SIKA® CARBODUR® CALCULATION SOFTWARE

PROJECT: WEIP2/PK-F2
ELEMENT: Pile-500
INDEX

1.- DESIGN CRITERIA AND REGULATIONS......................................................................................................................... 3

2.- CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS..................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.- Geometry...................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.- Concrete........................................................................................................................................................ 3
2.3.- Reinforcing steel............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.4.- Strength reduction factors............................................................................................................................. 3
2.5.- Load factors................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.6.- Exposure conditions...................................................................................................................................... 4

3.- FRP-CONFINEMENT STRENGTH................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1.- Properties of FRP reinforcement.................................................................................................................... 4
3.2.- Stress-strain diagram (un-confined and FRP-confined concrete).................................................................... 5

4.- ANTICIPATED COMBINATIONS OF LOADS................................................................................................................... 6

4.1.- Expected loads (strengthening design)........................................................................................................... 6

5.- RESULTS..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1.- Summary of results........................................................................................................................................ 6
5.2.- Ultimate limit states...................................................................................................................................... 7
5.3.- Serviceability limit states............................................................................................................................... 10
5.4.- Fire resistance (t=0 min.)............................................................................................................................... 12
5.5.- FRP arrangement........................................................................................................................................... 13

6.- PRODUCT SPECIFICATION........................................................................................................................................... 14

6.1.- Bonded SikaWrap® fabrics............................................................................................................................. 14
6.1.1.- Concrete surface preparation.................................................................................................................. 14
6.1.2.- SikaWrap® fabrics.................................................................................................................................... 14

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

Corporate Tech. Dept. Editor: Engr. Victor Project: WEIP2/PK-F2
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 INDEX
6.1.3.- Epoxy Adhesive........................................................................................................................................ 15
6.1.4.- Application procedure............................................................................................................................. 15

7.- LEGAL DISCLAIMER..................................................................................................................................................... 17

8.- ABOUT SIKA® CARBODUR® CALCULATION SOFTWARE................................................................................................ 17

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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1.- DESIGN CRITERIA AND REGULATIONS

Column strengthening by means of FRP confinement.

- ACI 440.2R-17

- ACI 318

- Country: Singapore

2.- CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS

2.1.- Geometry
Cross section = Circular
Diameter (d) = 500 mm
500

2.2.- Concrete
Compressive strength of concrete
Concrete strength (f'c) = 50 MPa
Cylinder specimen = 50 MPa
Cube specimen = 60 MPa

2.3.- Reinforcing steel

Cover = 50 mm
Steel fy Es Number x ds
(MPa) (MPa) (mm)
(User (fy = 800.00 MPa)) 800 200000 16 x 16

2.4.- Strength reduction factors

Defined by (ACI 318)

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 fcc,t = 0.65
fcc,s = 0.75
ftc = 0.90

2.5.- Load factors

ACI combinations Dead loads Live loads
Strengthening limits 1.10 1.00
Expected loads (strengthening design) 1.20 1.60
Anticipated service loads 1.00 1.00
Fire situation 1.00 1.00

2.6.- Exposure conditions

Fiber type: Carbon
Exposure conditions: Aggressive environment (Ce = 0.85)
3.- FRP-CONFINEMENT STRENGTH

3.1.- Properties of FRP reinforcement

Ef Thickness tf Width
Laminate efu
*
Number n
(MPa) (mm) (mm)
SikaWrap® 301C - 50cm 0.0156 225000.00 0.167 4 500.00

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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3.2.- Stress-strain diagram (un-confined and FRP-confined concrete)

σ (MPa)

70 Confined concrete
Un-confined concrete
(6.8, 63.7)
60
(2.1, 54.2)
50 (2.0, 50.0)
(3.0, 50.0)
40

30

20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ε (‰)

Un-confined concrete*
   e 2

f '  1-  1- c ec :
'
 0  ec  e'c 0.0020
fc   c   e'c 


 f 'c e'c  ec  ecu
ecu : 0.0030
The stress-strain model adopted for FRP-confined concrete is computed using the following
expressions (ACI 440.2R-17, 12.1)*
 Ec  E2  2
2

