In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Course

MAN 202 COURSEWORK
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course
GLOBAL CONTEXT AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES IN NURSING
for the degree Master of Science in Nursing – Adult Health
COURSEWORK # 3
Submitted by:
Tumambing, Princess E.
SPUP MSN Student
Submitted to:
Dr. Anunciacion Talosig
Dean, School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences
2ND SEMESTER 2020

GLOBAL ACTORS (COURSEWORK 3)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNITED NATIONS ..................................................................................................................5
Brief Description .....................................................................................................................5
Global Issues Concern .............................................................................................................5
Contributions ...........................................................................................................................6
Impact .....................................................................................................................................6
Reference: ...............................................................................................................................9
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ................................................................................. 10
Brief Description ................................................................................................................... 10
Global Issues Concern ........................................................................................................... 10
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 10
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 11
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 12
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND ........................................................................... 13
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 15
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 15
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 16
THE WORLD BANK ............................................................................................................. 18
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 19
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 20
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 22
EUROPEAN UNION .............................................................................................................. 23
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 25
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 26
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 27
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ..................................... 28
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 29
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 30
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 30
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS ........................................................ 32
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 32
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 33
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 34
ASIA- PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION ................................................................. 35
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 36
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 36
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 37
WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME ........................................................................................... 38
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 39
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 39
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 41
JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV AND AIDS ..................................... 42
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 43
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 46
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 47
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION ............................................................... 48
Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 49
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 50
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 52
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION .................................................................. 53

Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 54
Impact ................................................................................................................................... 54
Reference: ............................................................................................................................. 56
UNITED NATIONS
Brief Description
The United Nations is an international organization founded in

1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The
mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the
purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.
Thanks to the powers granted by its Charter and its special
international nature, the United Nations will take action on The United Nations is an
problems affecting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace intergovernmental organization that
and stability, climate change, global development, human rights, aims to maintain international peace
disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health crises, gender and security, develop friendly relations
equality, governance, food supply and more. among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a centre for
The UN also offers a forum for its representatives to
communicate their opinions to the General Assembly, the harmonizing the actions of nations.
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other Founded: 24 October 1945, San
bodies and committees. Francisco, California, United States
By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting Headquarters: New York, New York,
negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for United States
governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems
together. The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary- Founders: United
General. 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. States, India, Brazil, Australia, Turkey,
MORE
Global Issues Concern
As the only fully universal democratic body in the world, the Subsidiaries: World Health
United Nations has been the leading mechanism for resolving Organization, MORE
problems that cross national limits and cannot be addressed by
any single country operating on its own. Seven decades since its Secretary general: António Guterres
founding, the United Nations has added to its initial aims of
safeguarding peace, upholding human rights, creating a system Awards: Nobel Peace Prize, Academy
for international justice and fostering economic and social Award for Best Documentary (Short
development new issues such as climate change, refugees and Subject), Peabody Award
AIDS.
Although conflict resolution and peacekeeping are among its
most prominent endeavours, the UN, along with its specialist
partners, is also involved in a wide variety of initiatives to better
people's lives around the world – from disaster relief, via
education and empowerment of women, to sustainable uses of
nuclear technology.
Contributions
The United Nations has several main bodies that serve different purposes. The Secretariat is the
main administrative organ of the UN. It commissions research and applies the findings of studies
to making the UN a more effective and efficient organization.
The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN. Every country that is a member
of the UN is represented in the General Assembly. The UN General Assembly convenes
annually to deliberate and vote on important issues affecting world peace and security. The
General Assembly can only make recommendations to member-states; it cannot make binding
decisions, nor can it enforce those decisions – only the Security Council has the authority to do
that.
The Security Council is composed of five permanent members—the United States, Great Britain,
France, Russia, and China— which were the five main Allied powers in the Second World War.
There are also ten non-permanent seats on the Security Council that rotate between different
countries every two years. The purpose of the Security Council is to peacefully resolve
international conflicts and prevent the outbreak of war. UN Security Council resolutions are
binding and are enforced by UN peacekeepers, which are military forces contributed by member-
states.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) was created to promote international economic
and social cooperation and development, particularly in the developing world, or what was
referred to during the Cold War as the “Third World.”
Finally, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the judicial organ of the UN. At its
headquarters at The Hague, Netherlands, the court hears legal disputes between states and issues
opinions on legal matters submitted by members of the General Assembly or other UN agencies.
Impact
1. Maintaining Peace and Security
By sending 69 peacekeeping and observer missions to the world’s trouble spots over the past six
decades, the United Nations has been able to restore calm, allowing many countries to recover
from conflict. There are now 16 peacekeeping operations around the world, carried out by some
125,000 brave men and women from 120 countries who go where others can’t or won’t go.
2. Making Peace
Since the 1990s, many conflicts have been brought to an end either through UN mediation or the
action of third parties acting with UN support. Recent examples include Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Burundi, the north-south conflict in the Sudan and Nepal. Research credits UN peacemaking,
peacekeeping and conflict prevention activities as a major factor behind a 40-per cent decline in
conflict around the world since the 1990s. UN preventive diplomacy and other forms of
preventive action have defused many potential conflicts. In addition, 11 UN peace missions in
the field address post-conflict situations and carry out peacebuilding measures.
3. Consolidating peace
The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission supports peace efforts in countries emerging
from conflict. It brings together international donors, international financial institutions,
governments and troop-contributing countries, helps marshal resources, and proposes actions for
peacebuilding and recovery. The United Nations Peacebuilding Fund supports 222 projects in 22
countries by delivering fast and flexible funding.
4. Preventing Nuclear Proliferation

