ENGLISH FILE Upper-intermediate Pocket Book 74% Robin Walker Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden OXFORDGrammar 1A Question formation Remember to use an auxiliary | modal verb when you make a question. Qué es lo que mas te gusta de tu trabajo? =What do yowlike most about your job? NOT Whatyou...? gTienes que ser muy fuerte para =o you havato be really strong to be a ser escalador? climber? NOT Youhave...? No conocias la masica que =@idn't you know the music they played last tocaron anoche? night? NOT Younotknow. Remember to put the auxiliary / modal verb before the subject when you make aquestion. Qué idiomas hablas con fluidez? = WhiclJanguages can you speak fluently? NOT Which languages youean...? 3Cudnto tiempo llevas estudiando ingles? = Howdong have you beef studying English? NOT How fong youhave...? ePor qué nuestros politicos siempre = Why Ge our politicians always changing, estan cambiando la ley? the law? NOT Why iii a eDeberia decirle qué siento por ella? =GhouldDtell her how I feel about her? NOT fshould...? Ifa verb is followed by a preposition, remember to put it at the end of the question clause. En qué estas pensando? = Whatare you thinking@bou? NOT About wl ge? 2Con quién estabas cuando Espana = Who were you(with)when Spain won the gané la Eurocopa 2012? 2012 European Championship? NOT With who...? De qué factores depende el éxito = What factors does success in the film world enel mundo del cine? depend(on? NOT On-whar factors does successin-the-film world depend? Remember that in indirect questions the order is subject followed by verb. Don’tuse do | did. 2Sabe a qué hora termina = Do you know what time¢he concert finishes? el concierto? NOT ...finishesthe concert? ‘Te acuerdas de cuanto cuesta el hotel? = Do you remember how much€he hotel costs? NOT ...does the hotel cost? 2Me podria decir cuando sale el = Could you tell me when¢he next bus leaves? pr6ximo autobis? NOT «..Jeavesthenext bus? No recuerdo dénde dejé las llaves = I can’tremember where([Tefthe car keys. del coche. NOT ...didHeavethe carkeys. Me pregunto por qué han quitado el = 1 wonder why ¢hey'vataken off the direct flight vuelo directo a Palma. to Palma. NOT I wonder why havetthey... sTienes idea de dénde podria = Do you have any idea where({ could)get one of Conseguir una bombilla de the old-style light bulbs? NOT Do you have las de antes? any idea where coukdt...?2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of question words. what when where which who how much many > Check the pronunciation on your URMEIg GRAMMAR 1A. 1B Auxiliary verbs Spanish uses a number of different structures where English uses auxiliary verbs. - 1 A mihermanale encanta la playa, pero = My sister loves the beach but her asumaridono. husband@oesn’}, 2 APrefiero viajar en tren. A [prefer to travel by train. B Yo también. = B Sofa. ANo me gustan las peliculas de cienciaficcion. A Idon’t like science fiction films. BA mitampoco. B Neither@oll. 3 A Ayer me dieron un premio por uno Alwona prize yesterday for one of de mis poemas. my poems. B :Ah, si? BDidyou? 4 A Por qué no me dijiste que ibas a llegar tarde? A Why didn’t you tell me that you were going to be late? B Sique te lo dije. B 1didtell you. 5 Saben nadar, zno? = They can swim, can’t they? Remember to repeat the auxiliary if there is one, not the main verb. ADo you like chocolate? B Yes, Ido} NOT .. like. oY Als your mother coming tomorrow? B Yes, she(is) NOT ...comes. ACanyou help us? B Yes, [€an) NOT ...help. ti Priest Do you take this woman to be your wife? Bridegroom Yes, 0) NOT ...teke: Be careful to use the right auxiliary verb in English. Don’t use don’t | doesn’t for everything. Paula's going to the cinema but Anafsn'} NOT ...doesn’. AT'macatlover. ‘A We've just got back from France. BSofmil. NOT So det. Beokavave NOT So dowe. He’s booked the flight,hasn'Jhe? NOT ...doesn’t he? She can speak Italian, €an'she? NOT ...doesn’tshe? IfMike comes to the party, he'll stay overnight,@on'Bhe? NOT ...doesn’the? Be careful with the word order with so | neither + auxiliary verb. A Our son’s going to Germany for his school trip. B How incredible! Sos ourg, NOT ...oursis. ‘A We finished the race faster than we expected. BSo@idwe) NOT So wedid. A Ididn’tlike the way the film ended. BNeither@id]) NOT Neither did. A don't think I'll pass the maths exam next week. B Neither (willl) NOT Neither Fwil.Spanish uses también | tampoco to say that somethings the same. English uses A Me gusta esta combinacién de colores. BA mitambién. ‘APero no me gusta el corte de los pantalones BA mitampoco. A Llike this colour combination. BSo dol. A But | donttlike the cut of the trousers. B Neither do I. ADeberiairaldentistam4samenudo. AT should go to the dentist more often. B Yo también. B So should I. ANo voy al médico tana menudo ‘Al don't go to the doctor as often as Tshould. como deberia. B Yo tampoco. B Neither dol. Spanish uses go? | everdad? to make tag questions, English uses auxiliary verb + subject. Viven en Asturias, verdad? = They live in Asturias,@on't they? NOT ...no? Podemos terminar esto mafiana, ;no?= We can finish this tomorrow,€an't we? NOT ...no? No te olvidards de decirselo, no? = Rau won't forget to tell him, ill your NOT ...ne? ® PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of expressions with auxiliary verbs. So should we. Neither can they. Soisshe, Neither am! ‘A He won €2000. ‘A tmnotgoingtohelp. A Whydidnt youtell me? B Didhe? B Aren't you? B Idid tell you Youcan swim, can’tyou? They live in Valencia, don't they? You wort forget, will you? > Check the pronunciation on your SD PRONUNCIATION 1B. 2A Present perfect simple and continuous Some of the uses of the English present perfect simple are similar to the use of the pretérito perfecto compuesto in Spanish. Me gustan las motos, pero nuncaheido = Ilike motorbikes butive never bee auna carrera. to arace. Has dormido alguna vez en una hamaca? ina hammock? Ha dejado de llover. Por fin podemos salir. ~(vsstoppedraining. We can go out at last. Voy allegar tarde. He tenido un pinchazo, = I'm going to be late (I've had)a puncture. Cuantas montailas has escalado? = How many mountains have you climbed?Be careful when you use the present perfect simple with ever, for, since, yet, already. 2Cualeslacancién mas bella que = What's the most beautiful song you've jamas has oido? €vepheard? NOT ...never heard? Conozco a Liliana desde que era =(ve known)Liliana since she was a child. una nina, NOT Fknow.. No tiene trabajo desde hace dos alos. = Hehasn'thada j job@or two yeardnow. NOT Hedoesn'thavea ee since two years ago. Check the pronunciation on your sD GRAMMAR 2A. 2B Adjectives as nouns; adjective order Remember to use the + adjective to talk about groups of people when their nationality ends in -ch, -sh, ese and -ss. Jos franceses los japoneses he Japanese los finlandeses los suizos = the Swiss los daneses In English, to talk about one person use adjective + noun, un gales = a(Welshman) NOT a Welsh unaescocesa = aScottish woman) NOT a Scottish un pobre = apoor person NOT a poor In English we often put more than one adjective before anoun. este antiguo y bonito edificio =thisGeautiful, old building NOT beautifutand old su magnifico centro hist6rico = its@agnificent, historidtown centre NOT magnificent town centre historic este hermoso puente antiguo his(beautiful, old bridgS NOT beautiful bridge old suselegantes zapatos decuero _—= her stylish Spanish, leather shoes espaiioles NOT stylishleather shoes Spanish una atractivay vieja casade piedra = anGttractive, old stondhouse NOT attractive and-old house of stone su pelo largo y rubio =herdong, blond@hair NOT her longand-blonde hair NOT hairlongand-blonde£ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of these adjectives. the dead /da ‘ded/ the deaf Sa 'def/ leather /leda/ the blind /8e "blaind/ striped stylish trarpt/ 'starhyf/ the Swiss /do 'swis the rich /do ‘rit! dirty "dasti/ the sick (da ‘stk purple "paxpl/ the injured /0i 'indgad/ shirt /fart/ > Check the pronunciation on your STE GRAMMAR 2B. 3A Narrative tenses: past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous Ay ‘The use of the narrative tenses is similar in Spanish and English ASime pudiera dar algéin detalle del accidente. A qué hora 'ocurrio exactamente? B Sobre las 21.30 h. No "me marché del trabajo hasta después de las 21.00 h por culpa de un proyecto que ‘estaba intentando acabar. A‘:Habia mucho trafico? BNo. De hecho, después del accidente, Stuve que esperar unos minutos antes de que pasara otro coche, A Cuénteme algo del accidente en si. B Pues, fveniaporla curva junto al io cuando de repente ‘me ceg6 una luz. muy potente.*Venia de frente, No ver nada y de forma instintiva frené todo lo que "pude. El coche “derrapé y "chogué con un arbol. A“ Llovia? B No, pero “llevaba todo el dia lloviendo ylacarretera estaba mojada. AX “habia bebido algo? B Solo café. Como yale dije, 'Shabia estado trabajando hasta tarde. A.A quéme puede decir de la luz? B Bueno, como ya le "dije, **brillaba directamente en los ojos, y “era muy potente. Jamas habia visto nada igual *Cerré los ojos. No “pude evitarlo. AEsto es extrano. Muy extrano ... A Lf T could just get some details of the accident. 'What time did the accident happen? B Around 9.30 p.m. I “didn't leave work until after 9.00 p.m. because of a project T'was trying to finish off. ‘A‘Was there much traffic? BNo. In fact, after the accident I Shad to wait fora few minutes before another car came past. A Tell me about the accident itself, B Well, Iwas coming around the bend by thicriver wiseriat enlyilted2 BITE by avery bright light. Siewas coming from in front of me. I “couldn't see anything and instinctively | “braked as hard as I''could. The car !