10/25/2019

ERBIL PLOYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

ERBIL TECHNICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

engineering Mechanics
Module i

2- Force systeMs

By
Dr. Fahid Abbas Tofiq

Definition of ‘force’ can be given in several ways. Most simply it can

be defined as ‘the cause of change in the state of motion of a particle
or body’. It is of course, the product (multiplication) of mass of the
particle and its acceleration. F=m.a
Force is the manifestation of action of one particle on the other. It is a
vector quantity. Force is represented as a vector .i.e an arrow with its
magnitude.
A Force has following basic characteristics
i) Magnitude
ii) Direction
iii) Point of application
iv) Line of action 2

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SYSTEMS OF FORCES
When a mechanics problem or system has
more than one force acting, it is known as a
‘force system’ or ‘system of force’.

Coplanar Force System

When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single
plane is called coplanar force system.

Non-Coplanar Force System

When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in one
plane, is called Non-coplanar force system
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Collinear Force System

When the lines of action of all the forces of a system act along the same
line, this force system is called collinear force system.

Parallel Forces: lie in the same plane and have lines of action that never intersect
each other. Two forces that are parallel can either be in the same direction or in
opposite directions.

Concurrent Force System

The forces when extended pass through a single point and the point is called point of
concurrency. The lines of actions of all forces meet at the point of concurrency.
Concurrent forces may or may not be coplanar.

Non-concurrent Force System

When the forces of a system do not meet at a common point of concurrency, this type
of force system is called non-concurrent force system. Parallel forces are the example
of this type of force system. Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or non-coplanar.
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PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS

Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. The Parallelogram Law

2. The Principle of Transmissibility

3. Newton’s First Law

4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law

6. Newton’s Law of Gravitation

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THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The two vectors V1 and V2 ,treated as free vectors, can be replaced by their
equivalent V, which is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by V1 and
V2 as its two sides.

 
  V
V2 V2 V 
 V2

 V1 V1
V1   
V  V1  V2 (generally V  V1  V2 )

Note: You can sum them if and only if they have the same point of the application.
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The Principle of Transmissibility

The principle of transmissibility states that the point of application of a force can be moved
anywhere along its line of action without changing the external reaction forces on a rigid
body.
 
F F If we concerns only about the
? external resultant effects on rigid body.
=

The two force can be We can slide the force along its line of action.
considered equivalent if (force can be considered as sliding vector)

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action without
altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body on which it acts.”
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Summation of Force
concurrent forces  
 F1  F2
F2

F1

non-concurrent
 if there are sliding vectors
F2
  
F2 F1  F2
 
F1 F1

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws of
motion.
First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends
to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction,
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

 
F  0
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum
of forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector sum.

 m 
F a

 
F  ma

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles
are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear.
Forces always occur in pairs – equal and opposite
action-reaction force pairs.

   
F F F F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

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Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

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Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M GMm
F
r
F r2
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.
For Gravity on earth (at sea level)
m
  W=mg
W  mg

where M
- m is the mass of the body in question
- g = GM/R2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
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Vector Operations

Vector Addition

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Vector Subtraction

Addition of several forces

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Types of Forces (Loads)

1- Point loads – concentrated forces exerted at point or location
2. Distributed loads - a force applied along a length or
over an area. The distribution can be uniform or non-uniform.

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Two Dimensional Resolution of Force Systems

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Moment

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Couple

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Three Dimensional Resolution of Force Systems

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