puk`k ijskrvnr quk dis krrirks rkdntfvis piraket

piraketundks
undks kstîe `ketr
`ketri
i
`k dis pnrîhktris `k feakrtf`uhjrk `k dns rksfstkeafns fhpdkhketn`ns ke dis
hietnlks, ti`n vkz quk kstns vfkeke aie uen tidkrneafn aie quk bn sf`i
gnjrfan`n dn rksfstkeafn. Ks `kafr, kd vndir quk eis `n kd gnjrfanetk (ZE) quk

ks kd pueti hk`fi `k ue fetkrvndi `k vndirks (ZE-ΐZE, ZE+ΐZE) `ketri `kd

aund sk keauketrn kd vndir vkr`n`kri `k dn rksfstkeafn. Auneti hîs pkqukþi
ks kstk fetkrvndi aie hîs prkafsfñe kstî gnjrfan`n dn rksfstkeafn. Kd üdtfhi
aidir `kd añ`foi `k aidirks eis pkrhftk aieiakr ΐZ .
 

Afraufti hfxti<
>. Zkndf
Zkndfznr
znr kd hietnlk `k
`kdd afraufti hfx
hfxti
ti aie `fgkr
`fgkrketk
ketks
s rksfstke
rksfstkeafns.
afns.

Gfourn 7< Afraufti hfxti

:. @ktkr
@ktkrhfek
hfek hneun
hneundhket
dhketkk dis aidirk
aidirks
s `k an`n rksfstke
rksfstkeafn
afn usne`i —k
—kdd
añ`foi `k aidirks pnrn rksfstirks‘.
=

>

R >C℧

;
0 1
>
? 1
;%
R >== ℧
R >==℧ R >==℧

;% >=% >=%

Z>8 :.: c℧ Z:8 0.? c℧ Z18 > c℧ Z08 ;.> c℧ Z;8 1.1 c℧

1. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir `k dn airrfk
airrfketk
etk y `kd vidtnl
vidtnlk
k utfdfzn
utfdfzne`i
e`i kd hudtèhk
hudtèhktri
tri
ke an`n rksfstkeafn, aihpdktnr tnjdn 1.
Pnjdn 1 vndirks hfxti
Zksfstkeafn
Zksfstkeafn Widtnlk Airrfketk
Z>8:.: c℧ WZ>87.>27:W FZ>8:.2>>6hN
Z:80.? c℧ WZ:80.61;2W FZ:8>.=;=:hN
Z18 > c℧ WZ182?2.=>hW FZ18 2?
2?2
2.=>uN
Z08;.> c℧ WZ082?2.=>hW FZ08>?:.>7uN
Z;81.1 c℧ WZ;8;.2>12W FZ;8>.?7>2hN
 

0. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k dn ai
airrfke
rrfketk
tk y `kd vidt
vidtnlk
nlk `k an`n
rksfstkeafn.

Z>   Z: Z1

:.: c℧ 0.? c℧ > c℧

W> Z;
  Z0
>:W
1.1 c℧ ;.> c℧

]nsi >< Zkndfznr
>< Zkndfznr dis aîdaudis pnrn keaietrnr dn rksfstkeafn titnd
Aihi sk puk`k ijskrvnr Z1 y Z0 kstîe ke pnrndkdi

 Z 1∟ Z 0 >===∟;>==
 Zn8 8 8 217.=7;;?0 ℧
 Z 1 + Z 0 >=== + ;>==

 Zn8217.=7;;? ℧

Afraufti kqufvndketk >

Z> Z:

:.: c℧ 0.? c℧

W> Z; Zn
>:W   217.=7;;?0 ℧
1.1 c℧
 

Ijskrvnhis quk Zn y Z: sk keauketrne ke skrfk pir di quk priak`khis n

suhnrdns
 Zj8 Z : + Zn

 Zj8 0?== + 217.=7;;? 8;;17.=7;;?0 ℧

Afraufti : kqufvndketk

Z>

:.: c℧

W> Zj
Z;
>: W
1.1 c℧ ;;17.=7;;? ℧

Ijskrvnhis quk Z; y Zj kstîe ke pnrndkdi

 Z ;∟ Zj 11==∟;;17.=7;;?
 Za 8 8 8:=7?.;; ℧
 Z ; + Zj 11== + ;;17.=7;;?