*skidded and 1Phit a tree. A “Was iraining? BNo, butit “had been raining all day and the road “was wet. A And “had you been drinking? B Only coffee. As I said, "I'd been working late. A And what about the light? B Well, as | "said, it?°was shining straight into my eyes, and “was very bright. 227d never seen anything like it before. I shut my eyes. [couldn't help it. A This is strange. Very strange...Be careful with the Spanish pretérito imperfecto. Sometimes it corresponds to the past simple, used to, and sometimes to the past continuous. Llevo més de treinta aftos viviendo aqui, = I've been living here for over 30 years, and it y antes no lovia tanto como ahora. Gidn’t rainas much then as it does now. NOT ...it wasn’training as much... De pequefio saliaalacalleajugarcasi_ = As achild Ilayedoutside almost every day. todos los dias. NOT Asachild Iwas playing... Estaba nevando mucho cuando salimos = It was snowing heavily when we left the del cine anoche. cinema last night, El segundo set estuvo mas igualado, pero el joven contrincante volvié a perder su saque. = The second set was more even but the young opponent his serve again. NOT ...wasdropping his serve again. £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of the narrative verbs. Don’t stress auxiliary verbs in [+] and | [2]. nH] stress the auxiliary + not (didn't, hadn't, etc.). it was coming from in front of me. I didn’t leave work. | was blinded by a bright light. I couldn't see anything. Id been working late Ihadn’t seen anything like it before, itd been raining all day. > Check the pronunciation on your STD PRONUNCIATION 3A. 3B Adverbs and adverbial phrases Adverbs and adverbial phrases in Spanish and English are similar. siempre increiblemente __= incredibly nunca aparentemente = apparently mucho obviamente obviously dos veces ala semana afortunadamente = luckily / fortunately BUT Trabajan bien. = They work(well. NOT They work good. Trabajan mucho. = They work(hard. NOT They work hardly. Habla inglés muy mal. he speaks English very NOT She speaks English very bad. Hablé muy bajo. = He spoke very@uieth, NOT He spoke very quiet. Le gusta conducir despacio. En aguellos tiempos baa Gali he likes drivingGlowly, NOT She likes driving stow. In those days I went to Galiciafrequently: con frecuencia, NOT ...with-frequency. Limpio el pescado con = She cleaned the fish Gery skillful, mucha destreza. NOT .. with much-skill, Muchas especies estan en peligro = Many species are€urrently)threatened with de extincion actualmente, extinction. NOT Many species are actually... Lo ideal serfa llegar al =([deallg)we should get to the airport before nine. aeropuerto antes de las nueve. NOT Theideatwould-be...the position of adverbs and adverb phrases. Abrié la misteriosa caja con mucho cuidado. = He opened the mysterious box@ery carefully. Porta cay ered eee eperer ee oe Le hemos visto por aqui con = We've(often seen him around here with his friends. sus amigos a menudo. NOT We've seen him around here with his friends Nunca haga nadaimportante _= I (Qeveiido anything important at night. [@lwav por la noche. Siempre lo dejo eave it to the next day. NOT Never #do anything para el dia siguiente, important at night. Alwayst leave it to the next day. Siempre conviene hacer las tareas = It’s@lway9 best to do routine tasks the same way. rutinarias del mismo modo. NOT Abwaysit’s best... Ya casi he terminado. =T'vefnearly finished. NOT Inearly-have finished. Sélo necesitamos seguir las = We{usineed to follow the instructions. NOT Just: instrucciones. swe need to follow the instructions. Nisiquiera nos dio las gracias. = He didn’t(eventhank us. NOT Notevenhe thanked us. Probablemente vendran solos. = They'II(Grobablycome alone. NOT Probably- they'll come alone. Maianano. = Not tomorrrow. NOT Fomerrow-no. ‘Todavia no. =Notyet. NOT Stilino. £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the adverbs. always /tlwerz! eventually i'vent{uali/ hardly "hazdli | basically "berstkli/ extremely tk'strizmli/ usually /juszali | Be careful with the stress in these adverbs and adverbial phrases. | always eventually probably | apparently incredibly sometimes | > Check the pronunciation on your TD, PRONUNCIATION 3B.4A Future perfect and future continuous ‘The future perfect has a similar structure in Spanish and engen Eljulio que viene habran estado en = By next July €heyMhave beemin Spain for Espana durante mas de 10 anos. over 10 years. Para cuando lleguemos, el tren ya = By the time we get there, fhe train will have habra salido. left. Con un poco de suerte, habré terminado = With a bit of luck (PIDhave finishedthe el proyecto para agosto. project by August. Estaran cansados cuando lleguen.No = They'll be tired when they arrive. They habran dormido nada durante el viaje. eon all during the journey. ANo creo que haya nadie en casa Al don’t think there'll be anybody at home ahora mismo. right now. B No? zY adondecrees que habran _-B Don’t you? And where do you think ido a estas horas de la noche? Chey have ganar this ime ofnight? The future continuous has a similar structure in Spanish and English. Dentro de unas horas estarétomando = Ina few hours’ time{ Ibe sunbathingin el sol en el Caribe. the Caribbean No voy a llamar ahora. Estarancenando. =I won't ring now (They Il be havingsupper. a Ha habido um problema técnica con el avi6n, pero estaremos embarcando dentro de diez. minutos. = There’s been a technical problem with the plane a but@e be boardingin ten minutes. zHabraalguienesperandome _= Will there be anybody waiting for me én el aeropuerto? atthe airport? BUT. Estaran viendo el partido ahora. _=hey're probably watchingthe game right now. In English we sometimes use future continuous to talk about plans or intentions, but here Spanish uses future simple. Vendras a mi fiesta de cumpleatios? = Will yoube coming)to my birthday part Cuando estés en Nueva York, = When you're in New York, will Seles ate quedards en casa dealgiin amigo? with friends? Veré a David la semana que Ge seeing David next week at the conference. viene en el congreso. Me imagino que estarascansado = imagine that you'llGe feelingtired if you've sillevas todo el diaconduciendo. __ been driving all day. £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the contracted forms of the auxiliary verbs in the future perfect. ‘She'll have left. /fitlav ‘left She won't have left. /fi ‘wauntav ‘left Be careful with the rhythm of the future perfect and the future continuous. They'll have finished. Won't they have finished? —_ We won't be lying on the beach. They won't have finished, We'll be lying on the beach. Won't we be lying on the beach? > Check the pronunciation on your GUM) GRAMMAR 4A. cn4B Conditionals and future time clauses (with all present and future forms) Zero and first conditionals have similar structures in Spanish and English. Zero conditional Si mezclas azuly amarillo, obtienes verde. If you mix blue and yellow, you get green. Sime acuesto tarde, no doy piecon bola = If [go to bed late, I’m hopeless the ala manana siguiente. following morning. Sino has probado el pescado crudo, = Ifyou haven't tried raw fish, you can't no puedes saber site vaa gustar. know if you're going to like it. Sino pongo las gafas, no puedo leer nada. = If I don’t wear glasses, I can't read anything, Si bebes, no conduzcas. = Ifyou drink, don’t drive. First conditional Sihace bueno mafana, iranala playa. _= If the weather’s good tomorrow, they'll go tothe beach. Sipagas en metilico, te haré un descuento. = Ifyou pay cash, I'll give youa discount. Sino hemos vuelto antes de las doce, = If we haven't come back before twelve, no nos esperes levantada. don’t wait up for us. With first conditionals remember to use a present tense in the if- clause. Sino hace demasiado calor, = If{€Jnot too hot, we can eat outside. NOT Ifiewon'e podemos comer fuera. be too hot, we can eat outside. With first conditionals remember to use a future tense or an imperative in the main clause, En cuanto termine el DVD, =(igedthe DVD to you as soon as I’ve finished it. te lo hago llegar. NOT #get the DVD to you. Sisalgo bien en la foto, mandamela. = If it's a good photo of me, it to me, With future time clauses Spanish uses a subjunctive. In English we use a present tense. En cuanto deje de lover, = As soon as itGtoparaining, I'll go out for a run. saldré a correr. NOT Assoonasit ining... ‘Cuando vengas, te recogeré = Whenfou come, I'll pick you up from the station, enlaestacion. NOT When you'ltcome. ‘Cuando el autocar vaya saliendo = When the coach(is coming off the motorway, de la autopista, lamame. ring me. NOT When the coach goes coming off... Hasta que la red ofte: cobertura fuera de las ciudades, no meinteresa, offered cover... ‘Ano ser que melo paguen, no pienso = Unless they pay me for it, I'm not going to work trabajar este fin de semana. this weekend. NOT Unless they paid. £& PRONUNCIATION ] Be careful with the pronunciation of the auxiliary verb will and won't in first conditionals. | vil fail/ itl ily ‘they'll /Serl/ won't /waunt > Check the pronunciation on your MEI) GRAMMAR 4B.5A Unreal conditions In the second conditional we use if+ past simple and would + infinitive. Sihiciera buen tiempo mafana, = Ifthe weather was | were good tomorrow, we podriamos pasar eldiaenelcampo. could spend the day in the country. Si hubiera un incendio en casa, = If there wasa fire at home, I'd save my primero salvaria mi ordenador. computer first. Sifuera més joven, tendria menos _= If [were younger, I'd have less money but dinero pero mas tiempo libre. more free time. Iria al concierto encantado si no = I'd love to go to the concert if we weren't jugaramos la final manana. playing in the final tomorrow. Siestuyiera aqui tu madre, sabria ‘como prepararlo, = If your mother was | were here, she'd know how to cookit. Remember to use a past tense in the if- clause in second conditionals. Remember NOT to use would in this clause. Siganaralaloteria, comprariauna = If I{von)the lottery, I would buy a bigger house. casa mas grande. NOT win Situvieras la oportunidad de = If you had)the chance to change a law, which one cambiar una ley, ;cudl cambiarias? — would you change? NOT woulthave Silos canales de television no =If TV channels didn'thav@commercials, tuvieran anuncios, no podrian they couldn't survive. NOT hadn't sobrevivir. 