For over five decades, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has served as the
world’s nuclear inspector. IAEA experts work to verify that safeguarded nuclear material is used
only for peaceful purposes. To date, the Agency has safeguards agreements with more than 180
States.
5. Clearing Landmines
The United Nations helps to clear landmines in some 30 countries or territories, including
Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya and the Sudan. Landmines
kill or maim thousands of civilians every year. The UN also teaches people how to stay out of
harm's way, helps victims to become self-sufficient, assists countries in destroying stockpiled
landmines and advocates for full international participation in treaties related to landmines.
6. Supporting Disarmament
The United Nations pursues global disarmament and arms limitation as central to peace and
security. It works to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons, destroy chemical
weapons, strengthen the prohibition against biological weapons, and halt the proliferation of
landmines, small arms and light weapons. UN treaties are the legal backbone of disarmament
efforts: The Chemical Weapons Convention has been ratified by 190 States, the Mine-Ban
Convention by 162 and the Arms Trade Treaty by 69. At the local level, UN peacekeepers often
work to implement disarmament agreements between warring parties. In El Salvador, Sierra
Leone, Liberia and elsewhere, this has entailed demobilizing combat forces as well as collecting
and destroying their weapons as part of an overall peace agreement.
7. Combating Terrorism
Governments coordinate their counter-terrorism efforts through the United Nations. In 2006,
they adopted at the UN the first-ever global strategy to counter terrorism. UN agencies and
programmes have helped countries to put in practice the global strategy, providing legal
assistance and promoting international cooperation against terrorism. The UN has also put in
place a legal framework to combat terrorism. Fourteen global agreements have been negotiated
under UN auspices, including treaties against hostage-taking, aircraft hijacking, terrorist
bombings, terrorism financing and nuclear terrorism.
8. Preventing genocide
The United Nations brought about the first-ever treaty to combat genocide—acts committed with
the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The 1948 Genocide
Convention has been ratified by 146 States, which commit to prevent and punish actions of
genocide in war and in peacetime. The UN tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as UN-
supported courts in Cambodia, have put would-be genocide perpetrators on notice that such
crimes would no longer be tolerated. The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach
Programme seeks to remind the world of the lessons to be learnt from the Holocaust in order to
help to prevent future acts of genocide. The Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the
Prevention of Genocide monitors dangerous situations, brings them to the attention of the
Secretary-General and the Security Council, and recommends action.
9. Combating Sexual Violence in Conflict

