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Fisl&— seem: ris AURA) itn Cte (4) FLA) AR EA) 0 GAL AINDA HE SIGE STIR HSE A DH. RMR, m4, BAL i, SUA T ein Cah A LR UE). 20 APT PAE. ER VRLIRIEML TER, nil. ARTE Be BR OL HE aL a SHEL AaB. dE HTH John McCarthy F 19604F EFAS LISP HEAT, HA HR eb JL Aa AS RL, WR A128 JRHCAR. CDR, CPR#I CTR EHUB — AAT LISPRDULES EMH & LAMBDA Fei S Re ZH, CPRACTRIELANH, it DEFINE: JURE PH. RAAT LaSPaviBia pane FAA2 RE LISPRLA SP Ab AnHA am Me IMae varasic 25 (Predicate), ifi#] AE i Fl PU(A AT HEEB Me. LISPHY RU ABK IY “2K” LISP, BNE AE AM. RITE SAREE aR, ATRABS BME, CMAT HIE BEULM ARE. HM, SETARMIAYHE, LETHMPROGEE FF at AER, SLT ITA SASK. SURREAL BL, ICAI HACER LEHR aL FUMIE, LISP FEE ATA EOE: Seb. PE TRI, HERR We RRS TOE LISPSE EI. (UE, PSEA LOL AHEM MCHDT LISP, #1 AI LISPS&iS She, TAUREN. Hy TARR A MLAB, LAS FD AR AL a RST LISP ARES, SRAGLISPHLEEATLISP, ACC EMILE A. {2 LISPHLEC SAGA BLAS OCT. ELIE AE sar ARAL TE RAT (Delivery) ay — 7h fo). PRR, MERA, Ate wR MELE RABE. METRY, MURR ASE ERITREA. KD. TERE. FRR at AMEE”. MCF BP Se MARTI A ROM, aE aR Rae B.A FUT A ROM AS £2 AL EE its BES BE TBAT A RE TAL AaB. Bh Hees (UY, emp AEA MAE 1 ME EA TRI AER TIA, MC. Ada, Pascal fl FORTRAN. fil, ARE BRS SUA RAL, ARAL SIs SHCA LISPERARLISP. PROLOGIS HE K RABE. FRSA AALS, HLLISP SS AIS ARREST iS RE. HE A BAO TERRE T LTA, PABA, RMR ESRB SERRE LAL, DLE RBH Cia aS RHR CH 1.12 JER ALE SAF A AS OCT BS HH OR RE SR AN, St, MERE POEM PHA EEA, MSR AE A AE PSEA, FRR ER ORS ILE. 1121 GOITER BET ‘BLBITEARAG (Declarative paradigm) H (Goal) 52208 BRITA IE. ALP bla AR. Ti Wien BL Se ORG ALIS TH be. CREE [HEMET (Paradigm) 9 HHSC LAF IB a RIL te. 112.2 TMB IT THIF RB (Object-oriented AL iL — AP BE A in SKA A TE PE EE TEAS OL AS HS AAA A at. TARA (Object-oriented design) E(t AdaflModula-2% fir SA MRAP Rt TP eA. HAR PRR, JA i OE HE HR, ATOR S EAE. ESATA PRATER BR FRA. Bh, MAISRHARL A ARAL, A, AGE ba Roi at RARE. He ANH GEE A, AF SE HP Ay aR eS SNK MU (Riley 87) EE RA Se ASP a. AK. TE REE PE ROL,26 caxnunnan China-pupscom ey SME. BOUL UI ABS. — BEL TREN. MIRAE. EO LIES FL, TORY SOR RELAPSE MI, EAP MS eH FE, MU VEAOUM. ACURA, We Slo FR. 1) SRL Tal 2) UR. BRA BL) 3) TAL AUB IE 4) ISEB] x EL 5) MLS Ab 6) WAT APL. CANON. AAPL ATE 7) Hil LI iH RULE AT ETH APHRSER, EIJHFORTRAN, BASICHICS 3, Adal Moduls-2 yA MEM AYE BULENT Se FD AIT “Ati if 81 AEF Wit (Object-oriented programming) ie PA24H% Smalltalki& HMI, ARTA G AMBRE 5 PLR ACES ALP ETO, ROU A ARETE HE HME. Smalltalk FTKAPA RAL SVE BK A, Smalltalk HE OM A BAVALETE Smalltalki@i F SIMULA 67, 1X2 — FH HMI. SIMULA 67514 TK (Class yi) 2, MINT BCT (ELAR BUH RBS, ASAE REAR OL, Ao SR ABB, FPR, Pascal MModula-24 22M ROK EFS. ANH Instance) 2 — ‘Mie Be RENAN. CAMARTRECARKIANCRRAD, CRe SRR AM HT. HB ee See ea ee Ce ee Ce TES PIN. 5 —4K B SIMULA 67 Ef BEES AKAK (Inheritance), ¢ESIMULA 67'F!, PLE X— PF Subclass AAAI. is WXGA ARM, RRALA SRT ERAME FE ELBA BR, AT RI, AEN PFI, HAIG ITA eh ANSEL. TRAE RMR T EMT EE. IPRA KURT (Superclass). AK HY ARS HE AF ET BH TAT, CRP, GAR, ALAC LEM, MUR. MOPAR EMA SAVBHE, TAS LIA ALE AE TUE, BLA ROSA. HS ERAT, SIARTAIKEE, #0iPK, AYE Ci AOR Ph TA 112.3 WRF RIT os ATL BARRO A — 4 see ARIZ — Je Newell #Simon i if 92 48 HUE WE. RAE F 19564 EXF AlDartmowh ei bak AA IE AEH, AAP Le FE PLP Sit HE. DUCE TT SEAL A HE EE LNA PSA A (ESE $e ARE SLE fh fs SA A —— ih Fl fl RARE (GPS)'}+, Newell #Simon# J) F SEAR RR OLE (5 el Lt ES. EAE LUE a RE EAL, 1 PSA AR iT MERE AR PER lL, LAST AR, AEE PL, DR. BE PE AL TR. A RAE HE*pubecom BR CRERGIO 27 SUP =5, HALA TIENT. HECO~92 Mm. GPS A298 —AMEAR APIS SURAT AS FEE LEAR AERA, CLR RES AHEAD. FELT E SORA, HEREPLIRSE RU HE ZN BUIPAS AP ZENO» AMIR FAL ELE. BIOS, AMR, HR BE HE E —4 HA (Kowalski 85). “AEE Ia “ln RF, UAE” ADF, RAL On EMR ADP AEMLEN]. TEAM ITER EO St LNA, RE