Slide 1: Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters by Humberto Benavides Castillo

Slide 2: Title: Filter Characteristics.

            Characteristics: 
 There are active filters (with op-amps) and passive (with R, L, C)
 Because of their function in this category, there are low-pass filters, high-
pass filters, band-pass filters, and band-reject filters.
 By order of the filter from first order to order tenth (10).
 
Slide 3: Title: Transfer function
 To determinate the behavior of the transfer functions of a filter, there are
three authors indicate the coefficients used so that the filter has certain
behavior for different orders.
 
Slide 4: Title: Butterworth Filter 
 It is one of the most basic filters designed to produce the flattest response
possible down to the cut-off frequency.
 The response concerning magnitude resembles that of an ideal filter.
 Therefore, for every 20 dB / decade increase, the phase angle increases by
45' at the WC value.
Slide 5: The response in the magnitude of the Butterworth poles is flat, where the
more stages the traditional band is smaller and more selective if the circuit is the
low pass for each pole there is an attenuation of -20 decibels per decade (dB).
The phase depends on the number of poles, where if there are more poles there is
more negative phase displacement if it has a pole is -90 °.

Slide 6: Title: Locating the Butterworth polynomials in the plane of the unit circle

 If they give us N = 4, the circuit will have eight (8) poles around the unit
circle and only those are selected for the stable ones, to implement. When
breaking down Butterworth polynomials, only positive ones are taken into
account.
 The equation defines the synthesis of the circuit. 
 In the following diagram, the poles are located already in the unit circle. The
table resets these polynomials.
 
Slide 7: Title: Normalized Low Pass Butterworth Filter Polynomials
Slide 8: The impulse response of Butterworth filters is infinite since the feedback of
the poles is stable. With a considerable number of poles or zeros, there is a
significant delay.
Slide 9: Title: Butterworth filter application

 These filters are used within the system's equipment. They are present from
the audio circuits to the analog and digital signal processing systems.
Slide 10: Title: SECOND ORDER LOW PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER

 The node method is used to find the transfer function in Laplace

 Now, we will analyze the input and output currents on node V2.
  Solve v1 from the equation.
 Equation conditions
Slide 11: 
 For node V1
 The value of V1 found with the analysis of node V2 was replaced.
 
Slide 12: 
 The formula of the common factor of R2 is applied to cancel the
denominator and the numerator
 Then the respective multiplications found in the numerator are carried out.
Slide 13:
 Then, R2 can be eliminated again from the equation by making a common
factor in the numerator and denominator.
 Note that node V2 is equal to the output voltage multiplied by the negative
feedback.
Slide 14: Now, we solve for Vout to find the transfer function in the Laplace domain
Slide 15: 
 The initial conditions of the exercise where R1 = R2 and caution is as
follows
 Consequently, the denominator, a trinomial of the form (𝑎𝑥 ^ 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐), to
get a to be equal to 1, we have to divide the entire equation over a.

Slide 16: 
 Cut-off frequency
 Gain
 Based on the values in the table, the value of (b) is equal to 1.414:
 Based on the values in the table, the value of (a) is as follows:
Slide 17: Simulation at Multisim
Slide 18:
 The transition from the cut-off frequency is abrupt, but in the passband, we
have a ripple.
 It will be restricted to those applications in which the frequency content is
more important than the magnitude.
 The ripple factor must be between 0 and 1.

Slide 19: Title: Response in amplitude

 When this filter has more stages, the traditional wave is more selective but
has more ripple. The attenuation has a slope of -20dB for each pole.
Concerning the phrase, it is the same as the previous filter.

Slide 21: Title: Chebyshev Filter I

It features rippling in the passband and a monotonous drop in the rejection band,
maximizing its slope.
Slide 22: Title: Chebyshev II filter
 It ripples in the rejected band and behaves linearly in the passband.
Slide 23: Exercise
Slide 24: References