Rape has increasingly been used as a weapon of war. An estimated 60,000 women were raped
during the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991-2002), up to 60,000 in the former Yugoslavia (1992-
1995), up to 250,000 during the genocide in Rwanda (1994), more than 40,000 in Liberia (1989-
2003) and at least 200,000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1998. Sexual violence
has characterized conflicts from Afghanistan to Iraq and from Somalia to Syria. The Secretary-
General’s Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict has helped countries develop
and implement laws that criminalize wartime rape and end impunity for perpetrators; helped
countries devise programmes that assist victims to rebuild their lives; provided training for police
officers, prosecutors and judges so they are better equipped to address such crimes; and
supported the development of specialized units of female police officers that investigate
allegations of wartime rape.
Reference:
Khan Academy. (n.d.). The United Nations (article) | World War II. Retrieved October 10, 2020,
from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/us-
wwii/a/the-united-nations
United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations | Peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet.
Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en
United Nations. (2015). 70 ways the UN makes a difference. Author. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/70ways/index.html
Wikipedia contributors. (2020, October 6). United Nations. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Brief Description
The World Health Organization was created in 1948 to
coordinate health affairs within the United Nations system. Its
initial priorities were malaria, tuberculosis, venereal disease and
other communicable diseases, plus women and children’s health,
nutrition and sanitation. From the start, it worked with member
countries to identify and address public health issues, support
health research and issue guidelines. It also classified diseases. In
addition to governments, WHO coordinated with other UN The World Health Organization is a
agencies, donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and specialized agency of the United
the private sector. Investigating and managing disease outbreaks Nations responsible for
was the responsibility of each individual country, although under international public health. The
the International Health Regulations, governments were expected WHO Constitution, which
to report cases of a few contagious diseases such as plague, establishes the agency's governing
cholera and yellow fever. WHO had no authority to police what structure and principles, states its
member countries did. main objective as "the attainment
Global Issues Concern by all peoples of the highest
WHO works around the world to improve health, keep the world possible level of health."
healthy and help the needy. Founded: 7 April 1948
Their aim is to guarantee that a billion more people have Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
affordable health care, shield a billion more people from health
crises, and provide a billion more people with improved health Parent organization: United Nations
and well-being. Economic and Social Council
For universal health care, the following: Budget: 4.422 billion USD (2018–
2019)
- Emphasis on primary health care in order to increase
access to quality critical services Heads: Tedros Adhanom, Soumya
- Work for sustainable finance and financial security Swaminathan, Jane Ellison
- Improving access to essential drugs and nutritional goods
- Train health staff and offer guidance on labor policy Founders: United
- Promote engagement of population in national health States, India, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico,
policies France,
- Enhance tracking, data and information.
Contributions
In the case of health crises, they:
- Prepare for emergency scenarios by defining, alleviating
and mitigating risks
- Prevent emergency situations and promote the creation of information available during
outbreaks
Detecting and responding to acute health crises

Promote the delivery of critical health care in vulnerable environments.
For health and well-being they: address social determinants promote intersectoral approaches for
health prioritizes health in all policies and healthy settings. Through their work, they address:
human capital across the life-course non-communicable diseases prevention mental health
promotion climate change in small island developing states antimicrobial resistance elimination
and eradication of high-impact communicable diseases.
Impact
WHO fulfills its objectives through its core functions:
 Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnership

 Shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and
dissemination of valuable knowledge
 Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation
 Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options
 Providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable institutional
capacity
 Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
REFERENCE:
Resident Agencies in the Philippines | UNIC Manila. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://unicmanila.org/the-un-in-the-region/the-un-in-the-philippines/resident-agencies-
in-the-philippines/
Wikipedia contributors. (2020, October 9). World Health Organization. Retrieved October 10,
2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization
World Health Organization, SARS: How a Global Epidemic was Stopped. (Manila: WHO
Western Pacific Region Publications), 2006. p.75.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). What we do. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND

Brief Description
UNICEF works in the most demanding countries in the world to
meet the most vulnerable children and youth – and to secure the
interests of every child, anywhere. In more than 190 countries
and territories, they do whatever they can to help children live,
succeed and meet their potential from early childhood to
adolescence.
The world's largest provider of vaccines help infant health and UNICEF, also known as the
safety, clean water and sanitation, quality education and skills United Nations Children's
development, prevention and care of HIV for mothers and Fund, is a United Nations
infants, and safety of children and youth from abuse and
agency responsible for
trafficking.
providing humanitarian and
Before, after and beyond humanitarian crises, UNICEF is on the developmental aid to
field , providing life-saving support and hope to children and
children worldwide. U.N.
families. Non-political and unbiased, they are never neutral when
it comes to protecting children's freedom and safeguarding their headquarters is in New York
lives and their futures. City.
And they never give up. Headquarters: New York,

Global Issues Concern New York, United States
As a humanitarian agency dedicated to children’s rights,
Founded: 11 December
UNICEF has zero tolerance for sexual exploitation and abuse,
and for sexual harassment. 1946, New York, New York,
United States
Sexual harassment and sexual assault
Head: Henrietta H. Fore
Sexual exploitation refers to the true or potential misuse of a
place of weakness, influence or confidence for sexual purposes.
Founders: United Nations
Sexual assault is a true or threatened physical violation of a General Assembly, Ludwik
sexual kind, whether through coercion or under unjust or abusive Rajchman
circumstances.
Subsidiaries: UNICEF
Sexual harassment and violence are prevented and protective
strategies are in place. However, policies of their own are Australia, UNICEF
inadequate: clear and determined intervention is equally Ireland, MORE
necessary.
Parent organizations: United
Nations General
They are actively finding ways to properly resolve the problem, Assembly, United Nations
on our own, and by adding to the wider efforts of the United Economic and Social Council
Nations framework, led by the UN Secretary-General, to
improve reporting on sexual harassment and violence, and to increase accountability on the
topic.
ORPHANS
UNICEF and global partners describe an orphan as a child under the age of 18 who has lost one
or more parents to some cause of death. According to this description, there were almost 140
million orphans worldwide in 2015, including 61 million in Asia, 52 million in Africa, 10 million
in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7,3 million in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This
large amount reflects not only children who have lost both parents, but also those who have lost
their father, who have a surviving mother or who have lost their mother but who have a surviving
father.
Of the almost 140 million children identified as orphans, 15.1 million lost both parents. Data
explicitly indicates that the vast majority of orphans remain with a living parent grandparent or
other family member. 95% of all orphans are above the age of five.
UNICEF and a number of international organisations introduced a wider concept of orphans in
the mid-1990s when the AIDS pandemic started to kill millions of parents worldwide, leaving an
ever-increasing number of children without one or two guardians. So the word 'single orphan' –
the loss of one parent – and 'double orphan' – the loss of both parents – was born to express this
growing problem. However, this disparity in language may have concrete consequences for
children's programs and programming. For example, UNICEF's 'orphan' numbers may be taken
to indicate that there are 140 million children worldwide in need of a new home, shelter or
treatment. This confusion will lead to reactions that concentrate on providing services for
particular children rather than helping families and organizations that services for orphans and
need help.
INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION
UNICEF promotes universal adoption in compliance with the criteria and guidelines of the 1993
Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Coordination in Respect of Inter-Country
Adoptions – officially ratified by 95 countries. The committee is a significant advancement for
infants, birth families and prospective international adopters. It points out the obligations of the
authorities of the countries from which the children leave for adoption and those from which the
children are adopted. The committee is structured to ensure that procedures are legal and open.
This international law gives priority to the best interests of the child and offers a basis for the
substantive implementation of the principles of inter-country adoption set out in the committee
on the Rights of the Child.
The case of children separated from their families and communities during war or natural
disasters merits special mention. Family tracing should be the first priority and inter-country
adoption should only be envisaged for a child once these tracing efforts have proved fruitless,
and stable in-country solutions are not available. This position is shared by UNICEF, UNHCR,
the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Hague Conference on Private International
Law, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and international NGOs such as the Save the
Children Alliance and International Social Service.
UNICEF offices around the world support the strengthening of child protection systems. We
work with governments, UN partners and civil society to protect vulnerable families, to ensure
that robust legal and policy frameworks are in place and to build capacity of the social welfare,
justice and law enforcement sectors.
Contributions
UNICEF works in more than 190 countries and territories to save children's lives protect their
interests and help them understand their potential from early childhood to puberty. And they will
never give up.
CHILD PROTECTION AND INCLUSION