2Qué harias si vivieras en un sitio tan aislado? = What would you do if you(lived)in such an isolated place? NOT woukdive Inthe third conditional we use if + past perfect and would have + past participle. Si hubieramos ido ala estacion = If we'd gone directly to the station, we'd have directamente, los habriamos visto seen them before they left. antes de que se marcharan. Sihubieras estado pensando eno que = If you'd been thinking about what you were hacias, no habrias tenidoclaccidente. doing, you wouldn'thave had the accident. Sino hubiera sido por mientrenador, = Ifithadn't been for my coach, | wouldn't have no habria podido ganar este torneo, _beenable to win this tournament. Sino hubiera conocido asumarido, = Ifshe hadn’t met her husband, she wouldn't be no estaria viviendo en Francia ahora. living in France now. In third conditionals remember to use had + past participle after if, and would | wouldn’t have + past participle in the other clause. Sihubiera estado alli, habria apagado = If been)there, | would have switched off the latelevision. TV. NOT Fam Sino se hubiera inventado la =Ifelectricity(hadn't beeinvented, we clectricidad,no habriamos podido wouldn't have been able to develop other desarrollar otros inventos. inventions. NOT hasn'tbeen Sialgunos inventos no se hubieran = Ifsome inventions(hadn't beencreated for war, creado parala guerra, no existirian ahora. they wouldn't exist now. NOT weren't, don't Sino nos hubiera ayudado, habriamos. = [f she hadn't helped us, we Gould have hadto tenido que marcharnosde Londres. _leave London. NOT woud have Si hubieses entrenado mas, = Ifyou had trained harder, you@ould have wom) habrias ganado. NOT would-win© PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of auxiliary verbs in unreal conditions. Vd /ard/ it'd /itad/ would've /‘wudav, Vd have /'ardov/ it would've /it ‘wudav/ couldn't have /'kudntav/ she'd (fisd/ could've /"kudav/ mightn't have /‘maitntov/ she'd have /'f ixdav/ might've /maitov/ wouldn't have /wudntav/ | Be careful with the rhythm of unreal conditionals. | the weather was good, we could go to the country. \f my daughter was here, she'd know where to go. IF were you, Id wait until they IF we'd gone to the station, we'd have seen them leave. If she hadn't helped us, we'd have had to leave. \Fit hadn't been for my friends, | couldn't have won. I theyd trained harder, they might have won. > Check the pronunciation on your UG) GRAMMAR 5A. 5B Structures after wish Spanish uses a number of different structures to express the idea of wish. Aver sime escuchas cuando te hablo, =[ wish you'd listen when I'm talking to you. Me gustaria que no cantara mientras escucha masica. = [wish he wouldn't sing when he’s listening to music. jOjalé hablara inglés mejor! = Lwish I spoke better English iOjalé no hubiera ido alaconferencia! = I wish Thadn’t gone to the lecture. Siento haberte dicho eso, = I wish [hadn't said that to you. Remember to use wish + would | wouldn’t to talk about things that annoy us. jEsto esta delicioso! Ojala = This is delicious! I wwish(gou'Td) the cooking cocinaras mis a menudo more often, NOT Iwish youdo... Ojala no pusieran tantosanuncios _ = I wish they@vouldn’t pub so many adverts durante las peliculas. on during films. NOT I wish they don't put.. Remember to use wish + past simple to talk about things in the present / future. Quisiera saber la respuesta correcta. =I wish Ifnewthe right answer. NOT I wish toknow.... Me gustaria poder compartir mi suerte = [ wish I €ould)share my luck with everyone. con todo el mundo. NOT I wish lean... Remember to use wish + past perfect to talk about things we regret that happened in the past. jOjala no le hubiera conocido nunca! =I wish(dneverme}him. NOT Iwish Inever... iOjala no hubiera ido a Paris! = [wish IGdadn’t gone to Paris. NOT [wish Ididn'thavegone. Hubiera querido tener respuesta para todo, =1 wish encar al the answers, but that’s pero eso es imposible, impossible. NOT I wish Hknew...2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of phrases with wish. Iwish you'd listen to me. | wish | didn’t have to go. Iwish they'd turn the TV down. Iwish Id been able to help you. \wish | spoke better English. i wish | hadn't said that to them, > Check the pronunciation on your TP PRONUNCIATION 5B. 6A Gerunds and infinitives Be careful! Spanish normally uses verb + infinitive where English uses verb + gerund. Si puedo, evito usar el coche los fines = If possible I@void using)the car at the desemana. weekend. NOT [avoid use /touse... Elgobierno niega haber intervenido | = The government@enies monitoringemails. los correos electronicos. NOT The government denies tohave intervened... Vivo en Segovia ahora y echo de menos = live in Segovia now and Igniss being able to) poder ira la playa por la tarde. goat the beach in the afternoon. NOT I missbeableto... ‘Tengo muchas ganas de veros. =I'mlooking forward@o seeingyou. NOT Pm looking forward tose... No me importa trabajar por lanoche. =I don' Gnd warkingat night. NOT Idon’t mind-work... Me gusta leer los blogs de viajes. = I@mjoy readingtravel blogs. NOT Tenjoy read... {Te importa fregar los platos? = Would yougnind washingthe dishes? NOT Would you mind to-wash... Sometimes Spanish verb + preposition + infinitive is equivalent to verb + gerund. Los pintores necesitan otra semana _= The painters need another week to para verminar de pintar la casa, Ginish painting the house. Una parte importante demitrabajo = An important part of my jobGavolves looking) consiste en cuidar a la gente mayor. after the elderly. Si inviertes en acciones, puedes ganar = If you invest in stocks and shares you can mucho dinero, pero corres el riesgo de make alot of money, but you€un the risRof perderlo todo. (osingieverything. ‘Nuestra empresa ha gastado millones = Our company has@ illions@pdating en actualizar su sistema de the data management system. gestion de datos. Tip: write some of your own examples of common verbs followed by the gerund. This will help you to remember how to use these verbs. dejar de hacer algo = stop doing somethingRemember to use verb + infinitive with to after certain verbs. Los miembros del tratado acordaron = The members of the treaty@greed to reduce reducir los gases de efecto invernadero. greenhouse gases. NOT The members of she treaty direc... RoRedemos permitimos ellujodeir = Wecan's@fford ro g0on holiday this year. de vacaciones este ano. NOT We can'taffordgo. Preceque hay mas deunasolucion. = There@ppearstobamore than one solution. NOT There appearsthereis... Decidieron salir el jueves para = They decided croton ‘Thursday to avoid evitar lo peor del trafico. the worst of the traffic. NOT They decidedset off... Esperamos visitara nuestra sobrina = WereGopingsoviabour niece in California, en California, NOT We're hoping visit We@eed to finisBthis for tomorrow. Necesitamos terminar esto para manana, NOT We need finish this... Manana preferiria comer fuera. = l'd@refer to eat out tomorrow. NOT I'd prefereat.. Be careful with verbs that can be followed by either gerund of infinitive with to. Recuerda coger mas leche. eter see milk. NOT Remember getting. Recuerdo llegar ala cumbredel = Igemember getting to the top of Mont Blanc for Mont Blanc por primera vez. the first time. NOT Irememberto get... No olvides cerrar la puerta = Don'torget to TocR the garage door. del garaje. NOT Don't forgetlocking... Senos olvid6 apagar las luces = We(forgot to switch off the lights again. otra vez. NOT We forget switching off — Heintentado hacer los deberes de = I'veGried to dd my maths homework, but matematicas, pero no soy capaz. _justcan’t. NOT I've tried doing... Procura hacer los deberes en = (ry doing your homework as soon as you get cuanto legues a casa —luego home~ then you'll have the rest of the evening tendras el resto dela tarde libre. free. NOT ‘Try tode-yourhomework. 