used to refer to an action ard He, She, It OBJECTIVE mutually performed by two You 7 or more people. pea POSSESSIVE Father and son respect each other. NOMINATIVE each other He one another FEMALE myself —> ourselves she yourself —> yourselves NEUTER It himself, herself > themselves itself used to add information It points back toa noun near the beginning of a used to begin \ a direct or used indirect simply to TYPES OF question add emphasis 7 ‘oavain PRONOUNS wise or pronoun Maita herclf cleaned the room. is his name? Joel himself cooked dinner. Whose pen is this? used to begin that That isa colorful painting, Azure Brelste that Te building that stood cee on a hill was destroyed. . Sean the which The shirt, which had this an ugly stain, was stolen. The writer who penned this book, is my aunt. The policeman whom the President commended is, my cousin, used to point cout nouns used to refer these | Ss to persons, places % or things without Md specifying which ones “A ire Those are too sweet. whose Someone has arrived. SorP My neighbor, whose dog SINGULAR (5) all none was stolen, went to the another everyone nobody someone | [PLURAL(PI]| 3 Tone police station, amibody everything noone something || both || Trare much |some ofthe brea! has been eaten, anyone everybody nothing few aot - anything. litle one mary [Some of the players are from the province. each much other others Both are talented students. FIGURE NO. 4 either neither — somebody several_|iiany have watched the m: 7TYPES OF PRONOUNS A pronoun is a noun substitute. It is used in place of a noun. The antecedent is the noun for which a pronoun stands. Examples: The town mayor said that he would run after the criminals Theodore explained that he was taking a bath when the fire broke out. In the first sentence above, mayor is the antecedent of the pronoun he. In th sentence, Theodore is the antecedent of he. There are eight types of pronouns: (1) Personal, (2) Interrogative, (3) Relative, (4) Ind (5) Demonstrative, (6) Reflexive, (7) Intensive and (8) Reciprocal. For easy recall, w use the acronym, PIRIDRIR. Personal pronouns refer mainly to persons or people. They can also refer to things when spoken about. They are classified according to person, case and gende The person speaking -|, we The person spoken to - you The person spoken about — he, she, it, they (Refer to Figure No. 5 for the study of the different cases of pronouns.) Interrogative pronouns are used to begin a direct or indirect question. The five interrogate pronouns are what, which, who, whom and whose. Examples: What is your intention? (Direct Question) | asked him what his intention was. (Indirect Question—not punctuated with a question mark) Which among these bays is yours? (Which question) Who will be the next Chairman of the Board? (Who question, used as subject) Whom did you see at the cafe? (Whom question, used as object of the verb see) Whose clothes are these? (Whose question—used to ask ownership)A Relative pronoun is used to begin a subordinate clause (refer to Fi i a to Figure No. 16 fc study of Clauses) and relate it to another idea in the sentence ens NO 16 for the The relative pronouns are that, which, who, whom and whose. Examples: The building that stood on the hill collapsed. (That clause, describing the subject building) ° The shirt, which has an embossed design, is expensive. (Which clause) The author who penned this bestseller is my aunt. (Who clause) The policeman whom the President commended is my cousin. (Whom) My neighbor, whose pet dog was stolen, went to the police station. (Whose) Take note that in the examples above, each relative pronoun acts as subject in the subordinate clause which in turn modifies or describes the noun(s) acting as the subject of the entire sentence. Uses of Who/Whoever and Whom/Whomever In order to choose the correct pronoun (who or whom), we need to determine how it is used in a sentence. Who (or whoever) is used as subject of the verb or predicate nominative. Whom (or whomever) is used as object, whether as direct object, object of the preposition or object of the verbals infinitive and gerund. (Refer to Figure No. 13 on study of Verbals). Who is in the nominative case, while whom is in the objective case. Nominative Case As Subject! deserves to win this medal? (Who is the subject of the verb deserves.) Who took the Civil Service entrance examination yesterday? (Who is the subject of the verb took.) Whoever tampered with the documents will be punished. yhoever (Whoever is the subject of the verb tampered in the noun clause ¥ tampered with the documents.)As Predicate Nominative: The winner in the contest is whoever earns the