Every child has the right to grow up in a safe and inclusive environment
UNICEF works with partners around the world to promote policies and expand access to services
that protect all children.
CHILD SURVIVAL
Every child has the right to survive and thrive
UNICEF has helped reduce child mortality all over the world by working to reach the most
vulnerable children, everywhere.
EDUCATION
Every child has the right to learn
UNICEF works around the world to support quality learning for every girl and boy, especially
those in greatest danger of being left behind.
SOCIAL POLICY
Every child has the right to an equitable chance in life
UNICEF works around the world to reduce child poverty and shield girls and boys from its
lifelong consequences.
Impact:
As an international, intergovernmental child rights agency, UNICEF holds a unique position at
national and international levels. Some of the contributions that UNICEF can make to a
partnership with a CSO include:
 Convening power – UNICEF works closely with a number of stakeholders, including
governments, private actors and civil society. UNICEF uses this unique position to
convene both public and non-public stakeholders around children’s rights issues at the
local, national and global levels.
 Global reach and country presence – With a strong presence in 190 countries, UNICEF
is an influential actor both globally and nationally. Using its capacity on the ground,
UNICEF can foster greater alignment between global initiatives and national
development strategies, acting as a conduit between local and national actors and global
policymaking processes.
 Technical expertise and efficient procurement – UNICEF has the capacity to leverage
the strategic funding priorities of global programme funds, donors and governments in
favour of child-related outcomes. Through partnering with UNICEF, many CSOs have
benefited from its technical expertise in matching local work to international priorities,
preparing high-quality funding proposals and procuring resources.
 Capacity development – Many CSOs have found that their partnership with UNICEF
has increased their capacity to advocate for children’s rights and achieve results.
UNICEF helps to strengthen CSO capacity to carry out work for children, which
contributes to the sustainability of progress for children over time and broadens
ownership of the development process. UNICEF capacity development work that pertains
to CSOs includes (1) enhancing the knowledge and technical skills needed to deliver
results for children; (2) introducing new technologies for effective service delivery and
supporting the strengthening of delivery approaches and organizational and management
systems; and (3) enhancing the knowledge and skills of children and women themselves.
 Making innovations accessible – UNICEF seeks to identify and scale up delivery of
innovative life-saving interventions, including through the use of new technologies.
 Catalysing behaviour and policy change – Civil society partners have stressed that
UNICEF makes a crucial difference by advocating for the development of policies and
mechanisms that protect child rights and by raising public awareness around children’s
issues.
 Financial support – Through project cooperation agreements and small-scale funding
agreements with CSOs, UNICEF can provide financial support for programme-related
costs of the partnership.
REFERENCE:
UNICEF Contribution to partnerships. (2011, October 13). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.unicef.org/about/partnerships/index_60080.html
UNICEF. (n.d.). The changing face of malnutrition. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://features.unicef.org/state-of-the-worlds-children-2019-nutrition/index.html
UNICEF. (2015, September). United Nations entities call on States to act urgently to end
violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex
(LGBTI)1 adults, adolescents and children. Author. Retrieved from
https://www.unicef.org/media/files/Joint_LGBTI_Statement_ENG.pdf
UNICEF. (n.d.-b). What we do. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.unicef.org/what-
we-do
Wikipedia contributors. (2020a, October 5). UNICEF. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF
THE WORLD BANK

