Akyana January June 2017

wdLHdk narrations
open access, refereed journal

ISSN 2478-0642
Volume 02 | Issue 01 | January – June 2017
Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
www.sab.ac.lk
ආඛ්‍යාන narrations
wdLHdk
narrations
ISSN 2478-0642
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
CC BY-NC-SA
Legal Code: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
Editorial Board
Sarath Ananda - Chief Editor

BA Hons, M.Phil, PhD
Manoj Ariyarathne
BA Hons, MA, PhD
Hiniduma Sunil Senevi
BA Hons, MA, PhD
E. P. N. Udaya Kumara
BSc (sp), Msc, PhD
Prabath Galagamage
BA Hons, M.A, M.Phil, PhD (reading)
Reviewers
Prof. Kalinga Tudor Silva

Prof. H.M.D.R Herath
Prof. Premakumara De Silva
Dr. Sumudu Premachandra
Submit your academic papers to sarath_a@yahoo.com or gprabath@gmail.com
Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies

Cover Page
Artist: Dr. Manoranjana Herath

Title: Face
–––
Contents
ශ්‍රී ඼ංකාවේ වේ඾ඳා඼නය වශ නාථ වදවියන් ............................................................................................... 4
කන්ද උඩරට රාජධානි වමවේ ඾රී ඼ාංව ය ශදාදාවේ අවි ආයුධ ශා ඳාරම්ඳරික යුධ දැනුම ............................ 12
උඩුදුම්බර වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾න තුළින් වශළිලන කෘෂි වමාජය වශ ලර්තමාන අර්බුදය ................................. 35
ක්‍රි.ල. 8-10 සියලව් අතර කා඼වේ අනුරාධපුරය වශ බැග්ඩෑඩය අතර ලාණිජ වශ වංව්කෘතික වබ඲තා ........... 58
ජීල විදයාත්මක ලංගිකත්ලවේ වමාජ නිර්මිතය .......................................................................................... 73
දෘ඿ය ඳරිවරය තුෂ ව්ථාපිත කු඼ මවශේ඿ාකයත්ලවේ ආඛ්‍යාන...................................................................... 83
ආඛ්‍යානnarrations
Volume 02 | Issue 01 | January – June 2017 | Article 01
ISBN 2478-0642
On-line Refereed Journal of the Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies
Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

e-mail: akyanaeditor@ssl.sab.ac.lk
ශ්‍රී ඼ංකාවේ වේ඾ඳා඼නය වශ නාථ වදවියන්
අජිත් තල්ලත්ත1
B.A.(special), M.A.(PDN) , M.phil, Ph.D. (KLN)
ajiththalwatte@gmail.com
වංක්‍ෂිප්තය
඼ාංව ය වබෞේධ ජන වමාජවයහි නාථ වදවියන් ව඲ශා හිම් ලන්වන් සුවිව඾ේෂි ව්ථානයකි. බුදු දශමට
අනුල, නිර්ලාණය මගින් වවර ගමන වකෂලර වකොට අලවාන විදා තිය ඼ැබීම ව්වලෝත්වාශවයන් කෂ යුත්ත
බැවින් වදවියන් වරණ යෑම ධධර්යලත් වනොකැවර්. එනදාත් නාථ වදවියන් වම්බන්ධ කරියා පිළිවලත් වම්මි඾ර ී
ඇත. වබෞේධ වංකල්ඳය ශා වේල වංකල්ඳය එකිවනකට බේධ ීම වඳොවෂොන්නරු යුගවයන් ඳසු වෘජු
ල඾වයන් සිදු වූ බල වඳවන්. වමරට ඉතිශාවවේ නාථ වදවියන් ලඩාත්, ලැදගත් ලන්වන් වබෝධිවත්ල තත්ත්ලවේ
සිට කරමික ල වේලත්ලයට ඳත්ීම නිවාය. වමකී වන්දර්භය ඳදනම්වකොට වගොඩ නැවගන වමම ආඛ්‍යානවේ
මූලක ඳරමාර්ථය ලන්වන් වමරට වමාජය තුෂ නාථ වදවියන්ට හිමි ඓතිශාසික ඳසුබිම ගවේ඿ණය කිරීම ශා
දාශතර ලන සියලවවන් ඳසු නාථ වේල වංකල්ඳය ඳරචලලත වූ ආකාරයත් එය ඼ාංව ය වේ඾ඳා඼න වන්දර්භය
තුෂ හිමි භූමිකාල විගරශ කිරීමත්ය.
m%uqL mo: kd: fojshka" ft;sydisl úldYkh" ,dxflah foaYmd,kh
fn!oaO ck iudcfhys ksn| j f.!rjdorhg ,lajk foúfhl= f,i kd: foúhka

ie,lsh yelsh' nqÿ oyug wkqj" ks¾jdKh u.ska iir .uk fl<jr fldg wjidk úuqla;sh
,enSu wkqolakd neúka" foúhka irK hEu ffOhH_j;a fkdlef¾¡ tkuq;a ld,dkqrEm j isÿ
jQ fjkiaùï yd fn!oaO p¾hdjka ;=< foúhka iïnkaO l%shd ms<sfj;a iïñY% ù we;' fn!oaO
ixl,amh yd foaj ixl,amh tlsfklg noaO ùu fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miq iDcq jYfhka
isÿúh' tf,i uqiq ù ck;d f.!rjdorhg m;a foú flkl= f,i kd: foúhka ie,lsh
yelsh Ô¾uodi iy ;=kafoKsh" 1994(76&' furg b;sydifha kd: foúhka jvd;a" jeo.;a
1
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Rajarata University of Sri lanka
jkafka fndaêi;aj ;;a;ajfha isg l%ñl j foaj;ajhg m;aùu ksidh' ta wkqj" fuu
wOHhkfha uQ,sl mrud¾:h jkafka furg foaYmd,kh ;=< kd: foúhkag ysñjQ ft;sydisl
ia:dkh .fõIKh lsrSu h' fï hgf;a m<uqj" ody;r jk ishjfika miq kd: foaj ixl,amh
m%uqLùu;a" fojkqj kd: foaj ixl,amhg ,dxflah foaYmd,k ikao¾Nh ;=< ysus ia:dkh
ú.%y lsrSug;a kshñ;h'
uydhdk fn!oaOhka w;r wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;aj úYajdih we;s jkafka iïnqoaO

mßks¾jdKfhka miqj" tkï y;r jk ishjfia § muK h' uydhdksl ixl,am Tiafia bÈßhg
wd wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka fn!oaO ck;djf.a mqo mQcdjkag Ndckh jkafka y;a jk
fyda wg jk ishjiaj, § h' fuu wjêfha wdishdfõ iEu m%foaYhl u jdf.a fuu
fndaêi;ajfhda mqo i;aldrhg n÷ka jQy' Y%S úch" ldïfndach" ishuh" nqreuh jeks w.aksÈ.
wdishdkq rgj, wjf,dalsf;aYajr mqo mQcdÈh rdc;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi jeo.;a fldg
i,lk ,§' ,laÈj o fuu miqìu ks¾udKh jQ nj fmfka îdikr;k"1952(86&' ,laÈj
f:rjd§ iïm%odh flf¾ uydhdkh n,mE whqre wkqrdOmdrfha nqÿiuh msßlaik úg meyeÈ,s
j u fmfkkakl ^úl%u.uf.a"2006(58&' we;eï rcjre iDcqj u uydhdk ixl,amhkag
mlaImd;S jQ w;r wjikfha f:rjdoh u ch .;a;;a iudcfha me;sß mej;s uydhdk woyia
f:rjd§ iïm%odh ;=<g o we;=¿ úh' wm fuys § úfYaIfhka u wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;af;a
uydhdkslhka w;r jeo.;a u fndaêi;ajhka f,i ie,flk wjf,dalsf;aYajr flf¾ úfYaI
Nla;s m%Kduhla uOHld,Sk ,xldfõ mej;sK' fuu fndaêi;ajhka rE.; lsÍfï § lsÍgfhys
OHdks nqoaO rEmhla fhdokq ,efí' wg jk iy ku jk ishjia ld,h ;=< furg bÈ jQ
wjf,dalsf;aYajr m%;sud rdYshla we; ^,.uqj"1997(54&'tu m%;sud weiqfrka meyeÈ,s jkafka
wkqrdOmqrfha wjidk Nd.fha wjf,dalsf;aYajr jkaokh fld;rï ckm%sh mej;shd o hkakhs'
;jo uydhdksl ixl,am fuka u fmdf<dkakre wjêfha furg jHdma; jQ yskaÿ n,mEu o
furg foaj moaO;sh flf¾ wkq.; ùu;a olakg ,enqKs'
uq, § wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka f,i mqo mQcd ,enQ fuu foúhka miqld,Skj
fndaê;aj ;;a;ajfhka ñoS foaj;ajh wdfrdamKh lr.kakd wdldrh olakg ,efí
^mrKú;dk"1965(189 &' tf,i kd: foúhka njg m;aùug Wmam;a;sh fln÷ f,iska isÿ jqjdo
hkak y÷kd.ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqj tkï 14 jk ishji isxy,
b;sydifha foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ólfha miq.dñ hq.hlss ^fyar;a"2003(2004&' mq,ia;smqrh oy;=ka
jk ishji w. Nd.fha § w;yer oud wdrCId Wmdhla jYfhka ksß;È.g ixl%uKh ùu
werUqKs' kuq;a wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg u ckm%sh j mej;s uydhdk fndaêi;aj ixl,amh 14
jk ishji jk f;la u isxy, iudc" foaYmd,k jHqyhla ;=<g iqúfYaIS jQ nj fkdfmfka'
fuu fndaêi;ajhka foaYSh njg m;aùu isÿj we;af;a .ïfmd< hq.fha § jk w;r t;eka isg
wjf,dalsf;aYajr iaùh;ajh yd wkkH;dj o ieliSug Ndckh úh ^fyda,aÜ"1994(137&'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miq furg we;s jq foaYmd,k iy idudðl wia:djr;ajh fya;=
fldg f.k foaj we|ySu flfrys ck;dj jvd;a keUqre jQ nj fmfka' ;jo Y%S ,dxflah
foaYmd,k n,h iqkanqka ùug wu;r j isÿ jQ ;j;a iqúfYaIs fohla jkafka iEu ia;rhlg u
n,mdk whqßka fmr fkdmej;s ;rï ixialD;sl wkql,khla we;s ùuhs' fï iu`. u yskaÿ
yd uydhdksl ixl,am rdYshla iïñY%Kh ùu isÿ úh' tfia u uydhdk wjf,dalsf;aYajr
fndaêi;ajhka Y%S ,dxlSh foú flfkl= jYfhka i,ld kd: foúhka njg mßj¾;kh ùu;a
isÿ fõ' 15 jk ishji jk úg kd: foú÷ka we|ySu Y%S ,xldfõ b;d iq,N fohla ù we;
^pkaøisß"1996(164&'iuia;hla jYfhka ne,sfï § .ïfmd< hq.h foaYmd,k jYfhka hï
wjia:djr;ajhla ksremKh l<;a ixialD;sl fjkiaùï yd yev.eiSï fnfyúka isÿ jQ hq.hla
jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' .ïfmd< hq.fha § fndaêi;aj jkaokh fnfyúka ckm%sh j mej;s
njla olakg ,efí' fuh tljr we;s jQjla fkdj l%ñl j úldYkh jQjls' oUfoKs hq.fha
fojk merl=ï rcqg nqÿ nj m%d¾:kd lrùug foajm;srdc w.ue;sjrhdf.a wdrdOkdfjka nqoaO
mq;% ysufhda mQcdj,sh rpkd l<y ^mQcdj,sh"1986(698&' ;jo fuu rc;=udf.a ifydaorhd jQ
úchndyq" fndai;a úchndyq f,i y÷kajd ;sfí'
fndaêi;aj jkaokh yd nqoaO;ajh m%d¾:kd lsÍu .ïfmd< hq.fha Ys,d f,aLkj, iy

idys;H uQ,dY%j, o olakg ,efí' fuu hq.fha úydria:dkj, foaj rEm iu`. u fndaêi;aj
rEm o lrjd we;' cd;l fmdf;a we;s l:d .ïfmd< hq.fha úydrj, is;=jï lrk ,oS Ê.Z.
Vol. IV,1948:90-110 )' .v,dfoKs ,smsfha kd: iy ffu;%S fofokd .ek oelafõ' kd: hkq
fuu foúhkaf.a ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq kduh njg uydpd¾h ux., b,x.isxy úiska fmkajd fokq
,efí ^b,x.isxy" 2005(270-280&' fuu fndaêi;ajjreka fmdÿfõ foúhka w;r olajd
we;;a fndaêi;ajjreka f,i Tjqkag ysñ jQ ia:dkh fuu wjêfha fjk;a uQ,dY%j, o oel.;
yelsh' ,xld;s,l isxy, ,smsfha ffu;%S fndaêi;aj kñka o kd: f,daflaYajr kd: kñka o
y÷kajd we;' ñka wjfndAO jkafka fiiq foúhkag jvd kd: foú÷kag úfYaI;ajhla fuu
hq.fha § ysñ jQ njhs'
kshï.ïmdh ,smshg wkqj tu úydrfha Wvq úhfka ffu;%S fndai;=kaf.a rej is;=jug
ke.+ nj fmfka' fixlv., foúhka úiska w,flaYajr iy foajuka;%SYajr fofokdg
isysfkka fmkS isg i;=rka mrdch lsÍu msKsi ch ldrKd olajk ,o njg i.u ,smsh idCIs
orhs Ê.Z. Vol. IV,1948:296-311 )' kd: fndaêi;ajhl=g jvd ,xldrlaIl foúhl= f,i
l%shd;aul jQ nj fmfka' kd: foúhka iïnkaOfhka wdpd¾h fcdaka la,s*¾â fyda,aÜ olajk
woyi b;d jeo.;a fõ' —kd: iy furg rdc;ajh w;r iqúfYaIs in|;djka mej;s nj;a"
furg md,lhka fndaêi;aj hdkh wkq.ukh l< nj;a" ta wkqj fndaêi;aj" foaj" rc hk
ixl,amhla mej;s nj;a" ta ksid kd: isxy, rdcHfha wdrlaIlhd ^fyda,aÜ"1994(153& nj;a
mjihs' tfia u" wïmsáh ,smsfha Ê.Z. Vol. IV,1948:271-273) oelafjk —fixlv., foúhka˜
hkq o fuu kd: foúhka u nj Tyqf.a woyihs' fï jk úg kd: lD;Huh jYfhka
foúfhl= njg m;a ù isá nj o" i;ajhka iißka t;r lsÍfï fndaêi;aj .=Kh fjkqjg
ne;su;=ka wdrCId lrk f,!lsl ld¾hhka bgq l< foúhl= njg m;a jQ nj o fyda,aÜ
jeäÿrg;a fmkajd foa'
;sri ixfoaYfha ^;sir ixfoaYh" 1936( lú' 130-131&o kd: foúhka —k;s÷˜ kðka o
t;=ukaf.a foaúh ;drd ìij kñka o y÷kajhs' tys § fodrjl ;snQ kd: foajd,h;a kd:
foú÷ka yd ;drd ìij;a kuÈk f,i ;sirdg úOdk lr ;sfí' wdpd¾h fcdaka fyda,aÜ
mjikafka nqÿueÿr ;=< kd: foaj m%;sudjla mej;s njls ^fyda,aÜ"1994(152&' fufia kd:
fndaêi;ajrhl= f,i i,lk ksid tfia ;nkakg we;' nqÿ nj m%d¾:kd lsÍu o ful, nyq,
j isÿ jQ nj by; f;dr;=re u.ska wkdjrKh fõ' Bg wu;r j uydhdk ixl,amh flfrys
úfYaI keUqrejla mej;s nj fmfka' ioaO¾u,xldrfha ndysr isodisfha § jHd>% cd;l l:dj
we; îoaO¾ud,xldrh" 1953( .d:d 16&' fuu l:d yqfola iaj¾K m%Ndi" wjodk l,am,;d jeks
uydhdk .%ka:j, o wd¾hY+rmdohkaf.a cd;l ud,dfõ o olakg ,efí' flfia kuq;a by;
f;dr;=re ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka .ïfmd< hq.fha mej;sfha f:rjd§ wd.ñl miqìula fkdj
uydhdk yd yskaÿ foaj úYajdi iïñY%Kh jQ wd.ñl miqnula njhs'
.ïfmd< hq.fha § kd: foaj jkaokh ckm%sh ù jeo.;alñka jeäjk whqre fmfka'
tfia ùug l=uk fya;= bjy,a jQjd o hkak msßlaish hq;=h' È.=ld,Sk jYfhka foaYmd,k
fCIa;%fha ia:djr;ajhla fkdue;s jQ úg isÿjk úmßj¾;khk w;suy;a h' .ïfmd< hq.fha §
fuu ;;a;ajh jvd;a fyd¢ka ksremKh jk w;r we;eï úg úfoaYSh rdcHhka iu`. o
in|;d jeälr .ekSug W;aiy .kS' úfYaIfhka u O¾ulS¾;S udysñhka iy fiakd
,xldêldrhka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ wd.ñl lghq;=j, ksr; ùu;a" ta iïnkaO;d u; ol=Kq
bkaÈhdkq Ys,amSka furg úydr l¾udka; i|yd f.kajd .ekSu;a" fï iïnkaO;dj,g m%lg
ksoiqkah' foaj úYajdih yd yskaÿ wd.ñl n,mEï furg ixialD;shg iy nqÿoyug
;¾ckd;aul ;;a;ajhlg m;a fkdù" iyÔjk ;;a;ajh ks;r mej;s nj;a wd.ñl
iïñY%Khla we;s lsÍug odhl jQ nj;a fmfka'
wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka o ffu;%S fndaêi;ajhka o isxy, fn!oaO iudc yd

foaYmd,kuh ixl,am moaO;shg wka;¾.ykhg ,laùu oy;=ka jk yd ody;r jk ishjia
w;r ld,h ;=< isÿjQ njby;ska meyeos,s fõ' fojk merl=ï rdcH iufha § ÿ¾NslaIhla we;s
jQ úg th ÿre lr.ekSu rcq mqo mQcd mj;ajd ;sfí' uydjxihg wkqj''''''''''''';=kqrejka"
ffp;Hh" fndaêh" uyd¾ê we;s kd:" ffu;%sh ûydjxih"1996(mß'87&''''''''hkd§kag wjYH jQ
.re nyquka olajd we;' fuu foúhkag o mqo mQcd mejela jQ njg i|yka ùfuka fuu
foúhka foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a jQjd o hkak meyeÈ,s fõ'
úfYaIfhka .ïfmd< wjêh jk úg ,xldfõ úydrdrdu ;=<g foaYSh foajd, bÈùu;a

úydria:dk wNHka;rfha foajd m%;sud bÈùu;a isÿúh' ,xldfõ fn!oaO ixl,amh yd iïnkaO
foaj ixl,amfha úia;drKh ms<snò j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § tys jeo.;a ikaêia:dkla
jYfhka .ïfmd< hq.h ie,lsh yelsh' tu wjêfha úiQ y;r jk nqjfklndyq rcq ^l%s'j'
1344 - 1351& msysgjQ ,xld;s,l fi,a ,smsfha nqÿrcdKka jykafia <`.g jeo.;a fldg ie,lS
we;af;a ffu;%s fndaêi;ajhka yd f,daflaYajr kd: jykafia h ^ Paranavitana,1968:65)' tu
,smsfha u i;rjrï foúhka ms<snò j o iòyka fõ' fuu rcqf.a .v,dfoKsh Ys,d ,smsfhys
by; iòyka fndaêi;ajhka fofokd foúhka f,i y÷kajd we; ^Mudiyanse,1976:137)'
fn!oaO úydria:dkhla ;=< msysgjQ fuu ,smsfha foúhka ms<sn| j iòyka lr ;sîfuka
.ïfmd< wjêh jk úg foaj úYajdih ,dxlSh fn!oaO iudch ;=<g fldf;la wkq.; ù o
hkak meyeÈ,sh' y;a jk ishjfia muK isg ,laÈj fn!oaOhka úiska f.!rjdorhg md;%
lrñka isá wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka 14 jk ishji jk úg f,daflaYajr kd: fyda
kd: hk kñka foaj;ajhg m;aj isá whqre fmfka'
kd: foúhka ms<snò j úfYaI wOHhkhl ksr; jQ wdpd¾h fcdaka la,s*¾â fyda,aÜ
wjf,dalsf;aYajr kd:hka isxy, rdcH;ajh yd iïnkaO ùu oUfoKs rdcOdks iufha isg u
olakg ,efnk nj mjihss ^fyda,aÜ"1994(94&' kd: foúhka ms<snò uydjxifha m%:u jrg
iòyka jkafka fojk mrdl%undyq rdcH iufha j¾Idj wfmalaIdfjka mQcdj meje;aùu yd
iïnkaO isoaêhls' rc;=ud kd: foúhka jeo.;a fldg ie,lSfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka isxy,
fn!oaO iudcfha mej;s úfYaI m%jK;djls' pkaøndkqf.a wdl%uKh yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re
oelaùfï § wdpd¾h fyda,aÜ mjik woyi b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu wdl%uKh ;=<ska
;duq,sma;fha m%p,s; nqoaOrdc ixl,amh furgg meñKs nj;a Bg m%;súreoaO u;hla jQ kd:
foaj jkaokh jHdma; lsÍug fojk mrdl%undyq l%shd lrk njls ^tu"96&' wdpd¾h fcdaka
la,s*¾â fyda,aÜ ;jÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka kd: foúhka isxy, rc flfkl= úiska úfYaI
mqo mQcdjkag Ndck lsÍu m%:u jrg isÿjkafka fojk merl=ïnd hq.fha § njhs' ;jo w.aksÈ.
wdishdfõ m%p,s; j mej;s foaj rdc ixl,amh /f.k pkaøndyq isxy, rdcHh wdl%uKh l<
fï wjia:dfõ § kd: foúhka isxy, rdcH;ajh yd iïnkaO ùu hf:dala; úfoaYSh rdcH
ixl,amhkag m%;spdrhla jkakg we; ^tu"98&'
wïmsáh Ys,d f,aLkfha fixlv., foúhkaf.a we;d .kakd oji .ek we;s f;dr;=re
o i.u ,smsfha fixlv., kd: idóka .ek we;s i|yk ;=<ska o meyeÈ,s jkafka fuu hq.fha
md,lhd iy kd: foúhka w;r mej;s úfYaI iïnkaO;djhs' fldaÜfÜ hq.fha rÑ; .srd
ixfoaYh u`.ska kd: foúhka yd isxy, rdc;ajh w;r mej;s in|;dj ukd j meyeÈ,s fõ'
fuu ixfoaYfha uQ,sl m¾ud¾:h jkafka f;dg.uqfõ rdyq, ysñhka ,jd yh fjks
mrdl%undyq rcq we;=¿ msßfia wdrlaIdj foúhka ,jd isÿ lr .ekSuhs' osjhsk wjika jrg
tlafiai;a l< yh fjks mrdl%undyqf.a wdrlaIdj fuu wjêfha b;d jeo.;a úh' tneúka
ixfoaYlre fujeks wdhdpkhla lrkakg we;' ;jo ry,a ysñhka o kd: jkaokfhys W.%
ne;suf;ls' tjlg mej;s W.;a iudch ;=< jvd bÈßfhka isá NslaIQjla f,i ry,a ysñhkag
úfYaI ia:dkhla ;snqKs' isxy, fn!oaO iudch ;=< nqÿkag yd iudk j kd: foúhkag
ie,lSu fuu`.ska jvd;a ;yjqre fõ' mems,shdfka iqfka;%d foaù msßfjfkys we;s Ys,d ,smsh
u.ska —kd: yd ffu;%sh fo;ekg˜ hkqfjka i|yka lr we; ^ch;s,l"1955(41&' fldaÜfÜ
wjêfhka miq uykqjr hq.hg isxy, rdcOdks .uka lsÍfuka miq kd: yd ffu;%S
fndaêi;ajhka tlg noaO ù tla foú flfkl= njg m;aj we;' fuh isÿ jkafka isxy,
rdc;ajh ;=< isÿ jQ iajNdúl j¾Okhla f,i h'
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha wjidk Nd.fha n,hg m;a yh jk nqjfklndyq fyj;a imqu,a

l=ure rdcH wjêfha kd: foaj jkaokh iïnkaOfhka b;d jeo.;a ld, mßÉfÊohla fõ'
foaYmd,kh ;=< kd: foú`ÿkag fldf;la jeo.;a miqìula ysñjQjd o hkak iuld,Sk isoaëka
mßCId lÍfïka meyeÈ,s lr .; yelsh' furg msysá kd: foajd, w;r ud;f,a yqkdmjqf¾
kd: foafjd, o yh fjks nqjfklndyq yd iïnkaO j mj;sk nj lsj yelsh' fuu m%foaYfha
mj;sk ckm%jdo mßCId lsßfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka imqu,a l=ure hdmkh ch.%yKh lsÍug
.sh .ufka § fuu ia:dkfha kd.il isá yqfkl= y`vkq wid fyf;u i;=gg m;aj we;s njh'
th iqn ,l=Kla fia is;d ch.%yKfhka miq fmr<d meñK fuu foajd,h f.dvk.d ;sfí'
wdpd¾h fcdaka ls,s*¾â fyda,aÜ mjikafka fodrjl msysá kd: foajd,h o nqjfklndyq úiska
msysgqjk ,o tlla njhs' hdmkh m%foaYfha n,h w;am;a lr §ug imqu,a l=ure l<
fufyjr;a isxy, fn!oaO mßirh ;=< Tyqf.a ld¾hNdrh;a jeo.;a úh' ;u hqo l%shdoduh
u,am, .kajd .ekSug kd: foú`ÿka msysgjQjd hehs is;kakg we;' ty § Tyq foúhka Wfoid
.re ie,ls,s olajd wjYH wkq.%yh ,nd§ug fhduqjqK nj lsj yelsh' flfia kuq;a fuu
isÿùu ;=<ska foaYmd,kh yd kd: foú w;r in|;dj jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
ls%' j' 1505 mD;=.Sis wd.ukh;a iu`. furg b;sydifha kj ld, mßÉfþohla Wod fõ'
m%Odk rdcOdksh f,i mej;s fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g l%ñl j iïnkaO
jQ mD;=.siSkag fkdfnda l,lska ;ukag mlaImd;S wfhl= md,khg m;alr .ekSug yels úh
^wfíisxy" 1968(138&' fodka cqjka O¾umd, yd m<uq jk rdcisxy hk md,lhka fofok nqÿ
oyu iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;sh ksid isxy, fn!oAO n,h uykqjr rdcOdksh
jgd talrdYs úh' m<uq jk úu,O¾uiqßh ;=<ska f.dvkexfjk kj rc fm<m; u`.ska isxy,
fn!oaO iïm%odh h<s;a wdrCId ùug mg;a .;af;ah' uq,a jljdkqfõ Wvrg m%foaYfha kd:
foúhka iy rcq w;r iïnkaOh ms<sn| f;dr;=re yuq jkafka w,am jYfhks' tkuq;a miq
Nd.fha Wvrg rcqka weu;Su—foúfhda nqÿjkav rdiska foúfhda˜ hkd§ f,i jHjydr lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s jkafka uykqjr wjêfha rcjreka fndaêi;aj ú,difhka fmkS isá njls Ô¾uodi
iy ;=kafoKsh" 1994(87&'
uykqjr rdcOdks iufha isg kej; kd: foúhkaf.a jeo.;alu f.dvkef.k nj

fmfka' fï i|yd wjYH m%fõYh f.dv kef.kafka kd: foúhka iy msgfha foúhka w;r
.eàu ;=<sks' Wvrg m%foaYfha n,h msysgqjdf.k isá kd: foúhka msáfha foúhkaf.a n,h
yuqfõ hqoaOfhka mer§ mia.u olajd miq nei ;sfí' tfia miqneu isÿ lr we;af;a o i;=kag
jk ydksh oel th j,ld,Su i|yd h' fuu .egqu ms<sn| j wdpdrh fyda,aÜf.a ú.%yh b;d
jeo.;a fõ' fuu .egqu u`.ska iuld,Sk iudcuh yd foaYmd,k isoaêka ixfla;j;a lrk nj
mjihs' oUfoks" .ïfmd< yd fldaÜfÜ hk wjëkays isxy, iudcfha foaYmd,k lghq;=
flf¾ oeä f,i n, mE kd: foú`ÿka l%ufhka fndaêi;aj Ndjhg m;aùu;a iu`. Tyqf.a
f,!lsl ld¾hhka l%ufhka wvq fõ' ;jo ndysr foú flfkl= f,i msáfha foúhka Wvrg
m%foaYfha n,h msysgjd .ekSu ixfla;j;a lrkafka kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.ka wjika jk isxy,
rc fm<m;g miq kdhlald¾jrekaf.a n,h ia:dms; ùu ixfla;j;a lrk njls'
uykqjr wjêh jk úg rdcmom%dma; ùu yd iïnkaO jeo.;a pdß;% .Kkdjla

mej;sK' ta ;=< jvd iqúfYaI jQfha rcqg kula f;aÍu yd u`.=,a lvqj f;aÍfï pdß;%hhs' fuu
jeo.;a pdß;%h kd: foajd,h yd foajd, N+ñfha ngysr foiska f.dvkxjk ,o ffp;Hh
wi< bÈlrk ,o o¾YkSh ljdldr uKavmh ;=< isÿ l< nj fmfka' rcqg iqÿiq kula f;dard
.ekSfï ux., W;aijh meje;ajQfha fï kd: foajd,fha § hÔ¾uodi"2005(95&' rdclSh
klaI;%dpd¾hjreka úiska ,ndÿka kï lsysmhla f;dard rka m;aj, ,shd ß§ ;eáhl ;nd kd:
foaj m%;sudj bÈßmsg ;nkq ,efí' wNskjfhka rclug m;ajQ rcq kshñ; iqn Èkfha §
fiakdj iu`. úIaKq foajd,hg f.dia foúhka mqod kd: foajd,hg meñK foaj mQcd mj;ajd
we;' kd: foúhka bÈrsfha ;enq rkam;a mÍlaId fldg ;ukag wNsu; kduhla f;dardf.k
m<uq j m%Odk wosldrïjrhdg lshkafka h'Ô¾uodi iy ;=kafoKsh" 1994(79&' miqj Tyq ieug
wefik mßÈ —rc;=uka iòyd foúhka f;dard f.k we;s ku fuhhs'˜ hkqfjka m%ldY
lrhs^mrKú;dk"1965(193&' wk;=re j tlS kduhg iys; rkam; rcqf.a k<f,a ne§fuka miqj
rka wism; ,nd.ekSfï pdß;%h isÿ flf¾' foajd,fha m%Odk lmquy;d úiska ilid f.fkk
i`ÿka l,alh u; w; ;jrd rc;=ud wism; w,a,kq ,efí' fï pdß;%h úIaKq foajd,fha §
fukau kd: foajd,fha § isÿ lrkafka h ^Davy,1821:64) 'uykqjr hq.fha merKs iïm%odhka
ms<smÈk neúkq;a" ,xldfõ iEu rc flfkl= u fndaêi;aj flfkla h hkak oy fjks
ishjfia wNh.srs jdiS NslaIQka úYajdi l< neúkq;a" miq ld,fha ,xldfõ rcjrekag —
fndaêi;ajdldr˜ hk Wmmo kduh fh¥ neúkq;a" rÊcqrejka ish rdc kduh yd u`.=,a lvqj
wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka w;ska ;eîu o mqrdK isß;la jQjd úh yelsh'
;jo Wvrg md,lhka rdcH;ajhg m;aùug fmr kula f;dard.ekSfï § yd Tgqkq

me<§u isÿ lr we;af;a uykqjr kd: foajd,h bÈßmsg h' úfoaYSh rc fm<m;la md,kh
l<;a fndai;a núka hq;= kd: foú`ÿka flfrys úYd, n,hla mej;s nj fmfka' tu n,h
;=<ska ixfla;j;a jkakg we;af;a isxy, fn!oaO miqìu úh yelsh' kuq;a j¾;udkh ;=<
foaYmd,kh yd kd: foúhka w;r b;d ióm iïnkaO;djla mj;sk wdldrhla olakg ke;s
nj fmfka' ;u foaYmd,k wruqKq imqrd .ekSu msKsi l;r.u" uqkafkaYajrï fyda ol=Kq
bkaÈhdkq fldaú,a fj; foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh talrdYS jQj;a kd: foúhkaf.a wdYs¾jdoh
i,id .ekSug fkd tk ;rï h' tfy;a by; idlÉPd l< lreKq ;=< ody;r jk
ishjfika miq foaYmd,kfha ;SrKd;aul idOlhla jQfha kd: foúhka nj meyeos,s fõ'
wdY%s; uQ,dY%
;sir ixfoaYh" §mkS" ixia' l=udr;=x. uqksodi" iqßh uqøK" fld<U" 1936'
mqcdj,sh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu," weï' ä' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1971'
uydjxih" ixia' yslalvqfõ iqux., yd ngqjka;=vdfõ" tia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u"
fld<U" 1996'
ioaO¾ud,xldrh" ixia' l`M;r fidaudkkao" r;akd,xldr m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1953'
wfíisxy" álsß" mrx.s fldaÜfÜ" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia" fld<U" 1968'
bx,.isxy" ux.," uOHld,Sk ,xldfõ wd.u" tia'f.dvf.a iy iud.u" fld<U"2005'
ch;s,l" ã' î' l;sldj;a i`.rd" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh' 1955'
O¾uodi" fla'tka'´' iy ;=kafoKsh tÉ'tï'tia' isxy, foaj mqrdKh" uqøK ks;s.;
ixia:dj" mdÿlal" 1994'
O¾uodi' fla'tka' ´' —,laÈj nqÿiufhys fndaêi;aj iy foaj ixl,amh˜" ixialD; ,sms
ix.%yh"
ksYaYxl fmf¾rd iy ;j;a wh" ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 2005'
mrKú;dk" fikr;a —,laosj uydhdkjdoh"˜ mqrdK hq.h";sir m%ldYlfhda"fld<T" 1967'
,.uqj" ta" Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO m%;sud ,laIK "uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," fld<U " 1997'
úl%u.uf.a" pkaø" Y%S ,xldfõ nqoaO m%;sud l,dj" tia' f.dvf.a yd iud.u" fld<U" 2006'
fyar;a" huqkd" Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO m%;sud yd rElï" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"
fld<U" 2003'
fyda,aÜ" fcdaka" la,s*¾â" ul=g uqksOdß wjf,dalsf;aYajr kd: ,xld mqrdKh" mß'
mS'î' ó.ial=Uqr" m%§m m%ldYk" fld<U' 1994'
Davy, John, An Account of the Interior of Ceylon and Inhabitomts, London, 1821.
Epigraphia Zeylanika, ed. Senerath Paranavithana, Oxford University Press,
London, 1948.
Paranavitana, S. ''Lankatilaka Inscription", University of Ceylon Review, Vol. XVIII,
P.S.1947.
Mudiyanse, N. Mahayana Monuments in Ceylon, Gunasiri, Colombo, 1976.
ISBN 2478-0642

කන්ද උඩරට රාජධානි වමවේ ඾රී ඼ාංවේය ශමුදාවේ

අවි ආයුධ ශා ඳාරම්ඳරික යුධ දැනුම
තු඿ාර විතාරණ2
B.A, M.Phil (reading)
thusharawith@gmail.com
යුද තා ඿ණය අතින් අති඾ය දියුණු බටහිර ජාතීන්වග් ආකරමණ ශදාවේ කන්ද උඩරට
රාජධානිය යටත් වනොීමටත්, වතුරාට දරුණු ඳරශාර එල්඼ කරමින් ඳරාජය කිරීමටත් වමත් වූ බලට
ඓතිශාසික වාධක වාක්‍ෂි දර. . බටහිර ඳැලති නිරන්තර යුේධ තත්ලයන් ඔව්වවේ දියුණු කරන ඼ද යුද
තා ඿ණය ඾රී ඼ංකාවේ අ අල඼ංගු ව ල ද ඾රී ඼ාංව ය භූමියට වශ ව්ලකීය තත්ලයන්ට ගැ඼වඳන
ආකාරයට නිර්මාණය කර ගන්නා ඼ද වරෂ අවි ආයුධ වලතින් ලැඩි යුද ලාසිය අත්ඳත්කර අමට
වමත් විය. කන්ද උඩරට ආකරමණයට ඳැමිණි බටහිර ජාතීන්ට දරුණු ඳරශාරයන් එල්඼ කිරීමට වමත් වූ
ශ්‍රී ඼ාංව ය ශදාදා වතු වූ අවි ආයුධ වම්බන්ධ ඳාරම්ඳරික ඥානය වශ ඳරාවයෝගික යුද ඥානය වම්
තුළින් විමවා බැලීමට උත්වාශ දරා තිවේ.
m%uqL mo: lkao Wvrg rdcOdks" wú wdhqO" ngysr wdl%uK" mdrïmßl hqo {dkh
ye`Èkaùu
lkao Wvrg rdcOdks iuh jYfhka ie,flkafka l%s'j 1592 § mD;=.SiS fikam;sfhl=
jYfhka meñKs fodka fcdaka fkdfyd;a fldkmamq nKavdr úiska Wvrg rdcOdksh w;am;a
lrf.k m<uq jeks úu,O¾uiQßh kñka rcjQ wjia:dfõ isg l%s'j 1815 § Y%S ,xldj bx.%SiSkag
mdjd fok f;la ld,jljdkqj hs (Dewaraja, 1988, p. 5). ta wkqj 16 jeks ishjfia w.
Nd.fhka miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk; u md,k wêldßh njg m;ajQfha lkao Wvrg rdcOdkshhs
^foajrdcd" 1997" ms' 1&' lkao Wvrg rdcOdksh hkak meyeÈ,s md,k jHqyhla iys; ks,n,
rgdjla Tiafia md,k lghq;= mj;ajd .;a wx.iïmQ¾K rdcOdkshl ,laIK iys; jQjls ^mSßia"
2
Lecturer, Sri Lanka Military Academy, Diyatalawa
2001" ms' 23; fvdhs,s" 2005" ms' 31&' l%s'j 1505 § Y%S ,xldjg meñKs mD;=.SiSka o"^mfj,a" 2009" ms'
21&" l%s'j 1658 § mD;=.SiSka hqouh jYfhka mrdch lrñka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a w;am;a
lr.;a ,kafoaiSka o" (De Silva, 2005, p. 38), l%s¦ j¦ 1796 § ,kafoaiSkaf.ka iduldó j n,h
yqjudre lr.;a bx.%SiSka o" (Perera, 1947, p. 11), úúO wjia:djka yS § lkao Wvrg rdcHh
wdl%uKh lsÍug W;aiy lrk ,È' ;;ald,h jk úg hqo ;dlaIKh w;ska w;sYh ÈhqKq
uÜgulg m;aj isá fmrlS ngysr cd;Ska ;%s;ajh yuqfõ idfmalaI j wvq hqo ;dlaIKsl
ÈhqKqjla ,nd isá lkao Wvrg yuqodj hqouh jYfhka mrdch fkdù ;u iajdëk;ajh
mj;ajd .ekSug iu;a úh' (Wickremesekera, 2004, p. 16).
hqo yuqodjl Yla;sh uekne,Su iòyd fhdod .; yels ixl,amhla jk igka n,h
^Fighting Power& ixrplhka ;%s;ajhlska iukaú; jk w;r bka fN!;sl ixrplhka
ksfhdackh lrk jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka wú wdhqO hkakhs (Ministry of Defence, 2002, p.
27). lkao Wvrg rdcOdks iufha we;s jQ igka j, § idfmalI j jeä hqo ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqjla
,nd isá ngysr cd;Ska (Newark, 2009, pp. 277-308). mrdch lrkq jia lkao Wvrg yuqodjka
úiska Ndú; lrk ,o wú wdhqO ms<snò wOHkh lsÍu jeo.;a jkafka ta yd ne`§ mej;=Kq wú
wdhqO ms<snò mdrïmßl {dkh iy Tjqka i;= jQ ir< uÜgfï mej;s wú wdhqO Wml%ñl j
Ndú;h ms<snò j mej;s mdrïmßl m%dfhda.sl hqo {dkh y`ÿkd .ekSu Wfoid h'
ngysr yuqodjka yS wú wdhqO ÈhqKq jkafka Tjqkaf.a újD; N+ñfhys mej;s igka j, §
jeä jdis w;am;a lr.ekSu wruqK iys;j h' tys § i;=rd fj; ±ä ydkshla w;am;a lrúh
yels wdldrhg m%udKfhka iy nßka jeä wdhqO ks¾udKh isÿúh' úYd, ld,;=jlal= (Weir,
2006, p. 67)" khsÜjreka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o óg¾ 3 la muK È.= fy,a,h (Chandler, 1974,
pp. 97-101)" fg%nQÉ kï iqúYd, .,a úÈk WmlrKh (Newark, 2009, pp. 114-115)" wdÈh ta
iòyd lÈu WodyrKa fj;s' ngysr cd;Ska úiska fu;rï ÈhqKq wú ms<snò hqo {dkhlska
hqla; jqj o ta jk úg;a lvqj" ÿkak" fy,a," isßh iy ieye,a¨ >Khg wod< ;=jlal= j¾.
Ndú; l< lkao Wvrg yuqodj hqoaOhka yS jeä jdis w;am;a lr.kakd ,È' tneúka lkao
Wvrg yuqodj iy ngysr wdl%uKsl cd;Ska w;r we;s jQ igka hkak idudkH hqoaO
úYaf,aYkfha § Ndú; jk wú n,h fyda wfkl=;a ixrplhkag iSud fldg ú.%y lr.; yels
m%mxphla fkdjk nj fmkS hhs' tneúka ;uka i;=jk l=uk fyda wdldrfha wú wdhqOhka
;u N+ñh" foaY.=Kh iy hqoaOfhys m%dfhda.sl ;;ajhka iu. ukdj .,md .ekSfï yelshdj
hkak hqo yuqodjlg jeä jdis w;am;a lrfok idOlhla nj meyeÈ,s h'
úYaf,aIKh
lkao Wvrg fin¿ka úiska fo;sia wdhqOhka Ndú; l< nj f;kakfldaka úu,dkkao
Wvrg uy le/,a, lD;sfha olajd we;;a ^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 422& ta ish,a, idlaIs iys; j
Tmamq lsÍfï .eg¿jla mj;S' lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o wú wdhqOhka
ft;sydisl hq.fha isg Ndú; lrk ,o uOH;k hq.fha § ÈhqKq jQ wú wdhqO iy ngysr
wdl%uKsl cd;Ska iu. igka mej;s ld,h ;=< § ksIamdokh fldg ÈhqKq lrk ,o wú wdhqO
wd§ jYfhka uQ,sl j fowdldrhlska hqla; jk w;r tajd Ndú; l< wdldrh wkqj my; mßÈ
ir, fn§ulg ,la l< yelsh'
1' iómfha isg myr §u iòyd Ndú; lrk wú wdhqO
2' ÿr isg myr §u iòyd Ndú; lrk wú wdhqO ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 51&'
fï w;=frka iómfha isg myr §u iòyd Ndú; lrk wú wdhqO idfmalaI j m%d:ñl
>Kfhys ,d ie,flk w;r ÿr isák i;=frl=g myr §u iòyd Ndú; lrk wú wdhqO
oaú;Shsl >Kfhys ,d .; yelsh' fï wkqj lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska hqo wjia:djka yS §
fhdod .kakd ,o wú wdhqO j¾.hka my; mßÈ úia;r l< yelsh'
hqoaOfha ixfla;h jYfhka ie,flk lvqjhkak uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿjk igka j,§
Ndú; l< m%Odk; u wdhqOh úh ^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 137&' lvqj iy wfkl=;a wú wdhqO
ks¾udKh lsÍug f,damia WKq fldg wjYH f,day ,nd .ekSfï ;dlaIKh Y%S ,xldfõ ckhd
i;=j ;sî we; ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 52&' lkao Wvrg rdcOdks iuh jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ fin<d
úiska Ndú; lrk ,o lvq j¾. lsysmhla ms<snò j u f;dr;=re ,efí' tajdfha yevh wkqj
my; mßÈ fjkalr ±laúh yelsh'
2 rEmh 3 rEmh
1 rEmh lia:dk lvqj lia:dk lvqjl isxy ysi
fome;a; lefmk lvqj (The Sinhala Sword, n.d). (The Sinhala Sword, n.d).
(The Sinhala Sword, n.d).
4 rEmh
5 rEmh 6 rEmh
b¿lafld<h kï lvqj
jla lvqj jOl lvqj
(The Sinhala Sword, n.d).
(The Sinhala Sword, n.d). (The Sinhala Sword, n.d).
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydifha isg u nyq;r jYfhka Ndú; lrk ,oafoa by; ±lafjk
fome;a; lefmk wdldrfha lvqjhs' th ióm igka j,§ jeä M,odhS;djhla iys; wúhla
jk w;r úkdYldÍ;ajh w;ska o bÈßfhka isà' lia:dk lvq w,xldr leghï iy ieris,s
j,ska hqla; jk neúka tajd m%N+ka úiska Ndú; lrkg we;s njg wkqudk l< yelsh
(Wickremesekera, 2004, P. 113). b¿lafld<h kï lvqj we`.s,s iòyd wdjrKhka rys; jQ w.
isyska jQ ;,hlska hqla; lvqjla jQ w;r th ieye,a¨ lvqjla fõ ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 54&' jlalvq
igkl § i;=rd fj; jefrka myr§u iòyd iqÿiq wúhla jk w;r i;=re m%ydrhkaf.ka
wdrlaId ù i;=re myfrys ÈYdk;sh fjkia lsÍu iòyd Wml%ñl j jeo.;a jkafka h' lvqj,
yevh wkqj óg wu;r j Èlalvq" ÿq`vq lvq" Èf,k lvq" f,f,k lvq wd§ jYfhka úúO kï
j,ska y`ÿkajk ,o lvq mej;s w;r lvqfjys jákdlu olajkq msKsi m%N+ka úiska fhdod.kakd
,o lvq rka lvq" ß§ lvq" ñKs lvq" i;arejka lvq wd§ kï j,ska o y`ÿkajd we; ^l=,;=x."
1988" ms' 138-139&' ;j o bka§h n,mEu fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú;hg meñKs lvq j¾. tajd
uq,a jrg ksIamdÈ; foaYh wkqj u y`ÿkajk ,o nj ±l.; yelsh' ta wkqj .=Êcr lvq" m`ä
lvq" jä. lvq" ðk lvq" u,h lvq" uÿr lvq" f;,s`.= lvq" jx. lvq" wfhdaOH lvq wd§
jHjydßl jpk o Ndú; ù ;sfí (The Sinhala Sword, n.d).
lvq ksIamdokh iòyd Ndú; lrk ,o ;dlaIKh fcHda;sY úoHdj iu. noaO jQjla
neúka th Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hdg wkqj úfYaIs; jkafka h ^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 422&' Ndú;
lrkakd wkqj >K msysgqjd" fhdaks msysgqjd" ksIamdokh lrk lvqj wod, mqoa.,hdf.a úhf;ys
iy we.s,s j, È. wkqj wkkH jk wdldrhg ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs' tfia u lvqjla mK
fmùu o úfYaIs; ld¾hhla jk w;r rcqf.a lvqj .sf;f,ys o" rK Y+rhdf.a lvqj reêrfhys
o" idudkH lvqj lsß j,o nyd mK fmùu isÿ lrkq ,nhs ^ch;siai" 2011&'
fï wkqj ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka lvqj hkak hqoaOfha § Ndú; l< uQ,sl u wúhla jQ
nj;a" th Y%S ,xldjg u wkkH fndfyda wx.hkaf.ka iukaú; jQ nj;a h' tfia u lvq
iïnkaOfhka fu;rï ;dlaIKhla Tjqka i;= ùfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka ta ms<snò j yi,
±kqfuka iy w;a±lSï j,ska lkao Wvrg fin<d ikakoaO j isá njhs' lkao Wvrg m%foaYfha
N+f.da,Sh idOl ie,lSfï § th l`ÿlr N+ñfhka hqla; jQ >K le,E j,ska iukaú; jQ m¾j;
iy ndOl j,ska .yK m%foaYhla úh ^fkdlaia" 1997" ms' 177&' tneúka ngysr § fuka újD;
N+ñhl § i;=rd yuqfkdù Wml%ñl j ie`.ù isg isÿ lrk igka fuu m%foaYfha § nyq, j
Ndú; jQ nj olakg ,efí' ta iòyd lvqj jeks wdhqOhl m%fhdackh idfmalaI j jeä jkafka
/lisg isÿ lrk myr§ul § ;ukag wdikakfha isák i;=frl= iu. igka je§ug isÿjk
neúks'
lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska hqo N+ñfha § Ndú; l< ;j;a jeo.;a wúhla jkafka ÿkak
iy B;,h hs' tjl mqyqKq lrk ,o wIagdoi úoHdjkaf.ka m%uqL úoHdjla jQ Okq Ys,amh
foaYSh rcjreka" m%N+ka iy idudkH jeishd hk ish¨ fokd úúO mßoafoka yodrK ,È
^lsßwe,af,a [dKúu," 1960" ms' 30&' foaYSh fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o ÿkq j¾. uQ,sl
jYfhka fldgia follg fnod ±laúh yelsh'
1' uyÿkak fyj;a Wiÿkak
2' ñáÿkak ^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 42&'
uQ,sl jYfhka fuu ÿkq j¾. oaú;ajh Ndú; jqj o oUfoKs wiafkys ÿkq j¾. 21 la
ms<snò j iòyka lrhs' flfia jqj o uyÿkak fyj;a Wiÿkak È.= ÿr ú§ug;a ñáÿkak flá
ÿr ú§ug;a Ndú; lrk ,È' ñáÿkak hkak l=vd m%udKfha ÿkakla jQ w;r th idudkH
uyÿkak Ndú; lrk wdldrhg;a" ;j;a ñá ÿkq j¾.la jQ yria ÿkak yria w;g Ndú;
lsÍug;a" .,aÿkak hkak .,a fyda ms<siaiQ ueá .=,s ú§ug;a Ndú; lrk ,o neúka th wdldr
lsysmhlska hqla; jQ nj fmfka ^fyar;a" 1998"ms' 262;l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 130&' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s
jkafka foaYSh fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o uyÿkak ngysr hqo N+ñh ;=< Ndú; jQ È.=
ÿkakg fndfyda ÿrg iudk jQ nj iy foaYSh ñáÿkak iy yria ÿkak wdÈh ngysr flá
ÿkakg ;rula ÿrg iudk jQ njhs Êlmy, n.d). uyÿkak iy ñá ÿkak my; rEm igyka
j,ska ±lafõ
7 rEmh 8 rEmh
uyÿkak iy B;, ñáÿkak Ndú; lsÍu
Êlmy, n.d). Êlmy, n.d).
ÿkak iu. Ndú; jk wfkla Wmdx.h jkafka B;,h hs' foaYSh j Ndú; lrk ,o
B;,fhys B ysi yS oKafvys m<, fkdblaujQ neúka th jeä ldje§fï Yla;shlska hqla; jQ
nj meyeÈ,sh' tfia u foaYSh fin¿ka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o iuyr B;, i;=rd fj;
ldje§fuka miq j yS oKav .e,ù jefgk f,i ilia l< tajd úh ^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod
úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 43&' úIfh¥ B;, ms<snò foaYSh b;sydifha iòyka fj;;a ta foaYSh
fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o tajd ms<snò j fkdfõ' foaYSh fin<d úiska ,S ysia" hlv ysia
iy weglgq fhdod B;, iEÿj o tajd úIfhdod Ndú; l< njg idlaIs fkdue; ^l=,;=x."
1988" ms' 126-127&'
ÿkq ksIamdokh ms<snò ukd ±kqula ;;ald,Sk foaYSh ckhd i;= jQ w;r ÿkafkys
jrmg iòyd kq. mÜg" kshò" f.dak nvje,a" wr¿ mÜg wdÈh fhdod .kakd ,È ^úu,dkkao"
1962" ms' 130&' ÿkafkys ,Sh iòyd iy B;, iòyd fhdod .kakd ,o wuqøjH w;r fldínE"
.egjrd" lr`vq" fõje,a" l=l=reuyka" le;sfoug" W,alekao" uyflfl, jeks ,S j¾. m%uqL úh
^fyar;a" 1998" ms' 262&' fufia foaYSh wuqøjH Ndú; fldg ksmojk ,o ÿkak o lvqj fuka u
th Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hdf.a foay Yla;sh wkqj iliajkakls ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 59&' ÿkafkys
È. th Ndú; lrkakdf.a w;aßhfkka ßhka ;=kla jQ w;r È. wvq l< o úh;lg jvd È.
wvq fkdl< hq;= úh' jeä ld¾hlaIu;djhla iòyd B;, j, m%udKh ÿkafkys Èf.ka wvla
jk mßÈ ksuejqKs^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 134&'fï wdldrhg tl, mej;s ÿkq ksIamdok ±kqu mD:q,
tlla jQ nj meyeÈ,s h'
Yíofõ§ l%uh wkqj mqyqKqj ,o ÿkq Ys,amfhys iu;=ka foaYSh yuqodfjys isá neúka
i;=rdf.a Yíoh wkqj b,lal f.k myr§fï yelshdj Tjqka i;= úh ^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 57-
58&';j o" iò t<sfhys b,lalh f.k ú§fï yelshdj we;s ÿkqjdhka tl, pkaødf,dal
Okq¾Or hk kdufhka y`ÿkajd we; ^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 126&' tfia u foaYSh ckhd úiska
ovhï lghq;= iòyd o nyq, jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,o wúh jQfha ÿkakhs' jeÈ ck;dj úiska
;u mqoa.,sl wú jYfhka ks;r u mdfya Ndú; lrkakg mqreÿj isá wúhla jQfha ÿkakhs
Êlmy, n.d).fï idOhka wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka ÿkqjdhka lkao Wvrg yuqodfõ uQ,sl hqo
ld¾hhl kshe¨K nj iy foaYSh fin<d i;= j ÿkq Ys,amh ms<snò ukd ±kqula mej;s njhs'
ÿkak Ndú;h lkao Wvrg m%foaYfha § igka iòyd fldf;la ÿrg jdisiy.;
;;ajhla cks; lf¾o hkak tjlg ngysr cd;slhska úiska Ndú; lrk ,o ÿkakg idfmalaI
wúh iu. f.k úYaf,aYkh l< hq;= lreKls' fuys § iuld,Sk j ngysr fin¿ka úiska
Ndú; lrk ,o idfmalaI wúh y`ÿkd .ekSfï .eg¿jla meKk.shs' ukao h;a" iuld,Sk j
ngysr fin¨ka úiska yria ÿkak Ndú; l< o Tjqka úiska jeä jdis ,nd .ekSu iòyd
;rula ÿßka isák i;=frl=g tfrys j Ndú; lrk ,o m%Odk wúh jQfha ;=jlal=jhs (Weir,
2006, pp. 71-78).kuq;a th lkao Wvrg fin<df.a ÿkak iu. f.k ú.%y lsÍu .eg¿
iy.; jkafka lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska o ;=jlal= Ndú; lrk ,o neúks' uOH;k hq.fha
wjidkh jk úg ngysr hqo N+ñfha fjä fnfy;a Ndú; lrk wú Ndú;h ÈhqKq ùu;a iu.
ÿkak Ndú;h wvq fjñka ta fjkqjg ;=jlal= Ndú;hg .;a njla ±l.; yelsh' kuq;a foaYSh
fin<d foaYSh N+ñfha hqo jdish ;ld ;=jlal= mej;sh o ÿkak Ndú;h ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq lrk
,È' tneúka ngysr fin<d úiska ;rula ÿßka isák i;=frl=g tfrysj Ndú; l< ukao.dó
;=jlal=jg idfmalaI j lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; l< yels ÿkak fhdod
.ekSu foaYSh hqo {dkh iïnkaO ;j;a jeo.;a idlaIshla imhhs'
9 rEmh 10 rEmh
hqo N+ñfha § flá ÿkak Ndú;d lrk ngysr fin¿kaf.a ueÉf,dla" ù,af,dla iy
fin<d iy thg B;, mqrjk fin<d' *a,skaÜf,dla wú
(brainly, n.d) (A brief history of anthropology, n.d)
lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o ó<`. jeo.;a wúh jQfha fy,a,h hs'
hläka ;ekQ W,a ;,hla iys; fuu wdhqOh È.= ,S ñgl iú lrk ,oaols' tla mqoa.,fhla
úiska fow;u fhdod .ksñka Ndú; lrk fuu wúh i;=rd iu. uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿjk
igkl § ;rul mr;rhla mj;ajd .ksñka i;=rdg ydks meñKùug fuka u i;=re yuqodjka
fj; úislr ydks meñKùug o fhdod .kq ,nhs (De Silva, 1971, p. 81).
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydifha isg u hqo wjia:djka yS § fuu wúh fhdod .kakd ,o w;r
th pQ,jxYfha § i;a;s hkqfjkq;a wgqjdj, wähá hkqfjkq;a y`ÿkajd § we;^l=,;=x." 1988"
ms' 134&'hqoaO wjia:djkag wu;r j oajdr wdrlaIlhska iy uqrlrejka úiska o nyq, j Ndú;
l< fuu wdhqOh úúOdldrfha yevhkaf.ka hq;a hlv ;, Ndú; lrñka úkdYldÍ;ajh jeä
ÈhqKq lrk ,oaols^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 60&'idudkH fy,a,h ;%sfldaKdldr ;,hlska hqla; jQ
neúka tys ;=v olajd fldgi l%ufhka isyska ùfï § ;shqKq uqjy;la ks¾udKh ùu
ksrka;rfhka olakg ,enqKs ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 62-63&' óg wu;r j ;=v ;%sY+,dldr yevhlska
o" ;rx.dldr yevhlska o hqla; fy,a,hka lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,È^fyar;a"
2014" ms' 60&'fuu úúO yevhkaf.ka hq;a fy,a, u.ska i;=rd fj; myrla t,a, lsÍfï §
tu.ska i;=rdf.a YÍrfha ia:dkhla lemSulg ,laùu;a" fy,a,hla Rcqj u i;=rdf.a YÍrhg
lsòd neiaifyd;a th h<s msg;g we§fï § i;=rdf.a wNHka;r bkaøSkaj,g ±ä ydks isÿùu;a
fya;=fjka th jeä ydks f.k fok wúhla f,i ie,fla^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 63&' úúO
yevhkaf.ka hq;a fy,a, ;, lsysmhla my; rEm igyfka ±lafõ'
11 rEmh
úúO yevhkaf.ka hq;a fy,a,hka (The Sinhalese Army during the Portuguese, Dutch and
the British, n.d).
úI fmjQ fy,a, ms<snò j Y%S ,xld b;sydifhka idlaIs yuqfkdjqk o nqreufha § úI