CRBTRUCNOMBE. FLITE St oD FR AHO Fy, ‘Eke Alfred Horn fst 197248, Kowalski, Colmeraucr#!Roussel i ‘7 TPROLOGINH, CAL Hom FHL MSIE LIE TAMAR ET ROEM ASI, Loy RACAL. se NEM LF H HOE ATHEAE, ORES BI Hb, ME TH ps (Subgoalyt Qi. MET BPR AR FA “Fi 7 TB PHAMAH RUE TA ku] Hom F AeA: HARE MRE TN TARA BUR ETHER P TAIT CELE RHO APRS. WAR RL, ST UR ae IO WRAL OG AG. PERT A, RAAT AIR OU, “UR ARP BE wa. JER, —THomF ERR RTE REE AE. MA, RARE EUR IEEE A. PIE AP LAH: PRR AU. RRL 36 “UIC Rt HE ATE HiHom# aA: ALACE PRE AT SE RAP AA IE AL AEE FER, BUEYCEE SATE THERA = MENT EH Ha. SUBSEA Fie i) 22 be BETA ATTIRE RCE ATOR BREAKS. RUE UH ih Me BD 20, MOREA TEA HAS a RA BRO BTENTRERRED 15 ike HE HR Hea AF TB 4 Horm FY: PEAT OUR RAT MR A ws28 seenanven China-bubyto FORA E RA RAE POR Fe EI SURE AMR BRB 20 aT Ma SR THER F BR SUR AECL) SUED TAL BRED 1 AOR (EEA BASED, — LSE HE AEA SABLE ACA ART a, PAN A A ES REM — MEA IMTIUT. WHE, MRASAM A, CATT RAAT AFA B. IMTRATREA AIBC IO RUT SRE, BOREAL ELA Du ft 4 ite PROLOGIE A 3 TARE SNL EFF i it ier EAR (Moto-Oka 82). 120, FA: 2 ARE FP Ae 90 FRA FAR HOSEL, RAST SCULIHERE ASE ILACH SUL. ELAS HEAD UL EE RAAR, LF BOER) T OE. FAA CE 198 14E TEAS. SZ RCRA ARLE A ae 8 HARA. LAAT RR TR SERED. FSA, PR. BR PAPER BARTS a MLE. PROLOG? Re Ht ANE RE a HEFL 6 A EGE HE CB SALI) ABER ICED AFH, #9 &— (Unification). + SELB (Backtracking HL], WRT H bese RIDA. HFA ITAEIERSHAE, Borland 27] fy Turbo PROLOG ER JE 4 TE. He 4 i HERA AA, BAR RA ALR, Pie ee Ca TT AAT ATAREOMMEEAMS. MAT, ELMS — AT AR, BEE fa. an RA B, SeaNA RAPER T . PEAR, Beeb SISTEM A be MAA Re Gh RRR E” EBAY. HERA MRS I A BC BA AL dR EL YAH CL EZ EE FAN RE. BAEK MIR AT AS EBA» ULE, SRLS Hoorn 4) ie 98) RAS SAR BY “eR ARI RPFATERN AE, CERN RRS, HRT ERAN ERG. Re oT MU Ada, JHE GUE Bo fey ei (PDL) fff RR RIA A el E. PDL BT HE 4 AAPM, RZ LES RPMS AB. OUR PDLAE IETF, SAE AS IER LIE. GPT RAL, CEPROLOGHEFEH, FH bx. BA PRIAIMI MIC ARSE ARLE HL 2 9 (BUGK SE) EH PROLOGHE RSG EM TORRE. Hi, AME, MUR APR. PERLE SUCRE A. SURES TE MDT s TTA CLS Sk AR CR MA SUUD S SE ak ATOR. >, PROLOG —T4b3. EER: 1.12.4 GSAS BRR UA I FB OEE Bt SR EA AS tf SK. PM, PEP MINER RH, FE AI, RBS SPST AC, ABE wtBR CRRRGIC 29 BY LA TRE FE BA EH «ASL OL FE ASE TB RPE REPRE CUB AR RATE HT. EA HRRO NS RAB. BUG DHT CA PH Frames RR Sy TER AMT EA PEM (Inference net iS RRA» CRRA EMMETT ATE SATA, 1-135 TRO HASTA a AAS FESR RLAE RS aR SEH He LA a_e Paar FER iT WF on sal He Bee—e im a a B wk sere, Deiat & eat sa) aide SER. i DL ages Skea ee F MHA eH ana et, RHO Oe wT ENE ran fer iRit sa teatit indeein ss ty 82 a 28 wh Biri e re CRRA AF AAR OE EA, HER A EME A. AR SEPEBEOT AR DLZESMA BGR, WLOl (DAZE MIRE. GEA SE RAE BRITA A] RES Mt RI FATT, A ARRIPUE RCE, WARE AERA LARTER. ES, iM OT HAREM. BoE. B—-RMA CIR. RATED ADU RAE, BE BARE TE LS A HAE Uo] JAR ALN i A ATE, — Ae RET DAE TEESE. PRES. EE LAIR HT ER. PHLEMESRARMY, SARRHHR! BH, MLM MEETS RRR PRR, BE A. OAR ULL SR RA TH RAT ARATE. UREA, ARTI ROT PPA 112.5 {PROITEAUT IIT SER TRRTT. RASTA RRA IZ. EATER AE. ALY SG Fb AR I Se OO 112.6 SPINE Hea ATARI PIMA, AFI) Unduction-based) HUFF Wit CARAT MAE A, AMOI. RAP MGMT, EC ORBER ALY ABUL BADR A EBLE, TATE EARL aE IL A A TEBE Me he HR 5 Sch HE AAD BAR RABEL AM lst-Class MKDSHE HT sas. Fixit BY APS“ ee ke Fa A113 ATE RE HERO K, ALIFE TRE, BWA A828 RHE (ANS, artificial neural system), 22287 AiG fl UES (EL. BORA AT Rt LR Wy ELBE (Connectionism) RAE, IEE “ELSE fe) ED A SL AE A EAE AS TOGA Ede RH BE eR RE aR A DMA HE SET RAT EL BRAD. 1.19.4 BGO ANS GE R552 20H A fd EDS ESE I ARE LO, A, RAL HO ER TK AE — br LL OVE RLARAR AE PP RAR, TTR SE AR CA BLA te isIE 5 SA) RR CE A, Ed RR AT SER A — A iS CALE a > ies FT TAL, GARE ESI es Tc A A 2 ACH Oe AP i A RHEL 1-H AEA. TER, BRAGA feta Bc A a BTA, BION 1)! e114 Seg EAR “ALO MHI, NAT 9'= 3628804. “4 30 {pHkiliU4 29!