E c ec  ec 0  ec  e't

fc   4  f 'c

 f 'c  E2 e c e't  ec  eccu

f 'cc  f 'c
E2  E2 : 2031.23 MPa
eccu

2  f 'c
e 't 
et :
'
Ec  E2 0.0021
*The strength of the unconfined member, and the strength of the confined member for the
design stress-strain model, are respectively 0.85·f'c and 0.85·f'cc.
Maximum compressive strength for the confined concrete
f 'cc  f 'c  F  3,3  a  fl f'cc : 63.75 MPa

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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Maximum confinement pressure
2  Ef  n  t f e fe
fl  fl : 4.38 MPa
D
Effective strain level in FRP at failure
e fe   e e fu efe : 0.0073
Maximum compressive strain in the FRP-confined concrete
 f e  
0.45

eccu  e 'c   1.50  12  b  l   fe    0.01

 f 'c  e 'c   eccu : 0.0068
 
fl/f'c : 0.09

A strain efficiency factor e of 0.55 and a minimum confinement ratio fl/f'c of 0.08 must be used

* ffu* ffu Ef Ec tf D
efu CE efu e
'
ec n A A a b f
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (mm) (mm) e c
0.0156 3510.00 0.85 0.0133 2983.50 225000.00 0.55 0.0020 50000.00 4 0.167 500.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.95

4.- ANTICIPATED COMBINATIONS OF LOADS

4.1.- Expected loads (strengthening design)

Dead loads
PDL = 4500.00 kN, MDL,x = 148.00 kN·m, MDL,y = 0.00 kN·m
Live loads
PLL = 0.00 kN, MLL,x = 0.00 kN·m, MLL,y = 0.00 kN·m

Mx

My
x

The live load acting on the member is expected to be present for a sustained period of time
5.- RESULTS

5.1.- Summary of results

Strengthening limits (ACI440.2R-17, 9.2)
Pu Mu,x Mu,y
Loading f f·Pn,max ³ Pu; f·Sn ³ Su
(kN) (kN·m) (kN·m)
Su = 1.10 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL 0.65 4950.00 162.80 0.00 Un-strengthened section

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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 Strengthened section under anticipated loads
Pu Mu,x Mu,y
Loading f f·Pn,max ³ Pu; f·Sn ³ Su
(kN) (kN·m) (kN·m)
Su = 1.20 · SDL + 1.60 · SLL 0.65 5400.00 177.60 0.00 Strengthened section
Serviceability limit states
Loading Service stresses sc,Max.  0.65·f'c sy,Max.  0.60·fy
Su = 1.00 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL sc,Max. = 31.67 MPa sy,Max. = 176.59 MPa 31.67 MPa  32.50 MPa 176.59 MPa  480.00 MPa

Fire resistance (t=0 min.)

Pu Mu,x Mu,y
Loading f f·Pn,max ³ Pu; f·Sn ³ Su
(kN) (kN·m) (kN·m)
Su = 1.00 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL 1.00 4500.00 148.00 0.00 Un-strengthened section

5.2.- Ultimate limit states

Force balance of section. Strengthening limits. Minimum combination of loads to be resisted by the un-strengthened
member (ACI440.2R-17, Section 9.2).
Su = 1.10 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL
φ·Pn (kN)

6000

5000 Su(162.8,4950)

4000

3000

2000

1000

-1000

-2000

-3000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

(φ·Mn,x, φ·Mn,y) (kN·m)

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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 εmax σmax
ε = 3.0 ‰