fmjQ fy,a, Ndú; l< njg b;sydifha iòyka fõ' tfia u cdjl fin¿ka úiska úI fmjQ
yS ;, ú§fï § foaYSh fin¨ka ;shqKq ;=v we;s fy,a, fhdujd tajd len,s j,g lvd ±uQ
njg o b;sydi igyka yS olajd ;sfí^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 136&'ta wkqj fmkS hkafka foaYSh
fin<d úiska úI fmdjk ,o fy,a, Ndú; fkdl< w;r úI fh¥ wú j,g tfrysj i;=rd
iu. mr;rh mj;ajd .ksñka igka lsÍu iòyd fy,a, ukd hqo wúhla f,i fhdod .;a
njhs' ;j o lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska fhdod .kakd ,o flá fy,a,hla ms<snò j o uykqjr
hq.fha igka j,§ idlaIs yuqfõ' th le,E j, § myiqfjka yeisrúh yels f,i ilid ;snQ
nj iòyka fõ ^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 42&' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka lkao
Wvrg fin<d ;ukaf.a wjYH;djh wkqj fy,a, ksujd .kakd ,o njhs'
ngysr fin<df.a fy,a, ms<snò ±kqu o mq¿,a uÜgul mej;s nj Tmamq lrk jeo.;a
u idOlhla jkafka fydau¾f.a b,shâ lD;sh mßÈ È.= fy,a, w;ska .;a fin¿ka l%s'mQ 359-336
ld,fha § ngysr hqo N+ñfha isáfhah hkakhs ^Mark, 2012).miqld,Sk j th fldf;la ÈhqKq
jQfha o h;a fy,a, w;ska .;a wYajdfrdayl fin¿ka irUdkql+, j igka iòyd fufyhjk
,È (Newark, 2009, pp. 176-179). óg wu;r j khsÜjreka úiska óg¾ 3 la muK È.= fy,a,
Ndú; lrk ,o w;r wYajdfrdaylhska m<jd yeÍfï Wml%uhla jYfhka fhdod.kakd ,o È.=
fy,a, iy m<sy Ndú; jQ wdrlaIl l%ufõohla o ngysr yuqodjka úiska Wmfhda.S lr.kakd
,È(Repel Cavelry, 2008). kuq;a lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,oafoa Tyqg u
wdfõKsl jQ flá fy,a,hls^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 42&' th ngysr
fin<df.a È.= fy,a,hg idfmalaI j l`ÿlr N+ñh ;=< iy le,E iys; m%foaYhka yS
myiqfjka f.khd yels fuka u i;=rdg tfrys j myiqfjka yeisrúh yels wdhqOhla jQfha h'
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydifha iòyka jk ;j;a wdhqOhla jkafka isßh hs' isßh hkakg lsßÉÑh"
cqßldj" wismq;a;sl jeks jpk o úúO wjia:dj, § Ndú; ù ;sfí^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 136&'isßh
hkq lsksiaila wdldrhg ksmojk ,o ;rñka l=vd jQ lvqjla jeks wúhls(De Silva, 1971, p.
81).fuh rdclShka úiska Ndú; l< wúhla njg jeä idlaIs mj;sk w;r m<uq jeks úchndyq
kñka rc jQ lS¾;s l=udrhdg W;aijdldrfhka cqßldj me<`¥ nj;a" igkska merÿKq iS.sß
ldIHm rcq ;u cqßldfjka f., isò.;a nj;a ±laùfuka fuh rdclSh wúhla j mej;s nj
;jÿrg;a ;yjqre fjhs ^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 136-137&'
isßh rdclSh nj ±laùu iòyd w,xldr j ksmojk ,o wdhqOhla úh' tys ñg fndfyda
úg leghï j,ska yevoud ;sfnk w;r ±jfhka" f.dak wf`.ka" yrla wf`.ka iy we;a of,ka
o ksujd ;sfí ^ch;siai" 2011&'isßh ;,h wkqj úúO wdldrhkaf.ka hqla; fõ' tajd lsysmhla
my; mßÈ fjhs'
1' ;rx.dldr ;,h iys; isßh'
2' ;=ka yq,ia ;,h iys; isßh'
3' ;=v lrd l%ufhka isyska ù hk lefmk uqj iys; ;,h we;s isßh'
4' uqÿk lmd ±uQjdla jeks ;=vlska hq;= Rcq uqj iys; ;,h we;s isßh'
5' wkH f,day Tínjd lrk ,o ieryqï má ñfgka hq;= isßh^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 65&'
isßh rdclShka úiska Ndú; l< wdhqOhla jYfhka mej;sh o Wiia ks,OdÍka úiska o
;u ;;ajh fmkajk wdldrhg leghï lrk ,o isßhla Ndú; l< njg idlaIs yuqfõ^fyar;a"
2014" ms' 60-61&'rdclShka úiska iy by< ks,OdÍka úiska ;u m%Odk wdhqOhg wu;r j isßh
Ndú; l< neúka th mqoa.,sl wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka Ndú; l< l=vd wdhqOhla nj wkqudk l<
yelsh^ch;siai" 2011&'óg wu;r j rfÜ idudkH ckhd úiska o l=vd msyshla Ndú;hg yqrej
isá kuq;a th isßh Ndú; lrk wruqKq j,ska fyda isßh jeks wdldrhg leghï j,ska fyda
hqla; fkdùh' tfia jqj o" uydmrdl%undyq rc oji cqßld ikakoaO oyia .Kklska hq;a yuqod
n,weKsla ;snQ njg b;sydifha iòyka ùfuka fuu wúh hqo wjia:djka iòyd o fhdod .;a
njg b;sydifhka idlaIs imhd .; yels h^l=,;=x." 1988" ms' 137&'isßhl o< rEmhla iy th
Ndú;hg w,a,d .kakd wdldrh my; mßÈ fõ'
12 rEmh
isßh
lvqj" ÿkq B;," fy,a, iy isßh hk iq,N wdhqO y;r yereKq úg hqo N+ñfh ;=<
Ndú; lrk ,o fjk;a wú wdhqO fndfyduhla ;sfí' ta w;=r i;=rd fj; ÿr isg myr §ug
Ndú; l< mdrdj<,a, iy pl%dhqOh úfYaI;ajhla .kS' f,dayfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu
wdhqO oaú;ajh u jl%dldr yevhlska hqla; jk w;r i;=rd fj; úislsÍug yels jk mßÈ
fujdfha uOHfha rjqï isÿrla we; ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 63&' mßêh ;shqKq uqjy;a ;,hla
wdldrhg ksujd we;s neúka i;=rd fj;g laIKfhka úis lsÍu u.ska ydks meñKúh yels
wdhqO f,i fïjd Ndú; lr ;sfí' fuu wdhqO oaú;ajhu tl iudk jk w;r mdrdj<,af,ys
mßêh ±;s iys; wdldrhg ksujd we;s kuq;a pl%dhqOfhys mßêh ±;s fkd;nd ;shqKq uqjy;la
muKla msysgk fia ksujd ;sfí ^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 434&' Wvrg k¾:k Ys,amfhys tk
mkaf;are k¾:kfha fhfok Ys,amSka úiska Ndú; lrk mkaf;arej fuu yevhg fndfyda
ÿrg iudk lula olajhs' hqo wjia:djka yS § fhdod.;a WmlrKhka k¾:k wx. wdÈfhka
ck.; ù ;sîula fuys § ±l.; yels nj fmfka' mkaf;are k¾:k Ys,amsfhl=f.a we`ÿï
wdhs;a;ï iy mkaf;arej my; rEm igyfkys ±lafõ
13 rEmh
mkaf;are k¾:k Ys,amshd(Kandyan Dancer, n.d).
mdrdj<,a, iy pl%dhqOh jeks wdhqO myiqfjka f.khd yels wdhqO ùu;a" ie`.ù
myr§ul § ukd Wmfhda.S;djhla ,nd.; yels wdhqO ùu;a fya;=fjka tajd lkao Wvrg
fin<df.a m%ydrd;aulnj jeäÈhqKq l< wdhqO jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' óg iudk wdhqOhka
Ndú;hla ngysr fin¨ka flfrka oDIHudk fkdjkafka Tjqkaf.a hqo w;a±lSï u; tjeks
wdhqOhka ÈhqKq ùug bvlv fkd;snQ neúka úh yelsh' tneúka fujeks w;sf¾l wdhqOhka
lkao Wvrg fin<df.a m%ydrd;aul Yla;sh úúOdx.SlrKhlg ,lalrk ,o w;r th Tyq
fj; mej;s wu;r hqo jdishla jYfhka y``ÿkajdÈh yelsh'
i;=re md¾Yjh fj; f.dia m%ydr t,a, lsÍfï § lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; l<
;j;a wdhqOhla jQfha uq.=r hs' .odj" n,;ä hk kï j,ska o ye`ÈkajQ fuh ,Sfhka ksujk ,o
wdhqOhla úh' Ndú; lrkakd úiska .%yKh lr.kakd fldgi myiqj ;ld isyska j ksujQ;a"
l%ufhka my<g h;a u úYd, jk wdldrhg ksujQ;a uq.=r w.ska úYd, jQ neúka i;=rd fj;
myr §fï § urKSh ydks meñKúh yels wdhqOhla úh^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 61&'fuh ;rula úYd,
jQ iy nfrka jeä jQ wdhqOhla neúka tl, hqo N+ñh fj; .sh isxy, fin¿ka Yla;siïmkak
msßila jQ njg o fuh lÈu idlaIshls' fuu uq.=r l%ufhka jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSfuka i;=rd
fj;g úislr myr §ug yels wdhqOhla ksmojd .kakd ,È' th kñka pkaøjxlh fkdfyd;a
nQurx.h hehs kï flßK ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 69&' fuh i;=rd fj;g t,a, lsÍfuka i;=rdg
urKSh ydks meñKùfï yelshdj mej;shd fuka u myr je§fuka miq fuu wdhqOh kej;
m%ydrlhd w;g meñKSu iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla úh ^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 422&'
tneúka fuu wdhqOh lkao Wvrg m%foaYfha myiqjka f.khdyels fuka u kej;
kej; Ndú; lsÍug yels wdldrhg ksmokjd .kakd ,o wdhqOhla nj fmkS hhs' ngysr
yuqodjka flfrka fujeks ir, ;dlaIKhla m%o¾Ykh fkdjk w;r Tjqka úiska ngysr
N+ñfha § ÈhqKq lrk ,o wú wdhqO fndfyduhla lkao Wvrg § wj,x.= ;;ajhlg m;ajQjd
ñi wú wdhqO w;ska úúOdx.SlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSug Tjqka wiu;a jQ nj olakg ,efí'
14 rEmh
nQurx.h fkdfyd;a pkaøjxlh
lkao Wvrg fin<df.a wdhqO w;r mej;s ;j;a wdhqO j¾.hla jQfha rK fmdrj hs'
fïjd ;,h wkqj úúO wdldrhkaf.ka hqla; jk w;r idudkH fmdrjl yevhg ksujk ,o
kuq;a hqo N+ñh ;=< ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; l< yels mßoafoka fïjd ÈhqKq lr ;sfí' fuu rK
fmdrfjys ;,h wviò wdldrhg" RcqfldaKdi%dldrhg fyda ;s%fldaKdldrhg ksmojk ,o
w;r wjYH wjia:djl§ i;=rd fj;g oud .eiSfï yelshdj o fuu wdhqO Ndú; lrkakdg
,enqKs' w;a fmdrj" flfÜßh" fldKav flfÜßh jeks wdhqO o rK fmdfrdfjys
,laIKhkaf.ka hqla; jQ fjk;a wdhqO úh^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 69&'
.,a máh kï wdhqOh u.ska ;rula úYd, .,a leg jeä fõ.hlska i;=rd fj; t,a,
lr ydks meñK úh yels úh' tu wdhqOh fomig ,Kq follska hqla; jQ w;r ueo fldgi
.,a leghla /òúh yels wdldrhg mÜgd fyda fl`È j,ska úhk ,o ;Ügqjlska iukaú; fõ'
tu fldgfiys .,a legh ròjd ,Kq j,ska w,a,d jg lsysmhla lerlùfuka Yla;sh ksmokjd
f.k b,lalh f.k i;=rd fj;g t,a, lsÍula fuys§ isÿ fjhs ^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 61-
62&'fujeks WmlrKhlska .,a leghla b,lalhlg t,a, lsÍu hkq ta iòyd u jQ
m%d.=KHhlska fyì wfhl=g úkd wfkfll=g l< yelalla fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s j fmfka'
fuu wdhqOh Ndú;h myiq ùu;a" wvq nrlska iy Wmdx.hkaf.ka hq;a WmlrKhla ùu;a" .,a
leg ´kEu ;eklska imhd .ekSug myiq ùu;a" ie`.ù isg myr §ul § lsis`ÿ y`vla
fkdke.Su;a" m%ydrlhd yiq fkdjk mßoafoka iQlaIu j m%ydr t,a, lsÍug yelsùu;a hk
lreKq ksid lkao Wv/áhka úiska le,E ;=< isÿ lrk ,o igka j,§ ukdj fhdod .kakd
,o WmlrKhla fõ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 61&'
fujeks wdhqOhka lkao Wvrg fin<df.a m%dfhda.sl hqo {dkh ukdj úoyd olajk
w;r m%ydrh isÿlssÍug wjYH jk .,a ´kEu ia:dkhlska laIKfhka imhd .ekSfï yelshdj
mj;sk neúka tajd Tijdf.k hEula wjYH jkafka ke;' tfia u ta iòyd Ndú; jk
WmlrKh o ieye,a¨ WmlrKhla jk neúka /f.k hEfï myiqj o mj;S' lkao Wvrg
N+ñfha § ;ukag jdis ,nd.; yels wdldrfha wdhqOhka ks¾udKh fjkqfjka lkao Wvrg
fin<d olajk ,o iu¾:lu fïjdhska ukdj ms<sônq fõ'
fï wkqj ne,Sfï § lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o idïm%odhsl wú wdhqO
w;r lvqj" ÿkq B;," fy,a," isßh" mdrdj<,a," pl%dhqOh" uq.=r" pkaøjxlh" rK fmdrj yd
.,a máh jeks fndfyduhla wú wdhqO mej;s nj fmfka' ft;sydisl hq.fha isg l%ufhka
ÈhqKq fjñka meñKs fuu wú wdhqO Ndú; lsÍfï l,djka mdrïmßl Wreuh u; ukdj
yeoErE olaI fin¿ka lkao Wvrg yuqodfjys isá w;r hqo wjia:djka yS § tu wdhqOhka
Wml%ñl j iy ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; lrk ,È' fï wkqj lkao Wvrg yuqodj úúOdldr jQ
idïm%odhsl wú wdhqO úfYaI m%d.=KHhlska hqla; j yeisrùug iu;a msßila jQ nj ks.ukh
l< yelsh'
by; lS wú wdhqO iu.ska hqo wdrlaIl fuj,u jYfhka nyq, jYfhka fhdod .kakd
,oafoa m,sy hs^fyar;a" 2014" ms'68&'m,sy hqo wdrlaIl fuj,ula jYfhka fhdod .;a nj
ukaodrï mqjf;ys tk lú j, o meyeÈ,s j olajd ;sfí ^,nq.u ,xldkkao" 1998" ms' 109&'
weïnelafla foajd,fha leghï w;r m,syla w;ska .;a lvq yrUfhys fhfok finf<l=f.a
rEmhla ;sîfuka o" ß§ úydrfha lvq yrUlrejkaf.a Ñ;%fhys m,sy orñka isák fin¿kaf.a
rEmj,ska o" uykqjr fl!;=ld.drfha olakg ,efnk m,sia j,ska o meyeÈ,s jkafka m,sy
hkak lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska nyq, j Ndú; l< hqo wdrlaIl fuj,u jk njhs ^.uf.a"
1997" ms' 70&'lvqj iy m,sy orñka igka lrk foaYSh finf<l=f.a iajrEmh ±lafjk
weïnelafla foajd,fha we;s ,S leghula my; rEmfhka ±lafõ'
15 rEmh
weïnelafla foajd,fha ,S leghula
ß§fhka ksujk ,o m,sia ^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 68&W;aij wjia:djkag iy m%N+kaf.a

;;ajh kv;a;= lsÍu fjkqfjka Ndú; jQ nj wkqudk l< yels w;r ±jfhka" moï lrk ,o
i;aj yï j,ska iy uDÿ f,dayfhka ksujQ m<sia ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 71&hqo wjia:djkag fhdod
.;a nj wkqudk l< yelsh' flfia jqj o m,sy u.ska oajkaO igka j, § m%;smd¾Yjfhka
t,a, jk lvqj" fy,a, jeks wdhqO j,ska úh yels wk;=re j,lajd,Su n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ nj
meyeÈ,s h' lkao Wvrg fin¿ka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o ieye,a¨ iy m%udKfhka úYd,
fkdjQ m,sy ÿr isg t,a, j, flá fy,a, fyda B;, m%ydr j,ska uq¿ukska u wdrlaIdùfï
wruqKska Ndú; l< njla ±l.; fkdyels ùu o úfYaI;ajhls' fndfyda úg le,E wdY%s;
ie`.ù isg myr §ï l%ufõoh wkq.ukh l< neúka iy újD; N+ñhl fuka B;, fyda fy,a,
ú§ï j,ska wdrlaIdùfï wjYH;djhla fkdjQ neúka úYd, m,sia Tijdf.k hEu M,rys; jQ
nj ks.ukh l< yelsh'
óg wu;r j hqo wdrlaIl fuj,ï jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,o me<`ÿï lsysmhla ms<snò
j o úúO ia:dkhka yS igyka ±l.; yels jqj o lkao Wvrg fin<d ikakdyfhka ieriS
újD; hqo N+ñhl igka je§u fndfyda úg isÿ fkdl< neúka ikakdy we`ÿï fyda hqo
wdrlaIl fuj,ï Tijdf.k hEu wkjYH ldrKdjla f,i ie,l+ nj fmfka' lSfrdaia fuu
;;ajh fjk;a fldaKhlska úia;r lrhs' Tyq iòyka lrkafka hqoaOfha § hqo wdrlaIl
ikakdy Ndú; lsÍula lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska isÿ fkdlrkafka th Nh yd ÿ¾j,nj
ms<snò i,l=Kla hehs Tjqka úiska ie,l+ neúka njhs ^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 439&' flfia jqj o
nq¿f,k., rcuy úydrh" weïnelafla foajd,h" y`.=rkafl; rcuy úydrh" l=Kavidf,a Y%S
kf¾kaøisxy rcuy úydrh jeks ia:dkhka yS we;s leghï iy Ñ;% j,g wkqj foaYSh
fin¨ka úiska f,day j<¨" Wrud," ysia wdjrK" nò má jeks ikakdyfhka lrk ,o
wdrlaIl fuj,ï Ndú; l< njg idlaIs ,efí ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 70-71;fyar;a" 2014" ms' 66-
69&'lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq oji ^l%s'j 1747-1782& bÈlrk ,o l=Kavidf,a Y%S kf¾kaøisxy rcuy
úydrfha oajdr wdrlaIl ms<su my; rEmfhka ±lafõ'
16 rEmh
l=Kavidf,a Y%S kf¾kaøisxy rcuyd
úydrfha oajdr wdrlaIlhska
fuu hqo wdrlaIl ikakdy ms<snò ;j;a jeo.;a idlaIshla jkafka Wvrg k¾:k
Ys,amSka úiska m<`Èk fjia we`ÿï lÜg,fha fldgia h' l%s'mQ 504 - 474 olajd jQ mKavqjdifoaj
rc oji rcqg je<`ÿK Èú fodaYh ÿre lsÍug mj;ajk ,o yegmia ux.,Hfha § o" l%s'j 1402 -
1467 olajd jQ 6 jeks mrdl%undyq rcqg isÿ lrk ,o fldfydUdhla lxldßfha § o Wvrg
k¾:k Ys,amshdf.a fjia we`ÿï lÜg,h Ndú; lrk ,È ^wNhr;ak" 2009&'fï wkqj fmkS
hkafka th lkao Wvrg rdcHfha wdrïNhg fmr isg Ndú; jQ njhs' hqo wdrlaIl ikakdy
w;ska ne,Sfï § th fldf;la ÿrg wod< o hkak my; rEm igykska meyeÈ,s lr .; yelsh'
17 rEmh
Wvrg fjia k¾:k Ys,ahdf.a we`ÿï wdhs;a;ï(Kandyan Dancer, n.d).
flfia jqjo iuia;hla f,i ne,Sfï § hqo wdrlaIl ikakdy iy wdrlaIl fuj,ï
lkao Wvrg fin<df.a l%shdldÍ;ajh iu. fldf;la ÿrg m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; l< yels o
hkak úu¾IKh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' lkao Wvrg fin<d fndfyda ÿrg le,E wdYs; j ie`.ù
isg myr §u uQ,sl u hqo l%ufõoh jYfhka Ndú; l< neúka iy l`ÿ" ÿ¾." le,E jeks
iajdNdúl j ÿIalr mßirhl igka je§ug isÿ ùu fya;=fjka Tyqg ks;e;ska u wdrlaIdjla
ie,iS ;snQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tneúka Tyqf.a wjYH;djh jQfha laIKslj .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
mj;ajd .ekSu iy i;=rd fj; úYauh okjk wdldrfha m%ydrhka t,a, lsÍuhs' fuys § Tyq
fndfyda úg m%ydrd;aul ;;ajhl isg m<uq m%ydrh Tyq úiska t,a, lrk ,o neúka
m%;sm%ydrhlska je,lSfï iQodkula o Tyq i;= jQ nj fmfka' tneúka lkao Wvrg fin,df.a
igka l%uh wkqj u wdrlaIl fuj,ï j, wjYH;djh wju uÜgul ;snQ nj fmfka' wfkla
w;g ;u ieye,a¨ nj mj;ajd .ekSug wiSre jk ikakdy we`ÿï iy WmlrKhka Tyqg
wu;r fjfyila cks; lrk ,o neúka o" ikakdy we`ÿï we`.,df.k le,E iys; m%foaYhka
yS laIKsl .uka yelshdj mj;ajd .ekSfï wmyiqj we;s nj neúka o lkao Wvrg fin<d
ikakdy we`ÿï wdhs;a;ï iy WmlrK Ndú;h wju uÜgul mj;ajd .kakd ,o nj wkqudk
l< yelsh' kuq;a ikakdy we`ÿï iy hqo wdrlaIl WmlrKhka ms<snò idlaIs yuqùu;a l,d
Ys,am Tiafia tajd ck.; ù ;sîu;a fya;=fjka tjeks ;dlaIKhla Y%S ,xldfõ ;snQ nj neyer
lr,sh fkdyels jkafka h'
kuq;a ngysr fin<d iïnkaOfhka ne,Sfï § ;;ajh óg yd;ami fjkia jkafka h'
ngysr fin<d úiska ngysr újD; hqo N+ñh wrUhd ks¾udKh lrk ,o wdrlaIl fuj,ï
rdYshls' ta w;=frka ikakdy wdjrKhkag iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ,efnk w;r ikakdy
;yvqfjka ksujk ,o ysiajeiqï iy nò wdjrKhka ta w;=frka uQ,sl;ajhla .kS(Medieval
warfare Armour and shields, n.d). ikakdy ;yvqfjka iy oïje,a wdldrhg ilid lh
wdjrKhka ks¾udKh lr ;snQ wdldrh my; rEm igyka j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
18 rEmh 19 rEmh 20 rEmh 21 rEmh
ysia wdjrKhla' oïje,ska ksujQ lh ikakdy w;a uq¿ukska u ikakdyfhka

wdjrKhla' wdjrKhka' wdjrKh jQ
khsÜjrfhl=f.a we`ÿu'
fuh ikakdy wdjrKhka jYfhka ie,l+ l, b;d ÈhqKq ;;ajhla jqj o lkao Wvrg
m%foaYfha igka iòyd Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj w;ska ne,Sfï § ngysr cd;Skaf.a nr wú fuka
u wj,x.= ;;ajhlg m;ajk nj fmkS hhs' ikakdy wdjrKhkaf.a ,laIKh jkafka tajdfha
wêl nr iys; njhs' tneúka lkao Wvrgg wdfõKsl l`ÿ iys; N+ñh ;rKh lrkq jia
fujeks nr ikakdy wdjrKhka fhdod .ekSfuka yuqodfjys .ukd.uk fõ.h ìò jeà
bka,efnk wdrlaIdjg jvd jeä wjodkulg yuqodjla m;aùfï bvlvla mj;S' tneúka
wdrlaIl fuj,ï ÈhqKq lsÍu iïnkaOfhka lkao Wvrg fin<d idfmalIj wvq ÈhqKqjla
fmkajQj o th m%dfhda.sl hqo {dkh w;ska ne,Sfï § jeä ÈhqKqjla hehs meyeÈ,s j fmfka'
lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o m%Odk; u wúhla jkafka ;=jlal=j hs'
;=jlal=j hkak foaYSh fin<d úiska Ndú; lsÍu wdrïN jkafka mD;=.SiS wd.ukfhka miq
ld,fha § h ^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 39&' mD;=.SiSka fld<ôka f.dvneiSfuka
miq ta nj fldaÜfÜ rcq fj; ie,lr isá mKsúvlrejka úiska ld,;=jlal= kï fjä,s Yíoh
hq.kaOr m¾j; fyK y`vg;a jvd jeä nj;a" tajdfha WKav .õ .Kka ÿr f.diska úYd,
ydks isÿ lrk njg;a okajd isák ,È îqrùr" 1997" ms' 214&'fuu y`ÿkajd§ug wkqj meyeÈ,s
jkafka ta jk úg;a ld,;=jlal=j hk wúh Y%S ,xldfõ ckhd úiska ±lfkd;snQjla jk njhs'
tneúka ta jk úg;a ld,;=jlal= Ndú;hla Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ fkdjQ nj ú.%y lr.; yels jqj;a
foaYSh ksIamdokhla f,i ie,flk fndkaälal=, kï ;=jlal=j¾.h iòyd fhdok ,o ku
wrdì NdIdfjka ì`§ wd jpkhla jk ksid;a ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 71&" mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKSug
fmrd;=j wrdîka Y%S ,xldfõ fj<ò lghq;= iòyd iïnkaO jQ ksid;a" mD;=.SiSka u.ska ;=jlal=
;dlaIKh ,o nj m%YaK iy.; ;;ajhlg m;afõ' wfkla w;g ;=jlal= hk jpkh mD;=.SiS
iïNjhla iys; jpkhla fkdjk nj;a th ;+mla hk ;=¾ls jpkfhka ì`§ wd jpkhla jk
njg;a u;hla ;sfí ^wfíisxy" 2006" ms' 104&' flfia jqj o foaYSh fin<d úiska ;=jlal=
Ndú;h ms<snò j idlaIs yuqjkafka mD;=.SiSkaf.a wd.ukfhka miq ld,fha § h'
lkao Wvrg yuqodj iïnkaOfhka ne,Sfï § ;=jlal= j¾. 4 la ms<snò j úia;r imhd .;
yelsh' tajd kï"
1' ld,;=jlal=j - m%udKfhka úYd, ld,;=jlal= (De Silva, 1971, p. 80).
2' fldä;=jlal=j iy fndkaälal=, ;=jlal= - m%udKfhka l=vd ieye,a¨ ld,;=jlal=

^ch;siai" .=Kmd," 2011&'
3' .,a;=jlal= - ngysr ueÉf,dla ;=jlal=fõ yevhg iudk foaYShj ksmojQ wúhls ^.uf.a"
1997" ms' 67-68&'
4' w;a;=jlal=j - ngysr msiaf;da,h wkqlrKh fldg ksmojQ wúhls (Wickremesekera, 2004,
P. 95).
Wv/áhka úiska ;=jlal= ksIamdokh iy Ndú;h isÿ lrk ,oafoa mD;=.SiSkaf.a

meñKSfuka miqj jqj o Tjqka úiska flá ld,hla ;=< th ukdj ÈhqKq lr.kakd ,o nj
b;sydi jd¾;d j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' o id fuksiia úiska iòyka lrkafka isxy,hska wú
mßyrKh ms<snò j m%udKj;a ±kqula iys; ckfldgila jQ njhs ^Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod
úoHdmSGh" 2014" ms' 40&' ßfíre olajkafka Wv/áhkaf.a .skswú b;d m%n, uÜgul mej;s
njhs' tfia u Tjqka úiska t,a, lrk ,o m%ydr fl;rï n,j;a jQfha o h;a tajdhska fkdueÍ
fíÍu mjd b;d wmyiq jQ nj Tyq mjihs (Rebeiro, 1999, p. 263). fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka
flá ld,hla ;=< lkao Wvrg yuqodj úiska ;=jlal= ksIamdok ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq lr .kakd
,o nj iy th hqo N+ñh ;=< ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; lsÍfï l,dj m%.=K lrk ,o njhs'
lkao Wv/áhka úiska Ndú; l< ld,;=jlal=j nr wú >Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yelalls'

fïjd mD;=.SiSkaf.a ld,;=jlal= wkqlrKh lrñka ksIamdokh lrkg we;s nj wkqudk l<
yelsh' nr wú lkao Wvrg m%foaYfhys m%jdyKh .eg¿ldÍ jQ neúka fuu wdhqO fhdod
.kakd ,oafoa lkao Wvrg fj; mej;s m%fõY ud¾.hka yS wdrlaIdj ie,iSu fjkqfjks' fïjd
tu m%fõY ud¾.hka yS ia:dk.; fldg wdrlaIdj i,id .;a nj iòyka h ^fyar;a" 2014" ms'
65-66&' foaYSh fin¿ka úiska Ndú; l< ld,;=jlal=jl yevh my; rEmfhka ±lafõ'
22 rEmh
ld,;=jlal=j(The Sinhalese Army during the Portuguese, Dutch

and the British, n.d).
lkao Wvrg m%foaYfha § ld,;=jlal= Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka m%dfhda.sl .eg¿jla mek

k.skafka tys mj;sk N+f.da,Sh ;;ajh fya;=fjks' kuq;a Wvrg yuqodj úiska Bg .e,fmk
wdldrhg ksIamdokh lr.kakd ,o ieye,a¨ ld,;=jlal=j jQ fldä;=jlal=j tlS N+f.da,Sh
ndOlh ch .ekSug ;rï Wml%ñl ksIamdokhla úh' th hläka fyda ms;a;f,ka ks¾udKh
lrk ,o lòlska iy th iúl< ±juh ñglska hqla; jQ w;r f,dayuh mdohka follska o
hqla; úh^úu,dkkao" 1962" ms' 439&' Wvrg fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o fndkaälal=,
;=jlal=j ìu /òúh yels mdohka iys; j ks¾udKh jQjla nj iòyka jk neúka tys yevh o
fndfyda ÿrg fldä;=jlal=jg iudk jk nj fmfka^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 53;fyar;a" 2014" ms'
64&'lkao Wvrg yuqodfjys Ndú; l< fldä;=jlal=jl yevh my; mßÈ fõ
23 rEmh
fldä;=jlal=j(The Sinhalese Army during the Portuguese,

Dutch and the British, n.d).
ßfíre olajkafka fuh l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH úg ìu ròjQ wúh wi, fomd úysÿjd
ysò.kakd fin<d wúfhys mdo fol fom;=,a j,ska isrlrf.k th l%shd;aul l< njhs
(Rebeiro, 1999, p. 53). fuu wúfhys jQ úfYaI;ajh kï wjYH mßÈ fldgia lr fyda fkdlr
;ks mqoa.,fhl= úiska fuh /f.k hEfï yelshdjhs^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 65&'tneúka lkao
Wv/áhkag wkkH jQ i;=rd fj; myr § laIKfhka m<d hEfï hqo Wml%uhkag fuh ukdj
.e,mqKs' TjqyQ i;=re yuqodj fj; úYd, ydkshla fldg fldä;=jlal= lf¾ ;ndf.k m<d
.shyûdI,a" 2004" ms' 175&'
fï wkqj fmkS hkafka lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska nr ld,;=jlal= iy ieye,a¨

ld,;=jlal= jk foj¾.h u Ndú; lrk ,o njhs' kuq;a nr ld,;=jlal= ;u rdcOdksfha
wdrlaIdj i,id .kq jia iaÓr j ia:dms; fldg mj;ajd .kakd ,o w;r u tyd fuyd
f.khñka Ndú; lsÍu myiq jk wdldrhg ieye,a¨ ld,;=jlal= ks¾udKh lr .ekSug Tjqyq
Wml%ñl jQy' ngysr cd;Ska úiska Ndú; lrk ,o nr ld,;=jlal= lkao Wvrgg m%jdyKh
wiSre lghq;a;la jQ neúka th lkao Wvrg § wj,x.= n,hla njg m;ajqj o Tjqkaf.a wdNdIh
,o foaYSh ld,;=jlal= j lkao Wvrg N+ñhg wkq.; fldg ks¾udKh lr.ekSug ;rï foaYSh
m%dfhda.sl hqo {dkhla ixj¾Okh ù ;snQ nj olakg ,efí'
foaYSh fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o .,a;=jlal=j ngysr § ksIamdokh jQ ueÉf,dla

;=jlal=fõ yevhg iudk jQ w;r th Ndú;h o ;ksmqoa.,fhl= úiska w;a yS iy Wfrys
wdOdrfhka isÿ lrk ,oaola úh' fjä ;eîfuka isÿjk m%;sl%shdj wju jk f,i iy
Wrysfiys isrlr b,lalh .ekSug myiqjk f,i fuu wúh wjidkfha m<,a /òjqula
ks¾udKh lsÍug Wv/áhka iQlaIu úh ^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 68;Wickremesekera, 2004, pp. 107-
110&' oUq¿ úydrfha ì;= is;=jï yS we;s .,a;=jlal=jl yevhg iudk wúhla Ndú; lrk
wjia:djla my; ±lafõ'
24 rEmh
.,a;=jlal=j Ndú; lsÍu^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 60&
lkao Wvrg fin<df.a ;=jlal= ksIamdokfhys ixj¾ê; u wjêh jYfhka ±laúh yelafla
w;a;=jlal= fkdfyd;a ngysr Ndú; jQ msiaf;da, wdldrfha wúh ksIamdokh hs' fuh ie`.ù isg
myr §ug fuka u le,Eno m%foaYhka yS Ndú;hg myiq wúhla jQjdfiau th m%udKfhka l=vd
iy ieye,a¨ wúhla jQ neúka /f.k hEu o myiq úh (Wickremesekera, 2004, pp. 95-100).
fï wdldrhg ksIamdokh lr Ndú; lrk ,o ;=jlal= j¾.hka lkao Wvrg yuqodfjys

m%ydrl n,h jeäÈhqKq l< idOlhla jqj o ;=jlal= u; hemSu wju uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu
lkao Wvrg yuqodfõ úfYaI ,laIKhla jYfhka ±lsh yelsúh' flfia jqj o ngysr § j¾I
.Kkdjla ;siafia ÈhqKq lrk ,o .sks wú foaYSh yuqodj úiska Ndú;hg f.k flá ld,hla
;=< iS>% ÈhqKqjla ,o nj meyeÈ,s h' tfia u fuu wú Ndú; l< yuqodjka fjk fjku
frðfïka;= fyda fomd¾;fïka;= jYfhka fnod tajdg m%OdkSka m;a lsÍu o isÿ lrk ,È' ta
wkqj fjälaldr f,alï" jvk;=jlal=ldr f,alï" fldä;=jlal= f,alï" fndKälal=, f,alï
jYfhka ;k;=re lsysmhla o we;s l< nj iòyka fõ^fâú" 1966" ms' 158&' fï wkqj fmkS
hkafka flá ld,hla ;=< ixj¾Okh jQjla jqj o ;=jlal= Ndú;h lkao Wvrg yuqodj ;=< §
l%uj;a j iy ixúOdkd;aul wdldrhg yev.eiS ;snQ njhs'
ngysr yuqodjka yS ;=jlal= Ndú;h ikaikaokd;aul j úYd, ÈhqKqjla ,nd ;snQ kuqÿ
tajd uq,ald,fha § ndysßka .sks wjq,jk nßka jeä m%jdyKh wmyiq wdldrfha .sks wú úh
(Newark, 2009, pp. 122). iuld,Sk j ngysr ÈhqKq lrk ,o ueÉf,dla" ù,af,dla iy
*a,skaÜf,dla wú m%jdyKh myiq jqj o tajd o ukao.dó m%ydrl fõ.hla iys; wú jQ neúka
(Chase, 2003, p. 32) idfmalI j lkao Wvrg le,E m%foaYhka yS § jeä jdishla w;am;a
lr.ekSug Tjqkag yelshdjla fkdjQ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs'
ks.uk
lkao Wvrg yuqodfjys m%dfhda.sl hqo {dkh Tiafia ÈhqKq lrk ,o wú wdhqO ngysr
yuqodjka yS ÈhqKq hehs ms<s.ekSug ,lajQ wú wdhqO iu. ikaikaokh l< l,ayS meyeÈ,s jk
lreK jkafka lkao Wvrg le,E iys; N+ñfha § jeä jdis w;am;a lr.ekSu Wfoid fhda.H
wú wdhqO Tjqka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o njhs' ta w;=frka myiqfjka m%jdyKh l< yels
ieye,a¨ wú wdhqO hkak m%uqL;ajfhys ,d i,lk ,o neúka lvqj" ÿkak" fy,a,h lkao
Wvrg fin<df.a mqoa.,sl wdhqOhka w;r uQ,sl;ajhla .kakd ,È'
myiqfjka ilid.; yels wdhqO iy myiqfjka wuqøjH imhd.; yels wdhqOhka

Ndú;h o lkao Wvrg fin<df.a mdrïmßl hqo {dkh m%o¾Ykh lrk ;j;a jeo.;a
idOlhla fõ' uq.=r" N+urx.h" .,amáh jeks wdhqOhka ±jfhka ks¾udKh lr.kakd ,o
neúka iy .,amáh jeks wdhqOhka Ndú;hg wjYH wuqøjH jk .,a myiqfjka imhd.; yels
neúka tajd iemhqï fjkqfjka wu;r fjfyila ±ßh hq;= wdhqOhka fkdúKs'
lkao Wvrg N+ñfha le,E iys; ìï yS isÿjk igka j,§ fhda.H;u igka l%uh jk
ie`.ù isg myr§fï l%ufõofha § i;=re md¾Yjhg úúOdldr ;;ajhkaj,§ ydks meñKúh
yels úúOdx.SlrKhlska hq;= wú wdhqO Ndú; lsÍug ;rï lkao Wvrg fin<d Wml%ñl
{dkhlska hqla; úh' lvqj" isßh" jeks uqyqKg uqyqK,d igka j,§ Ndú; lrk wdhqO j,ska
o ÿkq B;," .,amáh" jeks ÿr isák i;=frl=g m%ydr t,a, lrk wdhqO j,ska o iómfha isák
i;=frl= fj; ydks meñKsúh yels mdrdj<,a," pl%dhqOh" pkaøjxlh jeks wdhqO j,ska o
uq.=r" fy,a," rK fmdrj jeks uqyqKg uqyqK,d igka j,§ iy iómfha isák i;=frl=g
tfrysj Ndú; l< yels wdhqO j,ska o ikakoaO jQ lkao Wvrg fin<d mq¿,a mrdihl úysÿkq
wdhqO Ndú;fha jdish ,o nj meyeÈ,s h'
;=jlal= Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka jQ {dkh Tiafia flá ld,hla ;=< iS>% ÈhqKqjla ,enQ
lkao Wvrg fin<d ;u N+ñhg iy igka l%uhg wkql+, jk mßoafoka ieye,a¨ wú
ksYamdokhg fhduqjQ w;r ;=jlal= u; hemSu igka yS wjYH;djh wkqj iqÿiq uÜgulska
mj;ajd .ekSug o Wml%ñl úh' tfia u iEu wdldrhl u ;=jlal= iy ld,;=jlal= o
ksYamdokh ;=<ska i;=re yuqodjka yd igka lsÍfï § úh yels wjdis iy.; ;;ajhka wju
lr.ekSug fhduqjQjd fia u ta u; hemSu wju uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu fya;=fjka iemhqï
wvd, ùfuka úh yels ydks iy ie`.ù isg myr§fï § wjYH jk fõ.h mj;ajd .ekSfï
.eg¿ j,ska o Wml%ñl j ksoyia úh' fjä fnfy;a fhdod.;a ;=jlal= u; hemSu wju lr
.ekSu iòyd m%udKj;a mq¿,a mrdihl úysÿKq úl,am wdhqO iys; jQ hqo Yla;shla Tyq i;=
úh' tnúka iuia;hla jYfhka ne,Sfï § lkao Wvrg fin<df.a mdrïmßl hqo {dkh w;s
úYsIag uÜgul mej;s nj ìò,sh fkdyels ;¾lhla neõ meyeÈ,s h'
wdY%s; .%ka:
.%ka: - bx.%Sis
Chandler, D. (1974). The art of warfare on land. London. Hamlyn.
Chase, K W. (2003). Firearms, A Global History to 1700. Cambridge. Cambridge University

Press.
De Silva,A V. (2005).The Dutch in Ceylon. (,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka mß( iqÔj Èidkdhl).