=8.8E30 RHR. SMA EAP ae oRu a ‘§)ft 1 AE (Combinatorial explosion) fF, LY HIE 5 a eS ESN KAI, EAE eo RT He CT BAT 3 1234 SARA A. MRE ALL bi BH CPU RS LRA 30 STH RSA ALL, UGB 304s IBDRWES arty 3304 lst eee 3.2 Hw 2 IZA A fe BEATE BRA BA Jk Sri LARA >A — 47. A HS IE A LO iT 9 A EAI DAE 30 ATH BP SAS AE, HELA HE Sa HR He UGTA]. ALOMAR P. MAAR A RMA, HR OMT. EAA 100 000 O00 sNF IER. ATES AGERE, DAY EEL LE2246 ER ABE. Bh PRORATED PCE BEB Ase alt — 4 99,999999999999999999% IF Mh MI2S HELE dE 30/]nIM HABER — 4s 100% IE WEN SRE. 4 113.2 ANSHVHE ANS 45) bE > fC BL AF a AO fa TE MR EE ATTA A TAA AAR AR AR RTE. ANSP SCR Ab LE FA Ah HI (Weight). ik MA (HCH (fi CE AEP fe ARAL CON LOR A. MAAS MA, WAR MA. ARK LIE LO" SE 7h. ETE TOS HI AT RAR. MN A oS BAR, A IR STA. BAT AL EPLMT HL — REI IR E RCS HT A HE EA AB 2 He Be (Sigmoid function). 5z Hite MRE MEHR ALTE AH 7 Seam AAR ADE AIM, EC RBAEGASTAIARIRL a 2c Us MEI aE (Activation function) »BR CRERGIC 31 H+ AB ACHE te PHT IEA — PHA AEN A EL CThres- hold value), > 4 AAS Pa tert = apy fi. LLL TAR aR w. tte (XOR, exclusive-OR)IANS, EHH T AAA. BIR Sew AEE SH CARD RAR IBLE, SUL AMHR. Om EW CE AL ALT AAHA, AEE — RRA ETI TR aA. MG AOL HH ALS 4134s. 158 Ff (Counter-propag- ation) AZ (E98 SCE. BE SAA THES Maen, Sa OA a ca LRA» 2 a eB ATEAPOLIDIK BES). HEAL A a Le i 2 (EZ AEM SA. WS (S201 HG LAR IL, RID FABIA. HENLAIEK TE Ai EAM NRE, Te RES Sri. ae MATAR, ANSIE BY LARIAT NS i, ROAM. i ATLA. ATAT HOSE MH BUTE dei SUL es ett Hei. EDL MIILA, See HEL FHT BPH RA REM y hy T B10 eA PRIUS 1.13.3 ANSHSE5 ANSSE HAS Heit FOULED. PEASE FEDS, FATE CME RS a ke fad, PY TEESE A FF Hit CPHL ASCHIBS Ie AE — ALS «A EU fk A I A A TARGA MISHA S. RAMEN. Bvt eal S Seite cI ASCLISM AA MR TER ANS RAN AFRO RUE AIL, “EAD ferfa . (LR, TE AME Rie RUBLE fal JRA TRA. (AMM RRP, Sate, WLM ATA TEAL, “Evy EA He A ER. SA BO FE IE FE SB ID, RT (ESRI REULZE RAL. ANSHT FI Ae:+ FHTE(Fault wolerant), MRMAMBEK, PMA REM RK, RA ADL ATE TEA it = + TE Ai PEL A HE AIR HEARS AS ZK BC RTE LE. AAR SERRE EF fa HE FLA 4 RRB AE 9 CHE DEA TC AZ iy A HR TBA TAZ Fy SAR AEB a HE AL Be OR eA AT. SSPE AERA AR AL, BORGER AE AY 5 Re ATG YS 4 GE. + PPAR RE HR A AS HEE HET UN Od eH EE RA. Halk, Fis RE HE BA BY PY AES AR. ZEA HA (Hinton 86), MEERA SE ARIE 24 PR HM TATRA. Zhi, CHEMIE MA MAR. HEME (Plasticity). AEA MAA CER, REAR Ic, SR RE TIS HEM MMACE, REAR ME: RRA, Met ETL AEE tb, AER SE BOR AE. RHP TEMA ANS TEA SOLE AS HEEB. ACP EEA. AR EEH ADAH —20 5 BE KINA FRAME ALT, AAI AIRS). ERT OTAEEAEZ bb, ANSTASEIG I HL LAT RAE EFT MGR I EASY CL ES, CE At AR ER PE ANS — fC ASE FA) Yh FER BE ACR EAE CL. DATA. AR TE PS AR ANS ARE AE HE 113.4 ANSEL Att AE ANS it Ftd F 19434 McCulloch Pitts JAA 3 FH TEHECE BUY (McCulloch 43). 19494 Hebbes HT MEE 76H —ANARAE. CE Hebb mW, RAE TE ART MAAR (Firing ACR FATA TC «ARETE REE TE Bah — A HE AP RAG CA EAA TG EE IZA fe TMERE, BIA (Symapses) iti MMA AGA. AE ANS, 825 702 A MEH ER HEIL Rh ZH HEA 19614F, Rosenblauii ia T—AAE AA RENMRY TS, BASILE T (WTA SiS AE ST LARGER — AZ Hs MERI (Perceptron it) HB A THE RHE (Rosenblatt 61)- BALA AE SALA UMA EEA LRT A NE PI Me BULA fh, 1K AS UR ANS HHL UIOR TL BIL ANTAL. ZEOOEAR, HESUTIL AE ALANS Sm, 3 FER GAULT. 196942, Minsky Papert fit 7 —AN-13 CRSATALD, TSH TAR BL (AE T SSC, oe EMPLOI GR. AA TROL Rs ER ABET BELO AEANT AAEM 4, BCR LANE AF LISSA. BLA, ATE YT RAUL AAEWRI XOR. SUA AMET ANS, (BATU, 21 ANS AOD HEA UEXOR EM. BOSH IE TN ANSI TESA, Fein BEB) AD CE LISP Si 75 S HERE AK TOMAR, th Minksy 2 9) 8) — AbD AHEM 2S TP MAT» HELA RE AE SEM Minsky AF BL Ra fra HLS PICT AROSE MRM (Reece 87). AFH ALE, BATHLAIS ANSS TALIA, SRR A Bi FETOTEAR, ANSI AAR TE 8 ABET. 19824F, Hopfield fT fF 18 ik 1 Mis A XY (Hopfield 82). (Pi 2 Hopfield i# ANS tir 4: SE IAA MICAEAM L, PUES ANSHO {1A TELE) RE. Hopfield 4 4 AHH WNP 1-12 Hii as. HPSS, Hopfield i 7 ANSHE A HCRR CRRRGIE 33 Ta] SPEAR OR AI TSP fel BL, RPE PEERS IP A SE RB, 4S ANS HEB ARETE LOAD ARDEP fol Bl. HAE A fel TH] ANS Shik, WOES, BILAL PLAC (Hopfield 86b) MAE {CFSE (Tank 85). ANS 4115 52 fil 648 (Back-propagation) |" 2 fit 2 54 8% UEXOR IRE, ii 2 4 MAL dettaitt (Generalized delta rule)(Rumelthart 86). BO (EHH ie eRe. BAL AE HR IAS AE PSP SS EAA Das A FEZ ANG EAR 5 BB (Hidden layer), 3X ED A Aa ASEAN SEAL. BATH ANS f19864F Hecht-Nielsen 22 fficounter- fH. MBCA LAE AY AEE ALG 4 E—Kolmogorovii HE, ULE, fE L-A2 Hopfield Ar #822 FA fA nA, ee Fe A n+ 1 BE Woh 2 DL EE AE (Hecht-Nielsen 87). 