 Za 8:=7?.;; ℧
 

Afraufti 1 kqufvndketk

Z>

:.: c℧
Za

W>
>:W
:=7?.;; ℧

 Zt 8 ZA + Z >

 Zt 8:=7?.;; + ::==8 0:7?.;; ℧ 8 0.:7?;; c c ℧

 Zt 80.:7?;; c ℧

Afraufti kqufvndketk gfend

Zt

W>
>:W 0.:7?;; c℧

]nsi :< Keaietrnr dn airrfketk titnd `kd afraufti

 K >: v
 Ft 8 8
 Zt  0:7?.;; Φ

 Ft 8 =.==:2>: N

 Ft 8 :,2>: hN

]nsi 1< Keaietrnr dis vidtnlks y airrfketks `k an`n rksfstkeafn

 

Zkair`khis quk dn airrfketk ke ue afraufti ke skrfk ks dn hfshn pnrn ti`is

dis kdkhketis.
 Ft 8 :,2>: hN

 Ft 8 F  Z > 8 F  ZA 8:,2>: hN

 F  >
8 :,2>: hN
 Z

Nbirn bnddnhis kd vidtnlk `k an`n rksfstkeafn

W 8 F ∟ Z

W  Z >8:,2>: hN∟::== Φ87.>27 W 

W  Z >87.>27 W 

W  ZA 8:,2>: hN∟:=7?.;; ℧ 8;.2>0 W 

Zkair`khis quk ke pnrndkdi kd vidtnlk ks kd hfshi pnrn ti`is dis

kdkhketis pir di quk W  ZA 8WZ ;

Z>

:.: c℧

W> Zj
Z;
>: W
1.1 c℧ ;;17.=7;;? ℧

W  ZA 8;.2>0 W 
 

W  ZA 8W  Z ; 8W  Zj 8;.2>0 W 

W  Z ;8;.2>0 W 

Vn aie kd vidtnlk `k Z; priak`khis n bnddnr su airrfketk  

W  Z ; ;.2>0 W 
 F  Z ; 8 8 8 =.==>?7:  N 8> . ?7 : hN
=.==>?7:
 Z ; 11== ℧

 F  Z ; 8> . ?7 : hN

 F t 8 F  Z ;+ F  Zj  `kspklnhis  F  Zj

 F  Zj8 F t √ F  Z ;8:,2>: hN √> . ?7 : hN 8>.=; hN

 F  Zj8 F  Z :8>.=; hN

 F  Z :8>.=; hN

Vn aie dn airrfketk `k Z: pi`khis bnddnr su vidtnlk

W  Z :8 F  Z :∟ Z : 8>.=; hN∟0?==8 0.61; W 

W  Z :80.61; W 

Zkair`khis quk Zj8 Z : + Zn pir di quk

W   ZZ j8W   ZZ : + W   Zn

Zn
 

Ketieaks aihi yn bnjènhis vfsti

W  Z ;8W  Zj

 Z ;8( W   Z
W  Z Z : + W   Z
Z n)

Zkhpdnzi tærhfeis quk yn tkekhis W  Z ; y W  Z :

;.2>0 W 8( 0.61; W + W   Zn

Zn)   `kspkli W  Zn

W  Zn8;.2>0 W √ 0.61; W 

W  Z n8= . 2?6 W 82?6 hW 

Zkair`khis quk  Zn kstn aihpuksti pir  Z 1 y Z 0 y kstns `is rksfstkeafns

kstîe ke pnrndkdi, pir di quk tfkeke kd hfshi vidtnlk
8 8 8
W  Zn W  Z 1 W  Z 0 2?6 hW  
W  Z 182?6 hW 

W  Z 08 2?6 hW 

Vn tkefke`i dis vidtnlks `k Z1 y Z0 priak`khis n snanr dn airrfketk ke kstn

rksfstkeafns

W  Z 1 2?6 hW 

 F  Z 1 8 8 8 =.===2?6  N 8 2?6 uN
 Z 1 >=== ℧
 F  Z 1 82?6 uN

W  Z 0 2?6 hW 

 F  Z 0 8 8 8 =.===>? :1; N 8 >? : . 1; uN
=.===>?
 Z 0 ;>== ℧

 F  Z 0 8>?:.1; uN
 

Zksudtn`is Bnddn`is
 Ft 8:,2>: hN Wt 8  >: W 

 F  Z >8 :,2>: hN   W  Z >87.>27 W 

 F  Z :8>.=; hN   W  Z :80.61; W 

 F  Z 1 82?6 uN   W  Z 182?6 hW 

 F  Z 08>? :.1;
:.1; uN   W  Z 08 2?6 hW 

 F  Z ; 8> . ?7 : hN   W  Z ;8;.2>0 W 

;. Andaud
Andaudnr
nr kd vndir tk
tkñrfai
ñrfai `k
`kdd vidtnlk ttitnd
itnd y `k dn airr
airrfketk
fketk ti
titnd
tnd `kd
afraufti.