ε = 2.0 ‰
x

ε = 0.0 ‰
εmin

Maximum and minimum strain emax = 2.92 ‰

emin = 0.13 ‰
Maximum stress in concrete fc = 42.50 MPa
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis x = 524.15 mm
Stress and strain of reinforcement
Ref. X Coord. (mm) Y Coord. (mm) f (MPa) ε (‰)
No. 16 200 0 527.95 2.64
No. 16 185 77 511.00 2.55
No. 16 141 141 462.72 2.31
No. 16 77 185 390.48 1.95
No. 16 0 200 305.26 1.53
No. 16 -77 185 220.03 1.10
No. 16 -141 141 147.79 0.74
No. 16 -185 77 99.51 0.50
No. 16 -200 0 82.56 0.41
No. 16 -185 -77 99.51 0.50
No. 16 -141 -141 147.79 0.74
No. 16 -77 -185 220.03 1.10
No. 16 0 -200 305.26 1.53
No. 16 77 -185 390.48 1.95
No. 16 141 -141 462.72 2.31
No. 16 185 -77 511.00 2.55

Force balance of section. Strengthened section with factored expected loads.

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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Su = 1.20 · SDL + 1.60 · SLL

εmax σmax
ε = 6.8 ‰
x

ε = 2.1 ‰

ε = 0.0 ‰

εmin

Maximum and minimum strain emax = 6.73 ‰

emin = -0.32 ‰
Maximum stress in concrete fc = 54.13 MPa
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis x = 477.57 mm
Stress and strain of reinforcement
Ref. X Coord. (mm) Y Coord. (mm) f (MPa) ε (‰)
No. 16 200 0 800.00 6.03
No. 16 185 77 800.00 5.81
No. 16 141 141 800.00 5.20
No. 16 77 185 800.00 4.29
No. 16 0 200 641.71 3.21
No. 16 -77 185 425.89 2.13
No. 16 -141 141 242.93 1.21
No. 16 -185 77 120.68 0.60
No. 16 -200 0 77.75 0.39
No. 16 -185 -77 120.68 0.60
No. 16 -141 -141 242.93 1.21
No. 16 -77 -185 425.89 2.13
No. 16 0 -200 641.71 3.21
No. 16 77 -185 800.00 4.29
No. 16 141 -141 800.00 5.20
No. 16 185 -77 800.00 5.81

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5.3.- Serviceability limit states
To ensure that radial cracking will not occur under service loads, the transverse strain in the concrete must remain
below its cracking strain at service load levels(ACI 440.2R-17, 12.1.3)
This corresponds to limiting the compressive stress in the concrete to 0.65·f'c.
In addition, the service stress in the longitudinal steel must remain below 0.60·fy to avoid plastic deformation under
sustained or cyclic loads.

Force balance of section. Strengthened section under service loads.

Su = 1.00 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL

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 εmax σmax

εmin

Maximum and minimum strain emax = 0.95 ‰

emin = 0.24 ‰
Maximum stress in concrete fc = 31.67 MPa
Stress and strain of reinforcement
Ref. X Coord. (mm) Y Coord. (mm) f (MPa) ε (‰)
No. 16 200 0 176.59 0.88
No. 16 185 77 172.21 0.86
No. 16 141 141 159.73 0.80
No. 16 77 185 141.04 0.71
No. 16 0 200 119.00 0.60
No. 16 -77 185 96.97 0.48
No. 16 -141 141 78.28 0.39
No. 16 -185 77 65.80 0.33
No. 16 -200 0 61.41 0.31
No. 16 -185 -77 65.80 0.33
No. 16 -141 -141 78.28 0.39
No. 16 -77 -185 96.97 0.48
No. 16 0 -200 119.00 0.60
No. 16 77 -185 141.04 0.71
No. 16 141 -141 159.73 0.80
No. 16 185 -77 172.21 0.86

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5.4.- Fire resistance (t=0 min.)
Force balance of section. Un-strengthened section.
Su = 1.00 · SDL + 1.00 · SLL
φ·Pn (kN)

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
Su(148,4500)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(φ·Mn,x, φ·Mn,y) (kN·m)