highest score. Whoever earns the highest score is a noun clause that acts as predicate nominative. (For the study of noun clauses, refer to Figure No. 16) Itis followed by the linking verb is, and renames the subject winner. in other words, the predicate nominative is the same ag the subject. Whoever earns the highest score is the winner, and vice versa. The Hero of the Year is whoever occupies the lone seat onstage. Whoever occupies the lone seat onstage is the Hero of the Year. Objective Case As Object of the Verb: ‘Whom do you love? This is a question in the inverted order. To determine what pronoun to use, reverse the question to its natural order or to a statement form. (This reversal is only for purposes of determining the correct pronoun to use). Reverted sentence: You do love whom. (Here, whom is the appropriate pronoun to use because it is used as a direct object of the verb love.) If we answer the question, we also use the pronoun in the objective case. Answer: I love him. (The pronoun him is in the objective case). Whom did you greet at the bus stop last night? Reverted sentence: You did greet whom at the bus stop last night. (Whom is the object of the verb did greet.) As Object of the Preposition: Whom are you talking about? Reverted sentence: You are talking about whom. (Whom is the object of the preposition about). Answer: Lam talking about him. (The pronoun him isin the objective case.) From whom did you receive this message? Reverted sentence: You did receive this message from whom. (Whom is the object of the preposition from.) Answer: I received this message from her. 34As Object of the Infinitive: Whom did you hope to meet at the party? Reverted sentence: You did hope to meet whom at the party? (Whom is the object of the infinitive to meet.) Answer: I did hope to meet her. Whom do you want to see? Reverted sentence: You do want to see whom? (Whom is the object of the infinitive to see.) Answer: | do want to see them. For sentences with a relative clause, we need to isolate the clause, rearrange the words in the natural order (if the words are inverted) and decide what pronoun to use. Example: Is he the one whom the police nabbed? Relative Clause: whom the police nabbed Reworded clause: the police nabbed whom Use of pronoun: Direct Object of the verb nabbed (hence the use of whom) Example: The cabinet member whom the President reprimanded resigned. Relative Clause: whom the President reprimanded Reworded clause: the President reprimanded whom Use of pronoun: Direct Object of the verb reprimanded (hence the use of whom) Indefinite Pronouns are used to refer to persons or things, often without specifying which ones. Indefinite pronouns are classified as singular, plural or both singular and plural. Most commonly used indefinite pronouns are listed in Figure No.4. Examples: Singular: Everybody wants to see the President. Each has received a party invitation. Plural: Many have decided to participate in the festival. Several have arrived late for the event.Either Singular or Plural: Some: Some of the pizza was kept inside the refrigerator. Some of the trainees are absent from their classes. A Demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specific person, place or thing. There are four demonstrative pronouns. These are (1) this, (2) that, (3) these, and (4) those. This is used when the person or object spoken about is near the person speaking, That is used when the person or object spoken about is far from the person speaking, These and those are the plural forms of this and that, respectively, and are used when the persons or objects spoken about are plural. Examples: This (notebook) is a gift from a friend. That (building) has been there since | was small. I need to submit these (folders) tomorrow. Get those (magazines) on top of the cabinet and bring them to my room. Reflexive and Intensive pronouns have the same forms (both ending in -self or-selves) but different functions. Reflexive pronouns are used to add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence. On the other hand, Intensive pronouns are used simply to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun. Reflexive: Sonia hurt herself. Sheena will treat herself to the movies. Intensive: | myself will fill out the application form. Steve himself lifted the huge crate of potatoes. Reciprocal Pronouns (each other and one another) are used to refer to an action mutually performed by two or more people. One person does or feels something toward another and the other returns or reciprocates the act or feeling. Examples: The son respects his father. The father respects his son. Father and son respect each other.