Brief Description
The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to
achieve by 2030:End extreme poverty by decreasing the
percentage of people living on less than $1.25 a day to no more
than 3%
Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the
bottom 40% for every country The World Bank is an
The World Bank Group (WBG), including its private sector arm, international financial institution
the International Finance Corporation (IFC), is committed to that provides loans and grants
actively integrating sustainability into our work with clients and to the governments of low and
strives to continually manage our corporate environmental and middle income countries for the
social impact. purpose of pursuing capital
projects.
Parent organization: World

They have an active program to measure, manage, report and
offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the Bank Group
WBG’s global business operations, including fuel used in boilers
Founded: July 1944
and generators, electricity consumed in buildings, and emissions
from key meetings and air travel. Utilizing our inventory Purpose: Economic
management plan as a guide, they have collected and managed
development
data from all of our offices since 2007 and began using a web-
based data management system in 2008 to ensure a transparent Headquarters: Washington,
and auditable process.
D.C., United States
Founders: John Maynard

Global Issues Concern Keynes, Harry Dexter White
The WBG adopted a global corporate carbon emissions
reduction target in line with climate science - to reduce direct Subsidiaries: International
and indirect carbon emissions from our global facilities by 28 Finance Corporation
percent by 2026 from a 2016 baseline. This was announced
together with the WBG-wide climate-related commitments at the
2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference. A range of
measures are being considered, including using renewable
energy wherever feasible and improving energy efficiency.
Previous carbon targets were surpassed. The World Bank

surpassed a voluntary goal of reducing GHG emissions by 10
percent between 2010 and 2017 from all owned and managed
facilities—achieving a 20 percent reduction. IFC previously set
and achieved its headquarters-based electricity reduction target
of 20 percent kWh/workforce from fiscal year 2008 to fiscal year 2015. As of fiscal year 2019,
IFC headquarters achieved a 22 percent reduction in absolute electricity use from a fiscal year
2008 baseline.
Starting in 2006 the WBG became “carbon neutral” for its headquarters in Washington, DC,
including day-to-day operations and business travel, and since 2009 has been globally carbon
neutral for all of its facility and business travel GHG emissions (including country offices).
EMS AND REDUCTION EFFORTS
The World Bank:
They had implemented energy efficiency projects, such as lighting upgrades in headquarters and
various country offices, as well as installation of solar compound lighting and solar water heaters
in select country offices.
The IFC:
IFC’s largest office, headquarters in Washington, DC, shortened the daily use of the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems with an aim to save 2 to 3 percent of total energy use.
Continued to upgrade the lighting system to LED products and adjust temperature setpoints for
water use and for heating and cooling systems. IFC is leading the development and engineering
of a new net-zero energy-use WBG office building in Dakar, Senegal. The project is slated for
completion in 2020. IFC is also studying the potential for adding on-site solar-energy generation
at our other owned properties.
Reduction achievements:
Between 2017-2018, the WBG realized some emissions reduction from its facilities-based
emissions (Scope 1 and 2) by more than two percent, but saw an increase in emissions from
business travel (Scope 3) and thus overall emissions increased by 2.5 percent.
Contributions
The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030:
 End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a
day to no more than 3%
 Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every
country
The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries
around the world. We are not a bank in the ordinary sense but a unique partnership to reduce
poverty and support development. The World Bank Group comprises five institutions managed
by their member countries.
Established in 1944, the World Bank Group is headquartered in Washington, D.C. We have more
than 10,000 employees in more than 120 offices worldwide.
Financial Products and Services