2Por qué no intentas enchufarlo? = Why don't youry pluggingit in? NOT Why don’t you erste plug it in? ¢Hace falta mandarlo por = Does itieed Sending by express post? | correo urgente? Does itfneedto be sendby express post? NOT Doesit needsend} needto-send...? Necesito mandar esto por = IGeedto sendthis by express post. correo urgente. NOT Ineed-sending this by express post.6B Used to, be used to, get used to Don’t use used to | didn’t use to + infinitive to refer to present habits. Voy al gimnasio dos veces ala semana. to the gym twice a week. (OT 5 Suelo irme a la cama sobre las 11.30 p.m. =( usually, gato bed around 11.30 p.m. NOT. gs No suelo comer fuera entre semana. = [don't normally eadout during the week. NOT Idon’tuseto-eat out... Remember that we can also use would + infinitive for repeated actions in the past. Cuando era estudiante en la universidad, = When I wasa university student, at the los fines de semana me quedaba levantado weekends would stay upall night. toda la noche. Antes de tener el AVE, a menudo iba = Before we got the high-speed train, I'd a Madrid en coche. often drive to Madrid. But we don’t use would for non-action verbs. Antes tenia un PC, pero ahora tengo un Mac. = Lused to have a PC but now I've got aMac. NOT Fthave ‘Cuando era estudiante, no pertenecia = [didn’t use to belong to any clubs or aning(in club niasociacion societies when I was a student. NOT Iwoutkdn’t belong. Sometimes the Spanish soler or the pretérito imperfecto correspond to used to + infinitive. Solia ir andando al trabajo. = Shetised to walBto work. Solia Hover mas en mayo que en abril. = [t@Sed to rain)more in May than in April. Soliamos ir al cine todos juntos. = We Gsed to g0to the cinema all together. Tbaa Londres cuatro o cinco veces alaio. =(Tused to gdto London four or five times a “yeas NOT Vivia en un pequeno pueblo pesquero. = used to live ina small fishing village. NOT Fwas living... Spanish acostumbrarse a algo / a hacer algo is pa to get used to (sth | doing sth) No meacostumbro atener que pagar = Ican'tg getused to having papfor food ‘on planes. Ja comida en los aviones. NOT lean'tg get used to Tivingin the ‘Tardamos un poco en acostumbrarnos = It took awhile t. avivir en el campo, pero ahora intry, but we love it now. NOT getused- nos encanta. tolive Cuando tenga mi propio piso, tendré = When 've got my own flat, I'll have to get que acostumbrarme a planchar. used to doing the ironing. NOT beused Spanish estar acostumbrado a algo / a hacer algo is similar to be used to (sth | doing sth) Estamos acostumbradosatener que (We're used (Ohaving to translate things traducir cosas para los visitantes. for visitors. NOT Wetrsedto... Estoy acostumbrado al ruido. =I'mlused}to the noise. NOT Fused...2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of used to. lused to /‘ju:st ta/ go to London. You'll soon get used to "just tuy/it, icant get used to /'ju:st ta/ paying for food on planes. Be careful with the contraction of bein be used to. I'm used to /aim ‘jurst ta/ the lack of space. He's used to /hizz ‘just ta/ driving fast. We're used to /w1a ‘jusst tuy/ it. They're used to /‘dea ‘ju:st ta’ sleeping on planes. > Check the pronunciation on your m iTutor } GRAMMAR 6B. 7A Past modals Spanish has two structures that are Debo haber dejado el reloj en la ducha. Nolo encuentro. Los vecinos deben haber vuelto. Hay luces en casa. Mihermana debia tener trece aitos cuando saqué esta foto. Me debieron tomar por loco. é similar to English must have + past participle. e terete watch in the shower. Tcan’t find it. = The neighboursaust have god back. ‘There are lights on, = My sister @aust have beemthirteen when I took this photo. ='They qmusthave thoughl was crazy. Cuando vio tantos regalos, debio pensar que estaba soniando. = When he saw so many presents ghdhe was dreaming, NOT Be careful. The opposite of must have is can’t have. No deben haber llegado todavia. No veo el coche, No puedes haber visto a Julia en el parque ayer porque estaba de viaje. Spanish has two structures that ar past participle. A Alba no contesta el movil. B Puede que lo haya dejado en casa. Lo hace todo el tiempo. = They€an't have arrivedyet. I can’t see their car. NOT ...mustn’thave arrived yet: ‘ou Gait have seen) Julia in the park yesterday because she was away. OT You mustn’thaveseen-firtia e similar to English may | might | could have + A Alba’s not answering her mobile phone. B Shemight have lefdit at home. She does that all the time, Puede que hayan tenido una lave maestra. No han forzado la cerradura. = They qnight have hada master key. The lock hasn't been forced Sino puedes entrar en la ps tecleado mal la primera vez. A Ya deberian estar aqui. BEI mal tiempo podria haber retrasad. suvuelo. 1a, vuelve a teclear la contrasena. Puede que la hayas = If you haven’t been able to login, retype your password. You right ave misty bedhit the first time. A They should be here by now. B The bad weather ould have delayed, their flight, loSpanish has several structures that are similar to English should have + past participle. Esta recesi6n estaba cantada. = This recession was on the cards. Deberiamos haberla visto venir. WeGhould have seeipit coming. Recibieron el libro demasiado tarde. = They received the book too late. They ‘Tenian que haberlo mandado por mensajero. Gace: by courier. He empezado a hacer footing y me = I've started jogging and I feel much better. encuentro mucho mejor. Deberia haberlo. ighould ave domsit years ago. hecho hace mucho tiempo. Me duele mucho el estomago. No tenia = My stomach really hurts. [ (qoieisseannt ertige al aeeery gioig eFaveeateniio Pcie the wedding, [© PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of past modals. must /mast) must've /mast av/ mightn’t have /‘martnt ov/ might /ma might've /‘mait ov/ couldn't have /"kudnt av/ could /kud/ should've /Jud ow/ shouldn't have /‘fudnt av/ should (fd/ can't have /"ka:nt av/ Be careful with the rhythm of past modals. Imust have left it at home. I couldn't have left it at home |can't have leftiit athome. | shouls have left it at home. might have left it at home. | shouldn't have left it at home. > Check the pronunciation on your 4M GRAMMAR 7A. 7B Verbs of the senses Remember to use an adjective after look, feel, etc. Parece francés. = He looks French. Estos zapatos no me resultan cémodos. _ = These shoes don’t feel€omfortable, BUT El café recién hecho huele bien. Freshly-made coffee smell: NOT Freshly-made coffee smells well. Don’t confuse like and as. Julia se parece a su madre. = Julia looks(ikelher mother. NOT Julia looks as her mother. Sabea queso. it tastes(ikacheese. NOT It tastes as cheese. Tiene el tacto de esponja. = It feels{ikesponge. NOT It feels as sponge. Be careful with expressions with as if. Parece que van llegar tarde. = Itlooks 4s ifjthey’re going to be late. NOT Iclooks that they're going to be late. Sonaba como si pasara un tren it sounded @sifja train was coming through the por lacasa. house. NOT It sounded asa train... Parecia que no llegariamos = It felt@sifwe would never get home. a casa nunca. NOT Ic felt likeif we would never get home.£ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the linking with as if. It looks as jf jt's going to rain. It sounded(ag if a train was coming through the house. He looked_ag jf he'd run a marathon. You look 33 ff you could do with a drink, They looked_as jf they'd been in a battle. > Check the pronunciation on your SD GRAMMAR 7B. 8A Passive (all forms); it is said that..., he is thought to..., etc. Remember to use the passive to talk about an action when you are not interested in who or what does | did the action. 's being repaired) No te puedo recoger. Me estan = [can't pick you up. My ca reparando el coche. Estamos muy decepcionados. Nonos = We're very disappointed. Our research grant han renovado la beca de investigacion. A Bethan le han dado un premio = Bethanfs been)given an award for her work. por su trabajo. Be careful with the word order with the passive. Se publicé el libro en Espana en 2009. Check the pronunciation on your ret GRAMMAR BA. 8B Reporting verbs Some reporting verbsin English are followed by to + infinitive, similar to Spanish. Se ofreci6 a ayudar a David con = She@ffered to help David with the accounts. lacontabilidad. NOT She offered-help David... Nos negamos air sino nos = We refused0 gdjif they didn’t pay for our flights. pagaban el vuelo. NOT refasedustogo El presidente amenaz6 = The president threatened €o resign) NOT The con dimitir. president threatened withresigning, Me amenazé con llamar a la policia si aparcaba delante de su casa de nuevo. je €hreatened to calbthe police if | parked in front of his ouse again. NOT He threatened me to call the police.. Prometieron que no dirian = They Gromised not to telhanybody. NOT They nadaanadie. promised that they didn’t tell anybody. Acordamos no decir nada = We agreed fot to telbanybody. NOT We agreed anadie. tonot tell anybody. Other reporting verbs that use the + person + to + inf are expressed with que + subjunctive in Spanish. Leaconsejamos que buscara = We@dvised hin)to find a good lawyer. un buen abogado. NOT We advised te-him to find a good lawyer. Pidio a sus amigos que = She asked her friends({o. com@to the barbecue. NOT viniesen ala barbacoa. She asked her friends tharthey- come to the barbeque. Convenciamicuiadode que =I persuaded my brother-in-law(fo dda marathon, hiciera un maratén conmigo. _ withme. NOT [ persuaded my brother-in-law- itive pattern in English thathedid a marathon with me. Me avisaron que no comprara_ = They warned me(fiot to buyanything by phone. nada por teléfono. NOT They warned me that not buy anything by phone Be careful with reporting verbs that use the + -ing form pattern. Pidi6 disculpas por haber = He apologised for having arrived so late. Hegado tan tarde. NOT He apologised for te-have arrived so late. ‘A pesar de la crisis, insistieron = Despite the crisis, they insisted(on)flying business en volar en ‘business’ class. NOT Despite the crisis, they insisted in... El tiempo empeoraba por = The weather was getting steadily worse so I minutos, asi que propuse que Guggested waiting until it improved. NOT ...1 esperaramos hasta que mejorara. suggested that we were waiting until itimproyed. Lament6 no poder ir ala fiesta. = She regretted@ot being able to gto the party. NOT She regretted noteorkgo to the party.Spanish que + clause is the same as English that + clause. Admitieron que nuestro equipo They admitted that our team had been better. habia sido superior. Me dijo que terminaria de = He told me that he'd finish painting the pintar la cocina para el viernes. kitchen by Friday. BUT Me han sugerido que escriba algo = They’ve suggested that I(writésomething about sobre mi aventura. my adventure. NOT They've suggested that | wrote something about my adventure. Nos dijo que no debiamos salir = He told us that weGhouldn’t go out of the hotel. del hotel durante las manifestaciones. during the demonstrations. 