Airrfketk Pitnd
 K >: v
 Ft 8 8
 Zt  0:7?.;; Φ

 Ft 8=.==:2>:  N

 Ft 8:,2>: hN

Widtnlk Pitnd
Wt 8 Ft ∟ Zt 8:,2>: hN ∟0:7?.;; Φ 8>: W 

Wt 8>: W 

7. Aihpn
Aihpnrkrk rksudtn
rksudtn`is
`is tkñrfa
tkñrfais
is aie rksudtn`
rksudtn`is
is prîatfa
prîatfais
is (sfhudn`i
(sfhudn`ir),
r),
kxpdfquk dns `fgkrkeafns ke dis rksudtn`is (ke ansi quk kxfstne).

 Ft 8:,2>: hN Wt 8  >: W 

Zksfstkeafn
Zksfstkeafn Widtnlk Airrfketk

Z>8
Z:8:
0..:
?cc℧
℧ W
WZZ>
:8
87
0..>
62
17
;:
2W
W FFZ
Z>
:8
8:>..2
=>
;>
=6
:h
hN
N
 

Z18 > c℧ WZ182?2.=>hW FZ18 2?2.=>uN

Z08;.> c
c℧
℧ WZ082?2.=>hW FZ08>?:.>7uN
Z;81.1 c℧ WZ;8;.2>12W FZ;8>.?7>2hN

Pnjdn > Hk`f`ns `kd afraufti 1

Krrir
Zksfstkeafn Widtnlk Widtnlk rkdntfvi %
Pkñrfai sfhudn`i (Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :.: c℧   7.>27 W  7.>27:W =,==1 %
Z:8 0.? c℧   0.61; W  0.61;2W =,=:%
Z18 > c℧   2?6 hW  2?2.=>hW =,>>%
Z08 ;.> c℧   2?6 hW  2?2.=>hW =,>>%
Z;8 1.1 c℧   ;.2>0 W  ;.2>12W =,==1%
Krrir
Airrfketk Airrfketk rkdntfvi %
Zksfstkeafn
Pkñrfan Qfhudn`i (Pkñrfai -
sfhudn`i)
Z>8 :.: c℧   :,2>: hN :.2>>6hN =,==1 %
Z:8 0.? c℧   >.=; hN >.=;=:hN =,=>%
Z18 > c℧   2?6 uN 2?2.=>uN =,>%
Z08 ;.> c℧   >?:.1; uN   >?:.>7uN =,>%
Z;8 1.1 c℧   >.?7: hN >.?7>2hN =,>%

Girhudn krrir rkdntfvi piraketund

 Krrirrkdntf
 Krrir rkdntfvi |
vi 8
Wndir tkñrfai √Wndir sfhudn`i
Wndir sfhudn`i   |∟>==%

Aihprijnafñe aie kd sfhudn`ir Hudtfsfh

Airrfketk
 

Widtnlk

]i`k
]i`khi
his
s ij
ijsk
skrv
rvnr
nr ue
uen
n `fg
`fgkr
krke
keaf
afn
n hu
huy
y pk
pkqu
qukþ
kþn
n ke
ketr
trk
k di
dis
s vn
vndi
dirk
rks
s
tkñrfais y hk`f`is hk`fnetk kd sfhudn`ir, uei `k dns vnrfnjdks quk feaf`ke
 

pnrn kstn `fgkrkeafn ks kd hnroke `k krrir quk tfkeke dis festruhketis pnr
pnrn
n
hk`fafñe utfdfzn`is, itrn vnrfnjdk puk`k skr quk sfkhprk quk sk utfdfzn ue
festruhketi `k hk`fafñe ke ue afraufti, kstk ndtkrnrî kd hfshi.