Colombo. Suriya Publishers.
Dewaraja, L S. (Ed.). (1988). The Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka 1707-1782. 2nd Ed.
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Ministry of Defense. (2002). The Application of Force: An Introduction to Army Doctrine

and the Conduct of Military Operations.The Stationary Office, London.
Newark, T. (ed). (2009). The Worldwide History of Warfare. United Kingdom. Thomas &
Hudson.
Perera, G S. (1947).A history of Ceylon for schools. I, The Portuguese and Dutch period,.
1505-1796. Colombo. Lake House Publishers.
Rebeiro, J. (1999). The Historic Tragedy of the Island of Ceilao. (P.E Peiris, Trans.). New
Delhi. Asian Educational Services.
Weir,W. (2006). 50 Weapons that changed warfare. London. Bounty books.
Wickremesekera, C. (2004). Kandy at War: Indigenous Military Resistance to European

Expansion in Sri Lanka. Colombo. Vijitha Yapa Publishers.
.%ka: - isxy,
wfíisxy" à' ^2006&' mD;=.Siska yd ,xldj ^1597-1658&' mkaksmsáh' iage*¾â f,ala m%ldYk'
lsßwe,af,a [dKúu,' îxia'&' ^1960&' oUfoKs wiak' fld<U' weï"ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u'
l=,;=x." à'Ô' ^1988&' uOHld,Sk Y%S ,xldfõ wdrlaIl ixúOdk' fld<U' weia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda'
.uf.a" Ô" tia' ^1997&' uykqjr hq.fha rdcH wdrlaIl l%fudamdh' fld<U 10' weia f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda'
fâú" fÊ' ^1966&' isxyf,a wdKavq l%uh' ^mß' tÉ" tï fidaur;ak&' fld<U' weï" ã .=Kfiak
iy iud.u'
fvdhs,s" fcdaka'^2005&'isxyf,a wdKavql%uh ms<snò ,qyq`vq igyka' ^mß( weyef,afmd< tÉ'weï

fidaur;ak&' fndr,eia.uqj' úisÿkq m%ldYk'
fkdlaia" wd¾' ^1997 &' tod fy<Èj' ^mß( fâúâ lreKdr;ak&' fld<U' weï'ã .=Kfiak iy
iud.u'
foajrdcd" f,dakd Y%Su;S' ^1997&'Wvrg rdcOdksh 1600-1782'^mß( l=iqï Èidkdhl&' kqf.af.dv'

rcfha uQøK kS;s.; ixia:dj'
mfj,a" fÊ' ^2009&' lkao Wvrg igka' ^mß# fm%aupkaø w,aúia&' fld<U' iQßh m%ldYlfhda'
mSßia" /,a*a'^2001&'isxy, iudc ixúOdkh uykqjr hq.h' ^mß( fla'ta'ã

fmf¾rd&'fndr,eia.uqj' úisÿkq m%ldYlhda'
udI,a" tÉ' ^2004&' isxyf,a' ^mß' tÉ" ta" fidaur;ak&' fndr,eia.uqj' úisÿkq m%ldYk'
,nq.u ,xldkkao' îxia'&' ^1998&' ukaodrï mqr mqj;' fld<U' ixialD;sl lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;=j'
úu,dkkao" à' ^1962&' Wvrg uy le/,a,' fld<U' weï"ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u'
Y%S ,xld hqoaO yuqod úoHdmSGh' ^2014&' rkafoKsfj, igk - l%s'j 1630' Èh;,dj' Y%S ,xld hqoaO
yuqod úoHdmSGh'
iqrùr" ta ù' îxia'&' ^1997&' rdcdj,sh' fld<U' f,alayjqia'
fyar;a" whs tï tï' ^2014&' lkao Wvrg .ß,a,d Wml%u' fí,ska iy iud.u' uykqjr'
fyar;a" tÉ" ta" ã" wd¾' ^1998&' uOHu m<df;a hqoaO wú wdhqO ms<snò iudc úoHd;aul
úu¾IKhla' uykqjr' uOHu m<d;a iNdj'
Ydia;%Sh i`.rd ,sms- bx.%Sis
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periods, 1505 – 1815. Spolia Zeylanica. Vol 3. No 1. pp 81.
ud¾..; - bx.%Sis
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ISBN 2478-0642

උඩුදුම්බර වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾න තුළින් වශළිලන

කෘෂි වමාජය වශ ලර්තමාන අර්බුදය
අරුණ රාජඳක්‍ෂ3
BA (Cey), PG Diploma (Netherlands ), MA (India )
tsaru2003@yahoo.com
වමම අධයයනය මධයම ඳෂාවත් උඩදුම්බර ඳාර වේය ය වල්කම් වකොඨාශා඾යට අයත්
ගංවගොඩ ශා මැදිලක ගරාමයන් වංව්කෘතික ශා වභෞම්ක භූදර්඾න ඳදනම් කර ගත්තකි. මූලක
ල඾වයන් ී ලගාල, එළුලලූ ලගාල වමන් ම වශේන් වගොවිතැන මත යැවඳන ඳරජාල වහිත
වමම වභෞමික වක්‍ෂේතය
ර තුෂ වංව්කෘතික භූ දර්඾න ශා දාසු වූ වාම්ඳරදා. ක ජිලන රාටාලන්වග්
ව඾ේ඿යන් ද සුරක්‍ෂාී ඇති බැවින් පුරාවිදයාත්මක ශා මානලලං඾විදයාත්මක වමන් ම නිර්මිත
ඳරිවර අධයයනය ව඲ශාවතෝරා ගැණින.
නල වමාජ කරමය තුෂ වංලර්ධන කරියාකාරකම් ව඲ශා වමව්ත භූදර්඾නවේ ය ්‍ර
ඳරිලර්තන සිදුවලමින් ඳලතින අතර, වමම වංවේ අ ක඼ාඳය තුෂ වංව්කෘතික භූ දර්඾න වමන්
ම ඒ ශා බැදුණු වංව්කෘතික ඼ක්‍ෂණ ලාර්තාකරණය සිදු කිරීම වමම අධයයනවයහි මූලක
අභි඼ා඾ය විණ. ගංවගොඩ ශා මැදිලක ගරාම ව න්‍ර ගත වකොට තදා඾රිත ක඼ාඳවේ සිදුකරන ඼ද
භූ දර්඾න අධයයනය තුළින් තත් ඳව
ර ේ඾යට ආවේණික ධනවර්ගික ගති ඼ක්‍ෂණ කිහිඳය
විගරශ වකවරන අතර, ඳව
ර ේ඾වේ වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾නවේ ඳදනම වැකී ඇත්වත් ව්ලාභාවික
භූදර්඾නයට අනුර෕ඳල කෘෂිකාර්මික කටයුතු ව඲ශා දාල්තැන වදන ගරාමීය ය වමාජය
ආ඾රවයනි. වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾නවේ ලැඩි අලකා඾ය කෘෂිකාර්මික භූදර්඾න ලන වශල්මළු
කුඹුරු වශ වශේන් ලලන් වමන් ම ලන වම්ඳත් ඳරිශරණය ශා වම්බන්ධලන භූදර්඾න
නිවයෝජනය කර. . තත් භූදර්඾න ශා එකාබේධ වූ ජනාලාව රටාවේ අංගද ඊට ම අවේණික ගති
3
Senior Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Peradeniya
඼ක්‍ෂණ ඳරකට කර. . වමම වභෞතික ව්ඳර්඾ීයය වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾නය ශා අවිවයොජීයය ව඼ව
බේධ වූ එහි ගතිකත්ලය ශා ජීලමාන බල ඳරකට කරනසුළු දැලැන්ත න඿්ඳර්ිතත වංව්කෘතිය ද
උරුමකරවගන සිටි. . වමම ව්ඳර්ිතත ශා න඿්ඳර්ිතත වංව්කෘතික භූදර්඾න ලර්තමානවේ ව ලද
උරුමවේ ඳරාවේය ය අනනයතා ඳරකට කරන සුළු ය. එවවේ ම ඒලා වංව තාත්මක නිවයෝජනය
කරණු ඼බන්වන් තත් ගරාමයන්හි ඉපිද ලැ ජ ජීලත් වූ මිනිසුන්වග් අධයාඳත්මික ඳරතිර෕ඳය. .
එම ඳරජාලවග් ජීලන රටාලන්හී සිදුලන විවිධ වලනව්කම්ල඼ට වමගාමීය ල වංව්කෘතික භූ දර්඾න
ද අනලරත ඳරිනාමයකට ඼ වලමින් ඳලති. .
m%uqL mo( Wvqÿïnr ixialD;sl N+o¾Yk" iudc úmrskduh" j¾;udk w¾nqoh
ye|skaùu
udkjhdf.a yeisÍu ú.%y lsÍu i|yd iudÔh úoHdjka ;=< wúfhdackSh f,i noaO jQ
ixl,am p;=ia;hla jk mqoa.,hd, iudch, ixialD;sh iy mßirh Ndú; flf¾. udkjhdf.a
ls%hdldrlïj, iajrEmh mokï jQ ixialD;sl mßirh lsishï N+ñ Nd.hl mßird;aul idOl
u; ;SrKh fõ. mßir moaO;sfha wka;¾ ls%hdjkaf.ka úhqla; fldg ke;fyd;a yqol,d
fldg udkj iudch f;areï .; fkdfya.ixialD;sluh oDIaáfldaKfhka .;a l, udkjhd
úiska lssishï N+ñ Nd.hl isÿ lrkq ,nk l=ÿ uy;a lghq;= ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykh ;=<
oel.; yels h. tajd wd¾Ól, idudðh fyda ixfla;d;aul ls%hdldrlï fõ. Wla; ls%hdldrlï
yryd udkjhd N+ o¾Ykh yev .iajhs. th ;=<ska Tjqkaf.au ixialD;sh ks¾udKh lrhs.
lsishï N+ñ l,dmhl iuia: N+ o¾Ykh tys wx.hka fjk fjku f.k f;areï .; fkdfya.
nyq úIhd;aul m%fõYhla ;=< iudc udkj úoHdj, ixialD;sl mßir úoHdj, N+ o¾Yk mßir
úoHdj iy ixialD;sl N+ o¾YkhwOHhk m%fõYh ;=<ska fï in|;djh .eUqrska i,ld n,hs.
ixialD;sl N+ o¾Yk .%dóh N+ o¾Yk (Rural Landscapes) f,i o ye|ska fõ. .%dóh N+ o¾Yk
ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nkafka ld,hdf.a wejEfuka udkjhd iy mßirh w;r wka;¾
in|;djfhys m%;sM,hla f,i ks¾udKh jk tajdgu wdfõKsl jQ .;s ,laIK iys; m%foaY
jYfhks.
Wla;ixl,amSh m%fõYhkag wkqj wOHhkhg ,la flfrk .xf.dv yd ueÈjl .%duhka uOHu
m<df;a Wvqÿïnr m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifhys Wvqÿïnr k.rfha isg ls' ó' 04la muK
wE;ska msysgd ;sfí' fï .ïudk jgd úisr mj;sk m,af,fj," f.dvl=Uqr" m,af,msgj,"
Wvmsgj, yd uvq.,a, wd§ .ï lsysmhla o jk w;r tajd tlsfkl w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' uQ,sl jYfhka ù j.dj yd t<j¿ j.dj u; hefmk ck;djla iys;
;;a;a lafIa;%h mqrdúoHdj yd udkjjxYúoHdj ñY% jQ wOHhkhla iòyd fhda.H he hs jgyd
.ekSfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka fuu wOHhkh wdrïN úh' ta iòyd n,mE m%Odk fya;=jla kï
uykqjr jeks k.rno m%foaYhlg idfmalaIj ie,lsh hq;= ;rï ÿIalr mßirhla ;=<
iïm%odhsl cSjk rgdjkays fYaI ;jÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k hñka lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, ksr;
msßila ta ;=< jdih lsÍuhs' wjOdkhg ,la jQ fojeks lreK kQ;k ixj¾Ok l%shdodu yuqfõ
j¾;udk mrïmrd yd Tjqkaf.a wdl,am uq,a mrïmrdj,g jvd fjkia ,laIK fmkakqï
lrñka kj iudc l%uh iu. yev.eiSug W;aiy ±Íu fya;= fldgf.k iq¨ jYfhka fyda
wdrlaId ù mj;sk iïm%odhsl cSjk ffY,Skays iS>% mßj¾;k isÿ fjñka mej;Suhs' fï
folreK i,lk úg ueÈjl yd .xf.dv m%foaYh we;=<;a lafIa;%h w;S;h yd j¾;udkh
w;r foda,khl mj;akd ixfõ§ l,dmhla fia y`ÿkd .kq ,eìKs' tneúka wdrlaIs;j mj;sk
iïm%odhsl cSjk ffY,Ska uqükska u fjkiaj hdug fmr Wmßu jd¾;dlrKhlg ,la
lsÍu;aa m%Odk wruqKq w;r fjhs' ueÈjl yd .xf.dv m%foaYh wdY%s; fm!rdKsl
lDIsl¾udka;h ms<snò lreKq iïmsKavkh lsÍu;a" tajd j¾;udkh jk úg hï úp,khkag
,laj we;s wdldrh mÍlaId lr ne,Su;a fuu m¾fhaIKfhka isÿ flf¾'
.xf.dv - ueÈjl we;=¿ fuys wOHhkhg ,la flfrk wdxY=l l,dmfha N+ o¾Ykh
ieliS we;af;a iajdNdúl N+ o¾Ykhg wkqrEmj lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd uq,a ;ekfok
.%dóh iudchla wdY%fhks' l÷lr N+ rEmK ,laIK iys; m%foaYhl fy,au¿ l=Uqre we;=¿
lDIsld¾ñl ìï moaO;sh yd f.dùkaf.a ckdjdi ia:dk .;ùu fuys ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykfha
iqúfYaIS wkkH;djh f,i ie,lsh yels h.ueÈjl" m,af,fj," f.dvl=Uqr yd .xf.dv hk
.ïudk yqkakia.sßh" ueÈjl m;k" W.af.d,a," lkafol=Uqr" fldänekao bkak" fldialkao
yd hla.sß., hk l`ÿ mka;Skaf.ka jg jQ mgq ;eks" uò yd o< nEjqï iys; N+ o¾Ykhla ;=<
msysgd ;sfí' tys yrialvla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< fyd;a Wvrg .ul idudkH msysàug
jvd fjkia njla ±l.; fkdyels nj fmkS hkq we;' N+ñfha nEjqï iy.; my;au m%foaYh
l=Uqre Wfoid fjka ù ;sfí' Bg by<ska msysgd we;s È.g úys§ hk mgq Wia f.dve,a,la jeks
N+ñh jeishkaf.a ksjdi ord isák fkajdisl lafIA;%h fjhs' ksjdi wdY%s;j ta wjg ìï
fldgi f.j;= fNda. jeùug fjkaj we;s neúka fmdÿfõ zf.j;=Z f,i ye`Èkaùug fhda.H h'
l%ufhka by<g Wiaj úysfok l`ÿlr N+ñh jir lsysmhlg jrla t<s lrk ,ÿj OdkH"
t<j¿ fyda w,j¾. jeùug iqÿiq uyfyaka njg m;a lrk ,È' j.dlghq;=j,ska miq fuu N+ñ
m%foaYh ;K leùug fyda bkaOk" bÈlsÍï fyda jegj,a iòyd wjYH ±j wdÈh imhd .ekSug
Ndú; l< yels úh' fyakaj,g by<ska l`ÿlrfha by< iSudjka igyka lrk >k jkdka;r
ke;fyd;a uQl,dka me;sr mej;sfha h' tneúka fï N+ o¾Ykh lj y;rlska hq;= jD;a;hlg
f.dkq l< úg we;=<; ljfha isg ms<sfj,ska l=Uqre" f.j;=" fyak yd jkdka;r f,i fnod
±laùug mq¿jk (Meyer 1996:184)' tfy;a fï idudkH Ñ;%h ieu úgu thdldrfhka u
ms<s.ekSu ienE ;;a;ajh hï ;rulska úlD;s lsÍuls' fyaka jHdma;j msysá Wia N+ñ wdY%s;j o
l=Uqre msysgd we;s wjia:d olakg yels neúks' N+ñfha iajNdúl msysàu flfrys ie,ls,su;a
fjñka nEjqfï iajrEmh yd j;=r neiau mokï fldgf.k tajd ilid .efkk w;r"
zfmdf<dj .ek bjZ yereKq úg ifudaÉP f¾Ld u; ;SrKh flfrk fy,au¿ ieliSfï
úoHd;aul l%ufõohla j¾;udkfha mjd fï .eñfhda fkdoks;s' fy,au¿ N+ o¾Ykh
l%udkql+, ksudjla iu. ne`ÿKq fi!kao¾hd;aul wdl¾IKhla th krUkakdf.a isf;ys we;s
lrjhs' hg;aúcs; ld,fha § Wvrg ixprKfha kshq;= jQ úfoaYslhka ta o¾Ykfhka jYSlD;
jQfha tneúks' wOHhk lafIa;%fha úia;D; l,dmhg wh;a fljq,a.u" m,af, msgj," Wv
msgj, jeks .ïudk o fï N+ o¾Ykh iu. Ne`§ mj;S'
rEm igyk 1 :.xf.dv ueÈjl we;=¿ ;ÞYs%; .ïudkj, ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykfha ieleiau
PdhdrEmh 1 : Wvqÿïnr m%foaYfha ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykfha iqúfYaIS wx. - lsßmÜáh
.xf.dv yd ueÈjl wdY%s; ù j.dfõ fm!rdKsl;ajh tys N+ o¾Ykfha fm!rdKsl;ajh

o jkafka h' ckY%e;sl idOl u.ska l%sia;= mQ¾j fojeks ishji ;rï wE; ld,hla fhdackd
flfrk kuqÿ tajdfha úYajikSh nj flfkl=g m%Yak l< yels jkq we;' f;,afoKshg kqÿre
nUr., l%sia;= mQ¾j wjêhg wh;a wNsf,aLk idOl iys; lafIa;%hla neúka ;odY%s; l,dmfha
ckdjdilrKh yd fï ckY%e;s ld, wjldYSh jYfhka iudk fjhs' flfia fj;;a jvd
úYajikShj lsj yelafla hg;amsßfihska fodf<diajk ishji jk úg fï l,dmh ù j.dj
iïnkaOfhka ie,lsh hq;= uÜgul mej;s nj h' óg by; o fmkajd fok ,o mßÈ
oy;=kajk ishjig wh;a fljq,a.u geï ,smsh zueÈjlZ msysá je,suv ,shoaola .ek mjiñka
m%:u jrg wOHhk lafIa;%fha ù j.dj iïnkaO jvd fm!rdKsl Rcq idOl imhhs (Epigraphia
Zeylanica Vol. III, 230-235).
j¾;udkfha fuu m%foaYfha jdih lrk jhia.; mqoa.,hka mjd ish j.dN+ñj,
fm!rdKsl;ajfha wdrïNhla .ek lSug fkdoks;s' zw¨; wiajoaomq l=Uqre ms<snò u;lhla
fkdùuZ tajdfha fm!rdKsl;ajh lSug Ndú; lrk tla meyeÈ,s lsÍula úh' fojeks meyeÈ,s
lsÍu kï tajd zrc ld,fha isgZ mejf;k nj lSu h' we;euqkag wkqj fï l=Uqre mejf;kafka
zrdcisxy rcacqrejkaf.a ld,fha isgZ h' zwjqreÿ ish .dkla we;sZ hkq .eñ ld,ks¾Kfha ;j;a
iajrEmhls' fuu m%ldY u.ska j.dN+ñ iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla .uH lrjkq ,efí'
uQ,slj" tajdfha fm!rdKsl;ajhg wod< jvd úYajikSh uq,a idOl ms<snò .eñfhda fkdoks;s'
fojekak kï bl=;a jir ishhlg jeä ld,hl § w¨;ska l=Uqre ks¾udKhla isÿj ke;s nj
yd tjekakla ms<snò Y%e;s ±kqula fyda fkd;sîu h' th zmrïmrd.; l=UqreZ ixl,amhg uq,a ù
;sfí' ish j.dN+ñ rdclShhka yd iïnkaO lsÍug mj;sk Wkkaÿj ie,lsh hq;= f;jeks
lreKhs' fï rdclShhka hkq ckY%e;s nyq;rhlska fy<s jk mßÈ Wvrg rdcOdksfha md,kh
f.k .sh ol=Kq bka§h kdhlal¾ jxYslhka h' isxy, rfcl= yd iïnkaO ckY%e;s fnfyúka
u ÿ¾,N jk w;r" tjekafkl=g ±laúh yelafla ^fojeks@& rdcisxy muKls'
ó<`.g .eñhkaf.a wk%qudk mqrdúoHd;aul idOl u; mÍlaId lr n,uq' oykj jk

ishjfia fojeks Nd.fha § nÿ,a, Èia;%sla úksiqrejrhd jQ ta' iS' f,daß uOHu m<df;a mßmd,k
o;a; iïnkaOfhka ±la jQ Wkkaÿj ksid tjeks idOl lsysmhla uqøs; ;;a;ajfhka wdrlaIs;j
mj;S' tys olajd we;s mßÈ ueÈjl" .xf.dv" lkykamsáh yd uvq.,a, wdY%s; j.d bvï ñ,§
.ekSu" mejÍu fyda mQcd lsÍïj,g wod< ld, wjldYSh o;a; my; mßÈ fm< .eiaùug
mq¿jk'
úiska fj; Yl j¾I ^¬& l%sia;= j¾I

khsomamq m,af,fj, úydrh 1653 78 1731
jkaksh fyakhd o<od ud<s.h 1687 78 1765
fidhsoydñ o<od ud<s.h 1687 78 1765
iqoaOkdohd" fiïnr o<od ud<s.h 1688 78 1766
ojq,aldrhd
t;kd o<od ud<s.h 1691 78 1769
is,am kele;a;d lsrd 1721 78 1799
m,af,f.a wmamqrd, ueKslard, 1729 78 1807
ksl,shoafoa mqxÑrd, l,s`.=rd, wdrÉÑ 1735 78 1813
^ Lawrie 1896 weiqfrks&
iSñ; jYfhka jqj;a wm i;=j we;s fï ft;sydisl f,aLkj, ld, wjldYh l%s' j' oy
wgjk ishjfia f;jeks oYlfha isg oykj jk ishjfia fojeks oYlh ueo olajd
mrdihlg wh;ajk nj fmkS hd hq;= h' fï ld,h furg rdcdj,sh iy iïnkaO l< úg Y%S
ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxyf.a isg Y%S úl%u rdcisxyf.a wjidk ld,h olajd Bg wh;a fjhs' bka
úfYAIfhka woyia jkafka kdhlal¾ jxYsl rcjrekaf.a md,k ld,iSudjhs' fufia ish j.d
N+ñj, fm!rdKsl;ajhg wod<j .xf.dv" ueÈjl yd ta ;odY%s;j me;sr mj;sk ckY%e;s u.ska
b`.s lrk ld, wjldYh ,sÅ; idOlj, ld, wjldYh iu. ukd .e<mSula we;s lrjhs'
tneúka wmf.a wOHhk wjldYhg wh;a j.dN+ñj, fm!rdKsl;ajh jvd wE;ld,Skj
fodf<diajk ishji muK olajd o" jvd uE;ld,Skj hg;amsßfihska oyihjk fyda
oyy;ajk ishji muK olajd o ld,hlg wka;¾.%yKh lsÍu jvd;a fhda.H jkq we;'
fcdaka fâú ish iqm%lg fâú ÿgq ,xldj .%ka:fha § Wvrg ù f.dú;ek ms<snò ;nd
we;s igykla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu m%fhdackj;a h' Tyq fufia lshhs'
z'''Wvrg ù f.dú;ek l%shdldÍ;ajfhka o" iqkaor;ajfhka o" N+ñ msysàfuka o úúO h'
úÑ;% h' is;a.kakd iq¿ h' Wvrg m%foaYj, ù f.dú;ek iòyd c,fhka ys`.hla ke;'
we;eï úg Tjqyq ;u l=Uqre iòyd l=vd we, ud¾. fyda msys,s u.ska c,h f.k tkq ,efí'
fuu c, wjYH;dj iemsfrk neúka Wvrg j¾Ihla ;=< lkak folla j.d flf¾'
l,d;=rlska lkak ;=kla jev lrk nj ug wikakg ,eìKs' fndfydaúg jev lrkq ,nk
lkak m%udKh ;SrK jkqfha j.d lrkq ,nk ùj, jhi wkqj h' i;auila muK .;jk
jvd Wiia j¾.fha ù j¾Ihlg tla jrla o" f;uila muK .;jk nd, ù j¾Ihlg
folkakhla o j.d lrk n jug ±k .ekSug ,eìKs'''''(fidaur;ak 1896:149).
fuu m%foaYhg jeä j¾Idm;khla ,efnk fkdjeïn¾ yd foieïn¾ udi uy fyj;a

udia lkakh f,i ie,fla' Tlaf;dan¾ udifha ueo Nd.fha § udia lkakh we;sùfï uQ,sl
,laIK fmkakqï lrk w;r Bidk È. fudaiï il%Sh ùfuka c,h m%udKj;a mßÈ ,efnk
neúka udia lkakfha § ieu l=Uqrla u mdfya wiajeoa§u isÿ flf¾' fjk;a fNda. j.d lsÍula
olakg fkd,efnk neúka jeäu ù wiajekakla ,efnk lkakh f,i ie,flkafka udia
lkakhhs' cqks-cQ,s udi t<fUk úg j¾Idm;kh wvq ù f.dia úh<s ld,.=K ;;a;ajhla
m%foaYh mqrd me;sr hkq olakd ,efí' th h, lkakfha wdrïNh iksgqyka lrjhs'
idudkHfhka cqks fyda cQ,s udifha isg Tlaf;dan¾ fyda fkdjeïn¾ olajd ld,h h,
lkakhg wh;a h' ful, jßkajr iq¿ jeis welsjkafka ksß; È. fudaiï iq<x ilS%hùu u.sks'
úh<s ld,.=Kh fuka u ±ä yq<x m%jdyh o ful, úfYaI ,lAIKhls' fï fjki j.dj
flfrys fohdldrhl n,mEï we;s lrjhs' tlla kï uy lkakfha§ fuka ieu l=Uqrlau j.d
lsÍug fkdyelsùuhs' c,h imhd.; yels l=Uqre muKla ù j.djg f;dard .efkk w;r
c,h iemhSu ÿIalr l=Uqre w;yer ±óug kshñ; jkq we;' tajd zu,x l=UqreZ f,i jHjydr
lrkq ,efí' fojekak kï yh udihla muK n,mj;ajk iq<`. fya;=fldgf.k f.dhu hï
;rulg nd, ùug ,la ùuhs' fï iq<f`.a n,j;alu u.ska ù lr,a fnd,a lr oukq muKla
fkdj wiajkq fk<Sug wdikak ld,fha§ f.dhï lr,a fmdf<dj u; w;=rjkq ,efí' .ia
fld<x iY%Sl;ajfhka f;dr o`vq njg m;a fjhs' fmd,a jeks ;d,j¾.fha .ia mjd iq<x ÈYdjg
keó hdfuka ish meje;au ;yjqre lr .kshs' wiajdNdúl f,i keó .sh fmd,a .ia fuu
m%foaYfha iq,nj olakg we;af;a h, lkakfha § isÿjk fï foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdifha
È.=ld,Sknfõ m%;sM,hla f,isks' udia lkakh ire ld,iSudjla jk kuq;a h, lkakh
wiajkq ySk jk tfuka u Khnßka ñ§ug wmyiq jk ld, mßÉfPaohls' w;S;fha § h,
lkakfha o ù j.dj u isÿ l< uq;a oYl lsysmhl isg úl,amhla f,i t<j¿ j.djg yqre ù
;sîu o fï ld,.=K yd wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj, m%;sM,hle hs lsh yels h' tneúka wo jk úg
h, lkakh jvd m%lgj we;af;a t<j¿ j.d lrk ld,iSudj f,isks'
j.d lghq;= iòyd wjYH c,h m%Odk jYfhkau ,nd .efkkafka iajNdúl ÈhiSrd yd
fod<myrj,a u.sks' Wvÿïnr úia;D; l,dmh i,lk úg tys ù j.dfõ 65] muK iq¿
jdßud¾. moaO;s u.ska c,h iemfhhs' iajNdúl c,ud¾. Wmfhda. lr .ksñka bÈ flreKq
wuqKq 156la muK úia;D; l,dmfhys olakg ,efnk w;r" l=vd m%udKfha jeõ myla o Bg
wka;¾.; h' iajNdúl fod< myrj,a Wia l`ÿuqÿkaj,ska werö my;a ìï m%foaY yryd .,d
f.dia uyje,shg tla fjhs' fod< myrj,a yria fldg wuqKq ne`§u u.ska c,h yrjd .ekSfï
l%ufõoh wdrïNl wjia:dfõ isÿ jQfha ;djld,sl bÈlsÍula jYfhks' Tfha j;=r yerùug
wjYH ia:dkfha j<j,a ydrd tajdfha bks isgjkq ,efí' wk;=rej tu bks yria fldg ,S neò
ueá" fld< w;=" msÿre wdÈfhka weysÍu u.ska ;djld,sl wuqKla ks¾udKh fjhs' mQ¾j n%dyaó
,smsj, zwjrKZ hk fhÿu Ndú;j we;af;a o fujeks weysÍï fyj;a c, myrg ndOd lsÍï
w`.jkq msKsi h' w;S;fha oS .,aneñ wdÈh fhdod .;a kuq;a j¾;udkh jk úg fï wuqKq
l%uh fldkal%SÜ Ndú;fhka iaÓr bÈlsÍï njg mßj¾;kh lrf.k ;sfnkq ±l.ekSug
mq¿jk' wuqKq bÈlsÍug wod<j úfYAI wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= ia:dk folla wmf.a
ksßlaIKhg ,laj ;sfí' bka jvd merKs he hs is;sh yels wuqK msysgd we;af;a m,af,fj,
m%foaYfha ulr kñka y`ÿkajk ia:dkhg ;rula by<sks' uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg ógr 594l Wiska
hq;= fuu ia:dkh ke'foa' 21"25"97 yd W' w' 23"31"54 w;r ia:dk.; fõ' Tfha m;=< yryd úyso
we;s mdIdK Woa.; Ndú; lrñka tajdfha u;=msg ±jlKq isgqùu msKsi j,j,a ilidf.k
we;' n,s wuqK hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk wuqKq úfYAIhla o Ndú;fha mej;sKs' Tfhys ilik
lKq j<j,a Wmldrfhka isria lKq isgqjd ta yryg ueá wdÈfhka jid ksulrk ,o ueis
isgqùfuka ilid .;a fõ,a, iys; wuqKq n,s wuqKq kï fjhs (PdhdrEmh 2).
PdhdrEmh 2 : m,af,fj, mer‚ wuqKl kgUqka

fujeks n,s wuqKla fljq,a.u msysgd ;sìKs' bka c,h ,nd .;a l=Uqre hdh ye`ÈkajQfha
o zn,s;shkakd fj,Z hkqfjks' rUqlaje,a, iómfha ;j;a n,s wuqKla úh' .xf.dv wdY%s;j
l=vd m%udKfha wuqKq ;=kla o" m,af,afj, úydrh iómfha wuqfKj, hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk
ia:dkfha lKq j,j,a wglska hq;= wuqKla o msysgd ;sìKs' ;djld,sl ueis fhdod ks¾udKh
lrk ,o wuqKq wêl jeis ,eîu;a iu. .idf.k hdug ,la úh' m,af, msgj, jhia.;
.eñhkaf.a w;a±lSïj,g wkqj" tlu wuqK kej; kej;;a bÈ lsÍug isÿ úh'
c,h /ialr .ekSu msKsi l=vd m%udKfha jeõ bÈ lsÍfï isß; fuu m%foaYh wdY%s;j
o y`ÿkd .ekSug mq¿jk' lsßmÜáh kñka ye`Èkafjk m%foaYfha tjeks tla jejla msysgd ;sfí'
Bg jeõ ,shoao hk ku o jHjydr flßKs' wlalr 20l muK c, Odß;djla ròd mj;skakg
we;e hs is;sh yels fuu jej yqÍ jeoaod úiska lrjk ,oaola nj ckY%e;sfha lshefõ' jefõ
c,h iïnkaOfhka rUqlaje,a,jdiSka iu. we;s jQ wr.,hla ksid jej ìò ±uqKq nj o" jeoaod
tu fYdalfhka ñh .sh nj o tu l:d m%jD;a;sj, iòyka h'
±kg j.d flfrk fy,au¿ l=UQre ish,a,u mdfya mdrïmßl tajd jk neúka jd¾Islj
tajd j.d lsÍug wod< l%shdj,sh flfrys fhduq ùug isÿ fjhs' tys § l=Uqre iSud ms<snò ±kSu
fyj;a j.dìïj, wkkH;dj mj;ajd.kakd wdldrh wjOdkhg ,la lsÍu jeo.;a h'
wd.ka;=lfhl=g tl f.dkakg úyso mj;skakd jQ l=vd ,shÈ iuQyhlska hq;= l=Uqre fjka
fjkaj jgyd .ekSu uy;a fjfyilr jkakla njg iel ke;' tfy;a .eñfhda tajdfha
wkkH;dj l%u lsysmhlska iaurKfha ;nd .ks;s' tla l%uhla jkafka bu fyj;a iSudj
i,l=Kq lrk .,a iú lsÍuhs' fï l=Uqre jir ish .Kkla uq¿,af,a mdrïmßlj mejf;k
tajd jk neúka tl, msysgqjk ,o iSud .,a ;ju;a Ndú; flf¾' l=Uqf¾ isjq fldfkys úYd,
.,a i;rla isgqùu u.ska iSudj ixfla;j;a fjhs' fuh j¾;udkfha Ndú; flfrk udhsï .,a
isgqùug uq¿ukskau iudk h' zbu flàuZ fyj;a ziSudj fjkia lsÍuZ imqrd ;ykï l%shdjls'
fojeks l%uh ta ta l=Uqre kï lsßuhs' fuys miqjg §¾>j olajd we;s mßÈ N+f.da,Sh msysàfï
iajNdjh" úfYaI ,laIK" ksYaÑ; .ila fyda bÈlsÍula" ysñlrejdf.a iïnkaOh wd§ hï
lreKla mokï lr .ksñka ieu l=Uqrla u mdfya kï fldg ;sfí' mS,a, <`. l=Uqr" wef,ka
m,a," ksl,shoao wdÈ jYfhks' we;eï wjia:dj, kshf¾ úYd,;ajh u.ska o l=Uqre fjka lsÍu
isÿ fjhs' tajd zuy kshrZ f,i ye`Èkafjk w;r t<s lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg tajdfha
jefjk j,a w;ska lmd ±óu isÿ fjhs'
PdhdrEmh 3 : l=Uqr fm`.ùu

kshr wdÈh Y=oaO fldg k.=,a Ndúfhka ,shÈ iSiEu ù j.dj iòyd N+ñh ilia lr
.ekSfï uQ,sl l%ufõohhs' fuu ld,fha § l=Uqrj,g c,h f.k tk we< fõ<s wdosh fomi
jeù we;s j,a lmd oud mú;% lsÍu o wjYH flf¾' we< ish,a,kaf.a fmdÿ jia;=jla neúka th
mú;% lsÍu msKsi o iduQysl odhl;ajhla ,eîu idudkH ;;a;ajhls' ;u ;ukaf.a l=Uqre
wdY%s; we< fldgi Y=oaO lsÍu u.ska tu ld¾hh id¾:l lr.kq ,efí' kshr yd jlalv ne`§u
uQ,sl wjYH;djls' jlalv ;eîfï § m<uqfjka zkshr lmd ne`§uZ isÿ l< hq;= h' bka woyia
flfrkafka kshf¾ leã ì`§ we;s ;eka ms<silr fldg h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .ekSuhs' tys
id¾:l nj mÍlaId lsÍu msKsi uq,ajrg l=Uqf¾ j;=r neò c,h ;ekam;a ùfï iajNdjh
ksÍlaIKh flf¾' zl=Uqr fm`.ùuZ hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka tf,i c,h ne`§fï
l%shdj,shhs (PdhdrEmh 3).
iSiEu iòyd hka;% iQ;% Ndú; fkdjQ w;r yrl=ka ne`È k.=,a Bg Ndú; flßKs' fï
k.=,a o foj¾.hla olakd ,efí' wdrïNfha § Ndú; lrk ,oafoa flls k.=,hs' fllallska
weoaodla fuka mi yEfrk neúka Bg zflls k.=,Z hk ku jHjydr flf¾' fï u.ska mi
yEfrk kuq;a msve,a, fmr<Sula isÿ fkdjk neúka msv,s fmr,d j,a hg lsÍu msKsi l=Uqr
Wo¨ Ndú;fhka kej; flàug isÿ úh' miqld,Skj zhlv k.=,Z Ndú;hg meñKs w;r th
ilid we;af;a yEfrk mia l=Üáh fmr<S f.dia j,a hgm;a jk mßÈ hlv ;eáhla o iú
lsÍfuks' fondkla" ;=ka ndkla fyda y;r ndkla iS iEug fhdod .kakd w;r ta m%udKh
l=Uqf¾ úYd,;ajh u; ;SrKh fjhs' iS iEu yd jemsÍu w;r wju jYfhka udihlj;a
mr;rhla ;nd .ekSug f.dúhka W;aiql jQy' j¾;udkfha fnfyúka fki,lkq ,nk uq;a
mi moï ùu msKsi tjeks m%udKj;a ld,hla wjYH ùu Bg fya;=jhs' fï m<uq ySh y`ÿkajkq
,nkafka o ìï ke.=ï ySh hkqfjks' ìï ke.=u hkq ìu fyj;a N+ñh fyj;a mi j¾Okh
lsÍuhs' jeãuhs' ke;fyd;a .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhg m;a lr,Suhs' m<uq ySfhka miqj jlalv neò
,shÈj,g j;=r mqrjd YdL fldgia wdÈh Èrd f.dia uv moï jk f;la ;nkq ,efí' kshr
flàfuka tl;= jQ YdL fldgia wdÈh o l=Uqr ;=<g tla flfrk neúka tajdo Èrd hdug ,la
fjhs' l=Uqre jgd lrò" .xiQßh .ia isgqjd tajdfha fld< w;= l=Uqrg ±ófuka o wfmalaId lf<a
mfiys ire nj j¾Okh lsÍuhs' we;eï úg ;s;a;je,a o Bg tla flßKs' ó wegj, uoh f.k
fld<m;la meila f,i Ndú; lr ;o lsÍug ,la lsÍfuka ó f;,a fjka lr .efkhs' túg
fld<m; ;=< b;sßjk frdáhla jeks l=vq ûqre weg& je,s fyda w¨ iu. tla fldg l=Uqrg
biSug f.dúfhda mqreÿj isáhy' fï u.ska mi ireùu mrKla fkdj .evú¨ka jeks i;=ka
j¾Okh ùu o jQ nj lshkq ,efí' Bg fya;=úh yelafla mfiys hï nqre,a ùula isÿùu u.ska
mdxY= jd;h fyd`Èka ,eîu úh yels h' Èk myf<djla fyda úiailg muK miqj moï jQ l=Uqr
fojk jrg flàu wjYH h' ck jHjydrfha fï ld, mr;rh úia;r flfrkqfha zyS úfÜ
j,a me,fjk ld,hZ hkqfjks' k.=,ska iSiEfï § ySúfgka fome;a;g fmrf<k mia leá
j;=r ne`§u;a iu. hgjk kuq;a we;eï mia leá ^f.dve,s& j;=rg hg fkdù mj;sk wjia:d
o fjhs' tjeks f.dve,sj, j,a me<fjkafka Èk myf<djla muK .; jQ miqj h' zyS úfÜ j,a
me<fjk ld,hZ hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha thhs' fï fojkjr flàu;a iu. tf;la
u¾Okh fkdjQ j,a kej;;a hgm;a jk neúka j,a u¾Okh flf¾ wu;r wjOdkhla fhduq
lsÍug wjYH;djla we;s fkdfõ'
jemsÍu iòyd ì;a;r ù ilid .;af;a o tla lkakhlska ,efnk wiajekafkka

fldgila jeiafika ydks fkdjk mßÈ úh<d wdrlaId lr .ekSfuks' idudkHfhka w¨; ,nd
.;a ì;a;r ù jemsÍug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a ùug wju jYfhka Èk 45la muK .; úh hq;=
h' fyd`Èka úh<d jirla we;=<; tajd Ndú; lsÍu wjYH h' jirla bl=;a jQ ì;a;r ù
jemsÍug iqÿiq fkdfõ' f.dhï lmk ld,fha § j¾Id ld,h t<ôh fyd;a th myj hk;=re
f.dhï lemSu isÿ fkdflfrkafka o ì;a;r ù ilid .ekSfï § tys .=KdaulNdjh ySk ùug
j¾Idfjka ndOd we;súh yels neúks' hï fya;=jla ksid hful=f.a ì;a;r ù úkdYj .shfyd;a
Tyqg ,nd §ug ;rï m%udKj;a ì;a;r ù w;sßla;hla we;eï f.dùka i;= úh'
f.dhug ydks l< j,ame, f,i wefgdard" nv;e,a" Èhf.dajd yd ne,;K y`ÿkdf.k
;snQ w;r tajd u¾Okh lrk ,oafoa b.s,a,Su jeks ir, l%u u.sks' uq,a wjia:dfõ § u y`ÿkd
.ekSfuka j,a u¾okh myiq úh' È.=l,la j;=r ne`§fuka wefgdard yereKq úg wfkla j,ame,
fndfyduhla u¾okh l< yels jqj;a tfia È.=ld,Sk c, /òjqu fhdhï .fia lò l=Kq ùug
fya;=úh yels neúka id¾:l l%uhla fkdù h'
PdhdrEmh 4 : l=Uqre flàu" kshr uv;eîu" ;jka .e,ùu yd f.hï isgqùu -.xf.dv
N+ñf;,a Ndú;hla fkdjQ ld,fha § fï .ïjeishka wdf,dalh imhd .ekSu iòyd