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the past tense of reporting verbs. At Ads laf asked admitted Most other reporting verbs convinced insisted promised invited persuaded recommended regretted reminded suggested | | Be careful with the linking of reporting verbs and that. | They admitted that /od'mitid dat/ we were better. | They promised that /promist dat/ he'd finish by Friday. | They've suggested that /sa'dgestid dat/ Iwrite about it, | imeonvinced that /kon'vinst dat/ wei win | We agreed that /o'grizd dat/ they etter. > Check the pronunciation on your SD PRONUNCIATION 8B. 9A Clauses of contrast and purpose Clauses of contrast with although, though, and even though are simila Spanish and English. Aunque llevan aiios viviendo en. = (Although they’ve lived in London for years, Londres, vuelven a Sevillaa menudo. they often go back to Seville. Aungue el hotel no estaba lejos dela =(Even thoughthe hotel wasn't far from the estaci6n, cogimos un taxi. station, we took a taxi. Espafia me encanta, aunque hecho _= [love Spain (though miss English beer. de menos la cerveza inglesa. Remember to use verb + ing, not the infinitive, ora noun or clause after inspite of and despite. A pesar de llegar de madrugada, ~Desplcarrivmpin the early hours of the no querfan irse ala cama. morning, they didn't want to go to bed. ‘Comimos fuera a pesar del viento. = We ate outside(in spite of the wind,BUT A pesar de ser joven, le gusta he is very keen on opera. mucho la opera. NOT Despite heis young, he is very keen on opera. A pesar desu fama como actriz, (Despite her fam@as an actor, she’s a very shy es una persona muy timida. person. NOT Despite of her fame as an actor... A pesar de estar muy cansados, = In spite offbeingivery tired, they kept on working. siguieron trabajando. NOT Inspite of they-were very tired... There are many different ways of expressing para + infinitive in English. Fuimosalinstituto parahablar = We went to the school@@speakto Niki's tutor. con el tutor de Niki. Nos tiene quedarsuntimerode = You have to give us your bank account number cuenta bancaria para cobrar la beca. Gnorder to [so astOreceive the grant. Abriuna cuenta de Facebook para. = opened a Facebook account§0 that Tcouldsee poder ver qué hacian misamigos. — what my friends were up to. Llevamos una pequenatienda _ = We took a small tent@o as not have to use the para no tener que usar los mountain refuges. refugios de montana ‘Todoelmundolo pas6bienen _= Everyone had a good time at the barbecue la barbacoa a pesar del mal tiempo. Para + nounis for in English, para + verb is when youre explaining what a thing is for, but all other uses of para + verb are translated by to, in order to, etc. Me voy al extranjero de vacaciones. = I'm going abroad foma holiday. Elaceite de oliva se usa para cocinar. = You use olive oil fo} cooking. A Por quéte fuistea Estados Unidos? A Why did you go to the USA? B Para estudiar ingles. Bo studpEnglish. NOT Forstudying English. A Por qué fuisteis a Valencia? A Why did you go to Valencia? B Para ver las Fallas. BUosedthe Fallas. NOT Fortosee the Pallas. Fuialbanco a hablar con el duefio. =I went to the bank fo speato the owner. NOT I went to the bank forspeak to the owner. Se alojaron en el hotel del They stayed in the airport hotekin order to be ablet aeropuerto para poder coger el to catch the first flight. NOT They stayed in the primer vuelo. airport hotel itrorderto-ean catch the first flight. Pongalla pantalla del ordenador a= Put the computer screen at the right height laaltura adecuada paranoforzar — 60asnottd)strain your neck. elcuello. NOT fornottestrain Nos quedamos en casa de unos We stayed with friends so that we@ouldn't spend amigos para no gastar demasiado too much on accommodation. enalojamiento. NOT fortenot spend Le dije que lo habia pasado bien told her I enjoyed the party so as(iot to upset he, enlafiesta parano disgustarla. NOT ...so.as she wouldn't be upset. £ PRONUNCIATION | Be careful with the stress of adverbs and adverb phrases for contrast and purpose. although despite Be careful with the rhythm and linking in adverb phrases for contrast and purpose. despite the fact that /di'spait da faekt dat/ in order not to /in ‘oda not ta/ in spite of /in spatt av/ 80 aS not to /'sou az not tal in order to /tn ‘ado ta’ | > Check the pronunciation on your AD GRAMMAR 9A.9B Uncountable and plural nouns. Many nouns are uncountable in pee and English. Eltiempo es cada vez mas =(The weathedis getting less and less predictable. impredecible. Elpaisajeenelnorte de Espana “(he scenerpin the north of Spain is es sorprendentemente alpino. surprisingly alpine. Hay que procurar generar menos = We have to try to produce lessfubbish basura. Lomésimportanteenlavida = The most important thing in life is to have es tener buena salud. good| Some nounsare countable in Spanish but uncountable in English. Necesito un consejo. = Ineed@ome advice, NOT I need ar-advice. El guia nos dio buenos consejos. = The guide gave us Good advica NOT The guide gaveus Escucha. Tengo una noticia = Listen. I've got@ome interesting new® to tell you. interesante que darte. NOT Listen. I've got an-interesting new to tell you. Las noticias sobre las inundaciones _=(The new9of the flooding fsvery worrying. son muy preocupantes. NOT The news...are very worrying La noticia de la dimision del =(he new9 about the president's resignation went presidente dio la vuelta al mundo. round the world. NOT The new about... Hemoscompradounmueble = We've bought a lovely piece of furniture for muy bonito paralasalade estar. the living room, Entre semana suelo desayunar = On weekdays [ usually have a couple of un par de tostadas. for breakfast. NOT toasts A {Qué mueble mas bonito! A What@ beautiful piece of furniture! NOT abeautiful furniture B {Te gusta? Yo prefiero los B Doyou like it? | prefer less ornate muebles menos recargados. NOT furnitures Tip: don’t try to learn if each English noun is countable or uncountable. Instead, make a list of those nouns that are countable in Spanish but uncountable in English. Some nouns can be countable or uncountable but the meaning changes. laluz =light elespacio = space una luz =alight unespacio = aspace BUT. El vidrio es muy facil de reciclar. =(Glasgis very easy to recycle. Prefiero tomar los refrescos prefer to drink soft drinks from@ glass, enunvaso. Muchas cosas cotidianas se = Many everyday things are made from{fron) hacen con hierro. @Tienesuna plancha? Estacamisa = Have you got(an iron? This shirtis all creased. esti toda arrugada. Ahorrar papel significa salvar arboles. = Saving Paped means saving trees. Voy a buscar un / el periddico. =I'm going to get@] the paperMe puedes darunpapelpara__ = Can you give me@piece of papepto write down apuntar los nimeros de laloteria? the lottery numbers? Eltiempo es oro. =(Timjis money. Era una época en la que no Itwas affim@when we didn’t have much money. teniamos mucho dinero. Some plural nouns are different in Spanish and English. un pantalon pair of trousers un pantalén corto = shorts / short trousers estepantalon = these trousers las tijeras he scissors mis pantalones = my trousers laropa = clothes You can use singular or plural verbs with most collective nouns, except police, which needsa plural verb. La tripulacion cuida todos y. = The crew@ake)care of each and every detail. cada uno de los detalles OR The crew! are of each and every detail. ‘The police@ravital in modern democratic societies. NOT ‘Fhe police is vital in modern democratic societies. eLa policia necesita una {Do the polic@need a warrant to search a orden judicial para house in your country? NOT Boesthe police need registrar unacasaentu pais? a warrant to search a house in your country? 