Dis krrirks rkdntfvis piraketundks kstîe `ketri `k dis pnrîhktris `k

feakrtf`uhjrk `k dns rksfstkeafns fhpdkhketn`ns ke dis hietnlks, ti`n vkz
quk kstns vfkeke aie uen tidkrneafn aie quk bn sf`i gnjrfan`n dn rksfstkeafn.
Ks `kafr, kd vndir
vndir quk eis `n kd gnjrfanetk (Z
(ZE)
E) quk ks kd pueti hk`fi `k ue
fetkrvndi `k vndirks (ZE-ΐZE, ZE+ΐZE) `ketri `kd aund sk keauketrn kd
vndir vkr`n`kri `k dn rksfstkeafn. Auneti hîs pkqukþi ks kstk fetkrvndi aie
hîs prkafsfñe kstî gnjrfan`n dn rksfstkeafn. Kd üdtfhi aidir `kd añ`foi `k
aidirks eis pkrhftk aieiakr ΐZ.

AIEAD[QFIEKQ
 

 Ornafns n kstk trnjnli hklirnhis dn bnjfdf`n` ke dn npdfanafñe `k dis

aieiafhfketis  rkafjf`is `kgfefke`i dns vnrfnjdks `k dis afrauftis,
aieiafhfketis
fetkrprktne`i dns anrnatkrèstfans W-F `k an`n uei `k dis kdkhketis.
 Nprke`fhis n sfhpdfgfanr afrauftis y n khpdknr dn dky `k Ibh y dns

dkyks `k Cfrabbigg ke dis hfshis, f`ketfgfane`i kd tfpi `k aiekxfñe

ketrk dis kdkhketis y n npdfanr rkodns pnrn aihjfenrdis.
 Nendfznhis y rksidvfhis afrauftis dfekndks npdfane`i tæaefans `k
neîdfsfs ei`nd y `k hnddn.
 Zkndfznhis prîatfans skeafddns `k dnjirntirfi hk`fnetk sfhudn`irks,
quk feaduyke hk`fafieks `k vidtnlks y airrfketks, pnrn rkgirznr dis
aieiafhfketis tkñrfais.

JFJDFIOZNGFN
 

 Aketri `k Ksarfturn Lnvkrfnei (:=>2) Eirhns N]N. Qkxtn k`fafñe.

Zkaupkrn`i `k.
bttp<//aketri`kksarfturn.lnvkrfnenandf.k`u.ai/fe`kx.pbp9
iptfie8aihYaietket&vfkw8nrtfadk&f`8>12<eirhns-
npn&antf`80;<rkgkrkeafns-jfjdfiorngfans&Ftkhf`

 Gkreîe`kz, Q. & Bf`ndoi, Z. (:=>1). Gue`nhketis tkñrfais pnrn

nendfznr afrauftis. (pp. 6- >;). Zkaupkrn`i `k
bttps<//jfjdfitkanvfrtund.uen`.k`u.ai<:;12/dfj/uen`sp/rkn`kr.natfie9
`iaF@81:>;>>?&ppo8 :>


Dñpkz, K., Hnrrñe, H. & Jrnvi, F. (:==2). Gue`nhketis `k kdkatrñefan
(:n.k`.). (pp. >0-:>). Zkaupkrn`i `k
bttp<//jfjdfitkanvfrtund.uen`.k`u.ai<:07=/dfj/uen`sp/rkn`kr.natfie9
ppo8>0&`iaF@81>?72; 2&th8>;:6>>=0=00??

 Orij, J. Giurefkr, L. (>621). Afrau

aufftis kdkatrñefais y sus
npdfanafieks.  (pp.>;0->?2).
npdfanafieks. Zkaupkrn`i `k bttps<//kdfjri-
ekt.jfjdfitkanvfrtund.uen`.k`u.ai/ks/krkn`kr/uen`/?:0=19pnok8>?>

 ]dkftk, L. Wkronz, Z. Zufz `k hnrais, L. (:==6). Kdkatr

Kdkatrñefan
ñefan Neîdi
Neîdion
on
 pnrn Feokefkris.
Feokefkris.  (pp. 1?-;>). Zkaupkrn`i `k bttps<//kdfjri-
ekt.jfjdfitkanvfrtund.uen`.k`u.ai/ks/krkn`kr/uen`/;=>?;9pnok802