lel=K f;,a Ndú; l<y' lel=K weg fõ,d uoh bj;a fldg ;,d ye<shl nyd WKq
lsÍfuys m%;sM,hla f,i f;,a bj;a ùu isÿ fjhs' f;,a bj;a lr .;a miq b;sß jk lel=K
uKaä o wêl f,i f;,a .;sh wka;¾.; jQjls' tajd /iafldg ,shÈj,g biSfuka j,ame,
j¾Okh b;d wju lr .ekSfï yelshdj mej;sKs' iïm%odhsl ù j.dj isÿ flrekq ld,iSudfõ
lDókaf.ka Wjÿre isÿ jQfha b;d wju jYfhks' ueiaikaf.ka jk ydks fndfyda úg
iajNdúlju ffcùh l%ufõo Tiafia md,kh úh' wjg msysgd we;s jkdka;r m%foaY fkdfhla
l=re¨ j¾.j, o" iuk¨ka yd n;al+rka jeks lDñ i;=kaf.a o jdiia:dk l,dmh fjhs' j.d
ld,j, § fNda.j,g ydkslrk lDóka fï i;=kaf.a wdydr f,i jeo.;a jQ neúka m<sfndaO
u¾Okh msKsi f.dùkag ueoy;aúh hq;= jQfha iq¨ mßudKfhks' l=UQre w;r msysgd we;s
f.dïuka m%foaY wdY%s;j o fujeks ue<fmd<j,a ks¾udKh flßKs' ;jdka ld,fha § f.dhï
.fiys m;% lmd ouk mKq úfYaIhla zfld< lk mKqjdZ f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuu ydkslr
;;a;ajh u¾okh lsÍu msKsi ;jdk ks¾udKh flfrk wjia:dfõ§ u lghq;= flßKs' ;jdk
flgqjdg miqj Bg ;s;a;u,a" boao" lel=K w;=" lrò" .sksiSßh jeks fld< j¾. oud mE.Sug
,la l< úg fuu frda.S ;;a;ajfha we;sùula isÿ fkdfjhs'
fyaka flàu isÿ flreKq ld,fha § l=re,a,ka jeks i;=kaf.ka f.dhug isÿ jQ ydks
b;d wju úh' fyaka m%foaYj,ska Wkaf.a wdydr imhd .; yels jQ neúks' tneúka úh<s
l,dmfha olakg ,efnk zl=re¨ md¨jZ fyj;a l=re,a,kaf.a wdydrh msKsi fjka lrk
fldgia fuu j.dìïj, olakg fkd,efí' oj,a ld,fha § fNda.j,g iq¨ jYfhka jqj;a
ydks lrk l=re,a,ka u¾okh msKsi z,Eáh ;eîuZ kï l%uh wkq.ukh lr we;'
fldfyd,a,Ej,ska jerá idod tajd ,Shl w;=rjk w;r tjeks ,S lsysmhla ;eîfuka ta u;
jik l=vd l=re,a,ka tys we,S yiqùu fuhska woyia flfrk l%ufõohhs'
j.dfõ wdrlaIdj msKsi w;S;fha § úúO flï l%u Ndú; l< nj oks;;a tajd úia;r
jYfhka iòyka lsÍug jhia.; .eñhka mjd wiu;a h' l=Uqre lsßjÈk ld,fha § lDñ
i;=kaf.ka yd W!rka jeks i;=kaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSu msKsi je,s u;=rd biSu tla flï
l%uhls' tjekakla l< nj u;lfha ;snqK o ue;sßh hq;= .d:dj l=ula ± hs we;euqkag lSug
yelshdjla fkdù h' óuqf¾ m%foaYfha fujeks flï l%uhla l=Uqre ;yku kñka ye`Èkafjk
nj jd¾;d lr we;' ta wkqj" lsisfjl= yuq fkdjk fõ,djl § mdkaoßka br uqÿka jkakg
fmr l=Uqrg hk f.dúhka uka;%hla cm fldg ue;srE je,s l=Uqrg biskq ,efí' tu uka;%h
kï" zwUka ueiafida" fjr ueiafida" md,s ux.r" foda,s ux.r" ly ux.r" lsß ux.r" f;o
ux.r" WK ux.r foúhkaf.a wKska jrejg" fojrejg" ;=kajrejg fï flf;ka bj;a jkakg
hym;sZ hkqhs(rdcmlaI 2007: 162)' óuqf¾ yd ueÈjl .xf.dv w;r w;S;fha isg wka;¾
iïnkaO;d meje;s neúka o" fuu m%foaY Wvqÿïnr úia;D; l,dmhg wh;a jk neúka o by;
lS fkdokakd uka;%h th ùug bv ;sfí' msgj, m%foaYfha wjqreÿ wiQ yhla muK jhie;s
.eñfhl= ueiaika m,jd yeÍfï uka;% ;snQ nj ms<s.;a kuq;a tajd ±ka wkjYH nj;a"
ueiaikaf.a wdydrh ke;s lsßu mdmhla nj;a m%ldY lf<a h' Tyq th úia;r lf<a zwkqkag
ysxid fldg lEulaZ hkqfjks' fldfydU weg yd fmd;= ;,d tajdfha hqI ilia fldg zinn
mdmii wlrKxZ hk .d:dfjka u;=rd l=Uqrg biSfuka o ueiaikaf.ka jk Wjÿre ÿre jQ nj
jeäysá f.dúfhda m%ldY l<y' l,je,a lmd ;,d Ndckhlg oud m,a ùug yer fmrd
l=Uqrej,g biSu ;j;a l%ufõohls' fldfydU weg fidhd .ekSug we;s fkdyelshdj u; fuu
l%uh o wNdjhg f.disks'
flï l%uhlau he hs lsj fkdyels jqj o i;=kaf.a Wjÿrej,ska fNda. wdrlaId lr
.eSug nkaOk l%ufõo o Wmldr úh' jrla bß`.= fyaklg W!rkaf.ka we;sjQ ydks
je<elaùug;a" uka;% l%uh w;ayod ne,Sug;a .ïjeisfhl= úiska W!re uqL nkaOkh kñka
ye`Èkafjk nkaOkh isÿ lrk ,È' wjYH l<ukd fidhd .ekSfuka miqj Bg wod< uka;%h
108 jrla cm fldg rd;%S 12ka miq fyafka y;r fldk wdrlaId flßKs' mdkaor hdufha lvd
jeÿKq W!rl= bß`.= .ia lsysmhla lvd ±ófuka miq tlajku Èùug mgka .;a nj;a" WoEik
jk úg fod< myrla wi< W!frl= ueÍ isák nj ±k .ekSug ,enqKq nj;a tu l%uh w;ayod
neÆ .eñhdf.ka ±k .ekaug ,eìKs' fuhska lïmdjg m;a .eñhd bka miq tjeks l%u
wkq.ukh lsÍfuka je<l=fKa h'
.xf.dv yd ueÈjl m%foaYfha flï l%u fndfydaúg Ndú;j we;af;a ueiaika yd isjqmd
i;=ka m,jd yeÍu msKsi h' tfy;a my;rg m%foaYfha mKqjka iòyd o flï l%u Ndú;j
;sfí' fn,a úiska jd¾;d lrkq ,en we;s tla flula my; mßÈ h'
z'''mfia nqÿrcdkka jykafia r;awe,areishd ,`.g jeähd' t;k§ odkhla foKav fohla kE'
uyd n%yaurdchd ,`.g f.dyska b,a¿jd' b,a,dmq ;ek§ r;awe,a ÿkakd' ta ù jemqrejd'
t;k§ m,uqfjks fldf,g .egmkqfjda jeyqjd' i;a j¾.hla jeyqjd'
nqÿrcdkkajykafiaf.a wdkqNdfjka ta mkqfjda wylafjKav b,a¿jd' túg ta mkqfjda wyla
Wkd' i;afjks fm;af;a§ rkajka lr,la jegqkd' ta lr,g i;aj¾.hla ueiafida jeyqjd'
túg nqÿrcdkkajykafiaf.a wdkqNdfjKav b,a¿jd' túg wyla Wkd' b;ska ta úh fldg,d"
n;a msi oj,a odkh fldg ÿkakd' ta nqÿrcdkkajykafiaf.a wdkqNdfjka wo;a wyla fjKav
´kE'''''' (rdcmlaI 2007: 75).
fouqyqka îc y`ÿkajd §ug fmrd;=j idïm%odhsl ù j¾. j.d lsÍu isÿ jQ w;r tajdhska
,enqKq wiajekak fouqyqka ùj,g idfmalaIj hï wju njla fmkakqï lf<a h' tfy;a
.=Kd;aul núka tajd b;d Wiia uÜgul meje;s nj jhia.; .eñfhda mji;s' .xf.dv yd
ueÈjl m%foaYfha mÉpfmreud,a" ldfndl=re" l¨ ù ^ l¨ ySká&" iqÿ ù îqÿ ySká&" foajrdc"
uqrex.d ù" yqre¿ ù" iqj`±,a wd§ ù j¾. jvd;a ckm%sh ù ;sìKs' m,af,fj, m%foaYfha §
wikakg ,enqKq mßÈ oYl yhlg muK fmr zuß ùZ kñka y`ÿkajk ,o ù j¾.hla nyq,j
j.d flßKs' tys yd,a wegfha msgfmd;a; lyg mefhka hq;= ksjqâv wêl jQjla úh' uß ù
wegh b;d úYd, jQ w;r ù wegh w. flkao jeä È.lska hq;= úh' tjeks ù weg ishhla
fm<g ;enQ úg ta ÿr m%udKh mekSug iuf;la fkdjQ nj fï .eñfhda mji;s' msgj,
m%foaYfha j.d l< úYd, weg iys;" iqÿ meye;s ù j¾.hla zkreyd,a ùZ hkqfjka y`ÿkajk
,È' iqÿ ù fyj;a iqÿ ySká j.d lrk ,oafoa h, lkakh Wfoid h' tajd udi ;=klska muK
wiajkq fk,k ld,h Wod fjhs' uqrex.d ù j.d flfrkafka j;=r myiqj wvq l=Uqre iòyd h'
foajrdc ùj, wiajkq fk,Sug udi myla muK .; jk kuq;a nqi,g nqi,a 30l muK by<
wiajekakla ,eìKs' uqmamx.ka ùj,ska o nqi,lg nqi,a 35la 40la muK ,nd .; yels úh' iqÿ
ù j,ska nqi,lg nqi,a 30-35 w;r m%udKhla ,nd .ekau wmyiq fkdù
wiajkq fk,k ld, iSudj ;SrKh jQfha jmqrk ,o ù j¾.fha iajrEmh u; h' nd, ù
j¾. kï udi ;=yudfrka muK wiajkq fk,sh yels jQ w;r foajrdc" uqmamka.ka" iqÿ ù" we,a
ù" ySká ù wd§ uQl, ù j,g udi 4" 1$2la fyda 5la .; úh' zuQl< ùZ hkq zjeä ld,hla .;
jk ùZ hk woyihs' wiajkq fk,Su isÿ jQfha w;a;ï l%uh mokï lr .ksñks' w;a;ï l%uh
lDIsld¾ñl ckiudcfha iduQysl;ajh yd úYajdih f.dv k.k m%dfhda.sl l%ufõohla úh'
hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a fk,Sulg iyNd.s jk msßi wiajkq fk,Su wjika fldg th mE.Sfï
lghq;=j,g o iyNd.s jQ w;r Tjqkag wdydr mdkfhka ix.%y lsÍu f.dhfï ysñlref.a
ld¾hNdrhla fia ie,l=Ks' w;a;ug meñKshjqkaf.a l=Uqre jevj,g ta wdldrfhkau iydh
ùu w;a;ï iydh ,nd .;a;jqkaf.a hq;=lu úh' hdhu lemSug iqÿ ;;a;ajhg m;aj we;s kï
.fuys ish,a,ka úiska u l;sld fldgf.k Èk fol ;=kla ;=< hdh lemSu o olakd ,È' Bg
iyNd.s jQjka iòyd ix.%y lsÍug lsßfrdá" fldÜg lsßn;a wd§ leú,s fmú,s ilia lsÍug
ia;%Syq uq,a;eka f.k l%shd l<y'
f.dhu meiS wiajkq fk,Sug wdikakj;au lu; ieliSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
fjhs' idudkHfhka ieu l=Uqrlgu mdfya lu;la mj;sk w;r we;eï l=Uqre iòyd lu;
fjkqfjka u fjka l< wjldYhla mj;S' tys ù j.d lsÍula isÿ fkdjk w;r jÜglald jeks
fNda.hla iòyd tu wjldYh fjka fjhs' tfia fkdue;s wjia:dj, § mE.Sug ;rï m%udKj;a
bvla iys; ,shoaol wiajkq m<uqj fk,d tu ,shoao t<s fmfy<s fldg" ìu msßhï lsÍfuka
yd jg ì;a;s ne`§fuka lu;lg iqÿiq mßos ilia lr .kq ,eîu isß;hs' .xf.dv wiajeoaÿu
l=Uqr óg tla WodyrKhls' tfia fkdjk wjia:djl fyj;a lu; iòyd u fjka l<
wjldYhla mj;sk úg tys wdlD;sh ksru mdfya jD;a;dldr yevhla .kS' luf;ys m%udKh
jmqrk ìfuys m%udKh ke;fyd;a mE.Sug isÿjk fld<fha m%udKh u; ;SrKh ù ;sfí'
l=Uqf¾ Wia ia:dkhla lu;a wjldYhg fjka lr .ekSu f.!rjhg;a jvd c,h ròd
fkdmej;Su mokï fldg .;a;ls' jir 16lg muK fmr ÿïnr l=Uqr kñka ye`Èkafjk
l=Uqre hdfhys .,ska u ne`È lu;la olakg ,eìKs' fï mdrïmßl luf;ys fõ,a, wä wgl
muK Wilska hqla; jQ w;r lu;a fodrlv ks¾udKh lr ;snqfKa o Wia .,a mqjre folla
fomiska fh§fuks' fï widudkH iajrEmh ksid tys mE.Sug iïnkaO jQfha .fuys úiQ
Yla;su;a yd m<mqreÿ f.dùka muKla jk w;r kjlhka Bg tla ùug wlue;s jQy' wä wgl
Wiska hq;= lu;a fõ,a,lska tmsgg msÿre úis lsÍu ÿIalr ld¾hhla neúks' tys m%;sM,hla
jQfha 2000 jif¾ § tu lu; ìò ±óu h' lu;lg we;=,aùu iòyd ilik m%fõY ia:dkh
lu;a fodrlv hkqfjka ye`Èkafjhs' th .jfhl=g we;=,aúh yels m%udKfha bvla iys;
jQjls' óg wu;rj yÈis jeis ld,.=Khla we;s jqjfyd;a lu; ;=< /iajk c,h msg lsÍu
msKsi Èh neiaijqï fodrgqjla o lu;a neïfuys ks¾udKh flfrhs'
f.dhï fld<h f.dv.ikq ,nkafka luf;ys ueo ks¾udKh flfrk lu;a hka;%h
u; h' lu;a hka;%h ks¾udKh lsÍug m<uqfjka ìu msßhï lsÍu l< hq;= fõ' tkï mE.Sug
iqÿiq mßÈ kejqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSuhs' fuh isÿ flfrkqfha luf;ys f.du
msßhï lsÍfuks' lu;a ìu fyd`Èka mú% fldg ueá wdf,am lrk w;r lu;a neïu fyj;a
lu;a fõ,af,ys o ueá wdf,am flf¾' lu; ;=<g j;= yrjd ìu fidaod yeÍfuka miqj lu;a
ìu fõ,Sug yeÍu wjYH h' wk;=rej fnda,;a;la Ndú; lrñka ueá ìu u; fyd`Èka Èh l<
f.du wdf,am l< hq;= h' luf;ys m%udKh wkqj wdf,am l< hq;= f.du m%udKh o wvq jeä
úh yels h' wjYH f.du m%udKh idudkHfhka m%udK flfrkqfha zmqoa.,hl=g jrlg f.k
hd yels f.du m%udKh fuka ;=ka .=KhlaZ hkqfjks' jrlg f.k hd yels f.du m%udKh
lsf,da y;<sylehs i,lk úg luf;a f.du msßhug jeh jk f.du m%udKh lsf,da 120la
muK fjhs' fufia f.du ueá wdf,amkfha m%;sM,hla f,i lu;a ìu .,a je,sj,ska f;dr
ia:dkhla njg mßj¾;kh fõ(PdhdrEmh5, 6)'
PdhdrEmh5 : ;djld,slj ieliqKq lu; - PdhdrEmh6 : f.dhï ueãfuka miq lu; -
.xf.dv .xf.dv
f.dhï f.dv .eiSug fmrd;=j luf;ys lu;a hka;%h we`§u fyj;a w¨jï jvkq
,efí' luf;a uOHfha isg msg;g úysfok mßÈ jD;a; y;la ks¾udKh flfrk w;r tajd
flakaøfha isg ÈYd y;rlg fyda wglg fn§u o isÿ flfrhs' ÈYd ±lafjk f¾Ldjkaf.a
fl<jr ;%sY+, ,l=fKa yevh ke;fyd;a kd. zmZhkak weò ±laùu isß;ls' ljfha uOHh
wrlafmd< kñka jHjydß; h' wrlafmd< ueo wrla., ;nd ta jgd f;d,fnda j<,a, o"
j<,ao ueo wrla fn,a,d kñka ye`Èkafjk lgq fn,af,la yd Bg wu;rj fldfydUd fldgh"
hlv lene,a,la" mqjla f.ähla" ±jfhka l< isßm;=,a ixfla;hla wdoS jia;= o ;ekam;a
flf¾' f;d<fnda j<,a, ilia lr.kakd ,oafoa fnda fld<" lr,a yen fld<" yS/iai fld<"
yS/iai o¿ wdÈh f;d,fnda fld<hl T;d lsßuÿje,aj,ska fj,Sfuks' by; iòyka lj y;
w`Èkq ,nkafka f;d,fnda j<,a,g msg;sks' óuqf¾ m%foaYfha § lu;a hka;%h ueo tkï
wrlafmdf<ys j,la lmd tajd tys ;ekam;a lsÍfï isß;la mj;S (rdcmlaI 2007: 165). wk;=rej
wg ÈYdjkays lDIslghq;= iòyd Wmldr lr .kakd ,o W±,a," ne;fmdarej" l=,a," Wl=Kq .y"
k.=," oEle;a;" flúg" fnda,;a; wd§ jia;+ka weò ±laùu isÿ flf¾' .xf.dv ueÈjl
m%foaYfha Ndú; flfrk lu;a hka;%h r;akmqr" lE.,a, jeks m%foaYj, Ndú; jQ lu;a
hka;%j,g wvq jeä jYfhka iudk jQjls' lu; ueo wrla j<la yEÍula fï m%foaYfha olakd
fkd,efn;;a wfkkl=;a m%foaYj, tjeks j,la ydrd ta ;=< ;ekam;a lsÍï isÿ lsÍu isß;
fjhs' r;akmqr Èia;%slalfha kjÿka yd l=reúá fldarf<a wdY%s;j jd¾;d lr we;s wkaoug wrla
j< ueo f.dka lKqjla isgqjd ta w. mqjla u,la .eg .ikq ,efí' lu;a pdß;% iòyd ojg"
foys" kq." nq,;a" fodvï" b¿la" f.dhï wd§ ms<s, o" wrla fn,a,d" rínv f.ä" lÿre fld<"
jrld .egh" óf.dar" khs f.dar" t¿ f.dar" wia f.dar" we;a f.dar" f.dka f.dar" uqj f.dar
wdÈh o" ß§" r;%x" ;U" ms;a;," f,dalv yd jdfka hk f,day j¾. o" hlv oEle;a;" r;ak
cd;s" uq;= weghla yd mn¿ o hk fïjd imhd .; hq;= fjhs (Coomaraswamy 1906:417-419)'
rhs.ï fldar<fha Ndú; lu;a hka;%fhys w`Èkq ,nkafka ,dy" l=,a," fmdarej yd ±;sf.dhshd
hk fï WmlrK i;r muKs' tfy;a ishkE fldar<fha lu;a hka;%h wx. fodf<dilska
iukaú; fjhs' Èúlÿre fldgh" fldfydU ,E,a," fldri .efÜ" lgq ylaf.äh" oEle;a;"
.," fmdaref.dhshd" ±;sf.dhshd" fnda,;a;" nqÿkaf.a Y%S m;=<" h,f.dhshd yd w`vqj hk fïjd h
(Bell 1886)' whsj¾ia úiska jd¾;d lrkq ,en we;s mßos lu;a hka;%h iòyd isßm;=," pkaø
uKavf,a" iQßh uKavf,a" y.af.äh" ne;mdysk l=,a," ne; uksk ,dy" fld,jev lrk
Wl=kq ±;a;" ne; tl;= lrk f.dhsfmdarej" ne;j, lgqj wyla lrk lgqudk w;a; yd ne;
w;=.dk fnda,;a; hk fïjdfha rEm w`Èkq ,efí (Ievers 1880:46-52)'
w¨jï jeãu iòyd Ndú; lrk w¨ msß;a fldg wdrlaIdjla njg m;a lr .ekSu
.eñhkaf.a isß; ù ;sìKs' ta iòyd fhdod .kqfka o iín mdmiai wlrKx hk .d:djhs' th
y;ajrla" ody;rjrla fyda úis tla jrla u;=rk ,È' m,af,fj, m%foaYfha§ wikakg ,enqKq
mrsÈ w¨jï jeãfï § fhdod .kakd lu;a hka;% lsysmhla mej;sKs' jxl.sßh tla wdlD;shls'
jxl.sßh hkqfjka woyia lrk ,oafoa tllg tlla msg;g úyso hk wdldrfhka ks¾udKh
flfrk jD;a; y; njg ielhla ke;' tfy;a idudkHfhka jxl.sßh w`Èkq ,nkafka
tlsfklska úhqla; jD;a; f,i fkdfõ' ueÈúfhys miqjk f.dùka fï lj ye`ÈkajQfha
O¾upl%h yd br yò wd§ jYfhks' mrïmrd folla w;r ish ixialD:sl Wreuh
iïnkaOfhka isÿj we;s ÿriaùu fï w¾:l:khkays úIu;dj u.ska fmkakqï flfrhs'
c,kkaok" iSj,S wd§ msß;a j,ska fyda inn mdmii wlrKx hk .d:dfõ uq,a wl=re lsysmhla
hka;%hla mßÈ fhdod .;a wjia:d o ;sìKs' fndfyda úg fï wl=re iys; hka;%h fld<hl ,shd
wrlafmdf<ys ;ekam;a lrk fldfydU fmdarefõ iú flßKs' ke;fyd;a tla ljhla jgd fï
wl=re lsysmhla w¨j,ska weò olajk ,È' lu;a hka;%h weò wjika ùfuka miqj lmk ,o
f.dhï ;ekam;a lsÍu isÿ fjhs' uq,a ld,fha § lu;g we;=,aùug ldka;djkag wjirhla
fkdù h' Tjqka f.dhï ñá ysiska f.kjq;a lu;a fodrlv wi< isá w;r msßñka tajd
Ndrf.k lu; ;=< ;ekam;a lsÍu isÿ l<y'
f.dhï mE.Su uq¿ukskau .jhka u.ska isÿ flreKls' wiajekafka m%udKh wkqj
luf;a m%udKh ;SrKh fjhs' luf;a úYd,;ajh wkqj .jhkaf.a ixLHdj ;SrKh fjhs'
lu;a fodßka we;=,a flfrk .jhka olaIsKdjD;a;j fld< mE.Sfï fhoúKs' m%udKj;a ;rï
fõ,djla mE.=K úg tajd kej; kej; we;sÍu isÿ flfrhs' isjqj;djla muK we;sÍfuka
wk;=rej fld<h leãu fyj;a uevqjka bj;a lsÍu isÿ lrk ,È' ù weg .e,ù fjka jQ msÿre
uevqjka kï fõ' fïjd lu;a fõ,a,g tmsáka f.dv .ikq ,eî h' wk;=rej fnda,a ;eîu
fyj;a w;=.Eu u.ska msßiqÿ l< hq;= h' fï iòyd fnda,;= Wmldr lr .ekqKs' luf;ys msÍ
;sfnk ne;g hgù we;s uevqjka wef;d;a Wl=Kq.y Ndú;fhka tajd o bj;a flfrhs' y;ajrla
muK fnda,a ;eîfuka wk;=rej ù weg fyd`Èka fjka ù we;a ±hs mÍlaId lrk w;r
iïm%odhsl f.dùka fld<h mEf.k Yíofhka ta nj ±k.ekSug ;rï yelshdjlska hq;= jQy'
fufia lsysmjrla fnda,a ;eîfuka o" uevqjka bj;a lsÍfuka o" msßiqÿ lsÍfuka o miqj
luf;ys /iaj ;sfnk ne; f.dv .id .ekSug wjia:dj t<UqfKa h'
md.d f.dv .id.;a ne; ksjdi lrd /f.k hdug ;j,ï l%uh fhdod .ekqKs' ta
iòyd m<mqreoaola iys; ;j,ï f.dkqka fï m%foaYfha jQ neúka m%jdykh t;rï fjfyilr
fkdù h' fï iòyd fhdod .ekqfKa o t< yrl=kaf.a msßñ i;d muKls' ;j,ï f.dkqka
kv;a;= lsÍu l< yels jQfha o Yla;su;a .eñ ;reKhkag h' hï fya;=jla ksid n`Èk ,o
f.daks lvd jeáulg ,la jqjfyd;a tajd Tijd kej; ilia lr .ekSfï yelshdjla
tjekakjqka i;=j mej;sKs' wiajkq fyda fjk;a NdKav m%jdykh msKsi wjYH f.daks o"
f.dkd yeisrùug wjYH má wdÈh o úfYaIfhka ilia lr .efka' fomig iunrj jefgk
mßÈ t,a,kq ,nk f.daks zl,jd f.daksZ kñka y`ÿkajk ,È' msg u; w;=rjk we;sreï
ye`ÈkajQfha zyeòZ hkqfjks' óg wu;rj lkaola k.sk wjia:dfõ f.dkd m,a,ug hdu j<lkq
msKsi zlr ,KqjZ m%fhdackj;a jQ w;r m,a,ul hk úg bÈßhg ,siaid hdu je<elaùug
fhdod .ekqfKa zmiaid máhZhs' fomi t,ajk f.daks me;a;lg fkdhd iunrj mj;ajd .kakd
,oafoa znv ,KqfõZ wdOdrfhks' wKg lSlre ùu ;j,ï f.dkqka i;= úh hq;= iqúfYaIS
.=Kdx.hla úh' fufia ;j,ï u.ska m%jdykh lsßu uvq.,a, jeks m%foaYj, o olakg ,eìKs'
ksjdi fj; m%jdykh flfrk ne; fõ,Sug kshñ; fjhs'
j.d lghq;= msKsi Y%u odhl;ajh fn§ hdfï ixlS¾K rgdjla y`ÿkd .ekSu wmyiq h'
meje;s l%ufõoh jQfha iduQyslj ish odhl;ajh ,nd §uhs' w;a;ï l%uh u.ska jeä úhoulska
f;drj ish lghq;= bgq lr .ekSfï wjia:dj mej;sKs'fyaka fukau l=Uqre j.dj iòyd o jhia
fNaohlska f;drj lghq;= l< w;r lu;a pdß;% iïnkaOfhka ldka;djka hï iSud lsÍulg
,la fldg ;sìKs' ta wkqj lu; ;=<g m%fõYùu ldka;djkag wlem jQ w;r f.dhï ñá lu;a
fodrlv wi<g muKla f.k tau muKla Tjqkaf.ka isÿ úh' tfy;a l%ufhka fuu
iq¨mßudK ;yxÑ mjd fjkia ù we;s wdldrh úisjk ishjfia fojeks Nd.h iïnkaO
w;a±lSïj,ska lshefjhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ldka;djka fyaka flàu" l=Uqre flàu wd§
f.dú;efkys msßñka ksr;jk ieu ld¾hhlu mdfya ksr;ùug yqre jQy' j¾;udkh jk úg
lu;a lghq;=j,g mjd ldka;djka ueÈy;a jk wjia:d olakd ,efí'
wò l%uh idudkHfhka ±lsh yels mßÈu lreKq folla mokï lr .ksñka l%shd;aul
úh' tlla kï bvï ysñ tfy;a j.d lghq;=j, fh§ug fkdyels msßia úiska ish j.dìï
wòhg mjrd §uhs' bvï wysñ iq¨;r fldgila o m%foaYfha jQ neúka bvï ysñhka fj; f.dia
j.d lsÍu msKsi bvï lene,a,la b,a,d isàfuka wò l%uh l%shd;aul ùu fojeks l%ufõohhs'
j¾;udkfha msxl=Uqre fyj;a úydr l=Uqre wòhg § we;s kuq;a tajd uq,a ld,fha isg uE;la
jk;=re rdcldß l%uhg ,nd ÿka tajd h' w;S;fha § wòlrejdg ì;a;r ù fyda fjk;a úhoula
,nd §fï iïm%odhla fkd;sìKs' tfy;a miqld,Sk mßj¾;kj,g wkqj wò l%ufha §
wiajekafkka 50]la ne.ska bvï ysñhd yd wòlrejd w;r fn§ hhs' fndfyda úg fmdfydr
úhou o fofokd úiska fnod .kq ,efí' whs;slre úiska iemfhkqfha ì;a;r ù muKls'
tfy;a w;S;fha § ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;hla fkd;snQ neúka l=Uqr ire lr .ekSfï j.lSu
wòlrejdg mejfrkakg we;' fuh idudkH ;;a;ajh kuq;a ieu úgu tf,iu l%shd;aul ù
he hs lSu wmyiq h' ksoiqka f,i m,af,fj, úydrhg wh;a l=Uqre wòhg §fï § fmdfydr
úhou o" iEug jehjk uqo, o imhk nj ±k .ekSug ,eìKs' th ;SrKh jkafka
wòlrejdf.a cSjk uÜgu wkqj h' fuu úydrhgu wh;a ;j;a msx l=Uqrla tlaliafia l=Uqre
hdhg wka;¾.;j mj;S' tys m%udKh nqi,a ;=kla muK fjhs' uy lkakfha wiajekafkka
50]la úydrhg ,nd fok w;r h, lkakfha § t<j¿ j.d lrkq ,efí' t<j¿ wiajekafkka
fldgila úydrhg ,nd .ekSula isÿ fkdflfrhs'
l=Uqrej, wkkH;dj y`ÿkd .ekSu msKsi tajd úúO kïj,ska ye`Èkaùfï isß; fuu
m%foaYfha l%shd;aul fõ' tu kïj,g o jir ish.Kkla mqrd Èfjk wLKav;djla mj;sk nj
lSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i" m,af,fj, úydrhg wh;a msxl=Uqre msysgd we;s
l=Uqre hdh we;=<;a m%foaYh j¾;udkfha ye`Èkafjkafka ztlaliaiZ hkqfjks' fuu kduh l%s'
j' 1731 j¾Ihg wh;a ikakil o iòykaj we;' ta wkqj tlaliafia l=Uqfrka ,dia 15la
khsomamq kï wfhl= úiska m,af,fj, úydrhg mQcd lrk ,È' tlaliai hkafkys woyi
z;KìuZ hkqhs (Codrington 1996:15). fï l=Uqre kdu foi ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jk lreKla
kï ia:dkSh msysàu" m%udKh" ióm úfYaI .ila fyda fjk;a bÈlsÍula" N+f.da,Sh ,laIK"
ysñldÍ;ajh wdÈh mokï lr .ksñka tu kdulrK isÿ lr we;s njhs' ueÈjl .xf.dv
wdY%s; l=Uqre lsysmhl kï my; mßÈ h' zuyl=UqrZ hk kduh tu l=Uqf¾ m%udKh i,ld n,d
fhdok ,oaols' idudkHfhka zl=UqrZ hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk j.d ìï tallhla iòyd wju
jYfhka wlalr ld,la wh;a fjhs' idudkH m%udKhg jvd úYd, m%udKfha l=Uqrla
uyl=Uqrla jkafka wfkla l=Uqrej, m%udKh blaujd hk neúks' ksYaÑ; ia:dkhla mokï lr
.ksñka o kdulrK isÿ ù ;sfí' zmÜáh.dj l=UqrZ tjekaklg ksoiqkls' l=Uqr iómfha fyda
iSudfõ hï úfYaI .ila olakd ,efnk wjia:djl tu .fiys kñka l=Uqr ye`Èkaùfï
iïm%odhhla o mj;S' zlyg.y l=UqrZ" kdrx.y l=UqrZ" znq¨.yhg l=UqrZ" zWKm`ÿr <`. l=UqrZ"
ishU,d .yhg l=UqrZ" zu,a.yhg l=UqrZ wd§ l=Uqre kdu we;s jQfha ta wkqj h' tlS .iaj,
meje;au È.=ld,Sk kï wod< l=Uqre kduh o fyd`Èka uq,anei .kq we;' zfnda.yhg l=UqrZg
ku ,enqfKa ta iómfha msysá fnda.i fya;=fjks' fnda.ia lemSu mdmhla f,i i,lk neúka
tys cSj ld,h olajd fï kduh ta yd noaOj mj;skq we;' ia:dkSh msysàu i,ld n,d isÿ l<
kdulrK o mj;S' ztf.dv l=UqrZ hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha tjekakls' hï c, ud¾.hlska
tmsg msysgk l=Uqrla tf,i ye`Èkaùug fhda.H h' bka jl%j jgyd .; hq;af;a zfuf.dv
l=UqreZ o mj;sk nj h' ta wkqj tjeks kï we;s ùfï ;Srlhd jkafka fof.dv fnod olajk
iajNdúl udhsuhs' zfoajyßfhka m,a,Z tjeks ;j;a kduhls' foajyßh m%lg ia:dk kduhla
jk úg thska my< fldgfia msysgd we;s l=Uqre ms<snò .eñfhda oks;s' we< ud¾.hla
fya;=fjka o N+ñh by< yd my< hkqfjka fn§ulg ,la fjhs' j.dj msKsi ilia lr .;
yels N+ñhla kï by< yd my< fldgiaj, l=Uqre ks¾udKh flfrkq we;' zwef,ka m,a,Z"
zwef,ka WvZ f,i kï lr we;af;a tjeks l=Uqre h' fuys§ zwe<Z ksYAÑ; fn§ï ks¾kdhlh
jk w;r" zm,a,Z yd zWvZ hk jpk u.ska we<g idfmalaIj N+ñfha msysàu ksfhdackh lr
;sfí (Codrington 1996:18)' úYd, l=Uqre hdhj,a tlu kulska ye`Èka jQ wjia:d o fjhs'
zuq;af;ÜgqjZ tjekakls' úYd, m%foaYhl jHdma; jQ l=Uqre hdhla bka we`.fjhs' uykqjr
rdcOdks iufha oS uq;af;Ügq hkqfjka y`ÿkajk ,oafoa fiajd fyda nÿ f.ùug ne`§ isá
.eñhka úiska wiajoaok ,o rcqf.a fyda fjk;a m%N+jrfhl=g fyda ;djld,sl m%odk,dNsfhl=g
fyda .ï m%Odksfhl=g wh;a l=Uqre hdhls' th kskao uq;af;Ügq yd wò uq;af;Ügq hkqfjka
fohdldr úh' kskao uq;af;Ügqj bvï ysñhdf.a jrm%idohla f,i wfkl=;a .eñhka úiska
uq¿ukska u fkdñf,a wiajoaod fok ,oaols' wò uq;af;Ügqj wiajoaokakdg wiajekafkka wvla
,efnk mßÈ l%shd;aul jQ j.d l%uhls (Codrington 1996:38).
j¾;udk w¾nqoh
ù j.dj iïnkaOfhka uE; ld,fha isÿj we;s ie<lsh hq;= úm¾hdih llal=Ügd
y`ÿkajd§uhs' mgq ,shÈ iEug yels mßÈ ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=vd m%udKfha hka;%hla
llal=Ügd hk kñka y`ÿkajkq ,efí' fuu hka;%h y`ÿkajd § ;ju;a .;j we;af;a jir yhl
muK ld,hla jqj o fï .eñ cSú;fha yd mßirfha fjkialï .Kkdjlau isÿ lsÍug Bg
yelshdj ,eî we;(PdhdrEmh 7 )' fuf;la l,la iSiEu iòyd wkq.ukh l< iïm%odhsl
l%ufõoh jk f.dkqka ne`È k.=, Ndú;h uq¿ukskau mdfya w;=reokaj hdu;a" .j md,kh
wdY%s; cSjk iïm%odh ;=rka ù hdu;a ta w;=ßka m%uqL fjhs' uq,a jrg llal=Üfgla fuu
m%foaYhg f.k tk ,oafoa 2010 j¾Ifha § muK h' k.=, yd llal=Ügdf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh w;r
hï iudk wiudklï olakd ,efí' Èklg iEug yels ìï m%udKh i,lk úg úfYaI
fjkila fmkajd §u wmyiq h' yrla ndkla ne`È k`.=,lska Èklg nqi,a folla fyda
folyudrla iEu fuf;la ,nd we;s w;a±lSuhs' llal=Üfgl=f.ka iEug yels ìï m%udKh o
nqi,a folls'
kj hka;%fhka u;=msg mia leg l=vq lr ±óu ksid j;=r ròd meje;aula isÿ fkdfõ'
c,h u;=msáka .id f.k hdu;a" je,s mE§u yd mi ;oùu;a hk wys;lr ;;a;ajhka
ks¾udKh ùug fï l%shdldÍ;ajh fya;= fõ' fï ksid llal=gqgd t<j¿ j.dj iòyd muKla
wdfoaY lsÍug Tjqka l,amkd lrk njla fmfka' y`ÿkajd ÿka uq,a wjia:dfõ§ mfiys fujeks
fjila we;s jk nj fï .eñfhda ±k fkdisáhy'
PdhdrEmh 7 : llal=Ügd kï hka;%fhka iS iEu - .xf.dv

