FORMULARIO DE MATEMÁTICAS

Jhoah

1. Valor absoluto:
𝑥 ; 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≥ 0
|𝑥 | = {
−𝑥 ; 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 < 0

1.1. Propiedades del valor absoluto:

1. |𝑎| ≥ 0, ∀𝑎 ∈ ℝ
2. |𝑎| ≥ 𝑎, ∀𝑎 ∈ ℝ
3. |𝑎| = |−𝑎|
4. |𝑎𝑏| = |𝑎||𝑏|
𝑎 |𝑎|
5. |𝑏| = |𝑏| , 𝑏 ≠ 0

6. |𝑎 + 𝑏| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏|
1.2. Propiedades básicas para resolver valor absoluto

1. |𝑎| = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 = 0
2. |𝑎| = 𝑏 ⇔ [𝑏 > 0 ∧ (𝑎 = 0 ∨ 𝑎 = −𝑏)]
3. |𝑎| = |𝑏| ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∨ ⋀ 𝑎 = −𝑏
4. 𝑠𝑖 𝑏 > 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑖) |𝑎| < 𝑏 ⇔ −𝑏 < 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑖𝑖) |𝑎| ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ −𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏
5. 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ ℝ 𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑖) |𝑎| > 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 > 𝑏 ∨ 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑖𝑖) |𝑎| ≥ 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 ∨ 𝑎 ≤ −𝑏
6. |𝑎| = √𝑎2 |𝑎|2 = 𝑎2

2. Máximo entero:
⟦𝑥⟧ = 𝑛 ⇔ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑛, 𝑛 + 1 >, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

2.1. Propiedades:

1. ⟦𝑥⟧ ∈ ℤ 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

2. ⟦𝑥⟧ = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 ∈ ℤ
3. ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, ⟦𝑥⟧ ≤ 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
4. ⟦𝑥⟧ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ⟦𝑥⟧ + 1, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ
5. 0 ≤ 𝑥 − ⟦𝑥⟧ < 1, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ
6. ⟦⟦𝑥⟧⟧ = ⟦𝑥⟧, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ
 7. ⟦𝑥 + 𝑛⟧ = ⟦𝑥⟧ + 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑎: ⟦𝑥⟧ = 𝑘 𝑘 ∈ ℤ, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑘 + 1

⇔ 𝑘 + 𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑛 < (𝑘 + 𝑛) + 1
⇔ ⟦𝑥 + 𝑛⟧ = 𝑘 + 𝑛 = ⟦𝑥⟧ + 𝑛
8. ⟦𝑥⟧ ≤ 𝑛 ⇔ 𝑥 < 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
9. ⟦𝑥⟧ < 𝑛 ⇔ 𝑥 < 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
10. ⟦𝑥⟧ ≥ 𝑛 ⇔ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
11. ⟦𝑥⟧ > 𝑛 ⇔ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑛 + 1
12. ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ⇔ ⟦𝑥⟧ ≤ ⟦𝑦⟧
13. ⟦𝑥 + 𝑦⟧ ≥ ⟦𝑥⟧ + ⟦𝑦⟧
14. 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ ⇔ ⟦𝑛𝑥⟧ = 𝑛⟦𝑥⟧
⟦𝑥⟧ 𝑥
15. 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ⟦ ⟧=⟦ ⟧
𝑛 𝑛
16. 𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ ℤ, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
i) 𝑎 ≤ ⟦𝑥⟧ ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 + 1
ii) 𝑎 ≤ ⟦𝑥⟧ < 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
iii) 𝑎 < ⟦𝑥⟧ < 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 + 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
3. Limites trigonométricos:
𝑠𝑖, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ⇔ lim 𝑓(𝑥0 +) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑥0 ℎ→0
sin 𝑥
3.1. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
tan 𝑥
3.2. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

Observación:
1
i) lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
1/𝑥
ii) lim (1 + 𝑥) =𝑒
𝑥→0
𝛼
iii) lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒 𝛼
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 −1
iv) lim = ln 𝑎 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

