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natural origin are also currently being explored for ATCC 25175, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 31989,
use in adjuvant therapy4. Streptococcus mitis 804 NCTC 3165, Streptococ-
Plants have been widely used around the world as cus salivarius NCTC 8606, Lactobacillus acidophi-
traditional remedies in the treatment of diseases. It lus ATCC 4365, Streptococcus rattus FA 1 (G),
is estimated that 66% to 75% of the world popula- Streptococcus mutans C67-1, Streptococcus crice-
tion currently uses plant-based medicines5. The main tus AHT, Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt, Lactoba-
aim of research into medicinal plants is to identify cillus plantarum 748, Lactobacillus casei 475,
plants that possess pharmacological activity, and Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus mutans 35FS3,
thus discover new substances or molecules having Streptococcus mutans 35FS1, Streptococcus mutans
antimicrobial activity that could be transformed into 29FS2 and Streptococcus sobrinus CIO 428. In
medications by different chemical processes and order to reconstitute and confirm their viability for
used to control or prevent infectious diseases6. the assays, the lyophilized strains were re-suspen-
Research by Katsura et al.7 reports the bactericidal ded in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incuba-
activity of bakuchiol against S. mutans, S. sanguis, ted at 37 ºC for 48 hours in anaerobic conditions
S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, L. acidophilus, L. casei (H2:CO2:N2; 10:10:80) so that they would grow
among other microorganisms of the oral cavity. well, after which they were transferred to BHI agar
Another study reports the high inhibitory capacity for isolating.
of isopanduratin A against S. mutans, S. sobrinus,
S. sanguinis and S. salivarius 8. Extracts
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), one of the 407 species Dry Stevia rebaudiana leaves (Agricultura Colom-
of the genus Stevia and one of the only two whose biana) were powdered in a mill until 800 grams
leaves contain a sweetening substance, has been were collected. Extracts were obtained in ethanol,
used by native people as a sweetener and for medi- methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane
cinal purposes. It is a shrub originally from Para- using the cold soaking technique. Sixty grams of
guay and Brazil, which occasionally grows wild9. It powdered Stevia rebaudiana leaves were soaked in
was described botanically in 1905 by naturalist 250 ml of each solvent and placed in a mechanical
Moisés Santiago Bertoni, as an herbaceous plant 40 shaker (Precision Reciprocal Shaking Bath, Preci-
to 80 cm tall9 of the family Compositae10. In addi- sion Scientific; USA) at 150 rpm and 37ºC for 24
tion to being a non-caloric sweetener known in hours. Then they were filtered through filter paper
many parts of the world, it has hypoglycemiant, (Spezialpapier Filtrak, GMBH; Germany) to remo-
antioxidant and antihypertensive action11-14. Ano- ve any leaf residue. The extracts were immediately
ther advantage is that no toxic or genotoxic activity filtered again through 0.45 µm filters (Filter Bottle
has been found in the complete extracts obtained Top, Sigma Chemical Company; USA) to remove
from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves15. bacteria and ensure that they were free from conta-
There are studies reporting antimicrobial activity of mination. Then they were concentrated at low pres-
extracts obtained from Stevia rebaudiana on fungi sure in a rotary evaporator (Buchi B-169,
and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria11,16,17. Vacuum-System; Germany) until they were dry. A
None of these studies includes an evaluation of Stevia microbiological test was performed on each con-
rebaudiana extracts on the microorganisms involved centrated extract to ensure that there was no bacte-
in dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate rial contamination at the end of the process. Finally,
the antibacterial activity of extracts in hexane, metha- the concentrated extracts were used to prepare 4
nol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform from Ste- concentrations (15 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml and
via rebaudiana Bertoni leaves against bacteria that 120 mg/ml).
are important in dental caries and oral health.