llal=Ügdf.a y`ÿkajd§u iudcfha wka;¾ inò;djg isÿ l< n,mEu flfrys o
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' fuh tla wf;lska j.d Y%uh ms<snò lreKla muKla fkdfjhs'
lDIs iudchl meje;au fnfyúka ;SrKh jkqfha Tjqka w;r mj;akd wka;¾ iyfhda.h yd
ne`ÿKq inò;d u; h' fï iyfhda.s;dj ksrEmKh jQfha zw;a;ï l%uhZ uq,a lr .ksñks'
j¾;udkfha o w;a;ï l%uh hï ÿrlg l%shd;aul jk kuq;a wvq Y%uhla wjYH jk hka;% iQ;%
u.ska iduQysl l%shdldrlï iòyd jk ck talrdYS;aj wvmK lrkq ,efí'
fojeks wys;lr m%;sM,h kï fNda. j.dj iòyd úúO f,v frda. we;sùu;a tajdhska
.e,ùu msKsi lDIs ridhk flfrys jeä úYajdihla ;nñka lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu;a h'
úfYaIfhka ffcj m<sfndaOj, jeäùula fmkakqï lrk ,oafoa bl=;a jir oyhl muK
ld,hla ;=< § nj jeäysá .eñhka úiska ksßlaIKh lrkq ,en ;sfí' úúO;ajfhka hq;=
fNda. j.d lsÍu msKsi c,h ,nd .ekSfï wmyiqj jeks lreKq n,md ke;' .xf.dv" ueÈjl"
m,af,fj, jeks m%foaY j.d lsÍug fkdyels ;rfï c, ys`.hlg uqyqK fkdfohs'
idïm%odhsl ù j¾. fjkqjg cdkuh jYfhka jeä ÈhqKq l< ke;fyd;a fouqyqka ù
j¾. j.d lsÍug wOHhk m%foaYfha f.dúfhda fm<ö isá;s' nyq;rhla fokd ±k isák
idïm%odhsl ù j¾.h f,i m%ldY lf<a BG 11 kñka ye`Èkafjk ù j¾.hhs' tfy;a jhia.;
f.dùka ;u l=vd ld,fha § yd hg;a msßfihska jir mkylg muK fmr jjk ,o merKs ù
j¾. ms<snò ±k isáhy' iïm%odhsl ù j¾. j,ska ,efnk wiajkq m%udKh fouqyqka ùj,ska
,efnk wiajekakg jvd wvq w.hla .ekSu fuu ú;ekaùug n,md we;s m%Odk fya;=jls'
tfy;a fï foj¾.fha .=Kd;aul fjki iïnkaOfhka merKs ùj, w.h ms<snò f.dúhka
w;r f.!rjhla mj;S' jir úiail muK ld,hl isg hlvurx kñka y`ÿkajk ù j¾.hla
j.d flfrhs' tys úfYAI ,laIKhla kï idfmalaIj jeä wiajkq m%udKhla n,d .ekSug we;s
yelshdj h' tys wiajkq ld,h udi 4" 1$2ls' ire l=Uqrla kï nqi,lska nqi,a ;syl
wiajekakla wfmalaId lsÍug bv ;sfí' j.d Y%uh ys`.ùu fya;=fjka l=Uqre mqrka ùu ueÈjl"
.xf.dv" f.dvl=Uqr yd m,af,fj, hk .ïudk ish,a,u mdfya uqyqK § we;s .eg¨jls' fï
iòyd wd¾Ól yd iudchSh .eg¨ wvq jeä jYfhka n,md ;sfí' j¾;udk mrïmrdjf.a
wdl,am merKs mrïmrdjkag jvd fnfyúka fjkia iajrEmhla .ekSu bka tlls' f.dú;ek
,dN ,eìh fkdyels wvq uÜgfï /lshdjla f,i is;Su u.ska Bg hï W;af;ackhla ,nd §
we;' hqo yuqod" fmd,sia yd wdrlaIl" .=re" we`.¿ï jeks úúO jD;a;Ska fuu m%foaYfha ;reK
Y%uh wdl¾IKSh lr .ekSug iu;aj we;' ieu mjq,lu mdfya wdrlaIl wxYhg iïnkaO
idudcslfhl= ms<snò wikakg ,efnhs' ±kg f.dú;efkys kshef,k jhi 25-30 w;r miqjk
m%udKh .xf.dv .u iïnkaOfhka wgfofkl=g muK iSud ùu fï ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lrk
tla ksoiqkls'
t<j¿ j.dj yd kQ;k wd¾Ól iudc m%jK;d fï .ïudkj,g meñKSug fmr l=Uqre
j.dj iòyd meje;sfha by< b,aüls' bvï wysñ mqoa.,hka ;E.sfNda. o /f.k bvï ysñ
mqoa.,hka yuqùug f.dia fï lkakfha § ;ukag wòhg j.d lsÍu msKsi bvï lene,a,la
b,a,d isáhy' ieu l=Uqrlau mdfya wiajoaok ,o neúka Tjqkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq lsÍu b;d wmyiq
úh' tfy;a j¾;udkfha bvï ysñhkag wòlrejka fidhd f.dia ish l=Uqr wòhg wiajoaokake
hs b,a,d isàug isÿ ù ;sîu fuu m%foaYfha idudkH csjk l%ufõofha m%;súreoaO meje;aula
ksrEmKh lrjhs' jir úiailg muK fmr fuu m%foaYfha lsisÿ l=Uqrla mqrkaùula ms<snò
wikakg fkd,enqKs' tfy;a 2015 uy lkakfha§ muKla ueÈjl l=Uqrej,ska nqi,a 10la
w;ayer ouk ,È' j.d lsÍug ñksiqka fkdue;sùu Bg fya;=jhs' we;eï l=Uqre uq¿ukskau
mdfya t<j¿ j.dj iòyd fhdodf.k ;sîu fuys ;j;a me;slvls'
lu;a pdß;% wNdjhg hdu bl=;a oYl ;=kl muK ld,fha § we;sj ;sfnk whym;a
mßj¾;khls' lu;a hka;%hl wka;¾.;h ksjerÈj úia;r lsÍug yels ;reKhl= fï
m%foaYfha yuq fkdù h' f.dhï mE.Su msKsi g%elagrh wdfoaY lr .ekSu;a iu. tf;la
fydard .Kkdjla ;=< lh fjfyiSfuka l< hq;= jQ l%shdj,sh wmyiq jQjla f,i fmkS f.dia
;sfí'
w;S;fha fuka foúhka Wfoid wvqlal= ms§ula ±ka isÿ flfrkqfha ke;' ;dlaIKh
úiska foúhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh ;uka fj; wdfoaY lr .ekSu;a iu. .eñhkaf.a úYajdi
moaO;sh mqrkaùug mgkaf.k ;sfí' jeäysá yd jhia.; .eñhka lsysm fofkl= muKla
tajdfha jákdlu isysm;a lrñka miq;eú,s fjñka isá;s' wvqlal= ms§fuka ;ukaf.a j.djg
,efnk fi; ms<snò úYajdih ;ju;a ta iq¿;rfhka bj;aj f.dia ke;' 2015 j¾Ifha h,
lkakfha § j¾Id rys; ±ä úh<s ld,.=Khlg uqyqK §ug fï .ïjeishkag isÿ úh' f.dú
ixúOdkfha iNdm;sjrhd wvqlal= mQcdjla isÿ lsÍug ish idudcslhka fmd<Ujd ksfjiaj,ska
iïudoï fldg wf.daia;= ui kj jk Èk wvqlal= mQcdj meje;ajQfha msg m%foaYj,ska
f.kajd.;a lmq uy;=kaf.a iydfhks' iïm%odhsl j.d lghq;= fjkiaùfï n,mEu yqfola ta
wdY%s; fNda.j,g fyda mßirhg muKla n,mdkakla fkdfõ' .eñ cSú;h wdY%s; isß;a úß;a"
úYajdi" fuka u jd.aud,dj o ks¾udKh ù we;af;a lDIsl¾udka;h iu. noaOj neúka kj
mßj¾;k iu. tajdfha msßySu o wfmalaId l< hq;= h' j.dlghq;=j,g wod< úfYAI jpk
ms<snò ±kqu j¾;udk mrmqfrka .s,syS f.disks' l¨ka;ekak f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkfha
m%o¾Yk mqjrejl tjeks jpk iuQyhla m%o¾Ykh lr ;sîu u.ska jqj o fï msßySfï iajNdjh
jgyd .; yels h'
ld,hla mqrd hï mjq,la i;=j meje;s l=Uqrla tu mjqf,a orejka w;r fn§ hdu ksid
l=Uqf¾ uq,a m%udK fjkiaj l=vd lene,sj,g ì`§ f.dia ;sfí' ksoiqkla f,i .xf.dv
m%foaYfha j.< kï l=Uqr uq,ska tla l=Uqrla f,i ;ks mqoa., ysñlu hgf;a meje;s kuq;a fï
jk úg th ;sfofkl= w;f¾ fn§ f.dia ;sfí' tkï" j.< wo fldgia ;=klska hqla; h' fï
wdldrhg u f.or l=Uqr o fldgia ;=klg fn§ ;sfí' .u w;yer hdu" j.d lghq;=j,
;jÿrg;a ksr; ùfï wlue;a; fyda fkdyelshdj jeks fya;= ksid l=Uqre úl=Kd ±uQ wjia:d o
mj;S' fuys mQ;sM,h ù we;af;a l=Uqrej, mdrïmßl whs;sh fjk;a msßia lrd ú;eka ùu h'
tfia kuq;a tajdfha merKs kduj, fjkila isÿ lsÍug fï .eñhkag fuf;la wjYHj ke;'
ksoiqkla f,i fnrldr l=Uqr ±laúh yels h' th úydrfha fnr jdokh l< mjq,g wh;a
jQjls' wo jk úg th fldgia follska hq;= jk w;r tys ysñlrejka fnr jdok mjqf,a
idudcslhka fkdfõ' kuq;a l=Uqr ;jÿrg;a fnrldr l=Uqr f,i Ndú; fjñka mj;S'
lDIs ridhk ckm%sh ùu ffcùh iu;=,s;;dj ìò jeàug n,mdk m%uqL fya;=jls'
f.dhï yd t<j¿ j.djg wys;lr f,i n,mdk lDñ Wjÿre yd fjk;a frda. u¾okhg
idïm%odhslj wkq.ukh l< l%ufõo uqükskau mdfya wNdjhg ,laj mj;S' uq,a wjia:dfõ
lDñ Wjÿrlg wdfoaY lrk lDñ ridhk miq ld,Skj id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd fkd§u fya;=fjka
wdfoaYl y`ÿkajd §u;a" f.dúhka tjeks wdfoaYl Ndú;hg fhduq ùu;a idudkH ;;a;ajhla
njg m;aj ;sfí' ;jdk ilik wjia:dfõ§ fmdfydr tla lsÍu ksid o we;eï lDñ Wjÿre
j¾Okh fj;e hs .eñfhda úYajdi lr;s' WodyrK f,i fld< lmk mKq frda.h fmkajd Èh
yels h' fmdar biSu;a iu. mKq frda.h meñKSu iaÓr he hs hkq Tjqkaf.a woyihs'
lDñkdIl Ndú;hg j¾;udk f.dùka fm<ö we;s kuq;a tajd Ndú;fha § wkq.ukh
l< hq;= m%ñ;Ska fyda wdrlaIl l%ufõo fyda wkq.ukh lsÍug Tjqyq W;aiql fkdfj;s'
lDñkdYl c,h iu. ñY% lr .ekSfï § ysf;a m%udKhg tajd tl;= lsßu ksid lDñkdIl
idkaøKh wvq ùu fyda jeä ùu isÿ fjhs' Ndú; lr wjika jQ lDñkdYl fnda;,a c,
lÿrej,g uqod yßk wjia:d o ±l .; yels h' fufia l`ÿ uqÿkaj, isg .,d tk c,h úI
iu. tlaj wmsßiqÿ ùu isÿ fõ' fuh flf;la .eg¨jla ù o h;a tjeks l%shdjka je<elaùu
msKsi kvq mejÍug lghq;= lrñka mj;S'
idïm%odhsl l%ufõo Ndú; fldg lDñ u¾okh isÿ lsÍfï § i;=ka tu l%uj,g
wkq.; ùula isÿ fkdù h' tneúka jßkajr tlu I;a;aj Wjÿr ÿre lsßu msKsi úl,am
l%ufõo ks¾udKh lr .ekSug wjYH;djla merKs f.dùkag fkdù h' lDñkdYl
iïnkaOfhka fï ;;a;ajh jvd;a ixlS¾K fõ' hï i;a;aj j¾.hla b;d flá l,lska wod<
lDñkdYl j¾.hg Tfrd;a;= fok mßÈ yev .efihs' ksoiqkla f,i ueiaika u¾okhg
nyq,j Ndú; flreKq vhsfuf;dtaÜ kï lDñkdYlh fmkajd §ug mq¿jk' Ndú;h werö
l,lg miqj ueiaika Bg yqre jQ neúka úl,am lDñkdYl flfrys fhduq ùug isÿ úh'
vhsfuf;dtaÜ Ndú;h fï jk úg ;ykï lrkq ,en ;sfí' tla lDñkdYlhla wid¾:l jk
úg fjk;a iud.ula úiska úl,am lDñkdYl y`ÿkajd §u idudkH w;a±lSuhs'
bl=;a oYl foll muK ld,hl isg mi wdrlaId lsÍu flfrys olajk wjOdkh wvq
fjñka mj;S' úfYaIfhka j¾;udk ;reK msßi mdxY= ixrlaIKh flfrys ie,ls,a,la
fkdolajk ;rï h' idïm%odhsl l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka j.d lghq;= isÿ l< ld,fha § f.dv
kxjk ,o mia ixrlaIK jeá .xf.dv" ueÈjl" m,af,fj, wd§ ieu .ulu olakd ,efí'
fyaka l%uh jqj o tla hdhla flfrys jir y;lg muK miq kej; j.d lghq;= lrk f,i
yev.iajdf.k ;snqfKa mi j¾Okh ùug ld,hla ,nd Èh hq;= nj Tjqka ±k isá neúks'
tfy;a j¾;udkfha tajd fkdi,ld yeÍu ksid mi fidaodmd¨jg ,laùu fõ.j;a fjñka
mj;S' fuys wksgq M,h jkafka mi ksireùu yd wiajkq nd, ùuhs' wfkla w;ska mdxY=cSú
.yKh wju ùug o" ire wiajkq ,nd .ekSu msKsi lDIs ridhk flfrys keUqreùu o tys
fjk;a wys;lr me;s lsysmhls' iS' whs' iS'" ydfl%dia" fya,Sia wd§ iud.ï yhlg wêl
ixLHdjla fï m%foaYfha j.d lghq;= iïnkaOfhka l%shd;aul fõ' tfy;a mdxY= ixrlaIK
lghq;= msKsi tu iud.ïj,ska ueoy;aùula fuf;la isÿj ke;' mi ksire ùu flfrys
n,md we;s m%Odk fya;=jla jkafka mi ire lsßu iòyd iïm%odhsl j.dj ;=< Ndú; flreKq
ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;fhka f.dùka wE;a ùuhs' ta fjkqjg ridhksl fmdfydr flfrys
jeä úYajdihla ;nd ;sfí' ldnksl fmdfydr u.ska mi ire lsÍu msKsi ta ms<snò ye`.Sula o"
ld,h yd Y%uh lem lsÍfï leue;a;la yd uqo,a miqmi yUd hdfï w;Dma;slr wdYdfjka
ñ§ula o ;sìh hq;= h' tfy;a jeäysá lsysm fofkl= yereKq úg j¾;udk f.dúhka flfrys
fï wdl,am ±l .; fkdyels h' mi ksire ùu fya;=fldg f.k we;eï f.dùka fvd,uhsÜ
mig tlalrk wjia:d olakg ,eìKs' lDIs WmfoaYlhskag wkqj th WÑ; l%ufõohls'
ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid mfiys wdï,sl;dj wêl f,i by< f.dia we;s neúka mi
NdIañl lsßu msKsi fvd,uhsÜ Wmldr jk nj lshkq ,efí' tneúka lkaklg jrla
fvd,uhsÜ ñY% lsÍug lFIs ks,OdÍka úiska ks¾foaY lr we;' wlalrhlg ñY% lsÍug wjYH
fvd,uhsÜ m%udKh lsf,da 600ls' jirlg jrla fvd,uhsÜ ±óu m%udKj;a ùu jdishla jk
kuq;a th o isÿ lrkqfha b;d iSñ; msßila úiska muKs' ueÈjl yd .xf.dv olakg
fkd,enqK;a m,af,fj, yd uvq.,a, jeks m%foaYj, ù yd t<j¿ j.djg wu;rj ÿïfld<
j.dj ckm%sh fjñka mj;shs' ksis m%ñ;sfhka hq;= ÿïfld< iòyd by< ñ,la ,eîu;a" me,"
j.d wdOdr" Wmfoia wdÈh ÿïfld< iud.ï u.ska ,nd §u;a Bg fya;= ù we;' .xf.dv
m%foaYfha wlalrhl muK ìul f.dajd j.d lrñka yqka ;reKfhl= ;u m%foaYfha ÿïfldM
j.dj isÿ lsÍug f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=fjka wjir ,nd fkd§u ms<snòj wm iu.
mjiñka lK.dgq úh' ÿïfld< ñ, § .ekSu iòyd jQ ia:dkhla Wvqÿïnr iómfha msysgqjd
;sfí' ù fyda t<j¿ fuka fkdj ÿïfld< ñ, my; neiSula isÿ fkdùu;a" jßka jr ñ,
by< hdu;a f.dùkaj ta flfrys fm<Uùug fya;= ù ;sfí' iqÿiq îc ;jka oud me< fldg"
tajd kshñ; m%ñ;shg wkqj wä ;=fkka ;=kg isgqjd j¾Okh fldg iud.fuka b,a,k
m%ñ;shg wkql+, jk fia fld< fõ,d ilia fldg Ndr §u isÿ flf¾' wjYH fnfy;a yd
fmdfydr Khg ,nd §ug mshjr f.k we;'
wdl¾IKSh jegqma yd ms<s.ekSï iys; /lshd flfrys wdl¾IKh ùu ksid ;reK msßia
úYd, jYfhka j.d lghq;=j,ska bj;aj hdu fuu m%foaYfha j.d lghq;=j, wjika ld,iSudj
t<U we;s nj ixfla;j;a lrjhs' .xf.dv m%foaYfha§ yuq jQ tla ;reK f.dúfhla mejiQfõ
;uka fi!LH fijl m;aùula Wfoid b,a¨ï l< nj;a" th ,enqKq jyd f.dú;efkka bj;aj
hk nj;a h' f.dú;efkys olaI ;j;a ;reKfhl=g wdrlaIl ;k;=rla ,eî mQ¾Kld,Sk
f.dú;efkka bj;a jQfha b;d uE;l§ h' w;S; mrïmrdj yd j¾;udk mrïmrdj w;r
mj;akd wdl,amuh fjkialï u.ska fï ;;a;ajh jvd;a ixlS¾K lrjkq ,efí' zÈhqKqjZ"
zid¾:l;ajhZ" zbmhSuZ" ziïm;aZ wdÈh ms<snò j¾;udk wdl,am pdï nj yd ir,;ajh mokï
lr.;a w;S; iudchg jvd fnfyúka ÿria; h'
wdYs%; .%ka:
Ananda, T. & Nallage, C. 2014. Traditional Agricultural Practices Unique to Meemure Villages,
Kandy District Sri Lanka, In International Journal of Multidisciplinary studies, Vol.1 (1),
p.19.
Bell, H. C. P. 1886. Sinhalese Customs and Ceremonies Connected with Paddy Cultivation in the
Low-Country, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. Viii, Ceylon:
Government Printer, pp. 44-91.
Bell, H. C. P. 1894. Paddy Cultivation Ceremonies in the Four Korales, Kegalle District, Journal of
the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. xi 1889-1890, Ceylon: Government
Printer. Pp. 14-21.
Codrington, H. W. 1933. The Kevulgama Inscription, Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. iii, (eds.). D. M. D.
Z. Wickramasinghe & H. W. Codrington, New Delhi: Asian Education Services. pp. 230-
236.
Codrington, H. W. 1996. Glossary of Native, Foreign and Anglicized Words; Commonly Used in
Ceylon in Official Correspondence and Others, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
Coomaraswamy, A. K. 1906. Notes on the Cultivation Ceremonies in the Ratnapura District
(Nawadun and Kuruwiti Korales), Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Vol. xviii 1903-1905, Ceylon: Acting Government Printer. Pp. 413-431.
Epigraphia Zeylanica, ed.Don Martino De Silva Wickramasingha, Oxford University Press, London,
Vol.III 1928-1933, pp. 71-78.
Ievers, R. W. 1880. Customs and Ceremonies Connected with Paddi Cultivation, Journal of the
Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Times Press Company Limited. Pp.
Coomaraswamy, A. K. 1906. Notes on the Cultivation Ceremonies in the Ratnapura
District (Nawadun and Kuruwiti Korales), Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Vol. xviii 1903-1905, Ceylon: Acting Government Printer. Pp. 413-431.
46-51.
Lawrie, A.C. 1896. A Gazetteer of the Central Province of Ceylon, Colombo: Government Printer.
Meyer, E. 1996. Paddy, Garden, Chena, Plantation: Was There a Peasent Strategy in the Kandyan
Regions of Sri Lanka Before 1940? (ed.) P. Robb, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Sri
Lanka Offprints, Phamplets etc, Vol. 51, pp. 182-227.
Mitchell, N., Rosler, M., & Tricaud, P., eds. 2009. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes-A Handbook
for Conservation and Management. World Heritage Papers No.26. Paris: UNESCO World
Heritage Centre.
Nicholas, C. W. 1963. Historical Topography of Ancient and Medieval Ceylon, In Journal of the
Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo.
Paranavitana, S. 1970. Inscription of Ceylon Vol.1, Colombo, Department of Archaeology.
ksl,ia, iS. ví. 1979. mqrd;k yd uOH;k YS% ,xldfõ ft;sydisl ia:dk úia;rhla, mß. tia.
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ක්‍රි.ල. 8-10 සියලව් අතර කා඼වේ අනුරාධපුරය වශ බැග්ඩෑඩය අතර

ලාණිජ වශ වංව්කෘතික වබ඲තා
වරෝහිත දවනායක4
B.A, M.S.Sc, PhD
kmrdasanayaka@yahoo.com
වගෝලීය ආර්ථික ශා වේ඾ඳා඼නික වබ඲තා ලර්තමානයට ී මා වූල වනොවේ. එහි අ දාල්
වබවශවින් ඈතට විහිදුනු ඒලාය. ය ර ඼ංකාල ශා බැග්ඩෑඩය අතර ඳැලැති වබ඲තා උදාශරණ
ල඾වයන් ගත ශැකිය. ඒ ව඲ශා ඳසුබිම් වූ වාධක ද විවිධය, විචිතර ය. ඓතිශාසික මූ඼ා඾ර ශා
ඒලාවයහි ලර්තමාන කියවිම් ඳදනම් කරගත් වමම ආඛ්‍යානය කිර.ල. 8 - 10 සියලව් අතර
කා඼වේ අනුරාධපුරය වශ බැග්ඩෑඩය අතර ලාණිජ වශ වංව්කෘතික වබ඲තා පිළිබ඲ලය.
m%uqL mo( b;sydih" wkqrdOmqr" ne.avEvh" jdKsc yd ixialD;sl in|;d
ye|skaùu
ls%'j' 7 jk ishjfia § bia,dï O¾uh ìysjk wjia:dj jk úg bkaÈhka id.rfha

úfYaIfhka tys ngysr fldgi wdYs%;j kdúl lghq;= yd fjf<odï iïnkaOfhka §¾> jQ;a
wLKav jQ;a b;sydihla f.ù f.dia ;snq‚' tu ld,h ;=< isÿ l< fjf<| in|;djh,
id¾:l;ajh, foaYmd,k n,h, Wmdhud¾.sl jYfhka jeo.;a msysàu, wuqøjH iy fyd|
jrdhj,a fidhd .ekSfï yelshdj jeks idOl /ila u; rod meje;s nj fmkS hhs' fuysÈ
wjOdrKh l< hq;= úfYaI lreKla we;' tkï bia,dï O¾ufha mek ke.Su iy uqia,sï
md,kh hgf;a wrdì rdcHfha jHdma;shhs' tu isÿùï bkaÈhka id.rh ;=< uqia,sï
iyNd.s;ajh talrdYs l<djQ m%uqL idOlfhda jQy' mqrdúoHd;aul yd ft;sydisl uQ,dY% fmkajd
fok wkaoug ls%'j' 7 jk ishjfia § bia,dï O¾uh ìys ùu iu. wrdìjre foaYmd,k yd
4
Senior Lecturer, Department of History, University of Peradeniya
wd.ñl n,fõ.hla jYfhka fmrg wdy' tfiau flá ld,hla ;=< iuia; ngysr wdishd u
hg;g .;a w;r w;a,dka;sla id.rhg <`.d ùu i|yd W;=re wms%ldj yryd ;u n,h m;=rejd
yeÍugo iu;a úh' tmuKla fkdj kef.kysr Èidfjka wrdì jHdma;sfha uq,a jir ;=< §
m¾ishdj hg;a lr .ekSu jeo.;a isÿùuls' ls%'j' 8 jk ishji wdrïNfha §u Tjqka ;u n,h
bkaÈhdfõ iskaoa yd uq,a;dka olajd §¾> lrf.k ;sîu wu;l l< fkdyels isÿ ùuls' fuu
foaYmd,k miqìu hgf;a ,xldj iu. tf;la ngysr wdishdkqjka meje;a jQ in|;d iajrEmh
fln÷ ùo hka úuiSug ,la l< hq;a;ls'
uQ,dY%h
YS% ,xldj firka§í ^Serandib&5 r;= leg Èjhsk fyj;a Jaziratul Yakut6 Îsland of
Rubies&" ish,dka ^Siyalan&7 iïldÈí ^Samka-dib&" ikaldÈí ^Sanka-dib&" irkaÈma
^Sarandip&8" ;m%jdka ^Tapravan&9 i,dNd (Salabha) " ,x.d" iyS,dka (Sheelan)10" iska.,aÈí
(Singaldid) " ;írendks (Thabrubani)11" wdÈ úúO kïj,ska ngysr wdishdkq f,aLlhka"
b;sydi{hka, lùka ixprlhka yd fjk;a rplhka fndfyduhla jHjdr lsÍug mqreÿ ù isá
nj ish f,aLk úuiSfï§ fmks hhs' tys § Tjqyq jvd ie,ls,a,g .kq ,enqfha tys iajNdúl
msysàu" iïm;a i;=ùu" hk ldrKhka h' Bg mßNdysrj wdoï kï ish wdÈ ms;Djrhdf.a md
igyk msysgd ;sìKehs hk úYajdih fya;= fldg f.k ish lD;skaf.a ta nj i|yka lsÍug
wu;l fkd lsÍu YS% ,xldfõ jeo.;a lu u;= ù taug n,mE w;=re idOlhka úh' uq,a ld,Sk
N+f.da, úoHd{fhla jQ w,a-n,iqß" uiqÈ w,a bøsis iy iqf,hsudka hk fjf<ka÷ka o ,xldj
5
“The Chāchnamāh” An Ancient History of Sind (giving the history of the Hindu period down to the
Arab conquest) Translated from the Persian manuscripts Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Idarah-I Adabiyat-I ,
Delhi, 1900, pp. 69-70
6
Futu’hu-l Buldā’n of Ahmad Ibn Yahya Ibn Jabir Al-Biladuri,The History of India, as Told by Its Own
Historians: The Muhammadan Period, (eds.) H.M. Elliot and John Dowson, Vol. I, Trubner and Co.,
London, 1867, pp. 118-119Baladhuri, Futuhul Buldān, completeEnglish translation, Mustafal Babi
Halabi, (Pub. not given), Cairo, 1935, p. 423; Ahmad Nafis, 'The Arab knowledge of Ceylon' Islanic
Culture, Vol,19, 1940-p.221
7
Kitāb Al-Masālik Wa’ l-Mamālik, Abu’l-Kāsim Obaidallah Ibn Abdallah Ibn Khoradhbeh,Bibliothéca
Geographorum Arabicorum, Vol. IV, (ed.), M.J. De Goeje, Lugduni-Batavorum, Apud E.J. Brill, Leiden,
1889, p. 42
8
Futu’hu-l Buldā’n of Ahmad Ibn Yahya Ibn Jabir Al-Biladuri,The History of India, as Told by Its Own
Historians: The Muhammadan Period, (eds.) H.M. Elliot and John Dowson, Vol. I, Trubner and Co.,
London, 1867, pp. 118-119Baladhuri, Futuhul Buldān, CompleteEnglish translation, Mustafal Babi
Halabi, (Pub. not given), Cairo, 1935, p. 423
9
Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar, Kitāb ‘Ajāyab-ul-Hind or The Book of the Marvels of India, (English trans.), L.
Marcel Devic, The Golden Dragon Library, London, 1928, p. 154
10
Tahqiq ma li’l Hind: Alberuni’s India, (ed. and trans.), Edward C. Sachau, S. Chand and Co., Delhi, 1964, p.
309
11
M.A.M Shuki,. 'Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Cultural Perspective', Muslims of Sri Lanka, (ed.), Shukri
M.A.M. Beruwela, Naleemia Institute, 1989, p.337
firkaÈí f,i jHydr lr we;s w;r w,a írE‚ fika.,a Èí yereKq úg ,xld" firkaÈí"
iaj¾K-N+ñ" iy i,dí f,io jHjydr we;'12 bnka Iysßhd iy wí÷,a *Svd ;fm%dfíka"
iys,dka" ix.dÈí f,i igyka ;nd we;s w;r m¾ishdkqka YS% ,xldj ±k f.k isáfha uq,a
ld,Sk wrdì kduhla jk iska.,aÈí hkqfjks'13 we;eïyq mer‚ .S%l kduh jQ ;fm%dfíka
f,i o jHydr lsÍug mqreÿ ù isáhy'
ls%'j' 8 - 10 ishjiaj,È wrdì jxil;dj, m¾ishdkq ldjH idys;Hfha fuka u

fkdfhla foaYdglhkaf.a W.;=kaf.a jd¾;dj, firkaÈí foaYfha iajNdjh jia;=ka wdÈ
fndfyduhla i|yka lrkqfha wrdì kdúl lghq;=j, wdY%fhka Tjqka ,enq Ôú;h weiqßks'
fuhska fndfyda fofkla YS% mdoh je`§ug" uq;= ue‚la ,nd .ekSug fyda w¨f;ka hula
fidhd .ekSug með‚hd jQ fyda wh fj;s' iqf,hsudka ;dð (Sulaiman Tajir)ls%'j' 850 o YS%
,xldjg með‚ w;r Tyqf.a woyia Salsilatatu-t Tawārikh14kï lD;sh weiqßka ls%'j' 900 § YS%
,xldjg með‚ Abu Zaid i|yka fldg ;sfí'15 fuu ld,fha §u wrdì N+f.da, úoHd{hka jQ
w,a bia:dls% (Al-Isthakri ls%'j' 950&16 bnkaa ylajd,a (Ibn Hawqal ls%'j' 977&17 w,a ulaÈis (Al-
Maqdisi - ls%'j' 985& wd§ka YS% ,xldjg fkdmeð‚h o YS% ,xldj ms<sn| fndfyda jeo.;a
f;dr;=re iïNdrhla bÈßm;a fldg ;sîu m%YxikShh' Tjqyq fjk;a wrdì ixpdrlhka yd
fjf<÷ka u.ska f;dr;=re ,nd f.k ish lD;s iïmdokh lf<dah' wrdì ixpdrlhka YS%
,xldjg meñK ,shQ ixpdrl f,aLk mokï lr.;a úia;rd;aul jd¾;d wkqj hñka wrdì
N+f.da, úoHd{hska úiska wod, ld,h ;=< isÿ jQ úiauh ckl jd‚c lghq;= ms<sn| lreKq
bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí'18
12
Imam, S.A., “Ceylon-Arab Relations”, in Moors Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, Colombo, 1964-65, pp.
10-13.
13
Tahqiq ma li’l Hind: Alberuni’s India, (ed. and trans.), Edward C. Sachau, S. Chand and Co., Delhi, 1964,
pp. 209, 309
14
Salsilatatu-t Tawārikh” of the Merchant Sulayman with editions by Abu Zaidu-l Hasan of Siraf, The
History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, p. 5
15
El-Mas‘ūdi’s Historical Encyclopaedia entitled “Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems”, (trans.), Aloys
Sprenger, p. 184, Wmqgd .ekSu S. Muhammad Husayn Nainar, Southern India as Known to Arab
Geographers, University of Madras, Madras, 1942, pp. 149-151
16
Al-Istakhri, Al-Masālik wa‘l-Mamālik, Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, Vol. I, (ed.), M.J. De
Goeje, Lugduni-Batavorum, Apud E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1927, pp. 170-173, 176-180 and Al-Istakhri, Al-
Masālik wa‘l-Mamālik (ed.), Mahammad Jabir, Abd al-„Al al-Hini, Cairo, 1961, pp. 169-178; Kitābu-L-
Akalim of Abu ishak, Al Istakhri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, p. 26
17
Ashkalu-l Bilad or the Kitabu-I, Māslik Wa-L Mamālik of Ibn Haukal, The History of India, as Told by
Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, p. 31; Ibn Hauqal, Surat al-Ard, (ed.), J.H. Kramers,
EJ. Brill,( Leiden, 1938), pp. 226-228 and 231-135
18
Ahmad Nafis, 'The Arab Knowledge of Ceylon ', Islamic Culture, Vol.19, 1945, p.221
ckdjdi
YS% ,xldfõwrdì ckdjdihka f.a jHdma;sh o ful, wdrïN ù ;snq‚' ful, jd‚c
lghq;=j,§ wrdì NdIdj o jHjydr ù ;sfí' Tjqka mÈxÑ ù isá m%foaY wrdì ckdjdi f,i
ye¢ka jqj;a idudkHfhka m¾ishdkq wrdì weìiSkshdkq cd;Ska iu. o iïY%Kh ú fmdÿfõ
bia,dóhlrKhg ,laj wrdìhdkq NdIdj jHjyr lrk ;;a;ajhg m;aj isáhy'19 bia,dï
wd.u iy wrdì NdIdj Tjqkaf.a lemS fmkk ixialD;sl ,laIK úh' fuu ixialD;sl
in|;dj,g uQ,sl mokï jQfha jd‚c lghq;= h' ls%'j' 7 jk ishfia isg bkaÿ kssïkh olajd
jHdma; jQ úYd, wêrdcHhla f.dv ke.Su;a iu. fuu ;;a;ajh jvd;a j¾Okh jQ nj by;
fmkajd § we;' ie,lsh hq;= fuu jHdma;sh isÿ jQfha kef.kysr isg w;a,dka;sla id.rhg o
ngysr iy ol=fKa wrdìhdkq uqyqfoa isg W;=f¾ ;=¾ls' fldflaishia olajd h' wdrïNfha isg
u wrdì NdIdj uqia,sï f,dalfha idys;HhSl NdIdj úh" wrdì NdIdj úfoaY úoHdjla iu.
jeä ÈhqKq ù .sfhah' ls%'j' 9-10 ishjiaj, § m%lg woaú;sh idys;Hhsl NdId Odrdjla f,i
úYaùh uÜgulg m;a ù .sfhah'20 m¾ishdkq .,a*a m%foaYfha isg YS% ,xldjg með‚ wrdì
fjf<÷ka uQ,slj Tjqkaf.a bia,dï wd.u iy wrdì NdIdj /f.k wdy' Tjqyq m¾ishka .,a*ays
ksrka;rfhka jHydr lrkq ,enqfha wrdì NdIdj ùu thg uQ,sl fya;=j úh' tfia u wd.ñl
jd.a úoHd;aul w;ska bia,dï wd.u iy wrdì NdIdj Ydia;S%h m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a lsÍug o
Wmldrl f,i fhdod .eKsk'21 ls%'j' 9-10 ishjiaj, wrdì ixpdrlhkaf.a iy rplhkaf.a
jd¾;dj,g wkqj fmkS hkafka iskaoa m%foaYj,22 iy fjk;a YS% ,xldfõ uqyqÿ nv m,d;aj,
u,hd w¾Ooaùmfha iy Ökfha lekagka we;=¿ uqyqÿnv m,d;aj, Ndú; l< nj h' ish NdIdj
wd.ðl fuka u jd‚c lghq;=j,g wkqn,hla f,i jeo.;a úh' iuld,Sk YS% ,xldfõ
wrdì iïNjla we;s uqia,sïjre wrdì ni l:dlrkakg we;ehs úYajdi lrk w;r th Tjqkag
uqia,sï f,dalh iu. úfYaIfhka ne.avEâ kr.h iu. .kq fokq meje;aùfï § jvd;a
ufydamldß úh' by; ±lajQ f,i uqia,sï iudcfha bia,dï wd.u iy wrdì ni b;d wjYHh
tlsfklska neÿKq fldgia úh' fuu mokñka fuu hq.fha YS% ,xldfõ meje;s uqia,sï iudc
ixúOdkh ms<sn| hula is;d .; yelsh'
ful, úYd, uqia,sï msßila ckdjdi lrf.k isá w;r úúO udOHfhka Tjqyq Èkm;d
Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl ms<sfj;a lrf.k .shy' iEu uqia,sï iudc ixúOdkhl u b;d jeo.;a
wx.hla f,i m,a,sh ^mosque& ie,lsh yelsh' uqia,sï ckdjdihka meje;s ia:dkj, l=rdkh
b.ekaùug l=vd wd.ñl f.dvke.s,a,la ,nkakg we;' kuq;a fuu ld,fha meje;s m,a,sj,
19
S.M.Yusuf, „Ceylon and Arab Trade', University of Ceylon History of Ceylon, Colombo, 1960, p.709
20
M.A.M. Shukri, “Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Cultural Perspective”, M.A.M. Shukri, (ed.), Muslims of Sri
Lanka, Naleemia Institute, Beruwela, 1986, p.340
21
Ibid, p.340
22
Majid Husain, Evolution of Geographical Thought, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 1995, p. 118
ijNdjh ms<sn| hï woyila ,nd .ekSug fYaI ù we;s iaudrlhla olakg fkd,efí'
kQ;kfha mj;sk we;eï mer‚ m,a,sj, wdrïNl b;d mer‚ hq.hla olajd f.k hdug
we;euqka W;aiy l< o thg m%udKj;a idlaIs fkd ue;' fuf;la l,la tjeks f.dvke.s,s
fYaIj ;sfí hehs is;su W.yg h' Y+lS% uy;df.a woyi jkafka bia,dóh iïm%odhkag wkqj
l=rdkh <uqkag b.eka jQ Kuttab fyj;a l=rdka mdie,a m,a,sj,g wkqnoaê;j mj;skakg we;s
nj h'23 kuq;a ta ms<sn| ksYaÑ; woyila §ug m%udKõ idlaIs fuu ld,fha§ yuq fkdfõ'
bÈßfha § idlÉPdjg n`ÿkajk wrdì niska hq;= fi,a,sms úfYaIfhka 9-10 ishjiaj,g wh;a
hehs ie,lsh yels fi,a,smsj, wlaIr mjd ne.avEvfhaka ilid tjk ,o tajd nj is;sh yels
neúka tjeks ,sms ielisu g ;rï NdIdj yeisr jQ mqoa.,hka fkd isákakg we;ehs wkqudk
l< yelsh' wrdì NdIdj iy bia,dï wd.u ms<sn| by; i|yka lsÍïj,ska u. mdod .ekSug
wjYHh jQfha YS% ,xldfõ yuqjk wrdì fi,a,smsj, w¾:h l=ula ±hs ú.%y lsÍug miqìu
y÷kd .ekSu i|yd h'
ixialD;sl in|;d
fjf<|du i|yd YS% ,xldjg með‚ wrdì fjf<÷ka ish wêrdcHhdf.a w.kqjr jQ
ne.avEâ iu. b;d jeo.;a ixialD;sl in|;d we;s lr .ekSug W;aiy lrkq ,enqfha ish
wd¾Ól lghq;= ;jÿrg;a id¾:lj mj;ajd f.khdu i|ydh' ne.avEvfha rcq wíndisoa
rdcjxYfha ld,s*a jQ ysÊrd j¾I 295 isg 320 tkï ls%'j' 907 isg 932 olajd rc l< w,a uqla;d
§¾ ì,a,dya Âl-Muktadir bi' llah&24 rcq úiska Kahalid Bin Abu Bakaya wd.ñl .=rejrfhl= YS%
,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka f.a b,a,Sfuka ysÊcd j¾I 300 § tkï ls%'j' 91225 § fuys tjk ,§' Tyq
ysÊcd j¾I 31726 rcí ^Rajab& ui 5 jk tkï ls%'j' 92927 § ñh .sh w;r ld,s*a ;ud úiska
fuu wd.ñl .=rejrhd ms<sn| igyka ;nñka fidfydka .,la fuys tjd ;sfí' fudyq wd.ñl
.=rejrfhl= f,i Y=ls% uyd; y÷kd f.k we;'28 tu fidfydka ., ^tombstone& fld<U
23
M.A.M. Shukri, “Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Cultural Perspective”, in M.A.M. Shukri, (ed.), Muslims of Sri
Lanka, Naleemia Institute, Beruwela, 1986, p. 340
24
Jalalu‟ddin A‟ssuyuti, History of the Caliphs, (trans.), H.S. Jarrett, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1881,
p. 555
25
Y=lS% uy;df.a ,smsfha ysÊrd j¾I ls%'j' g fhdod .ekSfïÈ fodaIhla isÿ ù we;' tys ysÊcd j¾I 300 ls%'j 930 f,i fhdod
we;' kuq;a th ls%'j' 912 úh hq;=h' M.A.M. Shukri, “Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Cultural Perspective”, op.cit., p.
341
26
Mohamad Sameer Bin Hajie Ismail Effendi, “Archaeological Evidence of Early Arabs in Ceylon”, Moor’s
Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, Colombo, 1944-1965, p. 31
27
we;eï ;ekl yscrd j¾I 337 f,i i|yka ù we;'Moor’s Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, Colombo, 1970-76, p.
46
28
M.A.M. Shukri, Islam in Independent Sri Lanka, Department of Muslim Religious and Cultural Affairs,
Colombo, 2000, p. 50.
cdjka; uqia,sï iqidk N+ñfha ;ekam;a lr ;nk ,§' fuh tla ,kafoais ks,Odßfhl= úiska
1787 § .,jd bj;a fldg ksjfia mähla f,i Ndú; fldg ;sfí'29
ls%'j' 1806-1819 olajd YS% ,xldfõ w.%úYaphldrjrhd f,i lghq;= l< i¾ wef,afikav¾
fcdkaiagka úiska fuys b;sydih ne.avEâ kqjßka ±kf.k ta ms<sn| j.lsj hq;= rdcH
ks,Odßkag okajk ,§' miqj fuu wrdì l=*sla ,smsfha ;Ska; msgm;la Înk impression&
tx.,ka;hg hejQ w;r tys mßj¾;kh flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha wrdì NdIdj ms<sn| uydpd¾h
i¾ ieuqfh,a ,S fj; hjk ,§'30
fuu fi,a,smsh YS% ,xldfjka yuqjk m<uq wrdì ,smsh jk w;r ieuqfj,a ,S úiska
fuu ,smsh mßj¾;kh lr ;sfnkqfha fufiah' zohdjka; ldreKdyß; foúhkaf.a kdufhka
fudfyduoa hkq foúhkaf.a o wkqYdiljrhd h' foúhkaf.a wdYs¾jdoh iy iduh Tyqg
,efíjd' foúhks Tfí fiajlhdf.a mq;%hd ls;dí bnka wnqnlhd f,dalh yer f.disksZZ
ieuqfj,a ,S g wkqj wnq nlhd ñh f.dia we;af;a ysÊcd j¾I 337 ßðí udifha 5 jeksod h'31
29
Ibid., p.46
30
Alexander Jonston, “A Kufic Inscription Found in Ceylon”, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1, Part III, London, 1827, pp. 537-548
31
Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, (Colombo, 1944-1965), p. 31; Somasiri Devendra, “New Light on Some
Arabic Lithic Records in Sri Lanka”, Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, pp. 209-210
fld<U cdj;af;ka yuq jQ wnq nlhd kï .=rejrhdf.a wrdì
fi,a,sms ±kg fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha ;eïm;a lr ;sfí'
ïg wu;rj ukakdru ol=Kq m%foYfha mq,shka;sú ia:kfhkao32 wkqrdOmqr mq;a;,ï

ud¾.fhao33 fujeksu ,sms yuqù ;sfns' tfiau ful, wnsndisoa md,k ld,hg wh;a ldiso
,xldfjka yuq ù ;sfns'34 fuu f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka ne.avEâ wêrcq iu.
iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSug ;rï n,j;a uqia,sï fjf<| m%cdjla fuys isá nj h' tu in|;d
b;du;a ±ä yd iqyoYS,S tlla nj ld,s*a rcq fidfydka .,a tùfuka fmfka' fuu wka;¾
yqjudrefõ iajNdjh ms<sn|j wef,laafikav¾ fcdkaiagka fufia ,shhs' tla me;a;lska
32
n,kakMahamed Samir, “Recent Archaeological Finds”, Moor’s Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, 111,
Colombo, 1970-76 , p. 46; Mohamad Sameer Bin Hajie Ismail Effendi, “Archaeological Evidence of Early
Arabs in Ceylon”, op.cit., p. 32; Somasiri Devendra, , “New Light on Some Arabic Lithic Records in Sri
Lanka”, Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, pp. 209-219
33
Mohamad Sameer Bin Hajie Ismail Effendi, “Archaeological Evidence of Early Arabs in Ceylon’, op.cit., p.
34; Somasiri Devendra, “New Light on Some Arabic Lithic Records in Sri Lanka”, op.cit., p. 211
34
Venetia Porter, “Islamic Coins Found in Sri Lanka”, op.cit.,p. 225; Harun al-Rashid A.H. 170-193 (A.D.786-
809) AV (gold) B.M.C. (Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum) I, No. 149, see. H.W.
Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, Memories of the Colombo Museum Series A, No. 3, Colombo,
1924, p. 157
ne.avEvfha ld,s*a hgf;a m¾ishka .,a*a" nqfidardya ^Bussorah& iy wfkla rgj,a ;nd .ksoa§
wrdìh" .,a*a yd Bðmam;=j iu. uqia,sï uyuoa n,h uOHOr‚ uqyqo Èf.a o mj;ajdf.k hk
,§' Tjqkaf.a wrdì iy .%Sl frdau iïNdjHh úoHdfjka idys;Hh ish,a, YS% ,xldjg y÷kajd
fok ,§'35
Ñka;luh yqjudrej
wf,lafikav¾ fcdkaiagkaf.a fuu m%ldYh jvd mq¿,a ±kSulska hq;=j l< m%ldYhla
nj ms<s.ekSug wiSreh' úfYaIfhka wrdîka iy YS% ,xldj w;r meje;s in|;djh ksid tu
m%foaYj, meje;s ish¨ Ydia;%hka YS% ,xldjg y÷kajd fok ,±hs is;s u t;rï Ydia;s%h
fkdfõ' tfia með‚ njg m%udKj;a idlaIs o fkd ,efí' kuq;a Ñka;luh yqjudrejla
fyj;a wka;¾ ls%hdjla isÿ ù we;s njg we;eï idlaIs ,efí' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a
b,a,Sfuka ne.avEâys ld,s*a úiska Y%S ,xldjg tjQ wd.ñl .=rejrhdf.a m%jD;a;sfhka fuu
forg w;r ;snQ in|;dj jgyd .; yelsh' wíÿ,a ryuka îka y;Sï uqid wiaihs,dks Âbdur
Rahman Bin Hatim Musa as-Sailani& úiska ysÊcd j¾I 264 fyj;a ls%'j' 877 § ne.avEvfha
olakd ,o W.f;la ms<sn| i|yka lrk w;r fuu W.;d YS% ,xldfõ È¾> ld,hla isá ksid
ksiand ^nisba& kï f.!rjdkaú; kduh wrdì ms<sfj;a wkqj Èkd isá wfhla nj o i|yka
lrhs'36
wíndisoa md,lhska hgf;a Tjqkaf.a w.kqjr jQ ne.avEâ k.rfha woaú;sh wd¾Ól