10A Quantifiers: all / every, etc. Be careful with all, everybody, most, ete. Spanish Meaning __| English ‘Toda persona tiene derecho GENERAL | @llpeople have the right to ala educacion. education. Todo elmundo tiene derecho \ Everybody hasthe right to alaeducacién. education. Todas las personas eneste grupo | SPECIFIC _|AII(oF)the peoplBin this group tienen una beca de estudio. havela study grant. Gverybodyin this groupthaga study grant. La mayoria de los estudiantes no | GENERAL |(Most studentddon’t have a grant. tienen una beca. Lamayoria de losestudiantesen | SPECIFIC |(Most of the student®in this group este grupo no tienen una beca. don’t have a grant. Esunexamenimportante para | ALLOFA | It’s an important exam for todos (vosotros). GROUP Paralamayoria(devosotros), | PART OFA | For most of you, it isn’t going to be novaaserunexamendificil. [GROUP _| adifficult exam. Cada habitacion tiene televisory | ALLOF A |(Everyroomhasa TV and minibar. minibar. GROUP, Todas las habitaciones tienen televisor y minibar, ‘Me gusta toda la mtisica. like@Mmusic. NOT Hike aitthe music. Me gusta todo tipo de comida. like@IKind3of food. NOT Ilike altkind of food. Todo el mundo cree que estoy loco. =(Everybody thinks I'm crazy. NOT Alithe people thinks I'm crazy.Todo esta listo parael concierto. _ =(Everything)is ready for the concert. NOT All... Lamayoria dela gente quiere una =(Most peopl want a life without too many vida sin demasiadas complicaciones. complications. NOT Themost of the people. OR Mostof people... OR Fhe most people... Todos en este grupo =Gverybodgin this group needs help. NOT “Att necesitan ayuda. people in this group need help. Trabajo todos los dias salvo = parecer Sunday. NOT Iwork att eldomingo. s except Sunday. Elsabado que viene tengo que _= I've got to work lI day)next Saturday. NOT I've trabajar todo el dia. got to work allthe-day next Saturday. Eldinero no lo es todo. = Money isn’t@verything: NOT Money isn’t alt. Be careful! Use a + verb with no and none but a - verb with any to say zero quantity. éTienes dinero? = Have you NOT Have you got money? No tengo dinero. haven't got@nyjmoney. OR I’ve got(ad)money. NOT Ihaven’t gotne money. OR I havenot money. A Queda vino blanco? Als there any white wine left? BNo, nada. NOT nothing A Apenas queda comida. AThere’s hardly any food left. B Note preocupes. Ningungo de nosotros _B Don't worry. None of uis hungry. tiene hambre. Puedes venir el dia que quieras. = You can come@ny day you wand Esun marat6n popular. Puede = It's a fun run. Anyonojcan take part. participar cualquiera, Be careful with both, neither, nor. ‘Tanto mi hermano como mi Goth)my brother @ndmy sister were born hermana nacieron en Edimburgo. Edinburgh. Nimis padres nimis hermanos _=(Weithe2my parents yy brothers live in viven en Escocia ahora. Scotland now. Podemos ir a Madrid en tren. = We can go to Madrid GitheMby train Grjby coach, obien en autocar. El presidente y su ayudante = The president and his aide(bothllooked worried. parecian preocupados los dos. Aninguno de los dos nos = (Neither of ugis interested in team sports. interesan los deportes de equipo. | £ PRONUNCIATION |” Be careful with the pronunciation of these quantifiers. | both foave) none /nan/ ar /non/ neither /nardaV ar /nizdav most /moust! either /aida/ or /i:da/ Be careful with the stress with these quantifiers. | anybody anything everybody everything body > Check the pronunciation on your UMP GRAMMAR 10A.10B Use and non-use of articles Spanish and English use articles in the same way to talk about something / somebody for the first time, or to say what something | somebody is. Acabo de comprarme un coche. —_ =I’ve just bought{a)car. It’s{asmall sports car. Es un pequeno deportivo. Spanish and English use the when it’s clear what something | somebody is. A gMe pasas el aceite, por favor? A Can you pass mefthd)olive oil, please? B ,Quieres el vinagre también? B Do you want(thdvinegar, too? Elteatro es uno de los edificios mas _=(Theltheatre is one of the oldest buildings antiguos de la ciudad. inthe city. Estdn recaudando fondos para = They're collecting money to repair reparar la iglesia del pueblo. ieelarcnin our village. Remember not to use an article to speak in general with plural and uncountable nouns. Las naranjas son mas baratas en =@rangedare cheaper in Valencia than in the Valencia queenelnortede Espana. north of Spain. NOT Fhe orangesare... Elturismo genera muchos puestos =(ourism)creates a lot of jobs in Spain. de trabajo en Espaiia. NOT Thetourism-ereates La gente normal quiere vivir en paz. =Ordinary people want to live in peace. NOT Las ciudades espafiolas sonmas —__ =Gpanish citieare more compact than those in compactas que las de Gran Bretana. Britain. NOT Fhe Spanish... Be careful with articles in fixed expressions to do with place, time, and movement like at home, at work, to bed, next week, etc. a | ¢Me puedes llamar mas tarde? Estoy en clea Seema a = Can you ring me later? 'm@t work) right now. NOT I'matthe work right now. Nose encontraba bien, asiquese fue = He didn’t feel well so he went alacama. NOT ...he went tothe bed. Me voy a Croacia la semana que viene. _ = I’m going to Croatiafnext weeR) NOT ...thenextweek. Hizoun Lanes muy veraniego la = The weather was really summery ast week) semana pasada. NOT ...thelastweek: Don't use an article when you speak about institutions if you're talking about the purpose itis used for. En algunos paises las mujeres todavia = In some countries women still can't go no pueden ira la universidad. NOT ...tothe university. 2A qué edad empiezan los nifiosa_ = When do children start going schoo)in iralaescuela en Irlanda? Ireland? NOT ...totheschoolin Ireland? ‘Tenemos una amiga que es creyente, = We've got a friend who believes in God but hardly pero que apenas va ala iglesia. ever goes@o church NOT ...tethechureh. Es horrible tener que pasar las = It’s awful having to spend Christmasém hospital Navidades en el hospital. NOT ...inthehospitelBut use a or the when you're thinking about the building. Launiversidad estaalasafueras = The university is on the outskirts of town. dela ciudad. Quiero mandara mis hijosaun = [want to send my children toa good school. buen colegio. Some of the uses of articles in geographical names are the same in Spanish and English. Pertt esta en Sudamérica. = Peruis inGouth America) Elrio Duero nace en Espafia, pero (The River Dueroyrises in Spain) nGpaibut flows into desemboca en el Atlantico, en Oporto. SGhemtlantg jat Oporto) Los Pirineos separan Espaiia del =(The Pyrenee3separate Spain)from the rest resto de Europa. Estados Unidos y Canada juntos The United Stated) and(Canada)together form forman Norteamérica. (North America Lasislas Canarias se encuentran =(he Canary TslandSlie to the west of aloeste del Sahara. the Sahara. Lanzarote es famosa por sus =(Canzarotis famous for its volcanic paisajes volcanicos. landscapes. Be careful with the ones that are different. La ‘primavera drabe’ empez6en = The Arab Spring began in(North Africa) el norte de Africa. NOT The Arab Spring Cea in the North-Africa. ‘Singapur se encuentra en el = Singapore is sudeste de Asia. NOT suetboe is pene Ellago Superior es el mas grande Cakesipero the biggest of the Great Lakes. NOT Th delos Grandes Lagos. ke Superior... El Everest es la montana mas alta =(Everesdis he highest mountain in the world. del mundo. NOT Ehe Bverest. La Gran Via cruzael corazon = Gran Via)crosses the heart of Madrid. de Madrid. “GOT the Gran Vis croses, Tip: don’t cry to learn all the rules for using the with geographical names. Just learn those uses that are different from what you do in Spanish.Illnesses and injuries Spelling diarrhoea NOT diarrea Be careful with the way we describe illnesses and injuries in English. tengo tos = [have / I've gor{ajcough tengo fiebre = I’ve gor{a|temperature tengo catarro =T’ve gotfalcold me duele la cabeza = have / I've got{aheadache NOT Ihave | I’ve gor headache OR I have | I've got the headache me duele el estomago = Ihave | I've got a stomach ache me duele una muela = Ihave | I've got toothache me duelen los oidos = Ihave | I've got earache BUT me duele esta muela = this tooth hurts me duele la espalda =my back hurts me duele todo = lache@llovep NOT I hurtall/-everything se ha cortado = he’s cuthhimseli} se ha quemado = she's burnt(ficrselh se ha torcido el tobillo = he’s twisted his ankle tiene quemaduras de sol (s)he’s got SanburD) tiene el tobillo hinchado = his / her anklegs swollen) Be careful: temperature # fever tiene fiebre = he's got afemperatur NOT he’s got a fever tiene mucha fiebre = he’s gota very highfemperatur® NOT he’s got a lot of fever pressure # tension tiene la tension alta { baja = he's got high | low blood pressurd NOT he’s got high / low blood tension poisoning ¢ intoxication sufren una intoxicaci6n alimentaria = they've got food poisoning, NOT they've got food intoxication£& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these illnesses and injuries. headache Sure ‘sunburn toothache painkillers stomachache temperature vomiting Be careful with the pronunciation of the consonant sounds in these words. ache /e1k/ cyberchondriac /satba'kondrieck/ allergic /ala:dgik/ pressure /'pre| antihistamine jeenti'histamizn/ temperature /'temprot{o/ cough /kof!/ unconscious /an'kon|as! Be careful with the pronunciation of the vowel sounds in these words. blister blista/ sick sk! sunburn /'sanbsin/ dizzy Nuzi! hurts /hasts/ > Check the pronunciation of illness and injury words on your ED VOCABULARY 2A. Clothes and fashion Spelling clothes NOT cloths striped NOT stripped suede NOT swede lycra NOT tiera stylish NOT stitish Be careful: wear# dress Suele Hevar un traje gris para ir a trabajar. = He usually Wearda grey suit for work. NOT He usually dresses a grey suit for work. Los espafioles se visten bastante spanish people @ress)quite smartly for a elegantes para una boda. wedding. NOT Spanish people wear quite smartly for a wedding. stylish ¢ stylishly Tengo amigos que visten con mucho estilo. Llevaba un vestido con mucho estilo. ’ve got friends who dress very Stylishly) She was wearing a very Gtylish)dress. Be careful with go with, match and suit. Esa blusa ira bien con tu falda nueva. = That top will Go well withyour new skirt. Esa blusa hace juego con tu falda. = That top(matcheSyour skirt. NOT That top matches with your skirt. Esa blusa te sientamuy bien. = That top really@uitSyou, Be careful with the noun fashion and the adjective fashionable. Estas botas estén muy demoda. _ = These boots are really fashionabl®} really NOT These boots are really fashion. Lleva ropa muy ala moda. = She wears very ashionabldclothes. NOT She wears yery fashion clothes.£& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with these groups of consonants with ‘s’. scarves /skarvz/ sleeveless /'slizvlos/ striped /straipt/ —_ suede /swerd/ skirts /skaxts/ spotted /'spntid/ stylish /starlif/ swimsuit //swimsuzt/ Remember to pronounce the -ed ending correctly in these words. Al fa) Ad! checked fashioned hooded dressed patterned spotted striped sleeved Be careful with the pronunciation of ‘v. V-neck /visnek/ velvet velvit/ sleeveless /sli:vios/ vest /vest/ sleeved /slisvd/ )> Check the pronunciation of clothes and fashion words on your VOCABULARY 28. Air travel The Spanish noun viaje has different meanings in English, viaje de estudios = study(ip viaje de negocios = business(trip) viaje de novios =(oneymoon jBuen viaje! = Have a good(rip! un viaje largo =along(ourney) el viaje dura unas cinco horas = theGourneytakes about five hours A 2Qué tal el viajea Francfort? = A How was the(tripto Frankfurt? Did they sign @Firmaron el contrato? the contract? B Si, siquelofirmaron.Enese = B Yes, they did. In that respect, it was a really sentido fue un viaje muy util. Pero Seerikish But the returngourney was awful. lavueltafue horrible, Llegamos We arrived six hours late. con seis horas de retraso. Don't confuse travel and trip. Acabamos de volver de Cuba. = We've just got back from Cuba. What a ‘Vaya viaje mas fabuloso! fabuloustrip! NOT Whata fabulous travel! Viajo bastante. Normalmente son viajes = [Gravel quite a lot. They're normally business de negocios, pero de vez en cuando rips| but from time to time I go on voy de viaje con mi familia. with my family. £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the letter gin these words. baggage "begids/ goods /gudz) long /ton flights /flauts! illegal Alizgl/ tounge /laonds; gate /gert/ lag eg! luggage /"lagid3/ Be careful with the pronunciation of these words. aisle fatl/ objects /abidgekts/ turbulence /ta:bjulons iquids /Inkwidz! prohibited /pro'hibutid: Try to link the parts of these phrasal verbs. checked jn online. The plane took off late... When! got off. As soon a8! got_pn. I filed jn a form For. was picking up. > Check the pronunciation of air travel words on your UM VOCABULARY 3A.Adverbs and adverbial phrases Be careful with these adverbs and adverbial phrases. Puedes hablar mas alto? Apenas te oigo. d ig =Canyou poeta dies Gardens weak ‘Trabajo mucho, pero me = Iwork(fard) but [like what! do. NOT Iwork hardly, gusta lo que hago. but like what I do. Ultimamentelascosashan _='Things have been getting better{avel) NOT ido mejorando. Ultimately, things have been getting better. Prefiero responder a las. = prefer to answer meni ecteeudcd my talk preguntasalfinaldelacharla. NOT’ ...at the final of my talk. Al final, dijeron quetenfamos =({n the end) they said we were right and that the razon y que la camara camera had a fault. tenia un defecto. Hoy en dia, el trabajo en = Nowadays, teamwork is @speciallimportant. equipo es especialmente NOT Nowadays, teamwork is specially important importante. Solo se permite fumarenlas = Smoking is only allowed in@pectalldedicated areas. zonas expresamente designadas. Parece bastante normal, pero = She looks pretty normal but she's@ctually) en realidad es una aborn competitor. competidora nata. Trabaja en Arabia Saudi = He’s working in Saudi Arabia@t the momend actualmente. NOT He's working in Saudi Arabia;actuatlly. Ahora mismo vivenconlos _ =@tthe momentthey’re living with her parents, padres de ella, pero estan but they're looking for a flat of their own. buscando un piso propio. Casi estamos en casa. = We'reftearlhome. (nearjthe station? Be careful with these comment adverbs. Nos dijeron que nos ibaacostar = They said we'd find it difficult to get a job, but F éEstamos cerca de laestacion? = Are wi encontrar trabajo, pero en in facDit’s been quite easy, NOT ...butinreality realidad ha sido bastante facil. it's been quite easy. Fue un viaje dificil, peroal final = It was a difficult journey but@ventuallpthey got Hegaron a casa cansados pero home tired but happy. contentos. Lo ideal seria que todoel mundo =: asa minimum everyone would fuera bilingue como minimo. be bilingual. -y mi jefe me est volviendo loca. Pero bueno, no estamos aqui para hablar del trabajo, verdad?! Entonces, gtus hijos que tal estan? and my boss is driving me mad as usual. Bega we didn't come here to talk about work, did we? So, how are the kids? Ha sido una crisis muy larga, pero = It’s been a very long crisis, but we're y ; y long poco poco estamos saliendo deella. coming out of it.Try to organize them into different categories. Type 1: they’re like the Spanish adverb or adverbial phrase and have the same meaning. Llegamos pasada la medianoche, asi que obviamente estaba todo cerrado. = We arrived after midnight so@bviously everything was closed. ‘Type 2: they're like the Spanish adverb but have a different meaning. Sabea carne, pero en realidad es pescado. NOT Sabe a carne, pero actualmente es pescado. = It tastes of meat, burgetaallpi’s fish. ‘Type 3: they're not like the Spanish adverbs. Tengo un buen nivel de francés, pero@pena§s¢ decir mi nombre en aleman. = I'm good at French but I can hardly say my name in German. Tip: even the best dictionaries cannot include all of the translations of comment adverbs like in fact or anyway. Collect examples of these adverbs to help you learn how to use them. & PRONUNCIATION | Be careful with the pronunciation of these adverbs. actually /‘ektfuoli/ Bradually "greedzuoli/ specially ‘spefoli/ hardly “hazdli/ eventually A'ventfuali/ basically “bersikli/ hard /hazd/ ideally /ar'drali, > Check the pronunciation of adverbs and adverbial phrases on your {BTID vocaButary 3B. Weather Spelling blizzard NOT blizar¢ hurricane NOT hurricane pouring NOT poring Notice the way we talk about the weather in Spanish and English. hace un calor espantoso t's boiling hace un tiempo agradable t's warm no hace frio it’s mild hace fresco it’s cool est desagradablemente fresco = it's chilly una manana gélida freezing (cold) morning est4 loviznando it’s drizzling esta diluviando =it’s pouring (with rain) unrayo unrelampago neblina niebla una niebla espesa ites.£ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the vowel sounds in these weather words. blizzard /blizad/ lightning /lartnay/ flood /flad/ chilly "tfili/ cool /ku drought draut/ mild /marld/ monsoon /mon'suzn/ pouring "poxrny/ > Check the pronunciation of weather words on your. SD VOCABULARY 4A. Feelings Spelling desperate NOT desesperate devastated NOT devestated disappointed NOT dissapointed or dissappointed grateful NOT greatful overwhelmed NOT everwelmed shocked | stunned Nos quedamos muy sorprendidos = We were@hockedwhen we saw how much the al yer cuanto nosiba a costar repair was going to cost. lareparacion. Lanoticia de su muerte los = They were@tunned by the news of his death. dejé at6nitos. Don't confuse upset and disgusted Estaban muy disgustados con. ='They were really(@psed by the news. NOT They were lanoticia. peciieeereredt ene) La gente esta indignada por la _ = People Sra is usted ic the corruption among corrupcion entre algunos some politicians. politicos. £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of these groups of consonants. scaredstiff/skead stif/ gobsmacked/"gobsmackt/ Be careful with the vowel sounds in these adjectives. astonished /s'stonift/ gutted /gatid/ nervous *natvas! shocked /fokt/ stunned /stand/ proud /praud: > Check the pronunciation of feelings words on your x iTutor } VOCABULARY 5A. Verbs often confused Tip: with confusing pairs of verbs ery to find a different Spanish verb to highlight the meaning of each English verb. For example: argue | discuss No hacen mas que discutir sobre = They do nothing but@rgue abou whose fault itis. quign tiene la culpa. Me gusta tu idea, pero la tendré que = I like your idea but I'll need to@iscusgit with consultar con mis socios. my business partners.avoid | prevent Intento evitar usar el coche para deplazamientos cortos. No podemas hacer nada para impedir que el rumor se extienda expect | wait A :Qué tal el examen? B Ms facil de lo que esperaba look | seem A clistas bien? B Si, estoy bien. Un poco cansado. AEs que no tienes buen aspecto. 2Cémo ser la mujer del presidente? Parece agradable. notice | realize A Te has fijado en que llevo corbata? B Si, lo viinmediatamente. Te queda bien. No nos dimos cuenta de lo tarde que era remember | remind A Acuérdate de comprar algo para el cumpleaiios de Alba, B Vale, pero recuérdame que lo haga manana, Hoy no puedo hacerlo. refuse | deny Se han negado a colaborar con la policia. Lo niegan todo, wish | hope Ojala supiera cocinar! Esperemos que Europa salga de la crisis mas pronto que tarde. = Ttry to@voidusing the car for short journeys. = There's nothing we can do tofrevendthe rumour from spreading. A How was your exam? B Easier than I €xpected, Espere aqui, por favor. El doctor Je atenderd en cuanto pueda here, please. The doctor will see you as soon as he can, A Are you OK? B Yes, I'm fine. A bit tired. A t's just that you don’t@ook well = What do you think the president’s wife will be like? SheGeemsnice. A Have you noticed I'm wearing a tie? B Yes, Imoticedit straight away, It suits you. We didn’t(realiz@how late it was. AQemembedto buy something for Alba's birthday. B OK, butGemind mato do it tomorrow. Ican't doit today. ‘They’ ve@efused to cooperate with the police. hey@enyjeverything. = I@ish)I knew how to cook! = Let’shope)Europe comes out of the crisis sooner rather than later.The body English generally refers to whose parts of the body we're talking about by using the possessive pronoun, morderse las uitas sonarse la nariz cepillarse los dientes cruzar los brazos fruncir el ceno peinarse ite(YouRnails NOT bite the nails nose NOT blow the nose brushGouteeth NOT brush the teeth, ross(youarms NOT cross the arms rown NOT frown. 