4. Derivadas:
4.1. Derivadas comunes:
𝑑𝑦
i) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⇔ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ii) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⇔ =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
iii)𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) ⇔ = 𝑘𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
iv) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 ⇔ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) ⇔ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
vi) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) ⇔ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑔(𝑥).𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)

vii) 𝑦= ⇔ =
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑔(𝑥))2

4.2. Regla de la cadena:

𝑦→𝑢→𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

4.3. Derivada de la función logarítmica y exponencial:

𝑑𝑦
i) 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ii) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
iii) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 ⇔ = ;𝑥 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
iv) 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ⇔ = , 𝑥>0
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ⇔ = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
vi) 𝑦 = ln(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

4.4. Derivada de las funciones trigonométricas:

𝑑𝑦
i) 𝑦 = sin(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = cos(𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ii) 𝑦 = cos(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = − sin(𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
iii) 𝑦 = tan(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
iv) 𝑦 = cot(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) 𝑦 = sec(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = sec(𝑓(𝑥)) . tan(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
vi) 𝑦 = csc(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = − csc(𝑓(𝑥)) cot(𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 4.5. Derivada de funciones trigonométricas inversas:
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
i) 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
ii) 𝑦 = cos −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =−
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
iii) 𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
iv) 𝑦 = cot −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =−
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
v) 𝑦 = sec −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑓(𝑥)|√𝑓2 (𝑥)−1

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
vi) 𝑦 = csc −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =−
𝑑𝑥 |𝑓(𝑥)|√𝑓2 (𝑥)−1

5. Funciones hiperbólicas:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
i) sinh 𝑥 =
2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
ii) cosh 𝑥 =
2
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
iii) tanh 𝑥 = =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
iv) cot 𝑥 = =
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
1 2
v) sech 𝑥 = =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
1 2
vi) csch 𝑥 = =
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥

5.1. Propiedades:
a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
b) 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
c) 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
d) sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
e) cosh 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
f) sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 . cosh 𝑦 ± cosh 𝑥 . sinh 𝑦
g) cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 . cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
tanh 𝑥±tanh 𝑦
h) tanh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 1±tanh 𝑥.tanh 𝑦
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
i) sinh 𝐴 + sinh 𝐵 = 2 sinh ( 2
) . cosh ( 2 )
 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
j) cosh 𝐴 + cosh 𝐵 = 2 cosh ( 2
) . cosh ( 2 )
cosh 2𝑥−1 cosh 2𝑥+1
k) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 2
, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = 2

5.2. Derivada de funciones trigonométricas hiperbólicas:

𝑑𝑦
a) 𝑦 = sinh(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = cosh(𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
b) 𝑦 = cosh(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = sinh(𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
c) 𝑦 = tanh(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
d) 𝑦 = coth(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
e) 𝑦 = sech(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = −sech(𝑓(𝑥)) . tanh(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
f) 𝑦 = csch(𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = csch(𝑓(𝑥)) coth(𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

5.3. Funciones trigonométricas inversas hiperbólicas:

a) sinh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ

b) cosh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) , 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 ≥ 1

1 1+𝑥
c) tanh−1 𝑥 = . ln( ), 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 |𝑥| < 1
2 1−𝑥
1 1+𝑥
d) coth−1 𝑥 = . ln ( ), 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 |𝑥| > 1
2 1−𝑥

5.4. Derivada de las funciones trigonométricas inversas hiperbólicas:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
a) 𝑦 = sinh−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
b) 𝑦 = cosh−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = , 𝑓(𝑥) > 1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑓2 (𝑥)−1

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
c) 𝑦 = tanh−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = , |𝑓(𝑥)| < 1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
d) 𝑦 = coth−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ = , |𝑓(𝑥)| > 1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
e) 𝑦 = sech−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =− , 0 < 𝑓(𝑥) < 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)√1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑥)
f) 𝑦 = csch−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⇔ =− , 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 |𝑓(𝑥)|√𝑓2 (𝑥)+1