ÈhqKqjla iy Ydia;S%h Wkak;shla olakg ,enq‚' wrdì ksfid,a,difha fndfyda l:dj,g
m%ia;=; jQ ne.avEâ yd ne,fidard k.r ms<sn| j olajk úia;r l:khla ;=<ska tajd w;sYhska
iuDoaê u;a k.r jQ njg idlaIs nyq,j ,efí'37 wíndisoa ld,S*a uduqka ^ls%'j'813-833 ysÊrd
j¾I 198-21838& ne.avEâ k.r ixj¾Okh lsÍfuka wk;=rej isg ishjia ;=kla muK w;=<;
wrdì Ydia;S%h fCIa;%fha Ârabic reading world & m%Odk od¾Yksl Ñka;k Odrdjla jQ
weßiafgdag,af.a Ñka;;kh .e,kaf.a ffjoH úoHd;aul Ñka;kh fuka u m¾ishdkq
bkaÈhdkq úoHd;aul Ñka;kh leáj fmdaIKh jQ kj fidhd .ekSï ms<sn| m¾fhaIKj,ska o
m%Ndj;a jQ mßirhla ilia ù ;snq‚' hï ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldrlïj, b;d jeo.;a mßj¾;k
35
Alexander Jonston, “A Kufic Inscription Found in Ceylon”, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1, Part III, London, 1827, pp. 537-548
36
S.A. Imam,“Ceylon Arab Relations”, op.cit., p. 13;M.A.M. Shukri, “Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Cultural
Perspective”, op.cit., p. 341
37
úia;r i|yd n,kak' Andre,Clot, Harun al-Rashid and the World of the Thousand and One Nights, Translated
from the French by John Howe, Saqi Books, London, 1986
38
Jalalu‟ddin A‟ssuyuti, History of the Caliphs, (trans.), H.S. Jarrett, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1881, p.
553
ffjoH úoHdj" o¾Ykh ;¾l Ydia;%h" ;drld Ydia;%h iy fjk;a iaj;ka;% ks¾udK ld¾hka
/ila fuu lafIa;%hg we;=<;a ù meje;s‚'
wíndisoa ld,s*ajre ishjia 5 la muK md,kh l< w;r ^ls%'j' 750-1258& fndfyda rcjre
úoHd;aul wOHhk lghq;=j,g iydh ÿkay' wnq c*d¾ w,a ukaiQ¾ Âbu Ja'far al-Mansur
ls%'j'745-775& yrjqka - w,a - rISâ ^ls%'j'786-809& w,a uduqka rcq ^l%s'j' 813 -- 833) tfia wkq.%y
±lajQ md,lhka w;r b;d m%isoaO w,a uduqka rcq Bay al- Hikma (house of wisdom) kï
wh;kh mssysgqjd úoHd;aul Ñka;kh jeä ÈhqKq lf<ah'39 uduqka ld,s*ajrhdf.a ld,fha fuu
Ñka;k Odrdjla jvd j¾Okh úh' ;¾lhg uq,a ;ek foñka Ñka;khka ye±Íug fm<Uqk
hq.hla úh' ld,S*ajrhdf.a wkq.%yfha tla fldgila jQ iajNdúl wd.u iy ixl,am Tiafia
fndfyda ÿr .sh Tjqyq Ñrd.; wd.ñl iïm%odhg mgyeks ;;a;ajhg o t<UqKy' kdhlhdf.a
wkq.%yfhka iajlSh nqoaê úIh jQ bia,dï O¾uh lvqfõ n,fhka idudkH ck;djg
ms<s.ekaùug mjd fm<UqK y' fuu jdoh ksid u Tyq iajlSh mrud¾:h iu. úkdY ù .shy'
tfy;a f,a je.sÍï we;sùug fmrd;=j bia,dï Ñka;k ud¾.fha fkd ueflk igyka ;nk
,oafoa muKla fkdj Ñrka;k bia,dï O¾ufha meje;s wkuH;djh o ioyg u ke;s lr ouk
,§' flfia kuqÿ ful, wrdì Ñka;lhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh b;d jeo.;a úh' ful, ngysr
f,dalfha hazes kñka m%isoaO isá w,a rhs ^ls%'j' 865-965& iy bnka iSkd fyj;a weúiskakd
^ls%'j' 1037& jeks úoaj;=ka wrdì jD;a;dka; b;sydifha ânnals history& lemS fmfkk úoaj;=ka
fofofkls'40 fuu Ñka;kh f,dal jHdma; lsÍug Tjqkaf.ka iqúYd, fiajhla isÿ úh'
tfiau fuu ld,fha bkaÿ wrdì úoHd;aul ±kSu yqjudrej j¾Okh jQ ld,mßÉfþohla
o úh' fndfyda wrdîyq ffjoH úoHd;aul ±kqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd bkaÈhdjg með‚hy'
úoHdj" fcHda;sI wdÈ .%ka: tu.ska wrdìhg f.k .sh w;r tajd wrdì nig o mßj¾;kh
lrk ,§' ls%'j' 711 § bkaÈhdkq ixpdrlfhda wd¾h isoaOdka;h nE.avEvhg y÷kajd fok ,§'41
tfiau ngysr wdishdkq ;dlaI‚l yd úoHd;aul Ñka;l Odrdjla o .,d tau ;=<ska wka;¾
yqjudrejla isÿ úh' miqld,h jk úg fuu ;;a;ajh ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh jQ nj j¾;udk
m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh ù ;sfí'42 w,a írEks fuu md¾Yjfhka iqúYd, fldgila
wdjrKh lf<ah' fyf;u 11 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha bkaÈhdjg með‚ w;r fcHda;sI .%ka:
fndfyduhla wrdì nig mßj¾;kh lrk ,§' .S%l" frdau fuka u bka§h úoHdj" o¾Ykh
wrdì ckhdg ish NdIdfjka ,nd §ug Tyq .;a m%hka;h wrdì ckhd iod wkqiaurKSh
39
P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, Macmillan, London, 1946, pp.363-407
40
Tyq jvd m%isoaO jQfha tu kusks P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, Macmillan, London, 1946, pp.364
41
Maqbul S Ahamed, Indo-Arab Relations, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, 1978, pp.20-
27
42
Refaqat Ali and Maloni Ruby Khan, 'Transmission of Science and Technology to India from Iran 1200-1526 A.D
in Indo-Iran Relations, Department of History, University of Mumbai, 2002, pp.173-210
isoaêhla f,i i,l;s'43 YS% ,xldfõ isá uqia,sïjre o fuu Ydia;S%h ld¾hhka iu. ióm
in|;djhlska hq;=j isá nj is;sh yelsh' tfia iss;sh yels jQfha wíndisoa ld,s*ajre iu.
fukau wrdì f,dalh iu. Tjqka in|;d mj;ajñka isá ksidh' fuu Ydia;s%h lghq;= lshjd
ne,Sug ;rï Tjqyq wrdì ni fyd¢ka ±k .kakg we;' by; wrdì ,smsh msysgqjkakg
we;af;ao wrdì ni lshjkakg msßila isá ksid hehs o flfkl=g woyia l< yelsh'
wf,lafikav¾ fcdkaiagka furáka msg;a ùug fmr uqia,sï ffjoHjrhkaf.a mD:q, ±kqu
ms<sn| olajkqfha fujeks woyils' Tjqka YS% ,xldjg y÷kajd ÿka ffjoH úoHd;aul lafIa;%h
jQfha Arcenna ms<sn| ±kquhs' weßiafgdag,a" maf,afgda" iqis,sâ Êuclid& .e,ka" iy fgd,ñ jeks
whf.a b.ekaùïj, wrdì mßj¾;kh o y÷kajd ÿkay' uu YS% ,xldfõ isák ld,fha§
fudfyduoa mQclhka iy fjf<÷ka úiska fuu f,aLk ud fj; /f.k wd w;r tajdfha uq,a
msgm;a ne.avEâj, wjqreÿ ish .Kkla ;siafia Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, uq;=ka ñ;a;ka úiska
iqrlaIs;j wdrlaId lrk ,o tajdh'44
rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d
nqrdikays wnq uId¾ w,a n,aí ^ls%'j'885& fyj;a uOHld,sk hqfrdamfha w¨ nqkdid¾ kñka
m%isoaO mqoa.,hd úYaj fldaI ±kqñka hql;a úh' fyf;u fcHda;sI úoHdjg lr ;sfnk
odhl;ajh b;d by< h' iuld,Sk f,dalfha olaI; u fcHda;sI{hd f,i Tyq ie,lsh
yelsh' irkaÈí rcqf.a leue;a; mßÈ ,laÈj o Tyqf.a ku m%isoaO úh' firkaÈí rcq w¨;
Wmka l=udrhdf.a flakaøh Tyq ,jd mßlaId lrjd .;a nj i|yka fõ' fuu m%Odk f,alï
fcHd;sI{hdf.a WmfoaYl;ajh ,nd .kakg we;af;a m<uqjk fiak rcq hehs olajk tia'ta'
budï uy;d tu rcq i|yd j¾Ih fhdod we;af;a fojk fiak rcqf.a j¾Ihhs' th uqøK
45
fodaIfha fyda budï uy;df.a w;miq ùula o hkak ksYaÑ; ke;' m<uqjk fiak ^ls%'j' 833-
853& rcq hehs wkqudk l<;a fuu woyi i|yka lrk fcHd;sI{hdf.a ld,h yd jvd;a
iuld,Sk úh yelafla fojk fiak rcq ^ls%'j' 853-887& hehs woyia lsÍug bv lv mj;s' YS%
,xldfõ uQ,dY%j,ska fy,sorõ fkdjk we;eï md¾Yjhka ms<sn| wrdì uQ,dY%j,ska t<s±lafjk
njla fuu f;dr;=rej,ska fmkS hhs' ls%'j' 1291 § muK rÑl .=,sia:dka ^Gulistan& fyj;a
Rose Garden of Sadi of Shiraz .%ka:fha l:djl YS% ,xldfõ olaI wlaIs ffjoH l%uhla
^knowledge of opthalomology prossesse& ms<sn| l;djla we;' tla;rd kS;s úYdrofhl=g
43
úia;r i|yd n,kak' H. M., Said Karachchi (ed.), Al-Biruni Commemorative Volume, Proceedings of the
International Congress held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammad
Ibn Ahmad al Biruni (973-1051 A.D.), Hamdard National Foundaton, Hamdard, 1979.
44
wef,lafikav¾ fcdkaiagka úiska 1827 § fmnrjdß 3 od hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï;=ud g hjk ,o ,smshl ^Despatch&
mßj¾;khAlexander Jonston, “A Kufic Inscription Found in Ceylon”, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1, Part III, London, 1827, pp. 537-548
45
S.A. Imam,,“Cultural Relation between Sri Lanka and Iran”, in Senake Bandaranayaka et, al., (eds.), Sri
Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, The Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central
Cultural Fund, Colombo, 1990, p.176
úrEms Èh‚hla isá w;r úrEms nj ksid újdy lr §u mshdg m%Yakhla úh' miqj tla;rd
wkaO ñksfil=g leu;s ù weh yd újdy úh' ta iu. firkaÈí Èjhsfka isg b;d olaI wlaIs
fjoHjrfhl= með‚fhah' Tyq wkaONdjh ke;s l< yels fjfoHjrfhla ksid ;u nEkkqjka
Tyqg fmkajd m%;sldr fkd .kafka wehs ±hs kS;s úYdrohdf.ka fndfyda fofkla úuid isáh
y' túg Tyqf.a ms<s;=r jQfha tfia jQjd kï Tyqg ±ia fmkSu ,eî uf.a Èh‚hka úrEms nj
±k weh yer oud hd yels nj h'46
fuu l:d mqjf;ys jeo.;a woyila jkqfha firkaosíys wlaIs fjoHjrfhla ms<sn|
i|yka ùuh' YS% ,xldj ful, ngysr wdishdkq rgj,a iu. meje;s in|;d fujeks l:d
ks¾udKh ùfuys ,d miqìu jkakg we;' we;eï úg by; i|yka l< wdldrhg
fcHd;s{fhl= YS% ,xldjg með‚hd fiau YS% ,xldfõ wlaIs ffjoHjrhd o tu m%foaYj,g
hkakg we;ehs fuu l:d m%jD;a;sfhka wkqudk l< yelsh' ful, wrdìh iu. iDcq fjf<|
iy ixialD;sl in|;d meje;s njg meyeÈ,s idlaIs mj;S' óg iudk isoaêhla ms<sn| j óg
by; § fmkajd ÿka bnka Iysßhdf.a bkaÈhdfõ mqÿu ^Marvels of India & lD;sfha i¾mhka
oIag lsÍfuka miq frda. iqjm;a lsÍfï ms<sfj;a ms<sn| igyka ;nd we;' tysÈ we,a nd¾laId;s
âl- Barkshati) kï firkaÈíys fï iïnkaOfhka m%ùk jQ olaI úfYaI{ fjoHjrfhla
kd.hka j¾. 3120 la ±k isá nj i|yka lrhs'47 fuu mqoa.,hd YS% ,xldfõ fjoHjrfhlao
ke;fyd;a uqia,sï fjoHjrfhla o hkak ksYaÑ; ke;' tfy;a YS% ,xldfõ fjoHjrfhl=f.a
kduhla wrdì niska jHydr lsÍula hehs is;sug bv lv mj;S' kdúlfhl= jQ bnka Iysßhd¾
fuu f;dr;=re olajkqfha forg w;r meje;s jd‚c in|;d ms<sn| igyka ;nñka h' by;ska
i|yka l< iskanEâf.a ÿ; .ufka § YS% ,xldfõ rcq hjk ;Hd. w;r o T!Iëh kd.fhl=f.a
iula o wvx.= ù ;sfí' wnq w,s wyuoa Wud¾ Âbu-Ali-Ahamad b Umar& fyj;a bnka reia;d
bia*dydka Îbn Rusta Isfahan& m¾ishdkq .;a l;=jrfhls' Tyqf.a b;d m%isoaO úYajfldaIh jQ
ls;dí w,a w-,la wka-k*Sid lD;sh ,shk ,oafoa ls%'j' 903 §h' tys N+f.da, úoHd;aul
mßÉfþofha YS% ,xldfõ T!IO me,Eá ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ±laùug wu;l fldg ke;'48al-
Istākhri (ls%'j' 951) ,xldfú uq;= ueKsla ms<sn| olajd ;sfns'49YS% ,xldj ms<sn|j m¾ishdkq
iïNdjH idys;Hfha mjd ks;r i|yka lrkqfha tu m%foaY w;r in|;d meje;aùu fya;=fjks'
budï fmkajd fok mßÈ brdkfha y*Sia ^Hafiz of Shiraz ls%'j' 1320-1389& lúhd yer
wfkla ish¨ u lùka ;u lúj, firkaÈíys iajNdjh iïm;a ms<sn| j i|yka lsÍug wu;l
46
Ibid., p.175
47
Ibid., p.175
48
Kitāb al-a’lak an-nafisa-auctore Abu’Ali Ahmed ibn’Omar ibn Rosteh,(Book of the Rich and Costly
Robes), Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, Vol. (Tome) VII, (ed. and trans.), M.J. De Goeje,
Lugduni-Batavorum, Apud E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1892, p. 84
49
Al-Istākhri, Al-Masālik wa‘l-Mamālik, (ed.), De Geoje, Brill, Leiden, 1854, p. 154
fkd l< nj h' brdkfha cd;sl uÜgfï lúfhl= jQ Firduwsi ^ls%'j' 1020& f.a m¾ishdkq
iïNdjH idys;Hfha jeo.;a rpkdjla jQ Iya ku.a ^Shah Nameh & ys YS% ,xldj ms<sn| i|yka
lr we;'50 m%isoaO m¾ishka lúfhl= jQ Wkaiqß Ûnsuri - ls%'j' 1058& úiska >iaks ys iq,a;dka
fudfyduoaf.a rdc iNdfõÈ o YS% ,xldj ms<sn| isysm;a lr we;s nj lshhs'51 fufia §¾>
f,i idlÉPd l< f;dr;=re wkqj fmkS hkafka m%foaY w;r isÿ jQ jd‚c in|;dj,g
mßNdysrj fyda tu in|;d Tiafia ixialD;sl in|;d o meje;s njh' ffjoH úoHdj yd
fjk;a Ydia;S%h úIhka ms<sn| ±kqu yqjudrejla fyj;a wka;¾ ls%hdjla Înteraction& forg
w;r isÿ jQ nj;a tu iïnkaO;d ;=<ska jd‚c in|;d ;yjqre lr .ekSug wjYH iqyò;djhg
wkshï wdldrfhka n,md we;s nj;a fmkS hhs'
bnka nq¾odoafí iy lemagka nqid¾.a fofokd ^ls%'j'10 jk ishjfia § muK& olajk mßÈ
isrd*a iy niard b;du;a jeo.;a fjf<| jrdhka fuka u údka m%foaYfha fidyd¾ iy
uialÜ o jeo.;a fjf<| uOHia:dk f,i m%isoaêhg m;a ù ;snqKq nj h'52 fydañhqia jvd
Okj;a fukau jvd ,dN f.kfok ia:dk f,i o i|yka lrhs' bnka nq¾odoafí úia;r l<
uqyqÿ ud¾. ms<sn| §¾> úia;rj,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka fudaiï jeis Ndú;hg f.k .sh kdúl
.uka ms<sn| woyils' uialÜ iy fidayd¾ jrdhj, isg ngysr bkaÈhdj foig Tjqyq hd;%d
l< w;r th ud¾. follska hqla; úh' iskaoa m%foaYfha fjf<|dï lsÍfï § foand,a m%foaYh o
ol=Kq bkaÈhdj iu. .kqfokq lsÍfïÈ l=,ï ud,s jeo.;a jQ whqreo i|yka lrk w;r u tu
.ufka YS% ,xldj yryd hfïÈ tys jrdhka o jeo.;a jQ whqre i|yka lr ;sfí' lemagka
nqid¾.a olajk mßÈ YS% ,xldfõ jrdhka miq r;a;rx N=ñh fyj;a cdjd iqud;%d miq fldg
ol=Kq Ök uqyqÈka yfkdhs iy lekagka olajd hd yels nj h'53 ful, bia,dóh fjf<|dï
id¾:l ùug we;eï m%foaYj, yd fjf<|dug m%ia;=; jQ jd‚c uOHia:dkj, ;snQ idudldð
jd;djrKh m%Odk lreKla úh' tla w;lska Wuhshdoa yd wíndisoa wêrdcHh hgf;a
ueofmrÈ. jQ id¾:l md,kh fuka u wfkla miska wE; fmrÈ. Ökfha jQ gdx wêrdcHh
iufha fjf<|dï ÈhqKq ùu;a bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<|du flfrys wfkHdakH jYfhka
n,mdk ,§'
50
S.A. Imam,,“Cultural Relation between Sri Lanka and Iran”, in Senake Bandaranayaka et, al., (eds.), Sri
Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, The Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central
Cultural Fund, Colombo, 1990, p.175
51
Ibid., p.175
52
G.F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times, Princeton University,
Princeton, 1951, and Khayats, Beirut, 1963; p. 71; Andre Wink, , Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-
Islamic World-Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th to 11th Centuries, Vol. 1, Oxford
University Press, Delhi, 1990, p. 81
53
Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar, Kitāb ‘Ajāyab-ul-Hind or The Book of the Marvels of India, English Translation by
L. Marcel Devic, The Golden Dragon Library, London, 1928, 4
by; i|yka l< wnqnlhdf.a fi,a,smshg wu;rj ukakdrï ol=Kq m%foaYfha
mq,shka;sõ kï ia:dkfhka yuq jQ wrdì fi,a,smsh o ful, YS% ,xldj iu. meje;s in|;d
ms<sn| hï woyila ,nd §ug iu;a fjhs' ±kg fuu ,smsh fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha
,shdmÈxÑ ork 24'5 7 138 20 wxl hgf;a ;nd ;sfí' hdmfka Èidm;s isá B' wd¾' wh¾gka
fuu ,smsh m%:ufhka wOHhkhg n÷ka lr ;sfí' Tyq y÷kd f.k we;s mrsÈ tys mdGh fufia
olajhs' fuu m%Yia;sh foúhkag h' foúhkaf.a kdufhka th ohdjka; jQ lreKdjka; jQ
foúhkag u foñ' foúfhla ke;' tfy;a tys foúfhls' Tyq lsisu iydhlfhla fkdue;sj
jev isá uyuoa;=ud foúhkaf.a Y=oaOjka;fhls' foúhkajykafia wdYs¾jdo lrkjd muKla
54
fkdj Tyqf.a mjq,g o wdYs¾jdoh lr Tjqka ksr;=rej u rlS' wyuâ ió¾ uy;d úiska
lhsfrda.s w,a wid¾ úYajúoHd,fha ta iula uy;df.a Woõ we;sj fuu ,smsh kej; lshùug
W;aiy l< w;r tys leã ì£ .sh jdlH ilid uq¿ fi,a,smsh u kej; bÈßm;a lf<ah' th
fufiah' ish¿ m%Yia;ska w,a,d foaúhkaghs' w,a,df.a kdufhka uu mgka .ksñ' w,a,d
wìhi .e;af;la fkd ue;' Tyq tlu mqoa.,hdh' lsis flfkl=g Tyq yd iu úh fkdyelsh'
uyuoa;=ud hkq w,a,df.a m‚úvldr ÿ;fhls' w,a,d Tyqg wdYs¾jdo lrkq ,efíjd' Tyqf.a
lreKdj ish,a,kaf.a iduh ms‚i fõjd' ish¿ i;a;ajfhda urKhg md;% jkakd yQ h'55 fuys
we;s wlaIr ne.avEâj, l=*sla wlaIr yd b;du;a iduH nj;a tu fi,a,smsh ysÊrd j¾I 300-
400 w;r ld,hg tkï l%s'j' 9-10 ishjfia w;r ld,hg wh;a úh yels nj;a Tyq jeä
ÿrg;a i|yka lrhs'56 fuu ,smsh yd iuld,Sk ;j;a ,smshla wkqrdOmqr mq;a;,u ud¾.fhka
yuq ù ;sfí' wpd¾h ió¾ uy;df.a woyi wkqj fuh l,S.%*sla fudfrdlaflda NdIdfjka
57
,shd we;s w;r ls%'j' 9-10 ishjig wh;a úh yelsh nj h'
fufia wOHhkh l< fi,a,sms ;=k iys; fidfydka .,a wrdì cd;slhka ñh .sh miq ta
u; iúlrk ,o iaudrlhkah' we;eï tajd wrdìfhka u f.fkk ,e±hs iel l< yelsh'
fuhska mer‚u fi,a,smsh yd iïnkaO jk mqoa.,hd mQclfhl= fyda bia,dï .=rejrfhl= nj
y÷kd f.k we;s w;r wfkla mqoa.,hka fuys mÈxÑ ù isá fjf<÷ka f.ka wfhl= úh yelsh'
fuu wrdì fidfydka .,aj,g wu;rj ful, ngysr wdishdkq m%foaY iu. meje;s in|;d
;yjqre lrk fjk;a mqrdúoHd;aul idOl w;r ueá n÷ka iy ldis o jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj
54
fuu ,smsfha we;s wrdì NdIdfjysu igyk bx.S%is wl=rska fh¥ mßj¾;kh i|yd n,kak'Mahamed Samir, “Recent
Archaeological Finds”, Moor’s Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, 111, Colombo, 1970-76 , p. 46;
Mohamad Sameer Bin Hajie Ismail Effendi, “Archaeological Evidence of Early Arabs in Ceylon”, op.cit.,
p. 32; Somasiri Devendra, , “New Light on Some Arabic Lithic Records in Sri Lanka”, Sri Lanka and the
Silk Road of the Sea, pp. 209-219
55
Somasiri Devendra, “New Light on Some Arabic Lithic Records in Sri Lanka”, Sri Lanka and the Silk
Road of the Sea, The Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund,
Colombo, 1990,pp. 209-219
56
Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, Colombo, 1944-1965, pp.31-38
57
Mahamed Samir, “Recent Archaeological Finds”, Moor’s Islamic Cultural Home Souvenir, 111,
(Colombo, 1970-76) , p. 46
wíndisoa ld,s*a rdc jxYhg wh;a ldis fj<.r j;=hdfhka iy f;,ska.sm; ia:dkfhka
58
ldis lsysmhla fidhd f.k we;' wkqrdOmqr fl!;=.drfha ;nd we;s frdìka uy;df.a
tl;=fjys we;s ksreflaIajrïj,ska yuq jQ wrdì ueá n÷ka o jeo.;ah' fuys len,s 4 la
olakg ,efí' tu y;frka tlla fld<mdg jk w;r th n÷fka wäh muKla fõ' fu
ld,mßÉfþohg u wh;a hehs ie,lsh yels yÜá uqÜá f,i j¾. lrk ,o wrdì ueá n÷ka
o fõ' uqÜá .eá;s fudaia;rj,ska hqla; h' udkaf;ahsj,ska yuq jQ ,shdmÈxÑ wxl' 10-6-9 ueá
n÷ka len,s 9 o ful, m¾ishka .,a*a iïnkaO;d i|yd WodyrKfhda h' tfia u ,shdmÈxÑ
wxl' 11 -5 5 w;r udkaf;aishj,ska yuq jQ ±kg wkqrdOmqr fl!;=ld.drfha ;nd we;s ueá
n÷ka fldgia o jeo.;a fõ'
udkaf;ahsj,ska yuq jQ ±kg fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha ;nd we;s bia,dóh ueá n÷ka len,s
óg wu;rj wNh.sßfhka yuqjq ueá n÷ka lsysmhla o ueofmrÈ. m%foaYhg wh;a nj fihd
f.k ;sfí' uE; ld,fha .d¨ jrdfha isÿ l< le‚u u.ska wrdì ,xld in|;d ms<sn|
f;dr;=re wkdjrKh ù ;sfí' fuu jrdh jeo.;a jqfha mYajdoa uOHh;k hq.fha isg h'
hqfrdamSh iufha jvd;a id¾:l f,i jd‚c lghq;= i|yd Ndú;hg .;a jrdhls' fuys lrk
58
Venetia Porter, “Islamic Coins Found in Sri Lanka”, op.cit.,p. 225; Harun al-Rashid A.H. 170-193
(A.D.786-809) AV(gold) B.M.C. (Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum) I, No. 149, see.
H.W. Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, Memories of the Colombo Museum Series A, No. 3,
Colombo, 1924, p. 157
,o le‚u fnfyúka id¾:l úh' jrdh wdYs%;j flreKq kj m¾hxl bÈlsÍu fyda
w¨;ajeähd fuka u ixj¾Ok lghq;= ksid uq,a ld,Sk ft;sydisl o;a;hkaf.a úkdYh isÿ ù
we;'
fuhg iuqøs; mqrdúoHd{hka f.a wjOdkh fhduq jQfha uE;l §h' 1992 § .d,a,
fldgqj f,dal Wreu iaudrlhla f,i kï lr ;sîu o tys jeo.;alug fya;= úh' fuys
leKSï lghq;= m¾fhaIKj, § mqfrda.dój lghq;= lrkq ,enqfha Sri Lanka Sub-Aqua Club
iy Maritime Heritage Trust wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hka h' fuys le‚ïj, § ueofmrÈ.
iïNjhla we;s ueá n÷ka len,s 5 la yuq ù ;sfí' ,d ly mdgg yqre fïjd fcda.=j, len,s
fõ' 8 jk ishjiska miqj muK ld,hg wh;a fïjd m¾ishka yd r;= uqyqÿ l,dmhg wh;a
fõ' kuq;a bia,dóh ùÿre n÷ka len,s yuq ù ke;' óg wu;rj úúO ñY% iajNdjhla we;s
ueá n÷ka len,s o yuq ù ;sfí' m%udKh len,s 9 ls' È.= fn,a,la iys; fcda.=j, len,s o
fõ' ^Trumpetnecked Jar& fïjd iuia;hla f,i l=vd yd uOH m%udKfhka hqla;h'59 m¾ishka
.,a*a in|;d ms<sn| b;d jeo.;a idlaIs wkdrjKh jQfha iuqøsl le‚ïj,sks' tys § .,aj,ska
ks¾udKh lrk ,o keõ.rï .,a yuq ù ;sfí' fïjd fgdka 1 la muK nr jk w;r
údkfha ksIamdokh lrk ,±hs fndfyda fokdf.a úYajdih ù we;' fï iu. yuq jQ wjqreÿ
500 la muK mer‚ hehs ie,flk ±jfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o keï.=ru o b;d jeo.;ah'
fuu ±j keï.=rï iy .,a keï.=rï60 fndfyduhla Ndúl lrk ,oafoa wrdîka úiska hehs
úYajdi lrkq ,efí'
YS% ,xldj iu. fufia in|;d mj;ajðka ish jd‚c fuka u ixialD;sl wjYH;djhka o bgq
lr .kq ,enQ wrdîyq bkaÈhka id.rfha m%n, jd‚c wdêm;Hhla we;s lr f.k isáhy'
59
Moira Tampoe, Moira,“The Spice Island Route: Sri Lanka’s Participations in Maritime Trade and the
Archaeological Evidence from Mantai and Galle Harbour”, Sesquicentennial Commemorative Volume
of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, 1845- 1995, Colombo, 1995, pp.176-177
60
www.co.@mritimelanka
ISBN 2478-0642

ජීල විදයාත්මක ලංගිකත්ලවේ වමාජ නිර්මිතය
එම්.එන්. විනිෂියා61
B.A (sp)
vineeshiya@gmail.com
ජීල විදයාත්මක මිනිවා ව්ලභාල ධර්මවේ අංගය ව඼ව වවසු වත්ලයන් වකවරන් වලනව් ව ල
ද ඔව න් ශා වමීය ඳ ද වේ. වත්ල ව඼ෝකය තුෂ ධජීය අල඾යතා පුර්ණය ව඲ශා ලන
ලංගිකත්ලය මිනිවාට ද වඳොදු වංසිේධියකි. එවශත් වංව්කෘතික වත්ලවය ලන මිනිවා ජීල
විදයාත්මක අල඾යතා ූරර්ණය යන ී මාවලන් ඳරිභාහිරල ලංගිකත්ලය ශා බැව඲ේ. වංව්කෘතික
ශා වමාජීය වාධක වමඟ මානල ලංගිකත්ලය මිනිවාට අනනය ඳරඳංචලයකි. මානල ලංගිකත්ලය
වකවර් ඳැනව ණු වමාජීය සුවමාදර්඾යන් අනනය වූ මානීය ී මාලන් වංක඼නවයන් ශා බේධ
වූ ඇලතුම් ඳැලතුම් ලලන් ඊට සුවිව඾ේෂිකත්ලය ආවරෝඳණය ී ඇත. වම් අනනයතාල හුවද
වමාජ නිර්මිතය ලන අතර වංලාදවයහි අලකා඾ අල්ඳය. වමම ඳඨිතවයහි අභිඳරාය ේවිතීක
මූ඼ා඾ර මත ඳදනම්ල ජීල විදයාත්මක මානල ලංගිකත්ලය ශා රාිතකෘත වූ වමාජීය වංකල්ඳයන්
ශා භාවිතාලන් වංලාදයට බඳුන් කිරීම. . ිත඿්ටාචලාරගත මානලයා වි඿වයහි ඳෘථු඼ ව඼ව
අලධානය දිනු මානල ලංගිකත්ලය හුවද චලර්යාල වනොී වාහිතය ක඼ාදිවයහි ඳලා රව
ජනීයය මාතෘකාල ද වලනව් අරදාණු ව඲ශා වයොදා වූල ද වේ. ඳරජනනය අරදාණු වකොට
ගත් වත්ල ව඼ෝකවයහි ලංගිකත්ලවයන් ඳරිභාහිර වංවර්ගීය අල඾යතාල වකවරහිම ඼ු වනොවූ
ව්ලර෕ඳය මානල ලංගිකත්ලය තුෂ දිව්වේ. වඩව්මන්ඞ් වමොරිව් (Desmond Morris) ද ලන
අන්දමට මානල ලංගිකත්ලය වවසු වත්ලයන් වකවරන් වලනව් ලනුවේ ව ල ධජීය ඳසුබිම
ඳැලතිය ද (වමොරිව් 1967:19) මානල වමාජගත ඼ක්‍ෂණ තුෂ ඒලා සුවිව඾ේෂි අනුක඼නය
ද ල. . වම් වකවරහි බ඼ ඳෑ වංව්කෘතික ලර්ධනයන් වූ ලග වඳන්ලා වදන වමොරිව් ඒ පිළිබ඲ල
61
Lecturer, Faculty of Social Science and Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
ලන වමාජීය වම්බන්ධතා නිරාලරණය කර. (Morris 1967: 57-59) ඓතිශාසික ශා
අදයකාලීන භාවිතයන් තුෂ මානල ලංගිකත්ලය ශා වබැදි බහුර෕ී වංකල්ඳයන් වමාජගතල
තිබුණ ද ඒලා වබොවශෝමය නිරාලරණය වනොවූ වංලාදය එලැනි ඳසුබිමක එලන් භාවිතාලන්
වංලාදයට වයොදා කිරීම ද වමම ඳඨිතවයහි අරදාණකි.
m%uqL mo: ,sx.sl;ajh" wkkH;dj
,sx.sl;ajh hkq@
,sx.sl;ajh hkq jpkd¾:fhka yqfola ,sx.sl l%shdfjys kshe,Su yd wdY%h ine£u f,i
rduq.; l< fkdyelaflls' ukao h;a nyqúO ks¾jpk Tiafia ,sx.sl;ajh meyeÈ,s lsÍfï
m%h;akhla ñi fmdÿ talSh ks¾jpkhla fï flfrys fkdjk neúks' tfiau ks¾jpk wdY%s;j
Ôj úoHd;aul yd iudc úoHd;aul úfNaokhka mj;S' Ôj úoHd;aulj ,sx.sl tlaùfï
mrud¾:h jvd Yla;su;a Ôúfhla cks; lsÍu i|yd iylrefjla fyda iyldßhla iuÕ
ckaudkq yqjudrejhs' udkj ,sx.sl;ajh o ffcùh wjYH;djhla f,i fï iuÕ iieÈh
yelsh ^ pkaøjxY 2007(225 &' m%ckk hdka;%kh ;=< uQ,sl ffcùh fm%arKhla jk ,sx.sl;ajh
ish¨ úfYaIhka wka;¾j¾;’ ,sx.sl lD;Hhl kshe,Sfuka imqrd .efk;s ^Patricia & Jeffery
1997)' udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul w¾: ksrEmKhla f.dvkef.kqfha
ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl ffk;sl oDIaá fldaKhla iy od¾Yksl u;jdohkaf.a iïñY%khla
;=<sks' wdpdrOd¾ñl" foajjd§ wd;aóh fyda wd.ñl ineÈhdjka ta weiqfrys ;sìh yel
^http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality)' udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| fl%d.¾ ^Kroger)
olajk ks¾jpkhg wkqj ta jkdys mqoa.,hl= ,sx.sl ld¾hdj,shg iyNd.Sùu yd taldnoaO jQ
,sx.sl reÑl;ajhka fõ ^Kroger :2000)' fuys,d mek k.sk mD:q, jQ lreKq ±laùula f,i
ixi¾.Sh ld¾hg w;sf¾l" ,sx.sl reÑl;ajh ms<sn| i|yk úfYaIs fõ' tfy;a Kroger iajlSh
ks¾jpkh mq¿,a ikao¾Nhl f.dvke.Su ÿn,;djhls' ukaoh;a udkj ,sx.sl;ajh yd ne÷Kq
ixialD;sl yd fiiq idOl ms<sn| .eíùula Tyqf.a ks¾jph ;=< fkdjk neúks'
iudc iy udkj úoHd úYajfldaIhSh ks¾jpkhg wkqj udkj ,sx.sl;ajh hkq Ôj úoHd;aul
ixialD;sluh jYfhka wka;¾ jHjydßl jQjls' tfiau udkj ,sx.sl;ajh kï ióm ñksiqka
w;r mj;sk ,sx.sl ±kSï ys m%ldYkh fyda ia;%S mqreI nj yryd iy ia;%S mqreI Ndjh u;ska
n,mEï we;s lrk ,sx.sl wkkH;djfha m%ldYkhls ^http://www.bookrags.com/Sexuality)'
udkj ,sx.sl;ajh mq¿,a mrdihl úysÿkq p¾hdjka l%shdj,Skaf.ka yd tajdfha ldh úoHd;aul"
ufkda úoHd;aul" iudc ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl yd od¾Yksl úia;SrKhkaf.ka iukaú;
fõ'
fudßia olajk wkaoug ,sx.sl yeisÍï rgdjka yqfola Ôj úoHd;aul úlrKhka fkdj
bf.k.;a foa yd nqoaêh o ta u; mokï fõ ^ Morris 1967:29&' pkaøjxY olajk mrsos ^ 2007(
225& we,ka iy ndnrdg wkqj ,sx.sl;ajfha Ôj úoHd;aul iajrEmh úu¾Ykfhys § i|yka
jkafka m%drïNl tal ffY,sl Ôúhd iajlSh cdk yqjudre lr .ekSu yd ÿys;Dffi, fj;
msßkeóu u;ska tys uQ,drïNh isÿ jQ njhs' fud<fha yhsfmd;e,ui flakaøSh uOHia:dkh jQ
udkj ,sx.sl;ajh tys m%udKh u; yd fydafudak ksIamdokh u; r|d mj;S' udkj
,sx.sl;ajh jgyd .ekSu nyq ffjIhsl yd nyqúO oDIaáfldaK Tiafia isÿ l< hq;= jkafka
fulS úia;SrK jQ iajNdjh fya;=fjks' úfYaIfhka i;aj f,dalh ;=< fmdÿ ,sx.sl;ajfhka
neyer wkkH;djhla udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ;=< mj;S' tfiau th flakaøfldg .ksñka ìys jQ
ks¾ñ;hka Ôjk rgdjka yd fudaia;r fyda ixl,am udkjhdg wjYH fõ' tlS wkkH;dj
mokï jkafka iudðhSh udkjhd u;hs'
ia;%S mqreI nj ,sx.sl wkkH;dj yd ÈYdk;sh
ia;%S mqreI nj ,sx.sl;ajh weiqfrysa ixjdohg újr jqj o ,sx.sl;ajh yd tys we;s ineÈhdj
ñi ia;%S mqreI nj ^Sex& hkq ,sx.sl;ajh fkdfõ (Crooks 2005). Ôj úoHd;aul
oDIaáfldakfhka ia;%S mqreI nj ùuiSu m%dfhda.sl yd ;d¾lsl fõ' ffcùhu ,sxf.akaøshkaf.a
iy oaú;Shsl ,sx.sl ,CIKhkaf.a úfNaokh u; oDYH ia;%S mqreI nj y÷kd .; yelsh
(Giddens 1997) ' uQ,slj ia;%shlf.a iy mqreIhl=f.a ,sxf.akaøSh ia;%S mqreI fjki ork uq;a
iudÔh jYfhka ,sx.sl m%foaY wkdjrKh udkj iudc.; ,CIKhls' kuq;a fjkia ndysr
YdÍßl ,CIK tkï ia;%shlf.a mfhdaOr" mq¿,a Wl=, fiau mqreIhl=f.a mq¿,a fojqr yd
Yla;su;a isrer YÍrfha frdau ia;%S mqreI nj fy<s lrhs' w;sf¾lj ia;%shlf.a iy mqreIhdf.a
lgyX p¾hdj wd§ y÷kd.; yels oaú;Shsl ,sx.sl ,CIK o ia;%S mqreI fnÿï f¾Ldjla f,i
l%shd lrhs' fï ndysr ,sx.sl ,CIK wìnjd hk wNHka;Íl fjkialï ia;%S mqreI úfNaokh
flfrys n,mdhs' ,sx.sl;ajh i|yd fufyhqï uOHia:dkh jk fud<fha yhsfmd;e,ui
mqreIhdg jvd ia;%shlf.a l=vdh' ixi¾.Sl wdYdj we;slrjk fgiafgdiafgfrdaka fydafudakh
ksmoùu o idfmaCIj ia;%shlf.a wvq h' úfYaIfhka mqreIhka i;= fkdjk Biag%cka yd
fm%dfciagfrdaka fydafudakj, ysñldß;ajh ia;%shhs ^pkaøjxY 2007&' ia;s%hlf.a iy
mqreIhl=f.a fud<fhys lD;Hh iy Odß;dj ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fjkialï cks; fkdjQjo tys
m%udKd;aul jYfhka msysàfuys úIu;djla olakg ,efí' ia;%sh fndfyda fihska NdId
yelshdj w;ska ld¾hlaIu jk w;r mqreIhka fndfyda úg ;d¾lsl yelshdj w;ska bÈßfhka
isà ^ Garret 1992( 221&'
udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ;=< iaùh ,sx.sl wkkH;djhla ia;%Sh iy mqreIhd orhs' fï ,sx.sl
wkkH;djh hkq Tyq fyda weh ork ia;%S fyda mqreI N+ñldj ;=< iajlSh fm!reIh yd
p¾hd;aul miqìu ;=<ska m%lg lrk iy ufkdauh jYfhka wNHka;ßlj mj;akd ye.Sï
we;=<;a iuia:hhs' ia;%S mqreI mqoa., Ndjh ;=< ;u ia;%S fyda mqreI wkkH;dj ufkda.ukh
ù we;sjdla fiau fm!¾Ih yd p¾hdj o Bg wkqrEm fõ' tf,iu fuys iy iïnkaê;
md¾Ijhla f,i mqoa., ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| wfkld is;kafka flfia o hk woyi o mqoa.,hd
;=< mj;S' wkkH ,sx.sl h:d¾:hg w;sf¾lj ta iuÕ f.dvkef.k iudc in|;d iudc
m%cdj iuÕ jk wka;¾ in|;dj, iajrEmh o ,sx.sl wkkH;djh kshudkql+, lrhs'
,sx.sl;aj ixj¾Okfha § wkqlrKh iy y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;ajk nj iudc bf.kqï kHdh

meyeÈ,s lrhs' th ,sx.sl wkkH;dj f.dvkexùfuys,d jk idOlhla fia .; yelsh' ukao
orejd ish iudk ,sx.sl foudmshka fj;ska ia;%S mqreI iudc Ndjfha ld¾h fldgia ufkda.uh
lrk neúks ^Carroll 2007&' iïm%odhsl iudc jHqyh ;=< mqoa., ,sx.sl wkkH;dj
f.dvkef.kqfha iduqysl wNsm%dhka u;h' kuq;a kQ;k ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%sl iudchkays§ ,sx.sl
wkkH;dj f.dvke.Sfuys,d mqoa., wNsm%dh uQ, idOlh jk wkaou meyeÈ,s fõ ^Carroll
2007&' mqoa., ,sx.sl wkkH;dj o fiiq wkkH;d idOl fiau iú{dkslj fyda wú{dkslj
nys¾oDYH fõ' we÷ï me<ÿï" NdIdj" Ôjk fudaia;rh" mßfNda.hka" úYajdi moaO;Ska ;=<ska
,sx.sl wkkH;dj úodrkh fõ' flfia jqjo uE; ld,Sk iudc úm¾hdi yuqfjys biau;= jQ
kjH ckm%sh ixialD;sldx. iy f.da,ShlrK l%shdoduh ;=< idïm%odhsl ,sx.sl wkkH;dj
ms<sn| ixl,amfhys fjkialï we;s úkehs ;¾l l< yel' ,sx.sl wkkH;djg wod, iïu;
ia;%sh iy mqreIhd ms<sn| ixl,am iy rEmSh ,CIK Ndú;h ;=< iïñY%Kh ù fyda ;j ÿrg;a
wkkH fkdù mj;S' idïm%odhslj ia;%shf.a wkkH;d ,CIK mqreIhd o mqreIhdf.a jQ ,CIK
ia;%sh o w;a lr .ksñka isák wkaou ksÍCIKh l< yelsh (Tracy and Tim 1999)'
,sx.sl wkkH;dj ;yjqre flfrk wxYsl me;slvls ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh' ia;%sh fyda mqreIhd
ú;a;dfõ.Sj ldhslj yd ,sx.slj hï ia;%S mqreI Ndjhlg fyda ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjhkg
úÑ;a;%dN+;j wdYla; ùu ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh fõ' ^Carroll 2007: 328&' mqoa., ,sx.sl wkkH;dj
ksrEmKh flfrk ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh úYu ,sx.sl;ajh" ^Hetrosexality& iu,sx.sl;ajh"
^Homosexuality& oaú ,sx.sl;ajh" ^Bisexuality& w,sx.sl;ajh" Âsexuality& fyda wdfoaY
,sx.sl;ajh ^Transexuality& f,i m%Odk jYfhka ia:dms;j we;' mqoa.,hdf.a ,sx.sl
ÈYdk;sh Tyqf.a Ôú; ld,h úIfhys ia:dhs fkdúh yelsh' ffcùh yd iudc ixialD;sl
ikaO¾Nh u; yd mqoa., ufkdaNdjhkaf.a úp,khka fya;=fjka fjkia úh yelsh
^Macammon 1998&' flfia jqj o ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh u; ,sx.sl p¾hdj rod fkdmj;S' ta ta
,sx.sl ÈYdk;Skag wkkHj m%fNaokh jQ ,sx.sl p¾hdjla fkdfõ' tla ,sx.sl ÈYdk;shl
wkq.; p¾hdjla ;j;a ,sx.sl ÈYdk;shl p¾hduh f,i mej;sh yelsh' ta kuq;a mqoa.,
,sx.sl wdl¾Ykh rod mj;afka ljr ,sx.sl b,lalhla fj; o hkak iy tajd u;
n,meje;afjk p¾hdj weiqfrka ÈYdk;sh ks¾Kh l< yelsh ^Kroger 2000&'
,sx.sl p¾hdj ,sx.sl;ajhg wod<h' fï wod,;ajh u;=jkqfha th ,sx.sl;ajfhys wksjd¾h

Wmdx.hla jk fyhsks' ,sx.sl p¾hdj hkqfjka u;=jkqfha ,sx.sl;ajh Wfoid kshef,k
ld¾h l=ula o yd ld iuÕ o hkakhs' (Steinberg 1993& fï ;=< ,sx.sl lD;H i|yd jk
mqoa.,dka;r in|;d ldhsl yd ufkdauh ne£u fiau ixi¾.h we;=<;afõ
^http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity&' ,sx.sl p¾hdj ;=< wka;¾.; jkqfha
yqfola c;s;hka ìys lsÍuu wruqKq fldg .;a tkï m%ckkh i|yd jk ixi¾.h muKla
fkdfõ' udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ;=< ,sx.sl p¾hdfõ wNsm%dh w;r ;Dma;sh o fõ' fuys,d mqoa.,hd
wfkHdakH isrer flfrys we¨ï lsÍu isÿjk w;r ta u; ,sx.sl p¾hdj ;=< iqr;dka;hg
^Climax& fmr jk ixi¾.h o mQ¾j ,sx.sl l%shdldrlï o fõ' yqfola ixi¾.Sh uqLH
mrud¾:h m%ckkh fkdjkafka Bg ndOd muqKqjñka ;Dma;sh wjika wruqK f,i b,lal.;
,sx.sl p¾hdj udkj ,sx.sl;ajfhys mj;sk fyhsks' ,sx.sl p¾hdj ixi¾>h ;=< rduq .;
fldg ,>q l< fkdyelafla mQ¾j ,sx.sl l%shd o we;=<;a we;=<;a ixlS¾K iuia:h tys jk
neúks ',sx.sl p¾hdj ;=< hq., nkaOkh m%uqL jqj o iajhx úkaokh wd§ ;ks mqoa., p¾hdjka
fyda iduqysl p¾hdjka o fõ' we;eï wjia:djl wm.dó ,sx.sl p¾hd f,i udkj i;aj
wka;¾ ,sx.sl l%shdldrlï ^Beastility&" mrmSä; lduql;ajh ^Sadisam&" iajmSvd lduql;ajh
^Masochism& ±lsh yelsh' fujeks ,sx.sl p¾hdjka iudc iqNdú; fyda iïu;l
Ndú;djkaf.ka ÿria: jk w;r we;eï iSñ; msßila weíneys jQ p¾hdjka o fõ Âtypical
sexual behavour& ^Crooke 2005&'
,sx.sl;ajfha b;sydih
m%ckkh wNsm%dh fldg .;a iajNdjfha ld¾hdj,sh ,sx.sl;ajh kï tys b;sydih udkj
b;sydihu fõ' ish rela jeis jdkr mQ¾jhkaf.ka ,o ,sx.sl;ajh wdrïNl fomdj;a udkjhd
iaùh jQ wkkH;d ,CIK iys;j f.dvk.d.;af;a h' wdrïNl iudc ;=< jQ ,sys,a ,sx.sl
in|;d yd /< ;=<skau iylre fyda iyldßh f;dard .ekSu wd§ lD;Hhka miqld,Skj jvd;a
ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .;af;a h' ta ;=< ;u iudchuh Ndú;hka o ,sx.sl;ajfha f.dvke.Su
flfrys Ndú;d úh'
zzwdrïNfha §u ovhfï .sh úg ia;%Ska ;ukag úYajdi jka;j

isák njg msßñka iy;sl jYfhka ±k isáh hq;= úh' fï ksid
hq., iE§fï leue;a;la .eyeKqka ;=< j¾Okh ùu wjYH
jQfhah' ovhï lghq;=j,§ ÿ¾j, msßñkaf.a iyfhda.h ,nd
.ekSug kï Tjqkag o iudk ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï ,nd Èh hq;=
fõ' ia;%Ska fnodf.k ,sx.sl ixúOdkh jvd m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i
mj;ajd .ekSu fuys § jeo.;a úh' fuh isÿ l< yels fyd|u
l%uh jQfha tla msßñfhl= tla .eyeKshlf.ka ;Dma;su;a ùuhsZZ
^fudßia 1967:40&'
jvd;a úêu;a ,sx.sl in|;d udkj iudc.; jkakg m%:u mej;s ,sys,a iajrEmh ksid ta
iïnkaO iïu;hka yd ;yxÑ o mj;skakg we;af;a o m%d:ñl uÜgfï h' 1861 nfydamkaf.a
uõ whs;sh lD;sfha Tyq i|yka lrkafka ñksia ixy;sh wdrïNfha § fyfÜhßiï f,i Tyq
ye¢ka jQ wúpdrj;a ,sx.sl in|;d iys; ;;ajhla ;snQKq njhs'
frdøs.=g wkqj ^1979& t,a' tÉ' fuda.ka olajk wkaoñka ,sx.sl;ajh flfrys úHNspdÍ ;yxÑ
wdÈ iSud mej;sfha uo jYfhks' udkj iudch ;=< fmr fkdjQ úrE f,i mqoa.,sl;ajh
biau;=jk úg ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| ft;sydisl fjkialï my< úh' úfYaIfhka tla
iylrefjla iaÒr jYfhka ,sx.sl lD;H i|yd iyNd.S lr .ekSu fm!oa.,sl foam, ysñlu
iy lDIs iudc we;s ùu;a iuÕ Ndú;hg .eKqkq nj tx.,aia Wmqgd olajñka i|yka l<
yel' flfia jqj o udkj ,sx.sl;ajfhys ft;sydisl miqìu ;=<u ,sx.sl lD;Hfhys uQ,sl
wruqK m%ckkhu fkdjQ j. fmkS hhs' Ôjk iqLh iy ika;DIaáh o ,sx.sl lD;Hfhys
wruqKq w;r úh' YsIagdpdr ;=< jvd;a myiq Ôjk ;;ajhka w;aùfï § ,o úfõlh udkj
,sx.sl Ôú;fha m%ckkfhka mßndysr b,lal flfrys mqoa.,hd fhduq lsÍu isÿ úh ^Collins
Coltrane 1991&'
miq ld,Skj tal iylrefjl=g iSud jQ úIu ,sx.sl;ajh fndfyda YsIag;ajhka ;=< isÿ úh hq;=
foh f,i ;yjqre úh' kuq;a ;u iylrejkag fyda iyldßhg iSud fkdjQ wkshï ,sx.sl
in|;d o we;eï iudchka ys mej;s nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY% u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ (Hawkes 1996).
mqrd;k frdau iy bka§h YsIagdpdrhka ;=< ,sx.sl;ajh ÈjHuh m%ldYkhla f,i biau;= jQ
nj fmfka (Foucault 1979). bka§h iudch ;=< foajodiS ixl,amh iy Ysj ,sx. mQcdj
,sx.sl;aj wre;a u;= lrk jkaokSh iïm%odhka úh' iqm%lg lcqrdfjda fofjdf,ys ksrEmk
,sx.sl;ajh yd iDcq ne£ula mj;sk njg ;¾l l< yelsh' flfia jqj o fï wdrïNl hq.
j,§ mjd .Ksld jD;a;sh yd iu,sx.sl;ajh jeks ,sx.sl;ajh yd iïnkaê; m%fNaok mej;sKs
^ frdøs.= 1979(77 &'
wdrïNl frdau YsIagdpdrfhys iu,sx.sl;ajh rdcH nÿ whlsÍug k;= jQ .Ksld jD;a;Suh