εmax σmax
ε = 3.0 ‰

ε = 2.0 ‰
x

ε = 0.0 ‰
εmin

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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 Maximum and minimum strain emax = 2.92 ‰
emin = 0.13 ‰
Maximum stress in concrete fc = 42.50 MPa
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis x = 524.15 mm
Stress and strain of reinforcement
Ref. X Coord. (mm) Y Coord. (mm) f (MPa) ε (‰)
No. 16 200 0 527.95 2.64
No. 16 185 77 511.00 2.55
No. 16 141 141 462.72 2.31
No. 16 77 185 390.48 1.95
No. 16 0 200 305.26 1.53
No. 16 -77 185 220.03 1.10
No. 16 -141 141 147.79 0.74
No. 16 -185 77 99.51 0.50
No. 16 -200 0 82.56 0.41
No. 16 -185 -77 99.51 0.50
No. 16 -141 -141 147.79 0.74
No. 16 -77 -185 220.03 1.10
No. 16 0 -200 305.26 1.53
No. 16 77 -185 390.48 1.95
No. 16 141 -141 462.72 2.31
No. 16 185 -77 511.00 2.55

The nominal strength of the un-strengthened member exceeds the combination of loads corresponding to the fire
situation. The FRP strengthening is therefore not necessary during a fire situation, and does not need to be protected. If
a certain fire rating is necessary, the designer must evaluate the need for a protection of the RC element (concrete and
steel reinforcement) according to the local codes.
5.5.- FRP arrangement
The previous results correspond to the following FRP scheme:
4 layers of SikaWrap® 301C - 50cm

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6.- PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

6.1.- Bonded SikaWrap® fabrics

The strengthening shall be achieved using unidirectional carbon fibre fabric, impregnated and externally bonded to the
structure with epoxy adhesive Sikadur®-330

The fibers should be aligned and free of torsion.

The material shall have a long track record (> 25 years) for structural strengthening.

The fibre fabric shall be unidirectional and fabricated of PAN based carbon fibres.

Installation in several layers shall be possible.

Measured values of mechanical properties of laminated fabrics shall be provided, minimum test series of 20 samples.

6.1.1.- Concrete surface preparation

Any unsound material shall be removed and removed concrete shall be repaired as described above. Large blowholes
and honeycombing shall be filled with a suitable repair mortar.

Repair materials shall be fully compatible with the adhesive.

The actual strength of the concrete substrate shall be verified with at least three pull-off tests.

The concrete shall be older than 28 days.

The laitance layer on the substrate surface shall be removed and an open-textured surface shall be created.

The substrate surface shall be cleaned so that it is free from oil, grease and any other contaminants as well as loose
particles and dust.

For fibre fabric application, all corners shall be rounded to a minimum radius of 20 mm and any sharp edges shall be
removed.

The substrate moisture content shall be less than 4% pbw.

6.1.2.- SikaWrap® fabrics

The materials shall comply with the performance characteristics described as follows:

6.1.2.1.- Typical Properties of SikaWrap® 301C - 50cm fabric:

Typical dry fiber properties:

E-Modulus EN 2561/ASTM D3039 » 230000 N/mm² (MPa)

Tensile Strength EN 2561/ASTM D3039 » 4900 N/mm² (MPa)
Strain at break EN 2561/ASTM D3039 1.56 %

Typical laminate properties (related to fibre thickness):

E-Modulus EN 2561/ASTM D3039 » 225000 N/mm² (MPa)

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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6.1.3.- Epoxy Adhesive
The adhesive shall be epoxy based.

The priming of the substrate and the saturation of the SikaWrap® 301C - 50cm fabric will be done by means of
Sikadur®-330

6.1.3.1.- Typical Properties of Sikadur®-330 adhesive

The adhesive must comply with EN 1504-4.