113.5 ANSHAL ‘FR (AR 2d SAL — Ah TE EEE AC ALAA TE A Sejnowski 86). ANS ii it WIAA ERIE DECIA 4 88 4 DECTalk ft 4anidt . WLET HEE DECT alk 2 24 A 1 i BE 2M EUR. ANSE LUTE MMR RK BRS, ZEANS'R, BAS AR AT JLUDGH APL UME iA BRR ANSHTSTIE CERT. a GTC PAL ACM GE FLIED UMIANS, FBLC THA ME f. ANSHDGRBLER BA, AACA FTE, BGR TE RISA BAP IR. ACHE ARS Se ETC OP Te TE. AT F295 FAL A ad A A HE RN SEW RT ALM CPE) 1 AT ESCH SEROTL ANS (1 SE iS ab a FE 2s HSI. ANS SAS PBS A] He RE HRA AS SG OM AES RAE. 113.6 ANH iti EA HE te 29) AO Fe EY PL) OS PRK TE ANSEL AAUP fh. Nestorifi HAY ANS? dt Nestor Writer LAF S49 AJPH RIA. SEAM My TRW. SAIC. HNC. Synaptics. Revelations Research fl Texas Instruments 228 tht AANA ANS #5240 a FH AOL HL A a 2 (Eo DEAE BEA — ASHES AE Rumelhartt 47-4 A AEE 3 BCE BOT A MITER THR T 64+ ANS 8140.25 Al — 4848 Hh 27.503 TCH IBM-PC BHAA ALL BPE. REA DNR, LP aR AT DAR PARA POH A ANS RAE. 114 GRABS AMR FANS ar 9 RARE PY AER. ANS SEE Dy eT, i SITE ee Aa RIB BPM. RPK, CRRA ALE A TRS AERA Re. HELL = MACIE. (Matrix Controlled Inference Engine, PE HEAEHL) EH] ANS Sn ULE DR iT I, ARSE ALIE Ft PPA ASAT HEAL, FEB DEAT AR We AL Po BG AAR. BS ANS FS AS APP A A BMY, (AMACIEAERPREANS 3644 HUIF...THEN 1 000 RABE EHR.” ek RR AL ifG TAMAS ANS © R-RAMCHL T UAV A] Unductive learning). WI, -RAGMLALAT LEA SEP R HEAT IAA (induce), VANE MAHER. PRT ANSSH, RHE S A eR BRITE BA HE SALI 5 ANF 2 BPD ED AR AP ie AT. SSL TY EGEEERRE, ORR RGS MOTARE MS, UBER Rha IPA fal, my PLE ROADSRHE. DUYE, © RAK ANSOBE Ato. 115 Asi PEAR, LATE TPR RAY IR A a, eR AR fA FMEA, BAIA fa] GRE AAA PRE PT. EHR AT MR SEF ME aL eH RHEE RARIE TNH BAM ARP, RADE TERRA, Tel tH TEE PCH A RE VASE F UH SABE I AL, BATT IG TR RRSP TE TAR ACEH BR eA PAF BRA HA FE BEAT AAAI HERE ALTA PEARSE. Bice» iid YS Re SIA EB WA. THREE AE: SRL ARR TA, Ca TET, Tid ANSE 2 F535 STD AY TS BE EIS eH ER ES FE HF WE ACE TIBET AFL TAAL comp.ai. GH AAS JLARML FRM BRC. SSCA MER. AAR RATES. PRT RR RACE Sb, ACB FD AHL FOF FL PA AS PS ST A AS oa LL ROPER RES L. a. RL RRR” MADE, He ESS A HE ik? 1.2 a) Sik PER UU RH BLP ERAS bby Se 4 EG He RA A, TE PA IA. TCE, OMT SER TE RTL A 1.3 a) Newell fSimon fi] “AAA BRA” —A3P, ARABI Let. i FAP) Miu, TOA APRA AL: ay RAR IERITER: DARE LE HER. by REA AE FAR FSR ANA EY CHMFRAL HEAT), FEI AEA AE a PEI F RAH BRAG. 14 STURT. Sal FR, 1k D=s DONALD + oman OBERT 15 5 AP URE, ORDO ASIEN, GC. ACS. BT ARI I BT « 1.6 a) APA SSE, HIE ANTAL REAR i OS BE MH b) AL ME, A HAM ME, oy AMAT AER.ochinasubscom BR CRARGIC 35 17 S-*HPRANCMATSSRAMSPTAMAORS. BAM RMR. 18 Seah er TDA a RAP... THEN AU. 19 Bea PRR PEA IP... THEN CALI 6 110) 5S IF..-THEN 8 2 2. LLL feet tA SEE 4 (9 TF. THEN 10 22 OI 112 Heli AM Se $b 40 IP. THEN 005) 42 SED LZ RHE PH HG 2 PEALE EP. THEN 2 RI 1.14 54H EXCON, XSEL HE Ht Ay DEC ZS wo) i EH FL AP HE BH EAL SEAR REI, FRE PA EHS EE LAS BA ATE NS MAG ECHR, BARE > BEA I HH A HR, ILE FT PRA BRERRRM MG, FL SAR ED HE. a) ft BRE? bE FOAM, EAT Z ah? ) CARL a AEA SE TY? 4) AAR RRB PE ©) ERE TES? BEI (Buchanan 78). Buchanan, B. G. and Mitchell, T., “Model-directed Learning of Production Rules,” Waterman, D. A. and Hayes-Roth, F., eds., Pattern Directed Inference Systems, Academic Press, pp. 297-312, 1978, (Buchanan 78). Bruce G. Buchanan and Edward A. Feigenbaum, “Dendral