;;ajhl o mej;=kq w;r ,sx.sl iodpdrh ;=< iu,sx.sl;ajh iajNdúl yd idudkH fohla jQ
njg idOl we;' kuq;a uOHOrKS l,dmh mqrd me;sr .sh l%sia;shdks iNH;ajh fï iïnkaO
jdrKhka yd iSudjka miqld,Skj f.dvkexùh' flfia jqj;a ldka;d iu,sx.sl;ajh
^Lesbianism& flfrys iuld,Sk YssIagdpdrhka ys mej;sfha úfrdaOdl,amhla nj meyeÈ,sh
^Carroll 2007& wdishd;sl Ök yd bkaÈhdkq iudchka ie,l+ úg ,sx.sl;ajh iy wod,
iïfNda. iqLh yd .Dx.drh flfrys by< wjOdkhla mej;s nj ±lafõ' ,sx.sl tlaùu
;=<Ying & Yang kï m%;smCI ia;%S iy mqreI Yla;Ska tlajk nj úYajdih úh'
jd;aiHdhkf.a ldu iQ;%h ,sx.sl;ajh iïnkaO m%lg bka§h .%ka:hhs ^Crooks 2005&'
uOHld,Sk hqfrdamh ;=< úfYaIfhka l%sia;shdksfhys n,mEug o miqìfuys mej;sh§ Woa.;
jk W.% úlafgdaßhdkq iodpdrh ft;sydislj ,sx.sl;ajhg wod, ±ä iSud lsÍï yd jdrKhka
mekùh' m,a,sfhys b.ekaùï uq,a lr.ksñka wm.dó ,sx.sl p¾hd iy iïu; iodpdrfhka
neyer ,sx.sl in|;d iudc Woyig md;% úh ^Crooks 2005&'
kuq;a ld¾ñl úma,jh iy iudc foaYmd,ksl fmr,Skaf.ka mYapd;ald,Sk ,sx.sl;ajh

iïnkaO w¾: ksrEmk yd Ndú;h fndfyda fihska fjkia fõ' ta jkdyS iajNdjO¾ufha
wx.hla f,i ñi tfrys úh hq;= fyda iÕjd.; hq;= fohla fkdjk nj iudc u;h úh'
lskais jd¾;dj kso¾Ykd;aul meyeÈ,s lsÍula f,i ±laúh yels h' tlai;a ckmoh ;=< o
mshqßgkajd§ ,sx.sl;aj u¾Okhka wfydais úh' ^Crooks 2005&' woHh;kfhys ,sx.sl;ajh
iïnkaO fndfyda jdrKhka myj f.dia jvd;a ,snr,ajd§ oDIaáhlska ta foi ne,Sug;a
mßfNdackjd§ wd¾Ól rgdj ;=< ,sx.sl;ajh o mßfNdackh l< hq;a;la fia ielSug;a fm<ö
we;' ia;%S mqreI iu,sx.sl;ajh jeks mQ¾jfhys wiïu; Ndú;djka tajdfhys kshef,kakkaf.a
ysñlula f,i ;yjqre flfrk ;rugu ,snr,a Ñka;dfjys wkqn, iemhS we; ^Crooks 2005&'
,sx.sl;ajfha Ôj úoHdj
udkj ,sx.sl;ajfhys Ôj úoHd;aul iqúfYaI;ajh úfYaIfhka Tyqg ióm wfkl=;a m%sudgdjka

iuÕ ii|d ne,Su is;a.kakd iq¿h' udkj ia;%S ,sx.sl .%dyl;ajh olajk ld,h ms<sn| wd¾:j
pl%h iuÕ iSudjka fkdfõ' wfkl=;a m%sudgdjkaf.a ia;%S i;=ka ,sx.sl il%Sh nj olajkafka
wd¾:j pl%h ;=< i;shl muK ld,hla jk w;r megjqka m%iQ; lrk ld,fha fiau lsß fok
iufha ,sx.slj wl%Sh nj fviaukaâ fudßia olajhs' ^ fudßia 1967(39&' tfy;a udkj ia;%sh
jir uq¿,af,a u;a fndfyda úg w¾:jyrKfhka miqj jqj;a ,sx.sl .%dyl;ajh olajhs' ^Mastor
& Jonsan 1970&'
Ôj úoHd;aul wjYH;d mQrKh lrkq jia udkjhd fnfyúka ,sx.sl;ajh yd neÿKq i;ajhl=
f,i mßKduh jQ j. ;yjqre fõ' udkj ,sx.sl;ajh flfrys wjOdkfha § iaÓr jkqfha
ixi¾.h i|yd mqreI iyNd.S;ajh o ljr wjia:djl jqj ;yjqrej we;s njhs' l=vd
ld,dka;rfha § ixi¾.h ;=< WÉp;u ,sx.sl wjia:djg t<UqKo wkai;=ka fj;ska úoHdudk
fkdjk idfmaCIj È.= mQ¾j ixi¾. wjia:dj udkj ,sx.sl;ajh ;=< fõ' ia;%Sh ,sx.sl WÉp
wjia:djg fyj;a iqr;dka;hg t<öula wfkl=;a m%sudgdjkaf.a fkdjqj;a udkj ia;%sh
iqr;dka;h fyda ke;skï nyq iqr;dka;hka w;aú£fï yelshdfjka hqla; fõ ^Crooks 2005&'
udkj ixi¾.Sh bßhõ o wkH m%sudgdjkag yd fiiq i;ajhskag jvd fjkia uqyqKg uqyqK,d
tlsfkld u; isák bßhõjls' fuho Ôj úoHd;aul úlrKhla nj fudßia fmkajd fohs' fï
;=<ska ,sx.sl wdY%hka ;Sj% lrk fmrfudak ^.kaOhka& wd>%dyk yelshdj ÈhqKq lssÍuo isÿ fõ^
Morris 1967&'
udkj ,sx.sl l%shdj wNsfm%arKh jkqfha fud,fha yhsfmd;e,ui fufyhùfuka ksmefhk

fyda¾fudak l%shdldÍ;ajfhka fõ' ,sx.sl;ajh taflfrys ixfõ§;ajh yd wka;¾mqoa.,
wdl¾Ykh flfrys fyda¾fudak n,mdk nj ;j;a ms<s.ekSuls' ,sx.sl fyda¾fudak f,i
wekafv%dcka iy Biag%cka úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' fyda¾fudakSh lD;Hhka ;=<ska ffcj
ridhksl mokula úoHdudk jk udkj ,sx.sl;ajh mßkdu l%shdj,sh ;=< iqúfYaIS fjkiaùï
w;am;afldg f.k we;' ta flfrys cdkuh úia;rl:khka bÈßm;a l< yelsjdla fiau ta jQ
l,S m%fõKslh' fuys ffcùh wruqK wkd.; ÿys;Dkag cdk Wreu lsÍuhs' udkj
,sx.sl;ajfhys Ôj úoHd;aul moku ú.%y lrk ffiOdka;slhkag wkqj ta yd neÿkq tal
mqreI tal ia;%S j%;h iylrejd f;dard .ekSu yd iudc ,sx.sl jdrkfhys moku mjd ia:dms;
jkqfha ffcùh uQ,O¾u u;hs ^Carroll 2007: 35&'
,sx.sl;ajh iudc ks¾ñ;hla f,i
udkj ,sx.sl;ajh Ôj úoHd;aul miqìulska fyìfha jQ j o ta flfrys jk ,>q fkdjQ iudc

ixialD;sl in|;djka úuiSu o fï mÀ;fhys wruqfKls' yqfola m%ckkhg iSud fkdjQ
we;eï úg iïuq;sl iajNdjfhka neyer jQ udkj ,sx.sl;ajfhys Ndú;djka iudÔh
ks¾ñ;hls' ika;DIaáh fifkyi m%pKavldÍ p¾hdj wd¾Ól w;am;a lr .ekSï wd§ wkq
wdx.slhka .Kkdjla udkj ,sx.sl;ajh yd ienefok w;r tajd ffcj úoHd;aul fkdjQ
iudc ks¾ñ;hka jkqfha udkj ,sx.sl;ajhgu wkkH neúks' Berger & Luckman (1966&
fmkajd fokqfha ,sx.sl;ajh hkq iudc ks¾ñ; h:d¾:hla jk w;r wmf.a l%shdjka"
m%;sl%shdjka" wka;¾ l%shdjka weiqfrys ks¾udKh lrñka iy m%;sks¾udKh lrñka mj;sk
njhs' Tjqkaf.a ;¾lhg wkqj ,sx.sl h:d¾:h wia:djrh' fya;=j ixialD;sh ;=< ish,a,
m%;sks¾udKh ùfï iajNdjh u; ia:djrhka fkdjk fyhsks' yqfola ,sx.sl h:d¾:hka w¾:
.ekafjkqfha ;;ald,Skj iudch th w¾: ksrEmKh lrk wdldrhka u.sks ^Steel 2005:
14,15&'
ñfp,a *qfldag wkqj ,sx.sl;ajh jkdys oDv;r fyda iajNdúl ieleiaula fkdfõ (Foucault
1979). th ft;sydisl iudc ikao¾Nhka u; ks¾udKh jQ w;r Bg h:d¾:hka wdfrdamKh
lsÍfuys ,d iudc ¥rdj,shl n,mEula o fõ' tkï iudc iïuq;sl w¾:l:k ckkh jkqfha
OQrdj,sfha Wmß md¾Yjhka fj;sks' *qflda f.a fulS ú.%yh ;=< úoHdudk ;j;a ;¾lhla
jkqfha ,sx.sl;ajh iajNdúl ks¾ñ;hla kï iudc ¥rdj,sfha Wmß jHqyh iudc.; lrk
w¾:l:khkag m%;sfrdaOhka ;sìh fkdyelsh hkakhs' w¾:l:k iudc.; lsÍfuys,d
fyfcduksl iajNdjh ;=< mjd fmdÿ iïuq;Skag tlÕ fkdjk w¾:l:k f,dalh ;=< Ndú;
jkafka ,sx.sl;ajh yqfola iudc ixialD;sl ks¾ñ;hla o jk neúks' uOHld,Sk Ökfhys
lD;Su f,i fomd l=vd l, ia;%Ska ,sx.sl wdYhka jvd;a l=¿ .eka jQ nj ms<s.eKqk o woH;k
ùk iudcfhys tjeks woyila olakg fkdùu ksoiqkls' ,sx.sl;ajhg wod, iudc iïuq;Ska
w;r jk ,sx.sl p¾hdjg wkq.; jhi" iylre ;SrKh lssÍu wd§ iudc ks¾ñ; jkqfha
udkjhd ,sx.slj il%sh jk wjêfha isgu ,sx.sl p¾hdfjys kshe,Sug yels jqj;a th jdrKh
flÍ jhia iSudjka hkdÈh ;SrKhj we;s fyhsks'Gagmon & Simon ^1973& f.a woyi wkqj
udkjhdf.a ueäh fkdyels ffcùh ,sx.sl wdYhka md,kh lsÍug iudch W;aidy .ekSu
;=<ska o ,sx.sl;ajh iudc ks¾ñ;hla nj fmfka' fï wkqj ,sx.sl;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd
iodpdrj;a iïuq;Ska ks¾udKh flf¾' fkdtfiakï hïlsis jdrK mekfõ' ta w;r ,sx.sl
iylrefjl= f;dard .ekSfï jhi ks¾Kh" ixialD;sh wkqj fjkiajk iïuq;sl ,sx.sl
p¾hdjka tal mqoa.," tal ia;%S újdyhka yd ffk;sl újdy l%u iudc .; lsÍu wdÈh fõ'
fujeks iïuq;Ska yd jdrKhkaf.ka md,kh l< fkdyels ,sx.sl;ajh iudc wm.ukhka
f,i w¾:l:kh flf¾'
Ôj úoHd;aul ,sx.sl wdYhka md,kh lrkq jia mqoa.,hd ,sx.sl W;af;ackh ,nkafka
ljfrl=f.ka o tys iajNdjh fln÷o hkka ms<sn|j iudcuh w¾:l:k f.dvke.S
mj;S'.e.auka iy isfudka 1973 g wkqj ,sx.sl yuqùu iy ,sx.sl p¾hdfõ iajNdjh ks¾kh
flfrk ud¾f.damfoaYhka ixialD;sh úiska iemfha' fun÷ ud¾f.damfoaY ixialD;Ska ;=< ta
ta ixialD;shg wkkH úfNaok olajhs' wdishd;sl iudcfhys ,sx.sl;ajh ;=< jk mqreI uQ,sl
iajNdjh ngysr iudc ikao¾Nfha § fjkia úh yelsh' úúO iudc ikao¾Nhka ;=< ,sx.sl
p¾hdj nyqúO w¾:l:k u;=lrhs' fifkyi" ióm nj" iajhx ;Dma;sh i|yd jk wkshï
in|;d m%pKavldÍ ,sx.sl p¾hdjka yd .Kqfokq wfmaCIs; ,sx.sl p¾hdjka ^,sx.sl;ajfha
jdKscH iajrEmh& ta w;r fõ' ,sx.sl;ajh flfrys ffcùh mokula u; YdÍßl fm<Uqula
mej;sh o Wla; w¾:l;khka ia:dmkh i|yd iudcuh n,mEula fj;ehs iudc
ks¾udKjd§kaf.a u;hhs' lefrd,a ^2007(18&mjik mrsos Elias fmkajd fok wkaoug ksok
ldurh ms<sn| w;sYh fm!oa.,sl hk ixl,amh uOHld,Sk hqfrdamfha fkdjQj;a k.ak YÍrh
ms<sn| woHld,Sk u;hkag idfmaCI ,sys,a u;hla tl, mej;=Ks' tialsfuda iudch ;=< ;u
,sx.sl iyldßh mjd mß;Hd. lsÍu o W.% úlafgdaßhdkq iodpdrh ;=< mjd ;u ìß|f.a myi
b;du by< f.!rjhla f,i flfkl=g ms<s.ekaùu ms<sn| jd¾;d fõ' tfy;a úlafgdaßhdkq
iodpdrh ;=< u ,sx.sl;ajh yd neÿKq wkH idOl jdrKhg ,la ùu ±lsh yelsh' ksoiqkla
f,i tÉ' ã' f,darkaia f.a lD;Ska jk peg¾,s wd¾hdjf.a fmïj;a;= yd lkHdù iy
wysl=Kagslhd m%ldYk ;yku fmkajd Èh yelsh' f*%dähdkq úYaf,aIKhg wkqj ,sx.sl
wdYhka o we;=<;a uQ,sl udkj wdYhka YsIagdpdr.; ùu ;=< md,khg k;= fõ' iudc
ixialD;sl idOl fï wdYhka md,kh lsÍu i|yd odhl jk nj ;yjqrefõ'
fï ;=< idOkh jk lreK kï ffcùh udkj ,sx.sl;ajh flfrys iudc ixialD;sluh

mokula o mj;sk njhs' yqfola fï udkjhdg wkkH jQ iajNdjhls' ta ;=< udkj ,sx.sl;ajh
jkdys Ôj úoHd;aul tfy;a iudcuh wra:l;khka u; ks¾Kh jk udkjhd úIfhys
wkkH jQ m%mxphla jk njhs'
wdYs%;% .%kA:
pkaøjxY, wdßhr;ak'
2007( msßñ yd .eyeKq fu;rï fjkia wehs' fnd/,a,'úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh'
oeÈ.u.ú. frdøs.=
1979. mjq, fm!oa.,sl foafmd< yd rch we;s jQ ieá ( tka.,aia. fudialõ( m%.;s m%ldYl ukaÈrh'
nkaoqiS,' tia'tï
2000'ksrej;a jdkrhd(fviaukaâ fudrsia'kqf.zf.dv(kj úoHd m%ldYk'
Carroll, Janell.L
2007. Sexuality Now, Belmont: Thomson Higher Learning.
Collins, R & Coltrane, S

1991. Sociology of marriage and Family. Chocago: Nelson Hall Inc.
Crooks, Robberts & Bavr, Karla
2005. Our Sexuality, Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
Foucault, M
1979. The History of Sexuality, Vol 1: An Introduction. Harmondasworth: Penguin.
Garret, Stephanie
1992. Gender, London: Routledge.
Giddens, Anthony
1997. Sociology, London: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Hawkes, Gail
1996. A Sociology of Sex & Sexuality. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Kroger, Jane
2000. Identity Development, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, Inc.
Macammon, S.
1998. Making Choices in Sexuality, Pacificgrove: Brooks Cole Publishing Company.
Morris, Desmond
1967. The Naked Ape, London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
Tracey, Skelton & Allen, Tim

1999. Culture and Global Change, London: Routledge.
Masters, H & Johanson, V.E

1970. The Pleasure Bond. Little Brown and Company: Boston.
P atricia, M.W and Jeffrey H G.

1997. Introduction to Psychology. New York. MC Graw Hill.
Steele, Tracey.L.
2005. Sex Self & Society. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
Steinberg Laurence.
1993. Adolescence. New York: Mc Graw Hill Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality Accssed on 2010.11.18
http://www.bookrags.com/Sexuality Accssed on 2010.11.15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity Accssed on 2010.11.15

ISBN 2478-0642

දෘ඿ය ඳරිවරය තුෂ ව්ථාපිත කු඼ මවශේ඿ාකයත්ලවේ ආඛ්‍යාන62
ඳරභාත් ග඼ගමවග්63
B.A(sp), M.A, M. Phil (Reading)
gprabath@gmail.com
W;=ï ,l=Kq wglska imsreK lÈud

je,sf;dg fldäh f;on, fmkajQ kshud
rkafoks fjf,a i;=rka jekiQ iefjdud
fldiafuda fÊúfialr fikam;s W;=ud
W!fõ cklúhla64
ixlafIamh
ශ්‍රී ඼ාංව ය ඉතිශාවය යනු විවිධ ලකලානුල඼ අනලරථල සිදුවූ වංක්‍රමණ ල඼ ඉතිශාවයකි. වම් අනුල
ප්‍රාවේය ය ත඼ල඼ අ ජාතික ත඼වේ කියවලන වඳොදු ඇරඹුම් ආඛ්‍යානයන්ට වලනව් ආඛ්‍යානද කියවලනු
දැකගත ශැකිය. වමහි අ වාකච්ඡා කිරීම සිදුලනුවේ දකුණු වලරෂ බඩ තීරුවේ දිවි වගලන කු඼
කණ්ඩායම් ේවිත්ලයක, එනම් කරාල ශා ව඼ාගම් කු඼ කණ්ඩායම් හි වඳොදු ඇරඹුම් ආඛ්‍යාන ශා එකී
ආඛ්‍යාන දෘ඿ය ඳරිවරයට වවේන්දුීම පිළිබ඲ කතාන්දරය. . එම කතාන්දරය ශ්‍රීනිලාව්වග් ප්‍රදාඛ්‍ කු඼ය
පිළිබ඲ වංකල්ඳය වමඟ වවේම කු඼ය ශා වේ඾ඳා඼නය අතර වබ඲තාලද නිර෕ඳනය කර. . ඒ අනුල
වමම වියමන කු඼ කණ්ඩායම් ේවිත්ලයක වඳොදු වම්භල ආඛ්‍යානයන් පිළිබ඲ ආඛ්‍යානයකි.
m%uqL mo( l=, ixfla;" m%dfoaYSh iNd" i,d.u fldäh" ulr fldäh
wêrdcHjd§ka Okjd§ iudc in|;d ^lD;%suj& ,xldj ;=< ia:dms; lsÍu ksid mer‚
jevjiï l%ufha fN!;sl mokï uld oeuqKq kuq;"a jevjiï in|;d ;=< mej;s m%Odk
wx.hla jk l=, l%uh ms<sn| yeÕSu ,dxlSh ukiska bj;a ùu isÿjQfha ke;' Okjd§ iudc
62
fuu ,smsh ieliS we;af;a rdclSh wdishd;sl iñ;sfha miajk m¾fhaIK iïNdIKh fj; bÈßm;a l,
m¾fhaIK m;%sldjla weiqßks
63
Visiting Lecturer, National Institute of Cooperative Development, Polgolla, Kandy
64
Wmqgd .ekSu: ^lreKduq‚ 2001(55&
wdlD;sh ,xldj ;=< ia:dms; lr fndfyda l,a .;j we;s kuq;a" mx;suh ia;rdhkhg wu;rj
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fkdflfrk" kuq;a há ;,fha§ m%n, f,i tlS wkkH;dj ms<sn| ye.Su mj;sk m%mxphls'
(hidden reality) fï fya;=fjka u" ,dxlSh ,sÅ; idys;Hfhys mjd l=,h ms<sn| nyq,j
igykaj ke;s w;r" mj;sk idys;Hhkao ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq n,mEu oeäf,i mej;s uE;
ishjiaj,§ ,shjqKq tajd fõ' tfia jqj;a" l=, lKavdhï ish wkkH;dj o" n,h yd wdêm;Hh
o úúO ixfla;d;aul Ndú;djka Tiafia bÈßm;a lrkq ksÍlaIKh l< yel' fuu rpkdjg
mokï jkafka ol=Kq m<df;a" .d¨ Èia;%slalh ;=< ia:dms; fjr<nv l=, lKavdhï oaú;ajhla
jk lrdj yd i<d.u m%cdjka ish l=, wkkH;dj yd ish m%dfoaYSh md,k tallhkaf.a n,h
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fuj,ula f,i;a" fïjdfha taldnoaO m%;sM,h f,i m%dfoaYSh md,k tallhkaf.a md,k n,h
ksfhdackhg ˜wfkldf.a˜ wd.ukh iSud lsÍfuys fuj,ula f,i;a" fulS l=, wkkH;dj
yeÕSï okjk oDIH ixfla;hla f,i Ndú; fjhs' tu ;;ajh fuu m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallhkaf.a md,l frðuhkaf.a l=, miqìu wOHhkh l<úg ;yjqre fõ' miq.sh ishji ;=<
mej;s l=, ufyaIdlH;ajh ms<sn| újdohka foig o fuys§ iudka;r wjOdkhla fhduqlr
we;af;a fuu l=, ixfla;hka fj; l=, l:lhka ,ndfok l=, fm%!V;ajh yd ne¢
w¾:l;k Tiafia ish l=, m%cdj fiiq l=, lKavdhï j,g jvd by<g Tijd ;eîug Tjqka
W;aidy ord we;s neú‚'
oDIH mßirh ;=< ia:dms; l=, ixfla; Tiafia isÿlr we;s fuu wOHhkfha§ iudc
úoHdfõ j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk Wm úIhh lafIa;%hla jk oDIH iudc úoHd;aul l%ufõohka
o ^visual sociological Method& Wmfhda.Slrf.k we;'
m%fõYh
l=,h yd foaYmd,k wdêm;Hho" iudc Ôú;ho w;r ksyv kuq;a m%n, in|;djla wo
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iudcfha úúO l=, lKavdhï w;r Wia my;a fNaoh ms<sn| lÓldjlao" cd;sl foaYmd,kfha§
l=,h u; mokï ue;sjrK p¾hdjlao" jvd m%dfoaYSh ;,fha foaYmd,kfha§ th iïmQ¾K
f,iu mdfya l=,h u; mokï ùuo wmg w;aoelsh yel' fuu m;%sldjg mdol jkafka tu
l=, wdêm;Hfha yd ufyaIdLH;ajfha wdLHdkhka oDIH mßirhg ixl%u‚; wjia:djla jk
w;r" ta u; m%dfoaYSh md,l frðuhkaf.a l=,jd§ yeisÍuo ksÍlaIKh lr we;'
wOHhk lafIa;%h yd l%u fõoh
fuu m¾fhaIKh i|yd fhdod f.k we;af;a foaYmd,ksl N+f.da,Sh udhsï oaú;ajhla
ksfhdackh lrk wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaYh yd n,msáh m%dfoaYSh iNd n,
m%foaYh hk m%dfoaYSh md,k tall oaú;ajhhs' fuu md,k tall oaú;ajh tlsfklg ;odikak"
jvd;a meyeÈ,sj i|yka lrkafka kï fmdÿ n, m%foaY udhsula N=la;s úÈk tallhka
oaú;ajhls' ol=Kq m<df;a .d,a, Èia;%slalh ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk fuu m%foaY oaú;ajhu
iuqødikak m%foaYhka fõ' tfiau m%foaY oaú;ajfha n< m%foaY iSud hkq ;odikak f,iu
l=,fha iSudjkao fõ' tkï fuu m%foaY i,l=Kq ù we;af;a yels muK iudcd;Sh l=,
lKavdhï wjfYdaIKh jk mßÈ fõ'
wOHhkhg wod, o;a; rdYslrKh i|yd iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh" iïuqL idlÉPdjka

yd ,sÅ; uQ,dY% hk wdlD;s ;%s;ajhu ifudaOdkslj fhdodf.k we;' úfYaIfhkau oDIH
ixfla; wOHhkh ;=,§ oDIH iudc úoHd l%ufõofha wdf,dalh ,nd we;' wOHhk lafIa;%hg
wod, mokï oeKqu Wfoid lafIa;%h Tiafia ,shù we;s idia;%Sh idys;Hh lshùug ,lalr
we;' tfiau l=, l:lhska úiska rÑ; idys;Hhka o wm úiska wjOdkhg ,lalr we;s w;r
tlS uQ,dY% Ydia;%Sh fkdjk uQ,dY% f,i j¾.SlrKhg ,la lrñka wOHhkh i|yd iyh
lrf.k we;' tfiau l=, l:lhkaf.a rpkdjka wOHhkfha uOH ,laIhlao ord isà'
,dxlSh l=, l%uh
l%s'mQ yhjk ishjfia§ W;=re bka§h wd¾hh ixl%uK Tiafia werfUk ,dxlSh ,sÅ;
b;sydih65fkdlvjd flreKq W;=re yd ol=Kq bka§h ixl%uK Tiafia jrke.S we;' ta ;=,g
idudldó fukau ñ,sgßuh wdlD;Skaf.ka isÿjQ ol=Kq bka§h øúv ixl%uKhkao we;=,;a úh
hq;= fõ' isxy< wkkH;dj yev .ekaùfï§ fulS bkaÈhdkq uy ixialD;sfha wdNdIh o bka§h
m%Odk N+ñ ialkaOfhka idfmalaIj fjkaj msysàu u; tlS uy ixialD;sfhka meyeÈ,s
mrdihlska fjkiajQ wkkH;djlao ,xldj w;alrf.k we;' fou< wkkH;dj ms<sn|
ldrKfha§o fulS ldrKhu idfmalaI f,i j,x.= nj meyeÈ,sh' ,dxlSh iudc ks¾ñ;h
mdol jQ m%Odk iudc ieleiau jk l=, l%uho fulS ckjd¾.sl mokï u; j¾Okh úh'
isxy,hkaf.a wdrïNl ,laIhkag wod, mqfrda.dó ckdjdi f.da;%sl uÜgula

ksfhdackh l, w;r ta ;=, wmg oel.ekaug yelsjQfha ir< uÜgfï ia:rdhk l%uhla mu‚
^mrKú;dk 1994&' miq ld,Skj j¾Okh jQ l=,jd§ ye.Sï i|yd bkaÈhdkq uQ,hka f.a n,mEu
iel rys;h' l=, l%uh i|yd wod, wd¾Ól wfOda jHqyhla fï yd iudka;rj j¾ê;j yd
j¾Okh fjñka mj;skakg we;' tfia fkdue;sj l=, l%uh fyda fjkhï iudc jHqyhla hï
iudchla ;=, ia:dms; l, fkdyel' tfy;a l=, l%ufha wdrïNl jljdkq ksYaÑ; ke;'
fuhg m%Odk fya;=j l=, l%uh ms<sn| mj;sk jd¾;d.;ùï ,xlSh b;sydih ;=, ÿ¾,N ùuhs'
65
,dxlSh b;sydih úchdj;rK mqrd jD;a;fhka b;d Tíng úysfok nj kQ;k mqrd úoHd;aul wkdjrKhka
idlaIs orhs'
ckjxYh" kS;s ks>Kavqj jeks l=, l%uh ms<sn|j mj;sk m%Odk ,sÅ; uQ,dY% lsysmho
wh;ajkafka uE; b;sydih ;=,g fõ'
The Janavamsa, to be dated not earlier the fifteenth century, and Probably later, is
apparently the compilation of a Buddhist Bhikku (Priest). It is valuable mainly for its
listing of the castes and for certaininsights that it offers regarding Buddhist attitude
toward the caste system. Quite a dissimilar account is the Niti- Nighantuva, which
reflects traditional legends regarding the origins of the cast system among the
Sinhalese from the standpoint of the high caste Kandyan
(Ryan 1953: 5)
kS;s ks>Kavqj iïmdokh lrk ,oafoa isxy, rdcHh ì%;dkH lsÍghg k;=jQ 1815
ud¾;= 02 odg fmr Èkhl isxy, rcqka hgf;a jQ iajdëk isxy,fha§ nj ks.ukh l,
yelsh' fuys woyi kï kS;s ks>Kavqj iïmdokh flrefka 1769 iy 1815 w;r w;r
jq 46 wjqreoao ;=,§ njhs' fuh iïmdokh flrefka fixlv.,mqr w.kqjr§ nj;a
fndfyda ÿrg úYajdih'
^úch;=x. 1996( XLiX- kS;s ks>Kavqj ixialrkhg ,shq ye¢kaùu&
flfia fj;;a fuu uQ,dY% ;=, wka;¾.; l=, l%ufha iïNjh ms<sn| wê;d;aúl ldrKd o
úYajdi lghq;= ke;' tfy;a fuu ,shùï uE; b;sydihg wh;aùu u; tla ldrKhla
meyeÈ,s fõ' tkï jvd uE; ld,Skj l=, l%uh hï oDv;r wjêhlg .uka lr ;snQ njhs' ta
i|yd ol=Kq bka§h n,mEï jvd iómia: jkakg we;' flfia fj;;a ,xldfõ mej;s l=,
l%uh bkaÈhdkq wdlD;sfhka úYaIag f,i fjkia jQ w;r ta i|yd by; i|yka l, bkaÈhdkq
m%Odk N+ñ ialkaOhg mej;s idfmalaI fjkaùu" ,xldfõ ia:dms; nqoaOd.u l=, l%uh iuÕ
˜ixl,amShj˜ noaO fkdùuo fï i|yd n,mdkakg we;' fï wkqj ,xlSh l=, ye.Su bkaÈhdkq
uÜgug oeä fkdjQ nj fmfka' tfy;a th idfmalaI w¾:fhks' ,dxlSh ix> ixia:djo l=,
l%uh iuÕ wOHd;aul fukau wd¾Óluh md¾Ijfhkao iïuq;s.;j isá nj ^.=Kj¾Ok 1993&
^yd isák nj& meyeÈ,sh' l=, l%uh Tiafia hï j¾ê; jev jiï iajdNdjfha in|;d foig
kqjr hq.h jk úg rdcHh .uka lr ;snQ njg fiahdjka oel.; yel' tï' hQ o is,ajd ^1998&
fuh y÷kajkafka l=, jevjiï l%uh f,isks' thg fya;= jkafka th hqfrdamSh jevjiï
iïm%odfhka fjkiajQ ,laIK ord isá neú‚' ,dxlSh l=, jevjiï l%ufha m%Odk ,laIKhla
jQfha tla tla l=, i|yd wod, jD;a;Sh fiajd u; mokï jQ noao ixúOdk kï wdh;ksl
jHqyhka ;=,g l=, lKavdhï ixúOdk .; lr mej;Suhs' noao fiajdjka iuÕ nd£ mej;sfha
bvï N=la;shhs' ngysr fld,‚lrKhg mQ¾jfhka mej;s l=, in|;d fj; fld<‚lrK
wdl%u‚lhka ueÈy;aùu u; úlD;slrKhlg n÷ka jQ nj is,ajd ^1998& fmkajd fohs' Tjqka
l=, l%uh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hñka rdcldß l%uh hgf;a fkdñ,fha ,efnk l=, fiajd
ish fj<| yd mßmd,k ld¾hhka ,dNodhS;ajhg .uka lrùu i|yd Ndú;d lf<ah îs,ajd
1997" is,ajd 1998&' l=, l%uh úheflñka OfkaYajr in|;d foig ,dxlSh N+ñ Nd.h .uka
lf,a bx.%SiSka hgf;a rdcldß l%uh wfydais ùu m%Odk idOlh lr .ksð‚' fuys§ kej;;a
l%, l%uh úhelSu fN!;sl ;,fha § isÿjk úg wOHd;aul ;,h ;=, lÓldjla f,i l=,
ye.Su bÈßhg .uka lf<ah' tu ;;ajh fuu m;%sldj bÈßm;a lrk ishjigo wod, ùu
úfrdaOdNdihla f,i oelsh yels kuq;a i;H ;;ajh jkafka thhs' th ;ju;a ñksia
wkkH;djfha" in|;dj, tla md¾Ijhla ;=, ia:dms;j lghq;= lrhs'
jevjiï l%uh yd l=, jeviï l%uh ixikaokd;aulj
hqfrdamSh jevjiï l%uh l=, jevjiï l%uh
bvï N=la;sh yd wksjd¾h hqO fiajdj bvï N=la;sh u; rg jeishka w;ßka l,ska
tlsfklg ne£ ;sfí' ro,fhda Tjqka N=la;s l,g hqO Nghka le|ú‚' fuu fiakdxl
ú¢ bvï m%udKh u; rcqg hqO Nghka .%dóh uÜgfï§ uq,doEksjreka yd
iemhqy' tfia iemhq hqO Nghkaf.a wdrÉÑjrekao m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï§ uqo,sjreka
mlaImd;S;ajh ro,hd flfrys úh' Tjqka l%shd yd Èidj úiskao ixúOdkh lr Tjqkaf.a
lf,a ro,hdf.a ksfhda. u;h kdhl;ajh hgf;a igka fmruqKg heú‚'
finÆka yd uq,doEkska fiajh lf,a rcqg hs'
mlaImd;S;ajh rcq flfrys úh
bvï whs;sh kskao.u ysñ ro,hdg h bvï j, mru whs;sh rcqg h
bvfuka msgù l%shd lsÍug whs;shla mejÍ we;s fiajdj fjkqfjka ;uka N=la;s
m%fõ‚odihdg ke; ú¢k bvu w;yer fiajdfjka ksoyia úfï
whs;sh meje;sks
uQ,dY% ( .=Kj¾Ok ^1997&" is,ajd ^1998&

l=, jevjiï l%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ noao ixúOdk lsysmhla
noao l=,h ld¾hka
fldÜg,a noao kjkaokakd f,day oej yd .,a wdY%s; ld¾ñl

lghq;=
uäf. noao$f.dka noao lrdj$ uqia,sïjre fj<| yd m%jdyk lghq;=
nvye, noao l=U,a WM" .fvd,a yd ueá nÿka ;eksu
rod noao rod msßisÿ frÈ" mkaoï yd mykajeá

iemhSu" úhka ne§u îy hd;=l¾u&
l=refj noao mkakd we;=ka we,a,Su" yS,E lsÍu" rcqf.a

we;a.d, /qln,d .ekSu
yqkq noao yqkq yqkq ieliSu yd wdf,am lsÍu
fnrjd noao$Wvrg uynoao fnrjd frÈ úùu" rdclSh .nvdjg t<j¿ yd

m,;=re iemhSu" ls;=,a.ia j,ska mS,s
idod iemhSu
lskakr noao lskakr rdclSh .nvdjg lU yd meÿre iemhSu
ye| noao ye¢ rdclSh .nvdjg l=¿ yd u¿ iemhSu
uQ,dY% ( wur;=x. ^2003&" Tfífialr ^2004&" mSßia ^2005&" is,ajd ^1998&" iqNdIsks ^2002&
,dxlSh YsIagdpdr fha ysñÈßfha § bka§h p;=¾ j¾Khkag iudk l=, ieleiaul
Pdhdjla Èiajk kuq;a tu i;r j¾Khka ˜j¾K˜ oaú;ajhla ;=,g W!kkh jQ nj fmfka' rc
^laI;%Sh&" nuqKq ^n%dyauK&" fj,| ^ffjYH&" hk jxY;%fhys mqoa.,hska l,ska l, ,xldjg
meñK úiQ kuq;a Tjqka ish¨ fokd f.dú jxYhg ^l=,hg& taldnoaO jQ njg kS;s ks.Kavqj
^úch;=x. ixialrKh 1998(13& lrkq ,nk i|yk fï i|yd idlaIs orhs' fï wkqj ;;a;aj
wkqms<sjf<ys m<uq uÜgu f.dú l=,h orK w;r wfkla l=, laIqø uÜgu ;=, Wm
ia:rdhkhla w;alr .ksñka ia:dms; lr we;' flfia kuq;a fuu ia:drdhk uÜgï ms<sn|
fuu l=, lKavdhï w;r tl. ;djla ke;;a fuu m;%sldj ;=, bÈßm;a lr we;af;a jvd
fmdÿ ;;a;j wkqms,sj,hs ^j.= wxl 03&'
isxy, l=, ks¾ñ;h - ;;a;aj wkqms,sj,ska
1' f.dú.u 2' lrdj
3' i,d.u 4' ÿrdj
5' yqkq 6' kjkaokakd$ wdpdÍ
7' rod$ fyak 8' jyïmqr$ yl=re
9' l=U,a$ nvye, 10' ÿr
11' kel;s$ fnrjd 12' n;a.u$ mÿ
13' .y, 14' lskakr
15' frdã$ yq,jd,s
uQ,dY% ( wurfialr ^1996&" whsjka ^1999&" Jiggins ^1979&" kS;s ks>Kavqj ^1999&" mSßia ^2005&" Roberts
^1982&" is,ajd ^2005&" iqNdIsŒ ^2002&
l=, l%uh iuia; Èjhsk mqrdu tlñ;slj .,d.sh m%mxphla fkdfõ' l=, ks¾ñ;h
m%dfoaYShjo fjkia fõ' fuu fn§ï w;ßka m%Odk jkafka Wvrg" my;rg yd kqjrl,dúfha
f,i is|jk fn§ï h' lrdj" i,d.u yd ÿrdj my;rgg wdfõksl l=, jk w;r my;rg§
l=, ia:rdhkfha oDv;r nj wfkla m<d;a j,g jvd wvq;r fõ' f.dú l=,fha Wm fn§ula
jk jkakshd¾jre kqjr l,dúfha ia:rdhkfha by<u ia:dkh orhs' tfiau mqoa.,fhl= hï
l=,hlg fiau jß.hlgo wh;aùu kqjr l,dúfha ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls' ;ks l=, yd ñY% l=,
.ïudk Wvrg§ yuqjk úg kqjr l,dúfha § yuqjkafka ;ks l=, .ïudk mu‚'
l=, l%uh yd ine¢ mer‚ wx.hka kQ;kfha§ fndfyda ÿrg úhelS f.dia we;'
úfYaIfhka tys fN!;sl ^wd¾Ól& mdou úhelS f.dia we;' fï yryd l=,h w;=reoyka jq fyda
m%;slafIams; jQ wx.hla h hk ye.Su ks¾udKh úh yel' kuq;a i;Hh ;;ajh jkafka l=,
iú{dksl;ajh kQ;k ˜,snr,a Okjd§˜ ú{dkhka ;=,o ießirk njhs' tkï fN!;sl mokï
ìojeà we;s kuq;a wOHd;aulh ;,fha§ l=, ye.Sï kv;a;= lrkq ,nhs' th Okjdofha
idudkH ixlS¾K;ajhg wu;r ixlS¾K;ajhla ,dxlSh mßirhg tlalr we;'
my; ldrKd ;%s;ajh úuid n,kak'
1' fma%u in|;d u; wka;¾ l=, újdyhka ^nys¾ckH újdyhka& isÿjqj;a ;ju;a w;s nyq;r
f,i olakg we;af;a iul=, újdyhkah'
2' ix> iudch ;=, mj;sk ksldh fNaofha moku l=,hhs'

3' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha§ l=,h b;d iñmj Wmfhda.S lr.kq olakg ,efnhs' ue;sjrK
p¾hdj ;=, l=, ú{dkh b;d meyeÈ,sj l%shdldÍ fõ'
l=, ufyaIHdLH;ajfha wdLHdkhka
ixfla;hla hkq hï ˜f;areula weðKQ˜ hula f,i yeÈk.; yel' ixfla; hkq mq¿,a
m%mxp moaO;shls' fï wkqj NdIdj .;a úg tho ixfla; moaO;shls' tys Y%jH ixfla; fukau
oDIH ixfla;o wka;¾.;h' ixfla;hka ;j;a ixfla;hka yd in| ùu ;=, ixlS¾K;aj
woyia yd f;areï f.dv kef.Kq oel.; yel'
l=, ufyaIHdLH;ajfha lÓldj l=, OQrdj,sh ;=, uOHu uÜgfï miqjQ l=, lKavdhï
Okjd§ kQ;kh fj; isriaj p,kh ùu;a iuÕ ne§ mj;S' lrdj iy i,d.u l=, lKavdhï
j, ie,lsh hq;= fldgila Okjdofha ysñÈßh ;=, we;sjQ wjia:djka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
mx;suh ia:rdhkfha by< uÜgulg msúiS .;a w;r ,dxlSh ikao¾Nh ;=, mx;suh f¾Ldj
;=, by< hdu muKla iudc .re;ajh i|yd wjldY fkd,eì w;r ta i|yd l=, miqìuo
oDv;rj wjYH úh' fï ixO¾Nh ;=, l=, fYaIaG;ajh ms<sn| lÓldjka lr,shg meñfKkq
oel.; yel' fuu újdoh ;=, ta ta l=, lKavdhï j, iïm%odhsl ixfla;hkao
ufyaIdlH;ajh ms<sn| lÓldj fj; wEod.kq ,enQ w;r tajd i|yd úúO w¾:l;k we;=,;a
lrkq ,eì‚'
lrdj l=,h iïm%odhsl ixfla; /ilg ysñlï lshk w;r tajd fndfyduhla
yuqjkafka Oc yd m;dl f,ihs' br yo fldäh" ulr fldäh" y,dj; fldäh" B'ví,sõ
fmf¾rd f.aSinhalese Banners and Standards ^1916&" tï' ã r>jdka f.a The Karava of
Ceylon ^1961& yd à'weia O¾unkaÿ f.a fl!rj jxY l;dj ^1962& hk lD;Ska lrdj l=,fha
ixfla; wka;¾.; m%Odk;u uQ,dY% f,i ye¢k.; yel' fï w;ßka O¾unkaÿf.a lD;sh
Ndú;d l, yelafla Ydia;%Sh uQ,dYhlg jvd l=, l:lfhl=f.a wdLHdkhla f,is‚'
O¾unkaÿ ˜fl!rj jxYslhkaf.a rdc ,laIK˜ f,i y÷kajñka oDIH ixfla;dj,shl

,ehsia;=jla bÈßm;a lrhs'
01' uq;= l=vh 02' br ,l=K ork wd,jÜgu
03' y| ,l=K ork wd,jÜgu 04' br y| fldäh
05' ulrhd fldäh 06' ;%S iQ,h
07' lvqj 08' oj,a mkaoï hqj,
Ô¾unkaÿ 1962(xxi&
fuu ixfla;dj,sh wo Èko lrdj l=,fha wjux.,H fmryef¾ Ndú;d jk m%Odk wx.hls'
wïn,kaf.dv yd j;=f.or m%foaYj, u,a Yd,d ysñlrejka i|yka lrkafka lrdj l=, m%cdj
fuu ixfla;dj,sh rys;j wju.=,a fmryer meje;aùug ue,sjk njhs'
fl!rj jxYslhkaf.a wjuÕ=,a j,§ fnr" ojq,a" ;ïueÜgï ldrfhda tajd jdokh lr;s"
k<d msô;s' B,Õg br y| fldäh yd ulrhd fldäho f.k h;s' wjuÕ=,a fmryef¾
bÈßfhkau jdolfhda h;s' uD; YÍrh iys; fok fomi wd,jÜgï lvq ;%SiQ, wd§
wdhqO yd ôj,a mkaoï& o,ajk ,o ,dïmq o f.k h;s' u< whf.a fmf,ys jqjl= úiska
uq;= l=vh ^fiai;& bis,Su lrkq ,efí' rclfhda mdjv w;=r;s'
Ô¾unkaÿ 1962(xxi&
isxy, l=, l%ufha kQ;k yd mer‚ ;;ajh - ixikaokd;aulj
mer‚ ;;ajh kQ;k ;;ajh
ffk;sl ixia:djls ffk;sl moku wfydaisj we;
îdfmalaIj& m%isoaêfha l;dnyg ,laúh l;dnyg ,lajkafka há ;,fha h
jD;a;Ska ;SrKh jqfha l=, moku u; jD;a;Ska idê; ;;ajhka h

wdfrdams; ;;ajh Tiafiah
mqoa., kdu l=, j,g wdfõ‚lh mqoa., kdu l=, mokulska f;drhs
jdi.u wkqj l=, moku yÿkd.; yel ffk;sl mámdá u.ska my, l=, idudðlhka
jdi.ï fjkialr.kq olakg ,efí' fï ksid
jdi.u Tiafia l=, moku yÿkd.eksu
wiSreh
l=,h yd noaO jk {d;s in|;d m%uqLl;ajh m%uqL jkafka ys;ñ;=re in|;dh

.kS
wka;¾ckH újdy mu‚ nys¾ckH újdyhkao hï ;rulska oelsh yel
kegqï fnrjdok hd;=l¾u wdÈh fiajd l=, welvñla wdh;k$l,dh;k tu ld¾hhka

j, ld¾hka úh mj;ajdf.k hhs
l=,h mokï jQ wdik mekúula yd weu;=ï wdik mekùfï§ yd weu;=fï§ l=,h mokï
mo olakg we; fkdfõ
by, l=,fha mqoa.,hka my, l=, ksjilska u.=,a W;aij" wju.=,a W;aij wd§ lghq;=
j,g l=, fNaohlska f;drj mqoa.,hka
wdydr wkqNj fkdlrhs iyNd.s fõ
l=,h mokï lr.;a weÿï me,ÿï" wdNrK tjeks ;;ajhla olakg ke;
yd pdß;% jdß;%o mej;sks
uQ,dY% ( wurfialr ^1996&" whsjka ^1999&" .=Kj¾Ok ^1997&" mSßia ^2005&" rdcmlaI ^1998&" iqNdIsks ^2002&
wjux., W;aijhka yereKq úg lrdj l=,fha wd.ñl yd w¾O wd.ñl W;aijhka ;=,§o
fuu ixfla;dj,sfha iuyr ixfla;hka Ndú;d jk w;r w;S;fha§ lrdj l=,fha ux.,H
wjia:djka ;=,§o fuu ixfla; w;ßka iuyr wx. Ndú;d ù we;s nj fmfka' fï ;=,
meyeÈ,s jkafka fuu ixfla; ck ú{dKh iuÕ È.= l,la il%shj Èú f.jd we;s
njhs'wju.=,a fmryef¾§ fuu ixfla;dj,sh iuÕ
Y%S nqoaO j¾I 1859 jq fjiÕ mqr fofmda ,;a l=c Èk fldaÜfÜ chj¾Ok mqrfha§
yfjks Y%S mrdl%ruNdyq uy rc;=ud úiska l=rel=, kd: ßoaÈ hqjrc;=ud we;=¿
fl!rj rdcjxYslhkag f.!rj ms‚i fuu NdKav ilia lr fojd jod, fial˜
uQ,dY%( kkaok u,a Yd,dj - wïn,kaf.dv" fma%ud u,a Yd,dj - j;=f.or
hk mdGh we;=,;a Ochlao /f.k hkq ksÍlaIKh l, yel' fuu mdGhka ;=,ska oDIH
jkafka rdcHh;ajh iuÕ hï ióm in|;djla ish l=,hg mej;Su ms<sn| wdLHdkhka h' th
ish l=,fha Wiia nj ms<sn| ix{djkah'
i,d.u l=,fha m%lgu ixfla;h f,i je,sf;dg fldäh" kï tÈß fldäh" i,d.u
fldäh hk kï j,skao y÷kajkq ,nk n<msá fldäh oelaúh yel' B'ví,sõ fmf¾rd ish
Sinhalese Banners and Standards ^1916& lD;sh ;=, olajkafka fuu fldäh uÕska ksrEmkh
jkafka fmaIld¾ñlhka njhs' /,ama mSßia ^2005&" n%hia rhka ^1953&" wdkkao l=udriajdñ ^1962&"
ld,sx. áhqv¾ is,ajd ^1998& wd§ka olajkafka i,d.u l=,h ,xldjg ixl%uKh jQfha
oy;=kajk ishjfia§ muK ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka nj;a" uq,a ld,fha§ fmaIld¾ñlhka f,i
fmkS isá Tjqka miq ld,Skj l=reÿ l¾udka;h yd noaO ù we;s njhs'
tfy;a i,d.u l=, l:lhka ;uka fmaIld¾ñlhka jQ njg ^whsjka 1990"Whkaf.dv