Chemical base Epoxy resin

Density 1.30 kg/l (at +23°C).
+10ºC » 10000 mPas
Viscosity (shear rate 50/S) +23ºC » 6000 mPas
+35ºC » 5000 mPas
Thermal expansion coefficient -10ºC to +40ºC 4.5 x 10-5 per °C
Curing
7 days, +10ºC +36ºC
Thermal stability. HDT (ASTM D648)
7 days, +23ºC +47ºC
7 days, +35ºC +53ºC
Service temperature 23ºC Curing -40ºC to +45ºC
Tensile Strength DIN EN ISO 527-3 30 N/mm2 (7 days at +23°C)
Bond Strength (sandblasted substrate) DIN EN ISO 4624 Concrete fracture (> 4 N/mm²)
E-Modulus (flexural) DIN EN 1465 3800 N/mm2 (7 days at +23°C)
E-modulus in tensile DIN EN ISO 527-3 4500 N/mm2 (7 days at +23°C)
Elongation at break DIN EN ISO 527-3 0.9% (7 days at +23°C)

6.1.4.- Application procedure

The wrap shall be cut to size with special fibre scissors.

In case of column confinement, the minimum overlap of the fabric in fibre direction shall be 150 mm

A primer layer of the impregnating resin shall be applied on the substrate surface, using a toothed trowel or a roller.

The fabric shall be placed on the substrate, pressed on gently, and the resin shall be worked into the fabric with an
impregnation roller until the fabric is completely saturated.

Additional layers shall be installed as described above, preferably wet-on-wet.

In case of a cementitious overcoat, the resulting resin surface shall be broadcasted with quartz sand.

Impregnation shall always be performed in fibre direction.

After application, the finished fibre fabric installation of shall be protected from rain, sand, dust and any other
contaminants.

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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If necessary, the applied system shall be protected with a suitable coating (compatibility tests between the coating and
the fabric shall be available).

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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7.- LEGAL DISCLAIMER
THIS SOFTWARE APPLICATION AND THE RESULTS DERIVED FROM ITS UTILIZATION ARE INTENDED ONLY FOR USE BY
PROFESSIONAL USERS WITH EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IN THE AREA OF THE INTENDED APPLICATION. USERS MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS BEFORE ANY USE AND TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SITE AND APPLICATION
CONDITIONS, PRODUCT DATA SHEET AND PRODUCT LITERATURE, TECHNICAL STATE OF THE ART AS WELL AS LOCAL
APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS.

With respect to the software application and results derived from its use, SIKA MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ACCURACY,
RELIABILITY, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE APPLICATION IS
PROVIDED ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS AND SIKA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE
APPLICATION AND RESULTS DERIVED FROM ITS USE.

Sika shall not be liable for any consequential, punitive, incidental, exemplary, or special damages (including but not
limited to loss of business opportunity or loss of profit) arising out of the evaluation or use of the software application
and results derived from its use.

The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the application and end-use of Sika products, are
given in good faith based on Sika's current knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored, handled
and applied under normal conditions in accordance with Sika’s recommendations. In practice, the differences in
materials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no warranty in respect of merchantability or of fitness for a
particular purpose, nor any liability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever, can be inferred either from this
information, or from any written recommendations, or from any other advice offered. The user of the product must test
the product’s suitability for the intended application and purpose. Sika reserves the right to change the properties of its
products. The proprietary rights of third parties must be observed. All orders are accepted subject to our current terms
of sale and delivery. Users must always refer to the most recent issue of the local Product Data Sheet for the product
concerned, copies of which will be supplied on request.

Except as indicated otherwise, all information, text, graphic images, features, functions, and layout contained in this
software are the exclusive property of Sika and may not be copied or distributed, in whole or in part, without the
Company's express written consent.

By transmitting information to Sika, you grant to the Company the unrestricted irrevocable license to use, reproduce,
display, modify, distribute and perform such information. Personal identity information is used by Sika only to process a
request for information by you or for marketing our products and services.

© Copyright Sika Services AG 2016

8.- ABOUT SIKA® CARBODUR® CALCULATION SOFTWARE

Engineered by:

Cype Software - Eusebio Sempere, 5 - 03003 Alicante (Spain)

www.cype.com

Sika Services AG Element: Pile-500 Date: 03/07/2018

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