and Meta-Dendral: ‘Their Applications Dimension,” Artificial Intelligence, 11, (1+ pp.5-24, 1978. (Chase 73). W. G. Chase and Herbert A. Simon, “The Mind's Eye in Chess Processing, W.G.Chase, ed., Academic Press, 1973, ” Visual Information (Elson 73). Mark Elson, Concepts of Programming Languages, Science Research Associates, p. 290, 1973. (Ennis 86). R. L. Ennis, et al., “A Continuous Real-time Expert System for Computer Operations,” IBM J.Res. Develop., 30, (1)+ pp.14-28, 1986. (Farhat 86). N. H. Farhat, et al., “Optical Analog of Two-Dimensional Neural Networks and Their Application in Recognition of Radar Targets,” Proceedings of the Neural Networks for Computing Meeting, Snowbird, UT, pp. 146-152, 1986. (Feigenbaum 81), Edward A. Feigenbaum, Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Heuris Tech Press/William Kaufman, Inc.» 1981-2. (Feigenbaum 82), Edward A. Feigenbaum, “Knowledge Engineering in the 1980s,” Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1982. (Forgy 82). Charles Forgy, “Rete: A Fast Algorithm for the Many Pattern/Many Object Pattern Match Problem,” Artificial Intelligence, 19, pp.17-37, 1982.36 sxnwsmusen Chinaepupscom OR (Gallant 88). Stephen L. Gallant, “Connectionist Expert Systems,” Comm. of the ACM, 31, (2)+ pp. 152-169, Feb.1988. (Gersting 82). Judith L. Gersting, Mathematical Structures for Computer Science, W. L. Freeman and Co.» pp. 64-67,1982. (Ghezzi 87). Carlo Gherzi and Mehdi Jazayeri, Programming Language Concepts, John Wiley and Sons» Inc.» p.293s 1987, (Giarratano 90a). Joseph Giarratano, et al.» “Future Impacts of Artificial Neural Systems on Industry,” ISA Transactions, pp.9-14, Jan. 1990 (Giarratano 90b). Joseph Giarratano, et al.» “The State of the Art for Current and Future Expert System Tools,” ISA Transactions, pp. 17-25, Jan.1990, (Giarratano 912). Joseph Giarratano, et al., “An Intelligent SQL Tutor,” 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training(ICAT’ 91), pp. 309-316, 1991. (Giarratano 91b). Joseph Giarratano, et al.» “Neural Network Techniques in Manufacturing and Automation Systems,” in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol49, ed. by C.T. Leondes, Academic Press, pp. 37-98, 1991 (Harmon 85). Paul Harmon and David King, Expert Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p.21+ 1985. (Hayes-Roth 85). Frederick Hayes-Roth, 28, (9+ pp. 921-932, Sept.1985. Rule-based Systems,” Communications of the ACM. (Hebb 49).D.0. Hebb, Organization of Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1949. (Hecht-Nielsen 87). Robert Hecht-Nielsen, “Kolmogorov's Mapping Neural Network Existence Theorem,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Nebvorks, Illy pp.l1-I4y June 1987. (Hecht-Nielsen 90), Robert Hecht-Nielsen, Neurocompuing, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.. pp.147, 1990. (Hinton 86). Geoffrey E. Hinton, “Learning Distributed Representations of Concepts,” Proceedings 8th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. 1986, (Hopfield 82). J.J. Hopfield, “Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USAy 79s (8)» pp.2554-2558, 1982 (Hopfield 86a). John J, Hopfield and David W. Tank, “Computing with Neural Circuits: A Model,” Science, 233, pp.625-633, 1986, (Hopfield 86b). John J. Hopfield and David W.Tank, Disordered Systems and Biological Organization, Springer-Verlag, 1986.BL (Hugh 88). Dafydd Ab Hugh, “The Future of Flying,” Al Expert, pp.66-69, Jan. 1988, (Kerschberg 86). Larry Kerschberg, ed., Expert Database Systems: Proceedings from the First International Workshop, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., 1986. (Kowalski 1985). Robert Kowalski, “Logic Programming,” Bytes p. 161, August 1985. (Markov 54). A. A. Markov, A Theory of Algorithms, National Academy of Sciences, USSR (in English), 1954. (MeCulloch 43). Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts, Immanent in Nervous Activity,” Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysiesy 5+ pp. 115-137, 1943, A Logical Calculus of the Ideas (McDermott 84). John McDermott and Judith Bachant, “RI Revisited: Four Years in the Trenche: Al Magazine, V+ (3)> pp. 21-32, Fall 1984. (Michie 73). D. Michic, “Knowledge Engin sing,” Cybernetics, 2, pp.197-200, 1973 (Minsky 69). Percepirons-An Introduction fo Computational Geometry, MIT Press, 1969. Note: a scond edition was published in 1988 containing some handwritten corrections and an additional chapter crit 12 the modem ANS algorithms such as back-propagation (Moto-Oka 1982). Moto-Oka, T., ed. Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Elsevier, 1982. (Newell 72). Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, Human Problem Solving, Prentice-Hall, 1972. (Parrello 88). Bruce Parrello, “Car Wars: The (Almost) Birth of an Expert System,” A/ Expert, pp. 60-64,Jan. 1988, (Post 43). Emil L. Post, “Formal Reductions of the General Combinatorial Decision Problem,” American Journal Of Mathematics, 65+ pp.197-215. 1943, (Rocce 87), Peter Recee, “Perceptrons & Neural Nets,” AI Expert, pp. 50-57. Jan. 1987 Nore: this anticle includes listing in BASIC fora perceptron. (Riley 87). David D. Riley, Data Abstraction and Structures, Boyd & Fraser, pp.30S-349, 1987 (Rosenblau 61). F. Rosenblatt, Principles of Neurodynamics, Sparten Books. 1961 (Rumelhart 86). David E. Rumelhart, James L. MeClelland, eral. “Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation,” Parallel Distributed Processing, 1, MIT Press, 1986, (Schur 88). Stephen Schur, “The Intelligent Data Base,” AI Expert, pp. 26-34, Jan. 1988. (Scown 85). Susan B, Scown, The Artificial Intelligence Experience: An Introduction, Digital Equipment Corp., P-78, 1985. (Sejnowski 86). Terence J. Sejnowski and Charles R. Rosenberg, “NETtlk: A Parallel Network that Learns to Read Aloud,” Technical Report JHU/EECS-86/01, Johns Hopkins University, 1986, (Tank 85). David W. Tank and John J.Hopficld, IEEE Circuits Systems, CAS-33, p.533, 1985.ER RRR E Chinaspub (Waldrop 87). M. Mitchell Waldrop. Man-Made Minds, Walker and Co.» p.35, 1987. (Waterman 86). Donald A. Waterman, A Guide 1o Expert Systems, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.» pp. 41-48, 1986. BFA BE Se Sa & AGE Knowledge Engineering Assistance Nii, H.P, and Aiello, N. “AGE(Attempt to Generalize): A Knowledge-based Program for Building Knowledge-based Programs,” CAL, pp.645-655, 1979. ALIX ReiterJ., “AL/X: An Expert System Using Plausible Inference,” Intelligent Terminals; Ltd.» Oxford, 1980. CASNET Management of Glaucoma Treatment Weiss,S.ef al., “A Model-based Method for Computer-aided Medical Decision Making. »” Aniificial Intelligence, (1, pp. 145-172, 1978. CENTAUR Ar Aikins, J.S., “Prototypes and Production Rules: An Approach to Knowledge Representation for Hypothesis Formation,” ICAI, pp.1-3, 1979. lyzes Pulmonary(Lung) Tests CRYSALIS Uses X-ray Data to Determine Protein Structure Englemore, R., and Terry, A., “Structure and Function of the CRYSALIS System,” LICAI, pp.250-256, 1979, DENDRAL Identifies Organic Compounds from Mass Spectrometer Data Buchanan, B.G. and Feigenbaum, E. A, “DENDRAL and Meta-DENDRAL: Their Applications Dimension,” Artificial Intelligences 11+ pp.5-24, 1978. EMYCIN _ Expert System Shell Developed from MYCIN Van Melle, W., “A Domain-independent Production Rule System for Consultation Programs,” LCAL, pp.923-925, 1979. GUIDON Intelligent Tutor for EMYCIN-Based Systems Clancey, W. J, ent for Rule-based Tutorials,” ICAL, pp. 155-161, 1979, logue Manag. INTERNIST Diagnose Internal Medicine Problems, Pople, H.E., Myers, J.D. and Miller, R.A., “DIALOG: A Model of Diagnostic Logic