5 = brush / comb{fouphair NOT brush j comb the hair Be careful with these verbs and verb phrases. Se abrazaron = They hugged@ach othes, NOT They hugged themselves They hugged each other |_| They hugged themselves Searrodillaron. = They knelt down. NOT They knelt themselves down. Seestir6 con cuidado. = She stretched carefully. NOT She stretched herself carefully. Dijeronadiéscon _= They waved goodbye. NOT They waved goodbye lamano. withyour hand, £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of these words. hair /hea! shrug ‘gl winked /winkt chew /tfuy heart /ha:t/ thighs arz/ lungs lagz. frowned /fraund/ hugged /hagd/ tough /taf/ tongue /tan/ yawned fjoind >> Check the pronunciation of body words on your @imtiti@: VOCABULARY 7B. Crime and pu Spelling hment commit NOT comit verdict NOT veredict Be careful with these crime and punishment terms, fue acusado de un delito le acusaron de robo a mano armad: pruebas condenado a (una pena de) seis meses de prision he washarged witha crime NOT charged ofacrime 1e was @ecused Of armed robbery vidence NOT evidences -Gentenced to six months in prison NOT condemned tox punishmentof six months in prisonBe careful with terms like atraco, robo, hurto, contrabando or trafico. un atraco / robo arobbery | unatraco /robo amano an armed robbery armada unatraco(deuna personaen | amugging lacalle) un atraco aun banco abank robbery alrobo theft el robo de coches car theft el robo de datos data theft elrobo en las tiendas shoplifting elhurto theft elrobo de identidad(es) identity theft elhurto (enlastiendas/los | shoplifting comercios) elcontrabandodetabaco/ _| cigarette / drug / diamond smuggling drogas | diamantes NOT cigarettes | drugs / diemronds smuggling elcontrabando de armas arms smuggling NOT arm smuggling el trafico de drogas / personas | drug / human trafficking NOT the drug / human trafficking el trafico de mujeres trafficking in women NOT thetraffie of women Don’t confuse rob and steal. Le robaron el reloj. hey @tolelhis watch. NOT They robbed his watch. Nos han robado el coche. = They’veGtolenour car. NOT They've robbed our car. Nos han robado. We've been fobbed). NOT We've been stolen. Me atracaron al salir del banco. = I was€obbedon leaving the bank. 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these words. blackmail kidnapper shoplifter hijack manslaughter terrorism witness pickpocket vandalism > Check the pronunciation of crime and punishment words on your SGTED vocasutary Ba.The media Be careful with these media words and phrases. comentarista commentator un(a) comentarista deportivo(a) =a sports commentator un(a) locutor(a) de deportes = asports commentator un(a) locutor(a) de radio / television = a radio | TV newsreader OR announcer un(a) presentador(a) = newsreader OR presenter un(a) editor(a) editor OR publisher un(a) director(a) (de un periédico) = the Editor Cartas al Director Letters to the Editor Ia prensa the press \ewspapers OR the utter press press OR celebrity magazines ajournalist la prensa amarilla Ta prensa rosa | del coraz6n un(@) periodista un(a) periodista de radio / television = a radio / TV@eportep Be careful with sensational and sensationalist. iQué noticia mas sensacional! = What aGensationab piece of news! NOT What a sensationalist piece of news! Hay periédicos que buscan las = There are newspapers that look for noticias sensacionalistas. Gensationa) news. A mucha gente hoy en dia le interesa = Many people nowadays are more interested in mas el aspecto sensacionalista de Ee eae apse of the news than the las noticia que la verdad. truth. £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these words, censorship freelance journalism newsreader commentator headlines lifestyle tabloids > Check the pronunciation of media words on your ATTEE VOCABULARY 8B.Business Spelling business NOT bussines colleague NOT college OR colleage Be careful with these business terms and expressions. convertirse en (Lider del mercado) =become (market leader) Mehan despedido | echado. = I've been sacked / fired. Me han despedido por reduccién = I've been made redundant, de plantilla. director(a) = manager fabricar manufacture fusionarse NOT fuse obtener beneficios profit NOT obtaina profit oficina central | sede ead office presidente(a) / director(a) general = the CEO sucursal tener / sufrir pérdidas ‘mak@a loss NOT have}register a loss Don’t confuse colleague and friend. Me llevo muy bien con los =I get on really well with my GTTeaguaat compaieros de trabajo, pero work but don’t see them as frien no los considero mis amigos. NOT I get on really well with my companions... Don’t confuse client and customer. La tienda estaba llena de clientes. = The shop was full of€ustomers. NOT The shop was full of clients, Algunos de nuestros mejores = Some of our best(lientghave been with us for clientes evan mas de diez anos more than ten years. NOT etistomers con nosotros, Be careful with make and do in business expressions. De repente todo el mundo quiere = Suddenly everybody wants to(dd}business with hacer negocios con China. China. NOT Suddenly everybody wants to make business with China, Algunas empresas tecnolégicas = Some technology companies(make)a lot of money hacen mucho dinero en muy inavery short time. NOT Some technology poco tiempo. companies do a lot of money ina very short time. Llegaron aun acuerdo. = They(madela deal. NOT They did a deal. & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these words. campaign colleague company product — profit. viral Be careful with these sounds. brochure /braufa/ business /biznas/ client ‘klaront/ money ‘mani manager /maenidsa’ boom /burm/ company "kamponi/ owner /'auna/ merged /ma:d3d/ boost /bu:st/ viral/‘vairali staff /st bust /bast/ >> Check the pronunciation of business words on your SEED vocasuary 9A. | TOWord building Spelling accommodate NOT acomodate / accomodate breakable NOT breakible convenience NOT conveniance dishonest NOT deshonest ignorance NOT ignorence improvement NOT improvment postgraduate NOT posgraduate unbreakable NOT unbreakible massive NOT masive Many prefixes and suffixes are similar in Spanish and English. antisocial = antisocial automatizado = automated bilingiie bilingual deshonesto = dishonest megaciudades = megacities multicultural = multicultural irrompible = unbreakable potable = drinkable de posgrado/ posgraduado = postgraduate racismo = racism vandalismo = vandalism Other prefixes and suffixes are different in Spanish and English. antibalas = bulletproof desempleo = unemployment superpoblado Jabarrotado = overcrowded subterréneo =underground Sometimes the Spanish equivalent doesn’t use a prefix or suffix. infancia ‘hildhood gobierno = government empleo mployment sin hogar jomeless interminable = endless © PRONUNCIATION | Be careful with the stress in these words. antisocial monorail subway childhood agighbourhood Be careful with these sounds. bilingual (barliggwal/ automated /'sxtomertid/ trilingual /traringwal/ multicultural malti'kaltforol/ > Check the pronunciation of words with prefixes and suffixes on your SUMED vocasuary 9B.Parts of speech Partes de la oracién verb verbo noun sustantivo adjective adjetivo adverb adverbio preposition preposicion subject sujeto object objeto pronoun pronombre possessive posesivo Nouns Sustantivos countable noun sustantivo contable uncountable noun sustantivo incontable quantifiers cuantificadores Verbs andtenses Verbos y tiempos verbales present tense presente pasttense pasado third person tercera persona present simple presente simple present continuous presente continuo pastsimple pasado simple present perfect presente perfecto future futuro finished actions acciones acabadas predictions _ predicciones ability capacidad possibility posibilidad infinitive infinitive gerund gerundio main verb verbo principal auxiliary verb verbo auxiliar past participle _participio pasado Pronunciation Pronunciacién consonant consonante vowel vocal contracted form forma contraida syllable silaba stress acento | énfasis Instructions instrucciones Remember tose... Acuérdate de usar... Don’t forget... No olvides... Lookat.... Mira (a). Be careful with... Ten cuidado con. Check... Comprueba. Don't confuse...and... No confuundas..J... Other Otros time expressions _expresiones de tiempo common expressions _expresiones comunes ending terminaci6n word order orden de las palabrasENGLISH FILE f£ best : Specially developed for speakers of Spanish, with notes, examples, and translations. Follow the links from the Grammar Bank and Vocabulary Bank. Focus on the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation that you really need Avoid common errors. Be aware of false friends. 4 Learn better pronunciation. OXFORD (amy) (SBN 978-0-19-455847-1 ‘UNIVERSITY PRESS for all your testing needs online I ww oun pen 9 "7801949558471