2000& yd ;uka ,xldjg ixl%u‚; jljdkqj iïnkaOfhka tlÕ fkdjk nj fmfka'
WodyrK f,i i,d.u l=, l:lhka fofofkl= jk iõ,shia lreKduq‚ yd Ô'tï o
fidhsid" fmf¾rd f.a lD;sfha ^1914& oelafjk i,d.u fldäh ms<sn| ú.%yh idjoH njg
;¾l lrhs' i,d.u l=,fha l:lhka jk ví'tia o fidhsid iy tÙukaÙ wlalrj;a; úiska
1951'05'21 od;ñka msgm;a lr fnod yßk ,o i,d.u fldäfhao fuu mqrdjD;a;hg Tjqka ,nd
fok w¾: ksrEmkh igyka fldg we;' i<d.u l=,h mejf;kafka l%s'j 13 jk ishjfia§
með‚ ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq frÈ úhkakkaf.ka fkdj l%s'j 11 jk ishjfia§ úchNdyq rcqf.a
mqfrdays;hka f,i með‚ W;=re bka§h n%dyauK msßilf.ka nj l=, l:lhkaf.a meyeÈ,s
lsßuhs' fuu woyi lreKduqksf.a wuqK fod,y kjl;dj ;=, fukau ^Whkaf.dv 2000&"
fidhsidf.a kj uyd jxYh fyj;a isxy, wd¾hfhda lD;sh ;=,o ^1991&" lreKduq‚ ð/kafvda
Tfífialr wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhg i,d.u n%dyauK jxYh kñka iemhq ,smsh ;=,o
^2001& wka;¾.; fõ'
b;sydi.; j;auka nuqKq l=,h wdrïN jkafka uyd úchNdyq rcq ^1055-1110&
t;=udkka Tgqkq m,|jd .ekSu i|yd W;=re bkaÈhdfõ idf,hshd .u ^Yd,s .%du& jdiS
Wiia n%dyauK msßi f.kajd .eksfuka miqjh' tfiau idf,hshd .u fojrla jia úiQ
nqÿka jykafia fu.ï jeishkag oyï foiñka nqÿ oyu .ek ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd
ÿka fial' wk;=rej W.;a nqoaêu;a nqÿkqjka jQ tu n%dyauK mrmqr fn!oaO foaYj,
rcqka fj; mqfrdays;hka f,i f.dia we;' wyUqjlska fuka ,xldjg mdù wd yoao
lÉpdkd l=ußhf.a wd-.ukhg weh úiska f.kajd.;a ifydaor yhfokdo iuÕ
með‚ msßi wm fï l;d lrk n%dyauKhka f,i ie,fla' id,sh mín; n%dyauKhd
foajdkï msh;siai rc;=udf.a mqfrdays; n%dyauKhd fõ' Tyq idf,hshd .u fn!oaO
mrmqf¾ nqÿka jiaúiQ id,sh mín; jxYfhka mejf;kafkl= nj meyeÈ,sj fmfka'
uyd úchNdyq fou< wdl%u‚lhka uev mj;ajd rg ikaiqka lsÍfuka wk;=rej Tyqf.a
fu!,s ux.,a,h i|yd iqÿiq l,ah,a n,d iqodkï jQfha tu Wodr iïNdjkSh ux.,
lghq;a; lrjd .ekSug iqÿiafil= rg mqrd fijQ kuq;a m%h;akh id¾:l fkdjqfhka
W;=re Ndr;h Woõ lr .;af;ah'
W;a;r oUÈõ ;,fha fldai, uyd rdcHfhys Yd,s.%du n%dyauK .ï okõfjka ms<s.;a
W.;a m%N+ n%dyauK msßila f.kajd .ekSu ms‚i wrdì fj,| kdhlfhla jq fmßh
ußlald¾ keu;s whf.a kej Wmfhda.S lrf.k ¥; msßila msg;afldg heùh' tjlg
fou, wdl%u‚lhka yd uqyqÿ fld,a,lrejka uqyqÿ .ukau. ks;r lrla.yk neúka
Tjqkaf.ka wdrlaId ù ;u b,lalh lrd ksremøs;j hdug myiq ùu i|yd tu wrdì
kej msysgg .kq ,enqfka rcqf.a ;SlaIK nqoaê uysuh ksidh'
¥; msßi ;u fufyh wjYH mßÈ bgqlr.kq ,enqfõ trg rcqf.a mq¾K wkq.%yh ,nd
.ksñks' trg rcq f;dard fírd ÿka n%dyauK msßio iuÕ .sh kefjkau wdmiq ¥; msßi
fírej, jrdhg fiakaÿ jQfha lsisÿ w;jrhlg ,la fkdùfuks'
bkamiq rc;=udf.a mQ¾K wêlaIKh uOHhfha rcqf.a werhqðka fuys með‚ ¥; msßi
ms,sf.k wkqrdOmqrh n,d f.kf.dia iqÿiq mßÈ úfõl .kajd rdclSh ms,s.eksfuka
wk;=rej n,meje;ajQ isß; - úß; wkqj úchNdyq rc;=udf.a Tgqkq me,|úu fuu
i,d.u n%dyauK msßi w;ska isÿlrk ,§' fuu rdclSh Wf,, mj;ajkq ,enqfõ
wkqrdOmqr r;akud,S iE u¿fõ§ l%s'j 1088 fjila mqka fmdfyda Èkfha§h
^lreKduq‚ 2001(53&
fuu n%dyauK msßi /f.k wd nj lshk fldähla yd tys ixrplhka ms,sn|j úYajfha Tn;a
uu;a kï fmd;lskao" fy,Èj nuqKqj; kï mqia;lfhkao" W!fõ cklúhlao Wmqgd olajñka
iõ,shia lreKduqks úia;r lrhs ^2001&'
úchNdyq uy ksßÿf. isri u; Tgqkq ;nkakg ierfikafka

oUÈj id,sh mqrfhka id,sh l=, nuqKka fuys f.kajkafka
Tgqkq m<|jd fï jr ,enf.k rdc mqfrdays;hka jkafka
wikqh úia;r fldäfha mejfik id,s mqfrka wd nuqKkaf.a
bry| uqÿfka uq¿j, nenf,hs i;iajia;sl fol hg fofldfka

;%SY=,h yd rkal. l;srh f,i mQk kqf,ks .eg .eiqfka
ueo rka flkaäh jfÜ fk¿ï fm;s f,a r;a meyefhks nenf,kafka
W;=ï i,d.u nuqKka i;= tu fldäfha úia;r oek.kafka
fy,Èj nuqKqj; - lreKduq‚ ^2001(54&
m,uqjk úchNdyq uyrc;=udf.a wNsfIalh i|yd fírej, isg wkqrdOmqrh n,d ;uka
le|jdf.k hkq ,enq o¾YkSh fmryef¾ br-y| -iajiaÒlh - ylaf.äh - mqk kQ,h -
flkaäh - lvqj - ;%SY+,h hk W;=ï ,l=Kq wglska hqla; jQ j¾Kj;a Och i,d.u
n%dyauK jreka úiska f.k tk ,o neõ lshfõ'
úYajfhys Tn;a uu;a - msgqj 284^lreKduq‚ 2001(54&
n,msáh cd;sl ùr iure ixúOdkh uÕska 1992 jif¾ fmnrjdß 15 Èk meje;ajq n,msáh
cd;l ùr iure Wf<, fjkqfjka ksl=;al, l=vd uqøs; m%ldYkhl by; Wmqgd oelaùï j,g
wu;rj n,msá jreK kï moH mx;shlao ˜ft;sydisl n,msá Och˜ kï ud;Dldj hgf;a
olajd we;'
W;=ï nuqKq i;afok f.k wd fldäh

W;=ï ,l=Kq wglska iqieÿk fldäh
W;=ï ye.=ï § tä .kajk fldäh
W;=ï fldäh iqÈf,a n<msá fldäh
n<msá jreK ^n,msáh cd;sl ùr iure Wf<, 1992(02(15&
fï wkqj ˜W;=ï ,l=Kq wg˜ my; mßÈ yÿkd .; yel'
1' br 2' y|
3' iajiaÒlh 4' ylaf.äh
5' mQk kQ, 6' flkaäh
7' lvqj 8' ;%sY+,h

fuu ixfla; ixrplhka f,i Ndú;dfldg i,d.u n%dyauKhka /f.k með‚
fldäh kñka ;j;a fldähla i,d.u l=,h úiska ks¾udKh lrf.k we;s nj fmfka'
n,msáh cd;sl ùr iure Wf,, fjkqfjka ksl=;a l, uqøs; m%ldYkfha ^1992& msgljrh
ks¾udKh lr we;af;a fufia ks¾udKh jq fldäfhks' .d,a, fld<U m%Odk ud¾.fha
fld<U foiska yd .d,a, foiska n,msáh m%dfoaYsh iNd n, m%foaYh werfUk ia:dkhkays
fuu fldäh iys; mqjrejl ñ,msáh - ùrjrhkaf.a mqrjrh˜ f,i igyka fldg mj;skq
oel.; yel'
fy,Èj nuqKq j; lD;sfha ˜bry| uqÿfka nenf,hs'''''˜ lúh ;=,ska úia;r flfrk
W;=ï ,l=Kq w;r ylaf.äh fkdmj;sk w;r ta fjkqjg iajiaÒl ,l=Kq folla wka;¾.;j
we;' fuu ldjH miqìñka igka lrñka i,d.u n%dyauK jxYsl fldäh f,i kï flrekq
fldähla ñ/kafvda Tfífialr ish lkao Wvrg iudc ixúOdkh yd m%N+jre lD;sfha
^2005(83& olajd we;s w;r tys ixrplhka by; ldjHfha úia;rhkag wkqrEmj f.dv keÕS
we;s nj fmfka' flfia kuq;a n,msáh m%foaYfha i,d.u m%cdj ;u l=, ixfla;hka f,i
yÿkd.kafka m,uqj i|kaj we;s ylaf.äho ixrplhla jk fldäh nj bÈß úYaf,aIKhka
;=,§ meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
m%uqL l=,h ms,sn| ixl,amh iy lrdj yd i,d.u l=,
m%uqL l=,h ms,sn| ixl,amh uQ,sl f,i bkaÈhdkq iudc úoHd{ Y%S ksjdia f.a bÈßm;a
lsÍuls' id¾j uÜgfï l=, ia:rdhkhka laIqø uÜgug .uka lrk úg úlrKhkag Ndckh
jk nj m%uqL l=,h ms<sn| ixl,amh Tiafia meyeÈ,s fõ' úfYaIfhkau m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallhkaf.a n,h yd wdêm;H ms<sn| úIhh lafIa;%fha§" tu ixisoaêh meye§u i|yd
Yla;su;a kHdhsl fuj,ula m%uqL l=,h ms<sn| ixl,amh iïmdokh lrhs' l=, ixúOdkfha
m%d:ñlu tallh jk .ul kdhl;ajhg m;ajkafka .ïudkfha fjfik OQrdj,sfha by,u
uÜgu ork l=,h fkdj .ïudkfha nyq;rh jk tfiau OQrdj,sfha my,skau fkdmsysgk
l=,hlah hkak isxy, l=, l%uh ;=, ksÍlaIkh l, yels ixisoaêhls' fufia kdhl;ajhg
m;ajk l=,h m%uqL l=,h f,i yeÈk.; yel'
wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha l=, jHqyh
1' lrdj 2' i,d.u 3' jyïmqr$yl=re
4' kjkaokak 5' yskak 6' rcl$rod
uQ,dY% ( Jiggins ^1979&" is,ajd ^2000&" ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ Pkao ysñ

kduf,aLk iy iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh
n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha l=, jHqyh
1' i,d.u 2' lrdj
3' kjkaokak 4' rcl$rod
5' fnrj 6' yskak
7' jyïmqr$yl=re 8' f.dú.u
uQ,dY% ( Jiggins ^1979&" ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ Pkao ysñ

kduf,aLk iy iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh
fï wkqj wïn,kaf.dv yd n,msáh m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaYhka ;=, l=, jHqyh

ksÍlaIKh l, úg wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNd n, m%foaYfha 98] la muK jk îs,ajd 2000
(139& w;s nyq;r lrdj l=, ksfhdackho" Tjqka l=, ia:rdhkfha uOHu uÜgu ksfhdackh
lsÍu o uÕska fmkakqï flfrkafka wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,h lrdj
l=,h njhs' m%foaYfha ue;sjrK p¾hdj fuu ;;ajh fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s lrhs' ð.skaia f.a ^1979&
wOHhkhkag wkqj 1947 - 1956 wïn,kaf.dv - n,msáh nyq uka;%S wdik fldÜGdY iufha§
wïn,kaf.dv m%foaYfha lrdj l=, Pkao Tiafia lrdj l=,fha wfmalaIlfhla wksjd¾hfhkau
ch.kq ,eìks' 1960 - 1970 w;r ue;sjrk i|yd wïn,kaf.dv wdikfhka bÈßm;aj
we;af;a;a" ch.%ykh lr we;af;a;a lrdj l=, wfmalaIlhka jk w;r fjk;a l=,hl
^jyïmqr& wfmalaIlfhla bÈßm;aj we;s tlu wjia:dj jk 1970 ue;sjrKfha§ tu
wfmalaIlhd ,nd we;af;a iuia; Pkao m%udKfhka 3 ] la mu‚ ^Jiggins 1979& ' 1979 - 1997
w;r wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdjg f;aÍ m;ajQ k.r iNslhka ish¨ fokdu mdfya lrdj l=,
miqìula iys; ùu fuu ;;ajh ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lrhs' n,msáh m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaYfha
l=, jHqyfha nyq;rh w;alr .kafka i,d.u l=,hhs' kuq;a fiiq l=,hkao ie,lsh hq;=
m%;sY;hlska m%foaYh ;=, Èú f.jk ksid tlS ksfhdackh w;snyq;rhla njg m;ajkafka ke;
^wxl 6 j.=j&' n, m%foaYh ;=, msysá j;=f.or Wm k.rh wdY%s;j fojk úYd,;u l=,h jk
lrdj l=,h ixflakaøs;j we;' kjkaokak" fnrj" rcl ^rod& wd§ l=,hkao ;ks l=, .ïudk
f,i ixúOdkh ù we;' isxy, ckjd¾.sl lKavdhug wu;rj ie,lsh hq;= uqia,sï jreka
msßilao n,msáh k.rh wdY%s;j Ôj;a fõ' fï ksid n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallh ;=,
m%uqL l=,h yÿkd .ekSu wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k tallhg idfmalaIj hï
ixlS¾k;ajhla .kakd nj fmkS hk kuq;a fuys§o ñksiqkaf.a ue;sjrK p¾hdj wOHhkh ta
i|yd iEfyk wdf,dalhla ,nd fokq we;' fï i|yd kej;;a ð.skaia f.a wOHhkh foig
fhduqjQ úg fmkS hkafka 1947 - 1956 wïn,kaf.dv - n,msáh oaú uka;%S wdik iufha uy
ue;sjrk ;=,§ n,msáh i,d.u l=, Pkao Tiafia i<d.u l=, wfmalaIlfhla wksjd¾hfhkau
f;aÍ m;aù we;s njhs' 1960 - 1970 ;ks uka;%S wdik iufha§ tla wjia:djl§ muKla ^1965
uy ue;sjrKh& lrdj l=, iïNjhla iys; ,xld iuiudc mlaIfha wfmalaIlhd b;d l=vd
jeä Pkao m%udKhlska chf.k we;' fuys§o l=, moku l%ShdldÍ úu fydÈka ;yjqre lrñka
tu mlaIfhkau 1970 ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a jQ i,d.u l=, iïNjhla iys; wfmalaIlhd
meyeÈ,s nyq;r Pkao m%udKhla ysñlrf.k we; ^Jiggins 1979&' jvd laIqø ;,hg fyj;a
m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ^m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ& iNslhkaf.a l=, moku fj; fhduq jqjfyd;a
tyso nyq;rh i,d.u l=,h ksfhdackh lrhs' fojk ;ek lrdj ksfhdackhg ,efí' iuyr
wjia:djka j,§ uqia,sï ksfhdackhlao oel.; yel' lemS fmfkk ldrKh jkafka wfkl=;a
iq¿;r l=,j, ksfhdackhla olakg fkdue;s njhs ^wxl 4'3 j.=j&' tla wjia:djl§ mukla
tla kjkaokakd l=, ksfhdackhla olakg ,enqKq kuq;a tlS ksfhdackh È.ska È.gu
mej;=fka ke;' fuhg fya;= f,i my; ldrKd ksÍlaIKh l, yel'
1. iq¿;r l=, lKavdhï j, Pkao fndfyda m%udKhla m%uqL l=,h jk i,d.u

wfmalaIlhka fj; fhduq ùu'
2. m%Ok mlaI iq¿;r l=, j, mqoa.,hka fj; wfmalaIl;ajh ,nd §u b;d iSñ; ùu'
3. iq¿;r l=, w;ßka fnfyduhla my;a l=, f,i ie,lSu yd ta ;=, m%Odk l=, j,
Pkao Tjqka fj; fhduq fkdùu'
m%foaYSh iNdfõ m%Odk foaYmd,k ;k;=r jk iNdm;s ;k;=r ysñjkqfha i,d.u l=,
iïNjhla iys; mqoa.,hl=gh hkak m%foaYh ;=, m%lg ldrKhls' fï ksid m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallfha n,h yd wdêm;H i,d.u l=,h fj; talrdYSùu isÿfõ' fuu ldrKd ie,ls,a,g
.;a úg n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,h jkafka i,d.u l=,h nj meyeÈ,sh'
n,msáh yd wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k tall j,g wod, by; idlÉPdj ;=,ska
fmkS hkafka mlaIh" mqoa.,hd" m%;sm;a;Ska l=ula jqjo wdêm;H orKqfha m%uqL l=,h njhs'
l=, ixfla; m%dfoaYSh md,k tallhkaf.a ks, ixfla; njg mßj¾;kh ùu
n,msáh m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ ks, ,dxckfha yd Ocfha ixrplhka jkafka lvqj ;%sY+,h
yd ylaf.ähhs' fï wkqj ,xldjg með‚ i,d.u n%dyauKhska f.k tk ,oehs l=, l:lhka
i|yka lrkq ,nk fldäfha wka;¾.; ˜W;=ï ,l=Kq wg˜ w;ßka f;dard .ekqkq ixfla;
;%s;ajhlska n,msáh m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ ks, ikakï ks¾udKh ù we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'
l=, l:lhka úiska bÈßm;a lrk uq,dY% j, i;Hdi;H;dj fuf;la m¾fhaIlhka
;yjqre fldg ke;;a fuu wOHhkhg jeo.;a jkafka uq,dY%j, wdrïNl i;Hdi;H;dj
fkdj fuu ixfla; ;u l=,h iuÕ wkkHlr .ksñka l=, m%cdj úiska ksr;jk
.kqfoKqfõ iajNdjh;a" È.= l,la Ndú;h yd" uqL mrïmrd.;j yd ,sÅ;j mej;su Tiafia
fulS ixfla; iïm%odhla njg m;aùu;a fõ' fuu ,laIK iuqodh by; l=, fldä yd tajdfha
wvx.= wNHka;r ixfla; ;=, mj;sk nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu ixfla;uh Ndú;h l=, l;sldfõ
;j;a me;slvla meyeÈ,s lrhs' ta l=, ufyaIdlHh;ajh ms,sn| ixjdohhs' fuu ixfla; tu
ixjdoh ;=, ueÈy;a jkafka l=, ufyaIdlHh;ajh ms,sn| oDIHuh ixksfõokhla bÈßm;a
lrk m%Odk wx.hla f,isks' ˜i,d.u l=,fha mqfrda.dóka n%dyauKhkah' Tjqka ,dxlSh
rcl=g Tgqkq me,|ùu i|yd bkaÈhdfjka með‚ w;r tu n%dyauKhka úiska W;=ï ,l=Kq
wglska ieÿKq Ochlao /f.k wdfõh˜ hk bÈßm;a lsÍï Tiafia l=, ixfla; njg
mßj¾;kh jQ fuu ixfla; ud,dj id¾j iudch ;=," fm!v;ajh" úYsIaG;ajh" fi!Nd.H"
Wiia nj wd§ ufkda Ndjhka cks; lrk tajd fõ ^WodyrK f,i mQk kq, bka§h
n%dyauKhkaf.a ixfla;hla jk w;r ta ;=, l=, ks¾ñ;fha by,u ;,h ms,sn| ix{djka
wka;¾.;j we;&' m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ks, ikakï ;=,g fuu ixfla; ixflakaøKh jQ
úg thska ixksfõokh flfrkafka fuu m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha n,h yd wdêm;H ork
l=,h i,d.u nj;a" Tjqka fYaIaG iïNjhla iys; Wiia l=,hlah nj;a h'
n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallh ñY% l=, ksfhdackhla iys; wêldßhla nj fmr§
meyeÈ,s lr we;' úfYaIfhka ie,lsh hq;= lrdj l=, ksfhdackhla m%dfoaYSh iNdj ;=,
olakg we;' isxy, ckjd¾.sl;ajhg wu;rj uqia,sï ckjd¾.sl lKavdhuo fkdi,ld y,
yels l=vd;r ixLHdjla fkdfõ' kuq;a i,d.u l=,fha ixfla; muKla ks, ,dxPk yd Oc
;=,g wka;¾.;jQfha flfiao@ fuu ;;ajh meyeÈ,s l, yelafla m%uqL l=,h ms,sn| ixl,amh
Tiafiah' tkï m%foaYfha nyq;r l=,h jkakd jQ;a" l=, OQrdj,sfha my,skau ia:dk.;
fkdjkakd jQ;a i,d.u l=,h n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,h f,i l%shd;aul
jk njhs' m%uqL l=,h" m%foaYh ms<sn| n,h yd wdêm;H flakaø.; jQ l=,hhs' fuu n,fha yd
wdêm;Hhfha ks, uqyqKqjr jkafka m%dfoaYSh md,k tallhhs' th ffk;sl ixia:djls' tys
n,h yd wdêm;H iqcd;lrkhg ,lajkafka m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdlD;sh yrydh' fuls wdlD;sh
yuqfõ ñyq;r leue;a;˜ b;d meyeÈ,sj l%shd;aul ù we;s wjia:djla f,i ks, ikakï
ms,sn| ldrKh bÈßm;a fõ' fuys jeä ÿr lshùu jkafka m%uqL l=,fha n,h yd wdêmH
yuqfõ wksl=;a l=, hgm;a ù we;s njhs' fuu ;;ajh fiiq l=, m%cdj úiska m%Yak lrk
njlao olakg ke;' thg m%;smlaIj iq¿;r l=, lKavdhï m%uqL l=,h fj; foaYmd,uh
iyfhda.h m,lrkq fndfyda úg olakg ,efí'
wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdfõ ks, ,dxckh yd Och ks¾udKh ù we;af;a lrdj l=,fha
m%Odk ixfla;hla jk ulr rejla weiqßks' m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,fha l=,
ixfla;hla wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdfõ ks, ,dxckh yd Och njg m;aù we;s nj fï wkqj
meyeÈ,sh' n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ks, ,dxPkfha yd Ocfha ixrplhkag
ft;sydisl wka;¾.;hla bÈßm;a jkakdfia u ulrd ixfla;h lrdj l=,hg ysñùu ms,sn|jo
b;sydihla ks¾udKh ù we;' fï ms,sn|j uQ,sl igyk f,i bÈßm;a jkafka uqlalr ygk
kï jQ ,shú,a,hs' fï wkqj fldaÜfÜ Y%S mrdl%uNdyq rc iufha mqkakd, foaYfha uqlal=r kï
jQ ck fldgila ,xldj wdl%uKh l, nj;a" fudjqka yd igka fldg meroùug uQ,sl;ajh
.;af;a fl!rj jxYslhka nj;a" ta fjkqfjka Y%S mrdl%uNdyq rcq úiska msßkuk ,o oE w;r
ulr fldäho wka;¾.; nj;a fmfka'
ta yer rdjKd fldäho bry| fldäho ulrhd fldäho ud, foßikao jÜg fma/ia
uqÿ o r;a;rx lia:dk ß§ lia:dk rx yjä ß§ yjä o rx nkaÈ ß§ nkaÈ o rx nia;x
ß§ nia;x o l¾K l=Kav,d o jvk ;, w;= o we,s iajrx fol fol o ß§ ;eá Í§
iq,dx o ß§ yeÈ o ß§ fld;,do ßÈ j,x o fulS ;dkdka;r ,efnñka oywg
f;dguqfkag fj,odug hkjdg tkjdg ;Srej iÕx uqoaor ñ, ke;s ieáhg uy
jdi,ska mksjqv Wkdhe
Ô¾unkaÿ 1962(99 - uqlalr ygk" Raghawan 1961( 176&
lrdj l=,fha wjux.,H W;aij ;=, iïm%odhslj Ndú;d flrñka mj;sk ixfla;dj,sh w;ro
ulr fldäh mj;sk nj;a" tlS ixfla;dj,sh iuÕ /f.k hk ;j;a Ochl Y%S mrdl%uNdyq
rcq úiska fuu ixfla;dj,sh m%odkh l, nj i|yka nj;a fmr§ olajd we;'fuu ldrKd u;
meyeÈ,s jkafka ulrd ish l=,fha ixfla; w;r m%uqL;ajhlska lrdj l=,h i,lk njhs'
ulrd iajNdúl i;ajhska lsysm fofkl=f.a ,laIK leálr .;a uk#l,ams; i;l= jk w;r
fujeks ixhqla; i;ajhska mer‚ ixialD;sfha wx.hla úh' tfiau th n,h ms,sn|
ixfla;hlao fõ' r>jdka ^1961( 170& olajkafka ulrd - mD;Dúh" c,h" w.aks" jd;h hk
uQ,sldx. ms<sn| ixfla;d;aul bÈßm;a lsÍula njhs'
wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdfõ ,dxPkh l,dY+Í Èjx.; cqjkajvq wdßhmd,o is,ajd úf–
iQßhf.a ^wdßhmd, .=rekakdkafiaf.a& woyils îs,ajd 2000(79&' wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNd Och
ks¾udKh lsÍfï lñgqj iS' o weia' l=,;s,l" n¾kdÙ f,dl=f.a" nkaÿ, m%kdkaÿ hk
uy;=kaf.ka iukaú; úh ^ is,ajd 2000(80 &' fudjqka cd;sl uÜgñka m%lg mqoa.,hka fõ' iS'
o weia' l=,;s,l foaYSh ix.S;h ms,sno wOHhkhkays kshe,S iqm%lg mqoa.,fhls' n¾kdÙ
f,dl=f.ao m%lg Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls' wdßhmd, .=rekakdkafia flda,ï" k¾;kh" fjia uqyqkq l,dj
ms,sno lS¾;su;a l,dlrefjls' fuu mqoa.,hka b;d iú{dksl f,i ;u l=,h ksfhdackh
ioyd ks, ,dxPk ;=, l=, ixfla; yiqrejd we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'
,dxPkfha ulrd fhdod .ekSug fya;=j th lrdj l=,fha fldäfha mej;s ,dxckh
ùu ksid hhs wdßhmd, uy;d mjihs'
îs,ajd 2000(79&
fuu iú{dksl nj by; mqoa.,hkag muKla yqol,djQ m%mxphla hhs is;sh fkdyel' th
m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ksfhdað;hka we;=¿ l=,jd§ m%N+ka iuia;hlf.a l=,jd§ ufkda
Ndjfha m%ldYkhla f,i yeÈk.ekSu jvd idOdrK fõ' ukao k.r iNd wkkH;djg fuu
ikakï fhda.H fkdfõ kï ta ms,sno úfõpk yd úfrdaO;d t,a,úh hq;=j mej;s neúks'
kuq;a tjeks úfrdaO;d yd úfõpk ms,snoj wikakg fkd,efnk w;r fuu ks, ,dxckh yd
Och k.r iNd ikakï f,i §¾> ld,hla mejf;ñka ;sfí'
cd;shla úiska Ydia;%Sh miq;,hla iys; mqoa.,hka f,i yeÈk.kakd lñgqjla ;u

m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ks, ixfla;" l=, ixfla; Tiafia ixrpkh lr ;sfí'
k.riNd Ocfha uOHfha we;s ulrdf.ka fl!rj jxYho" ks,a meyefhka lrÈh
j,,a,o ûqyqo& "ta jgd we;s ly meye;s f¾Ldfjka f;acio ixfla;j;a flf¾' Ocfha
iqÿ meyefhka oeyeñ nj ^ks¾u, nj& woyia flf¾
îs,ajd 2000(80&'
fï wkqj n,msáh m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha ks, ikakï ;=,§ fuka" wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh
md,k tallfha ks, ikakï ;=,skao l=, fYaIaG;ajh ms,sno woyi ikaksfõokhg W;aiy
f.k we;s nj fmfka' flda,ï fjia uqyqKq k¾;k relv wd§ wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallfha wkkH;dj m%ldYhg m;a l, yels foia úfoia m%lg úYsIag wx. /ila th i;=j
mj;S' úúO m¾fhaIlhkaf.a wOHhkhka Tiafia fï ms,sno iqúi,a idys;Hhla f.dv ke.S
mej;su tu úYsIaG;ajhg idlaIshls' kuq;a fuls ish¨ wx.hka ksfYaOkh lrñka
wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdfõ wkkH;dj bÈßm;a lsßug m%uqL;u yd fhda.H;u wx.h f,i
l=, ixfla;hla bÈßm;aj we;'
ks.uk
mßmd,k foayhka Tjqkaf.a iaj-wkkH;dj f.dv k.Kq ,nkafka Tjqkaf.a ixúOdk

jHqyh yd Tjqka kdhl;ajh fok ñksiqkaf.a fm!¾I;ajh u; mokïjhs hkqfjka Allison
^1971& Wmqgd olajñka Shuffield ^2002& úiska isÿlrK i|yk Tyq úiska wOHkh lrkq ,nk
wußldkq miq;,hg muKla fkdj ,dxlSh mßirh iïnkaOfhkao idOdrK jk nj fmfka'
wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,h f,i lrdj l=,ho" n,msáh m%dfoaYSh
md,k tallfha m%uqL l=,h f,i i<d.u l=,ho iaj l=, lKavdhu fj; m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallh ;=, we;s n,h yd wdêm;H m%ldY lsÍfï oDIHuh ifla;hla f,i md,k
tallhkaf.a ks, ikakï ;=,g l=, ixfla; we;=,;a lr we;' jvd;a meyeÈ,sj lshkjd kï
fuu ks, ikakï ;=, we;s m%Odk;u ixrplhka jkafka l=, ixfla;hkah' fuu l=,
ixfla;j, ixfla;d;aul Ndú;h l=,h ksfhdackh lrkjd;a iuÕu l=, ufyaIdLH;ajho
ksfhdackh lrhs' tajd l=, l:lhska úiska l=, ixfla; u; ;nk ,o wdLHdkhka jk w;r
tu wdLHdkhka ìysjkafka l=, lKavdhï w;r" úfYaIfhkau f.dú.u l=,h wNsnjd lrdj"
i,d.u yd ÿrdj l=, wêrdcHjd§ iuh ;=, by<g tiù.ekSu;a iuÕs‚' m%dfoaYSh md,k
tallhl ks, ikaku hkq m%dfoaYSh md,k tallfha oDIH mßirh isidrd ia:dmkh jk"
ksrka;r wei .efgk" ta fya;=fjka ñksia uki ;=,g ksrdhdifhka ldjÈk hula fõ' fuu
ikakï Tiafia oDIH mßirh ;=, l=, ufyaIdLH;ajfha wdLHdkhkao" l=, wdêm;Hfha
wdLHdkhkao ia:dms; lr we;'
wdY%s; .%ka: - bx.%Sis
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wdY%s; .%ka: - isxy,

wurfialr" ohd (1984) ' iudc úoHdfõ uq,sl ixl,am ' fndr,eia.uqj ( wdrsh m%ldYlfhda
wurfialr" ohd(1992) ' 1993 ' bkaoshdkq l=, l%ufha fjkiaùu ms,sn| úuiqula ' iudc úuiqu" wxl 08
wurfialr" ohd(1994) ' iudc úoHdfõ isoaOdka; yd úêl%u ' jrlfmd< ( wdrsh m%ldYlfhda
wurfialr" ohd (1996) ' Y%S ,xld iudch - iudc úoHd;aul úuiqula ' jrlfmd< ( wdrsh m%ldYlfhda
wurisxy" ir;a iy ;j;a wh (2001) ' iudc úoHdj ms,sn| Yìo fldaIh ' uq,af,arshdj ( úfcaiqrsh
.%ka: flakaøh
wur;=x." .S;dks (2003) ' Y%s ,xldfõ iïm%odhsl .eñ iudch fjkiaúu' iudc iñlaId " f;jeks
l,dmh
w;=fldard," lreKd;siai(1992$93) ' Y%S ,xldfõ fjkia jk .u iy tys h:d¾;h ms,sn| újrKhla'
iudc úuiqu " wxl 08
O¾unkaÿ" à' weia(1962) ' fl!rj jxY l;dj ' m%ldYs; ia:dkhla rys;hs ( m%ldYlfhla rys;hs
ërdkkao" y`.=rkafl;(2002) ' rdcHh yd rdcH;ajfha j¾Okh( mQ¾j rdcHh wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s
foaYmd,ksl miqìu ms,sn| ft;sydisl úuiqula'ohd wurfialr yd frdays; osidkdhl úiska
ixialrKh lrk ,o b`ÿjr - m¾fhalaIKd;aul f,aLk ix.%yh - b;sydih ' jrlfmd, ( wdrsh
m%ldYlfhda
osidkdhl" Wfìfialr(2003)' kqjr l,dúfha mqrdK .u ' iudc iñlaId " f;jk l,dmh
.=Kfialr" iqúkS;d(1982)'iudc úoHdj ' fld<U ( iS$i weï ä .=Kfiak iy iud.u
.=Kj¾Ok" fla' ví (1997)' 16 jk ishjfia isg 19 jk ishjfia wjidkh olajd Y%s ,xldfõ wd¾Òlh
yd iudch ' Y%s ,xldfõ b;sydih - ;=ka jk fldgi ' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
.=Kj¾Ok" rKùr (1993)' isjqr yd k.=, ' fld<U ' iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh
fyauka; l=udr" tka 'ù' Ô' t(1997)' iudc úoHdj yd udkj úoHd m%fõYh ' fld<U( weia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda
whsjka" úlag¾ (1999) ' Y%S ,xldfõ kq;k ler,slrejdf.a iudc miqìu ' kqf.af.dv ( ÿ¾.d
m%ldYlfhda
chj¾Ok" l=udßs(2002) ' “mj;a fkdoek nuk u;ska - kg;a ÿ.sfhd iqrd u;ska ( wrlal= fj<|dfuka
Y%S ,xldfõ Okm;s mx;sh f.dvke`.=kq wkaou” ' m%jdo "wxl 21
lreK;s,l" fla (1991) ' iudc úoHd kHdh ' lvj; ( ud,sx. m%ldYlfhda
lreKd;s,l" mS' ù' î (1990 – 91) ' merKs ,xldfõ l=, yd iudc m%fNao ' iudc úuiqu " wxl 07
lreKduqKs" iõ,shia(2001) ' i,d.u n%yauK jxYh ' Y%S ,xldfõ l=, ixhq;sh - wdpd¾h ñ/kafvda
Tfìfialr wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh ' m%ldYs; ia:dkhla rys;hs ( isxy, ixialD;sl ixúOdkh
lreKdkkao" Wlal=nKavd(1995)' kqjr l,dúfha iudc iïnkaO;d 1815 - 1900' le<Ksh ( l¾;D
m%ldYk
l=udriajdñ" wdkkao ^mrsj¾;kh tÉ tï fidaur;ak&(1962) ' uOH ld,Sk isxy, l,d ' fld<U ( ,xld
wdKavqfõ uqøKd,h
l=udr;=x. ä' Ô(1997) ' Y%S ,xldjg wd¾hhkaf.a meðKSu yd ckdjdi jHdma;s” ' ä cS l=udr;=x. úiska
ixialrKh lrk ,o Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih i - wdrïNfha isg fldaÜfÜ hq.h olajd ' lvj; ( wNh
uqøk Ys,amsfhda
l=udr;=x." ä' Ô (1997) ' Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih iliaùu flfrys N+f.da,Sh idOlhkaf.a n,mEu ' ä cS
l=udr;=x. úiska ixialrKh lrk ,o Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih - wdrïNfha isg fldaÜfÜ hq.h olajd '
lvj; ( wNh uqøk Ys,amsfhda
fukaäia ' Ô' iS ^wkqjdol kS,a Y%S úfcaisxy &(1966) ' ,xld b;sydifha .eg¨ ' fld<U ( ,xld
wefmd;slÍia iud.u
fuda¾" ñla(1998) ' j¾. ^jdo& h" l=, ^fNao& h iy OfkaYajrfha iqcd; Ndjh ' Y%S ,xldfõ mkia
jirl ksoyi ' uyr.u( rdjh m%ldYk
kdys;" uy mq,shkal=,fï(1998) ' iudc úoHdfõ uQ,sldx. ' l=,shdmsáh ( l¾;D m%ldYk
kS;s ks>Kavqj(1998) ' yrsiapkaø úch;=x. ixialrKh fld<U ( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhd
Tfífialr" ;s,la wd¾' ñ/kafvda (2004) ' lkao Wvrg iudc ixúOdkh iy m%N+jre ' cd we,(
iuka;s m%ldYlfhda
TIdï" ta' t,a(1965) ' wisrsu;a bkaoshdj ' fld<U( rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYk wxYh
mrKú;dk" fikr;a (1964) ' wd¾hh ckdjdi: isxy,fhda ' fyaï pkaørdh m%Odk ixialdrl jQ Y%S
,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydihÊ le<Ksh( úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd,fha uqøKd,h
mrKú;dk" weia (2004) ' Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾hh ckdjdi yd wdoS md,lfhda ' weia ' î fyÜáwdrÉÑ
mrsj¾;k ixialdrl f,i l%shd l, iS ' ví,sõ ' ksfl,ia yd weia ' mrKú;dk rpkd l, ixlaIs;
,xld b;sydihla . kqf.af.dv ( iuka m%ldYlfhda
fmf¾rd" chka;(1986) ' iudc úoHd m%fõYh ' fld<U ( Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kh
fmf¾rd" fgksika(1986) ' bkaoSh l=, l%uh ms,sn| ú.%yhla . iudc úuiqu" wxl 04
fmf¾rd" fgksika î' ta (1993) ' udkj úoHd yd iudc úoHd m%fõYh . fld<U 10( tia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda
mSrsia" /,a*a (2005) ' isxy, iudc ixúOdkh ' fndr,eia.uqj ( iS$i ^fm!oa.,sl& úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda
m%kdkaÿ" Ysfrdaud,a (2001) ' fl!rj laI;%Sh jxYh' › ,xldfõ l=, ixhq;sh - wdpd¾h ñ/kafvda
Tfífialr wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh' m%ldYs; ia:dkhla rys;hs ( isxy, ixialD;sl ixúOdkh
rdcmË" pkaøisß (1998)' l=vdlkavdhï ikaksfõokh ^ frdä l=,h wdYs%; m¾fhaIKhls& ' fld<U
(l¾;D m%ldYk
r;ak iNdm;s" weï iy B.A Hons(1963) ' ,xld yd bkaoshdkq b;sydih - wdos hq.fha isg l%s'j 1505
olajd ' fld<T ( weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u
r;akdhl" wfí (1999) ' iudc udkj úoHd kHdh ' fmardfoksh ( l¾;D m%ldYk
ir;a" ,hk,a (1989) ' isxy, cd;sl Ñka;kfha uQ,drïNh ' fld<U ( weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda
fiakddkdhl " msh;siai (2002) ' Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hkays b;sydih' ohd wurfialr
yd frdays; osidkdhl ixialrKh lrk ,o b`ÿjr - m¾fhaIKd;aul f,aLk ix.%yh - b;sydih '
jrlfmd, ( wdrsh m%ldYlfhda
is,ajd" ld,sx. áhqv¾(1990 - 1991) ' l=, l%uh .ek uq,sl ye|skaùula' iudc úuiqu" wxl 07
is,ajd" ld,sx. áhqv¾(1997)' l=,h mx;sh yd fjkiajk ,xld iudch ' uykqjr( m%cd wOHhk ljh
is,ajd"ld,sx. áhqv¾(2005) ' l=,h mx;sh yd ,xldfõ iudc .egqï ' fndr,eia.uqj ( iS$i úisÿkq
m%ldYlfhda
is,ajd" ðfkakaøjxY o (2000) ' wïn,kaf.dv mqrdKh ' wïn,kaf.dv ( wïn,kaf.dv k.r iNdj
is,ajd" tï' hQ o (1997) ' mD;=.SiSka hgf;a ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ' Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih - ;=ka jk
fldgi ' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
is,ajd" weï' hQ o (1998) ' › ,xldfõ l=, jevjiï l%uh ' kdj, ( l¾;D m%ldYk
fidhsid" Ô ' tï o (1990) ' kj uydjxYh fyj;a isxy, wd¾hhfhda ' m%ldYs; ia:dkhla rys;hs'
m%ldYlfhla rys;hs
iqNdIsKS " à' tï' Oïñld (2002) ' frdã ck iudch ' le,Ksh ( l¾;D m%ldYk
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih - m,jk fldgi(1994) ' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih - fojk fldgi(1995) ' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih - ;=ka jk fldgi(1997) ' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
Y%S ,xldfõ l=, ixhq;sh - wdpd¾hh ñ/kafvda Tfífialr wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh(2001) ' m%ldYs;
ia:dkhla rys;hs . isxy, ixialD;sl ixúOdkh
;ïnhshd" tia ' fÊ (1987). “ m%d.a ft;sydislfha mQ¾j i;Hhka' hd;%d . l,dm 01
Whkaf.dv" chfoaj(2000). f.a we;=f,a ueo ñÿf,a : l=,h " idOdrk;ajh iy iudk;ajh ms,snò YS%
,xldfõ foaYmd,k l;sldj . m%jdo , wxl 16
je,sf;dg(1971). n<msáh . n<msáh ;reK fn!oaO iñ;sfha m%ldYkhls
fjk;a uQ,dY%
http://www.defonseka.com
n<msáh cd;sl ùr iure ixúOdkh u`.ska 1992'02'15 osk meje;ajQ n<msáh cd;sl ùr iure Wf<,
fjkqfjka ksl=;a l, uqøs; m%ldYkh'
2005 Pkao ysñ kdu f,aLk - ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;=j'
ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ue;sjrK jd¾;d'
ví'tia o fidhsid iy tâukaâ wlalrj;a; úiska 1951.05.21 od;ñka le,Ksfha oS msgm;afldg

fnodyrsk ,o i,d.u fldäh (n,msáfha m;sr;ak o is,ajd uy;d i;=j mj;sk msgm;)'
wdLHdk narrations
ISSN 2478-0642

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wdLHdk narrations

open access, refereed journal

Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

Sarath Ananda - Chief Editor

Prof. Kalinga Tudor Silva

Submit your academic papers to sarath_a@yahoo.com or gprabath@gmail.com

Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies

Artist: Dr. Manoranjana Herath

Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

ශ්‍රී ඼ංකාවේ වේ඾ඳා඼නය වශ නාථ වදවියන්

m%uqL mo: kd: fojshka" ft;sydisl úldYkh" ,dxflah foaYmd,kh

fn!oaO ck iudcfhys ksn| j f.!rjdorhg ,lajk foúfhl= f,i kd: foúhka

uydhdk fn!oaOhka w;r wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;aj úYajdih we;s jkafka iïnqoaO

fndaêi;aj jkaokh yd nqoaO;ajh m%d¾:kd lsÍu .ïfmd< hq.fha Ys,d f,aLkj, iy

wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka o ffu;%S fndaêi;ajhka o isxy, fn!oaO iudc yd

úfYaIfhka .ïfmd< wjêh jk úg ,xldfõ úydrdrdu ;=<g foaYSh foajd, bÈùu;a

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha wjidk Nd.fha n,hg m;a yh jk nqjfklndyq fyj;a imqu,a

uykqjr rdcOdks iufha isg kej; kd: foúhkaf.a jeo.;alu f.dvkef.k nj

uykqjr wjêh jk úg rdcmom%dma; ùu yd iïnkaO jeo.;a pdß;% .Kkdjla

;jo Wvrg md,lhka rdcH;ajhg m;aùug fmr kula f;dard.ekSfï § yd Tgqkq

Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

කන්ද උඩරට රාජධානි වමවේ ඾රී ඼ාංවේය ශමුදාවේ

1' iómfha isg myr §u i`oyd Ndú; lrk wú wdhqO

1 rEmh lia:dk lvqj lia:dk lvqjl isxy ysi

(The Sinhala Sword, n.d).

1' uyÿkak fyj;a Wiÿkak

úI fmjQ fy,a, ms<sn`o j Y%S ,xld b;sydifhka idlaIs yuqfkdjqk o nqreufha § úI

1' ;rx.dldr ;,h iys; isßh'

2' ;=ka yq,ia ;,h iys; isßh'

mkaf;are k¾:k Ys,amshd(Kandyan Dancer, n.d).

nQurx.h fkdfyd;a pkaøjxlh

weïnelafla foajd,fha ,S leghula

ß§fhka ksujk ,o m,sia ^fyar;a" 2014" ms' 68&W;aij wjia:djkag iy m%N+kaf.a

Wvrg fjia k¾:k Ys,ahdf.a we`ÿï wdhs;a;ï(Kandyan Dancer, n.d).

18 rEmh 19 rEmh 20 rEmh 21 rEmh

ysia wdjrKhla' oïje,ska ksujQ lh ikakdy w;a uq¿ukska u ikakdyfhka

1' ld,;=jlal=j - m%udKfhka úYd, ld,;=jlal= (De Silva, 1971, p. 80).

2' fldä;=jlal=j iy fndkaälal=, ;=jlal= - m%udKfhka l=vd ieye,a¨ ld,;=jlal=

Wv/áhka úiska ;=jlal= ksIamdokh iy Ndú;h isÿ lrk ,oafoa mD;=.SiSkaf.a

lkao Wv/áhka úiska Ndú; l< ld,;=jlal=j nr wú >Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yelalls'

ld,;=jlal=j(The Sinhalese Army during the Portuguese, Dutch

lkao Wvrg m%foaYfha § ld,;=jlal= Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka m%dfhda.sl .eg¿jla mek

fldä;=jlal=j(The Sinhalese Army during the Portuguese,

fï wkqj fmkS hkafka lkao Wvrg fin<d úiska nr ld,;=jlal= iy ieye,a¨

foaYSh fin<d úiska Ndú; lrk ,o .,a;=jlal=j ngysr § ksIamdokh jQ ueÉf,dla

.,a;=jlal=j Ndú; lsÍu^.uf.a" 1997" ms' 60&

fï wdldrhg ksIamdokh lr Ndú; lrk ,o ;=jlal= j¾.hka lkao Wvrg yuqodfjys

myiqfjka ilid.; yels wdhqO iy myiqfjka wuqøjH imhd.; yels wdhqOhka

Chandler, D. (1974). The art of warfare on land. London. Hamlyn.

Chase, K W. (2003). Firearms, A Global History to 1700. Cambridge. Cambridge University

De Silva,A V. (2005).The Dutch in Ceylon. (,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka mß( iqÔj Èidkdhl).

Ministry of Defense. (2002). The Application of Force: An Introduction to Army Doctrine

Weir,W. (2006). 50 Weapons that changed warfare. London. Bounty books.

Wickremesekera, C. (2004). Kandy at War: Indigenous Military Resistance to European

fvdhs,s" fcdaka'^2005&'isxyf,a wdKavql%uh ms<sn`o ,qyq`vq igyka' ^mß( weyef,afmd< tÉ'weï

foajrdcd" f,dakd Y%Su;S' ^1997&'Wvrg rdcOdksh 1600-1782'^mß( l=iqï Èidkdhl&' kqf.af.dv'

mSßia" /,a*a'^2001&'isxy, iudc ixúOdkh uykqjr hq.h' ^mß( fla'ta'ã

úu,dkkao" à' ^1962&' Wvrg uy le/,a,' fld<U' weï"ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u'

iqrùr" ta ù' ^ixia'&' ^1997&' rdcdj,sh' fld<U' f,alayjqia'

Ydia;%Sh i`.rd ,sms- bx.%Sis

A brief history of anthropology. (n.d). Retrieved fromhttp://slideplayer.com/slide/5158334/

Elmy, D. (n.d). The End of an Archery Tradition-Sri Lanka Archery. Retrieved