for Internal Medicine,” JCAL, pp. 848-855, 1975. MACSYMA Solves Math Problems of Algebra Genesereth, M.R., “The Role of Plans in Automated Consultation,” LICAL, pp. 311-319» 1979. igonometty, and Calculus META-DENDRAL _ Induces Rules of Molecular Structure from Mass Spectrometer Data Buchanan, B.G.. and Mitchell, T., “Model-directed Learning of Production Rules,” Waterman, D. A, . and Hayes-Roth, F., eds., Pattern Directed Inference Systems, Academic Press, pp. 297-312, 1978MOLGEN Plans Experiments on Molecular Genetics Marin, N.s ef al.s “Knowledge-based Management for Experiment Planning in Molecular Genetics,” JCAL, pp. 882-887, 1977. MYCIN Diagnosis and Treatment of Meningitis and Certain Other Blood Diseases. Davis, Ry Buchanan, B.G.. and Shortliffe, E. H., “Production Systems as a Representation for a Knowledge-based Consultation Program,” Artificial Intelligences 8» (I)» pp. 1545+ 1977. PROSPECTOR _Identifeation of Minerals and Selection of Drilling Sites Duda, R.. Gaschnig, J.. and Hart, P., “Model Design in the PROSPECTOR Consultant System for Mineral Exploration,” D. Michie, ed., Expert Systems in the Micro-Electronic Age, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 153-167, 1979. PUFF Analyzes Pulmonary(Lang) Tests Kunz, J. C. et al., “A Physiological Rule-based System for Interpreting Pulmonary Function Test Rules,” Heuristic Programming Memo HPP-78-19, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. XCON/RI Configures VAX Computer Systems MeDermot, J., and Bachant, J., “RI Revisited: Four Years in the Tre (3)s pp. 21-32, Fall 1984, thes,” AI Magazine, V, SACON Structural Engineering Bennett, J. $. and Engelmore, R.S., “SACON: A knowledge-based Consultant for Structural Analysis,” JCAL, pp. 47-49, 1979. SUX Signal Interpretation Nii, H.P., and Feigenbaum, E. A., “Rule-based Understanding of Signals,” Waterman, D. A., and Hayes-Roth, F.. eds.» Pattern Directed Inference Systems, Academic Press. pp. 483-501, 1978 TEIRESIAS Knowledge Acquisiton Program Developed for MYCIN Davis, R., “Interactive Transfer of Expertise: Acquisition of New Inference Rules,” Artificial Invelligence, 12, (2). pp. 121-158. 1979.) www.china-pub.com ebook w # s 2 & > % & ; 44 25 WSLS 72146 2.6 PROLOG fiifi LI 47 2.6.1 PROLOG AW 47 26.2 f£ PROLOG HIVR 49 2.7 BRAKE Zab so. 28 Bt 51 MP MEZ Mh 54 HGRA 55 2.12 RB AAS7 per) bir TF iad 2460 2.14 efter 215 fede Rtinlo2 216 HRA 62 2.17 Ppa eR HY ay AYtE63 2.18 #863China-pubycom Baik RIVA Aas 24 BR AWA HRA HSH ALIN SOR TR. ORE RRA FTIR: FA, Ae RAR IN IE EA MN TA De on TT ED, ARR A A TERRE MAN TRUM RRA. BOR, NE. ER RH, RB ADE ie On LAT ES 2.2 AANA til, BR” RO, OEE, AAR ere Xk. aN “2” HE, SUCHE S BUR. Abie), WBE. Ae SC EA. RF HULME FTA VIG Epistemology) Angeles 81). 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ET EE 6 EER —TERARL AM, RTE ALM — Te Der Sa. APA Bea AT, AR ee BS A er 8 2.1 (BALAKORIS-ARR NH MMLH AB LA. SOPH RELL: ORAL ALA, AHL, FON HL. HSER SE. CAUWL. JEABL, ARE. UH, RRR A ah | LEN TRTAT » 2.2 (RAL AKOANUS-ANR A 2 if HULIS Bit — ERM. AED, FI FARA JR, SHE. AUER. Sepst. A MGl. Aust. RINE. Gm. Are RI THB ETD 2.3 ARES MER RK. BIRDS. HRMS, Heol A Ae. HE BA not Ht PGE TER ARS, FHM, ORT ALERT, RAI. Hea. HERR, CPU IPN E23 HED BEA, JPG the ees: a) BME A, BIRT A CETERA. REBT HE Sy SHOR FRE (Symmetric set difference), FH “1” 21 23Fas b) iP SRAM (Set difference), FAIS “—" Fax. EMA ATER — MEIN AER — PRA PERM A. dn: 1s 2}-(2, 34-41} Jk, (12)2B MEA, (2,3) 2Ro MEA. SAAR, HAEMERB AR, FRAMBAR. Hay), HAH ATS AEREATAGA NAT. a) MURR RRIET SA’ MA RAAT AY by URAL TA 3h HR LRA AT ©) (Aa ~B)(C 4 ~C)) (A+B) d) (A+B) ACBy O)a(An-C) ©) A+B BAF SAAS S ARSENATE. BU, MIF ARB, EMER ACBAIESAASBTE EMA FMF, ILA RPE. aT SR aeIA TAO A IPI ATE IAAT, by RES TL SBE LET HE ah Sm TEE. A He eM AE Ime TB 2 AR 2.8 GAR AHA AA ARES PEM AIK 2.9 