Microbiological Assays
MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity of the extracts on bacte-
Bacteria ria was tested using the well diffusion method des-
The following 16 bacterial strains were used to eva- cribed by Dobner et al.18. A pure culture of each
luate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtai- bacterium to be tested was used to prepare a sus-
ned from Stevia rebaudina: Streptococcus mutans pension in trypticase soy broth and adjusted by tur-
bidimetry to 0.5 on the Mac Farland scale. From nol, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexa-
this suspension, 100 µl were taken and added to 20 ne was, respectively, 22%, 16%, 10%, 14 % and
ml of Mueller Hinton agar (liquid and sterile), 0.9%. None of the 5 negative controls had antimi-
mixed and poured into Petri dishes. The agar was crobial activity. The positive controls (Vancomy-
allowed to solidify, and after waiting 20 - 30 minu- cin 180µg/ml and Azithromycin 150 µg/ml) had
tes, a sterile Pasteur pipette was used to make 4 to 5 variable inhibitory activity on the 16 strains inclu-
0.5 cm wells in the agar in each dish. Thirty µl of ded in the study, with values ranging from 18 mm
each of the 5 extracts was placed in the wells (this to 25 mm.
volume fits exactly into the wells without overflo- The MIC of the extracts in hexane, methanol,
wing onto the surface of the culture medium). Van- ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform on the 16
comycin 180 µg/ml and Azithromycin 150 µg/ml bacterial strains of the genera Streptococcus and
were used as positive controls and each of the sol- Lactobacillus were, respectively 30 mg/ml, 120
vents as negative controls. The dishes were incuba- mg/ml, 120 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml.
ted at 37 ºC for 24-72 hours under anaerobic Table 1 shows the results obtained with extracts in
conditions (H2:CO2:N2; 10:10:80). hexane, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chlo-
After the incubation, the presence or absence of roform on the 16 microorganisms studied. The
inhibition zones was determined. Their diameter inhibition zones of the MIC for the 5 extracts on
was measured and the minimal inhibitory concen- the bacterial strains were variable, ranging from 9
trations (MIC: lowest concentration of the extract mm to 17.3 mm. The hexane extract, which had the
that produces an inhibition zone of at least 6 mm) lowest MIC, produced the following inhibition
determined. Each assay was performed in triplicate zones, in mm: 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 10.0, 9.3, 10.6,
and the average reported in mm. 10.3, 10.6, 10.3, 9.6, 12.6, 9.6, 13.6, 14.3, 14.0 and
13.3. The inhibition zones of the 5 extracts were
RESULTS slightly higher for the 4 Lactobacillus strains than
Final yield (dry weight -expressed as a percentage- for the 12 Streptococcus strains, as the lowest value
that was finally obtained from processing 60 grams for inhibition zone was 12.3 mm and the highest
of S. rebaudiana leaves) for each extract in etha- was 17.3 mm.
Table 1: Antibacterial activity of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts against the 16 bacterial strains.
Extracts
Hexane Methanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Chloroform
30 mg/ml 120 mg/ml 120 mg/ml 60 mg/ml 60 mg/ml
Bacteria
S. mutans ATCC 25175 10.0 9.3 9.0 10.0 12.0
S. mutans ATCC 31989 11.0 9.0 10.3 10.3 11.6
S. mutans C67-1 12.0 9.3 10.0 10.6 12.3
S. mutans Ingbritt 10.0 9.0 9.3 11.0 12.3
S. mutans 35FS3 9.3 9.0 9.3 11.3 10.3
S. mutans 35FS1 10.6 9.0 9.3 10.3 11.0
S. mutans 29FS2 10.3 10.0 11.0 10.6 9.3
S. sobrinus CIO 428 10.6 9.3 10.3 11.0 10.6
S. mitis 804 NCTC 3165 10.3 8.6 9.3 9.0 10.3
S. salivrius NCTC 8606 9.6 9.0 10.0 9.3 11.6
S. rattus FA1(G) 12.6 13.0 13.0 12.6 13.3
S. cricetus AHT 9.6 9.0 9.6 10.3 11.3
L. acidophilus ATCC 4365 13.6 13.0 14.0 15.0 17.3
L. plantarum 748 14.3 12.3 13.3 15.3 16.0
L. casei 475 14.0 13.0 14.0 15.3 14.3
L. brevis 13.3 13.0 13.6 14.6 14.6
The values of the inhibition zones at the minimal inhibitory concentration are expressed in mm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CORRESPONDENCE
This study was funded by the Dental Research Center (School Dr. Fredy Gamboa
of Dentistry) of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Project Departamento de Microbiología (Facultad de Ciencias) y Centro
N° 3054. de Investigaciones Odontológicas (Facultad de Odontología)
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Carrera 7 N° 40-62, Bogotá- Colombia
E-mail: gamboa@javeriana.edu.co