HA PIRPMHEMRAA, B. CREROMAH SH. a) (aUBl= BUA 2 2 ATER. FMLA + tld: 2 2a i )a“pubscom me woman OS b) (AUB UC AU BUO c) BUG A @) Anata 2:10 AREAS a FAS: a) KARL b) RAWEKS ) AAR AR a) RRMA A Ai cc) RYT ALE A 2.11 FAK (Power set) P(S), ARR ASMM A PARMA. PSE AROS PUR. a) Suk A=(2, 4, 6) IWR. b) —TAANTRARMKA, CHRRANS DDH? 2.12 a) SH PAA FMR eee # xX BAB AG (yarn BERD e -iva pitta -a>p pia (ala a) Bipiee 9 b) BMP vq)» ~@ag)=plg, KH “1” BSP. 2.13 a) HANORFINANDAY SR. by METALL PRY SAR, EON (4 yee ( ATLL FEAPEAR~. mv pin tala (1p) | falar (pa~q)s FAL Rea pq 4) BAM FAD RGR: i) Rei i) PULLS Hr 2.14 RAAF St IY RR A it RA OC BAR (Angeles 81). Peter A. Angeles, Dictionary of Philosophy, Bares & Noble Books, 1981 (Barr 81). Arron Barr and Edward A. Feigenbaum, eds., The Handbook of Artificial huelligence, Vol. 1, William Kaufmann, Inc,, 1981 (Brachman 80). R. J. Brachman and B. C. Smith, eds., SIGART Newsletters Special Issue on Knowledge Representation, 10, Feb. 1980. (Brachman 83). R.J. Brachman, R. E. Fikes» and H.L, Levesque, “KRYPTON: A Functional Approach to Knowledge Representation,” JEEE Computer, 16, p.67+ 1983. (Brachman 85). Ronald J. Brachman, “I Lied about the Trees, “ AT Magazine, 6, (3). pp. 80-93.66 RARBG RAE China-pubee M Fall 1985. (Finin 86). Tim Finin, “Understanding Frame Languages, Part I,” Al Expert, pp. 44-50, Nov. 1986, (Jackson 86). Peter Jackson, Introduction to Expert Systems, Addison-Wesley Pub.. 1986, (Lenat 77). Doug B. Lenat, “Automated Theory Formation in Mathematics,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1977, (McGettrick 80). Andrew D. MeGettrick, The Definitions of Programming Languages» ‘Cambridge University Press, 1980. (Minsky 75). Marvin Minsky, “A Framework for Representing Knowledge.” Computer Vision, Patrick Winston, ed. McGraw-Hill, pp. 211-217, 1975. in The Psychology of (Quillian 68). M.R. Quillian, “Semantic Memory,” Semantic Information Processing» Marvin Minsky, cd. MIT Press, pp. 227-270, 1968. (Rescher 64). Nicholas Rescher, Introduction to Logic St. Martin's Press, pp. 258-259, 1964. (Rissland 78).B. L. Rissland, “Understanding Mathematics, ” Cognitive Science, 2+ pp. 361-383, 1978, (Schank 77). Roger C. Shank and R. P. Abelson, Scripis, Plans, Goals, and Understanding, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977, (Sowa 84). J. F. Sowa, Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine, Addison-Wesley Pub.» 1984. (Staugaard 87). Andrew C, Staugaard, Jn» Robotics and Al: An Introduction to Applied Machine Intelligence, Prentice-Hall, 1987. (Stillings 87). Neil A. Stillings, etal.» Cognitive Science: An Introductions MT Press» 1987. (Whalen 85). Thomas Whalen and Brian Schott, “Alternative Logics for Approximate Reasoning in Expert Systems: A comparative Study,” Int. J. Man-Machine Studies, 22, pp. 327-346, 1985. Wi 1984, ton 84). Patrick Henry Winston, Artificial Intelligence, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley Pub., (Woods 83). W. A. Woods, “What's Important about Knowledge Representation?” JE 16, p.22, 1983) www.china-pub.com ebook Rea | HITE 67 3d 7 3.2 M. HFAOE 67 3.3 RASAMEI 69 3.3.1 RE LIE 70 2 ARERR 72 ANAK 73 35 FEMS RIC TS 3.6 AesHLHESL 79 37 38 0 —Bril 2485 3.12 HEAL, 3.13 SARS Bhi 3.13.1 FefonF AaB akos 3.43.2 4g AWNI97 3.14 TERRA 98 3.15 HbR 103 3.15.1 EL 103 459 E104 105 fe HEE 106 3.16 FANT 109 3.17 hE 109“pupecom We B3e He BLT we 3.1 BOR ART BERET RAE RRP AR NG MBE, DL HERE SR SHAR Oe Ul LY ATR. ERRATA OIE ADE HORII, THEA TEM OATS he 3.2 Bl. HAI Hi Tree) Ab He Hi at A HP (Branch) Al AY fe TRU A, AP AS A, SPE ANA ‘es PHEW RH, BT RAO, IRIRAK. HE ‘WR F160 HH Oriented tree) Hy HEE (Root node) Hes (Leafs) ERIE. 14 BY LG TEE BR RS ee AS, Hee, BR SH woh, EMER AA RR (Pareny ei KURA OT RMS + FH A (Child node). 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