We provide low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries.
These support a wide array of investments in such areas as education, health, public
administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture, and
environmental and natural resource management. Some of our projects are co-financed with
governments, other multilateral institutions, commercial banks, export credit agencies, and
private sector investors.
We also provide or facilitate financing through trust fund partnerships with bilateral and
multilateral donors. Many partners have asked the Bank to help manage initiatives that address
needs across a wide range of sectors and developing regions.
Innovative Knowledge Sharing

We offer support to developing countries through policy advice, research and analysis, and
technical assistance. Our analytical work often underpins World Bank financing and helps
inform developing countries’ own investments. In addition, we support capacity development in
the countries we serve. We also sponsor, host, or participate in many conferences and forums on
issues of development, often in collaboration with partners.
To ensure that countries can access the best global expertise and help generate cutting-edge
knowledge, the Bank is constantly seeking to improve the way it shares its knowledge and
engages with clients and the public at large. Key priorities include:
 Results: We continue to sharpen our focus on helping developing countries deliver
measurable results.
 Reform: We are working to improve every aspect of our work: how projects are
designed, how information is made available (Access to Information), and how to bring
our operations closer to client governments and communities.
 Open Development: We offer a growing range of free, easy-to-access tools, research and
knowledge to help people address the world's development challenges. For example,
the Open Data website offers free access to comprehensive, downloadable indicators
about development in countries around the globe. We have also made World Bank
Live—live discussions open to participants worldwide—a key part of our Spring and
Annual Meetings with the International Monetary Fund.
Impact
The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for
developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing
shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.
Together, IBRD and IDA form the World Bank, which provides financing, policy advice, and
technical assistance to governments of developing countries. IDA focuses on the world’s poorest
countries, while IBRD assists middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries.
IFC, MIGA, and ICSID focus on strengthening the private sector in developing countries.
Through these institutions, the World Bank Group provides financing, technical assistance,
political risk insurance, and settlement of disputes to private enterprises, including financial
institutions.
The World Bank promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction by providing
technical and financial support to help countries reform certain sectors or implement specific
projects—such as building schools and health centers, providing water and electricity, fighting
disease, and protecting the environment. World Bank assistance is generally long term and is
funded both by member country contributions and through bond issuance. World Bank staff are
often specialists on particular issues, sectors, or techniques.
REFERENCE:
The IMF and the World Bank. (2016, July 27). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/07/27/15/31/IMF-World-
Bank#:%7E:text=The%20World%20Bank%20promotes%20long,disease%2C%20and%2
0protecting%20the%20environment
The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2020). Retrieved October
10, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/history/the-world-bank-group-and-
the-imf
Wikipedia contributors. (2020b, October 9). World Bank. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank
World Bank Group. (2020). What We Do. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do
EUROPEAN UNION
Brief Description
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of
27 Member States mainly based in Europe. Its capital is
Brussels, de facto. The EU works through a system of
supranational, autonomous agencies and agreed
intergovernmental agreements by Member States. Significant EU
agencies include the European Commission, the Council of the
European Union , the European Council, the Court of Justice of
the European Union and the European Central Bank. EU citizens The European Union is a political
are elected to the European Parliament every five years. and economic union of 27
member states that are located
The EU traces its history to the European Coal and Steel primarily in Europe. Its members
Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community ( have a combined area of
EEC) of the Inner Six in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the 4,233,255.3 km² and an
meantime, the Group and its predecessors have increased in size estimated total population of
with the accession of new Member States and with the addition about 447 million.
of policy areas to its remit. The Treaty of Maastricht created the
European Area: 4.476 million km²
Union under its current name in 1993. Founded: 1 November

1993, Maastricht, Netherlands
The latest amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the
Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The EU has Headquarters
developed a single market through a standardised system of laws location: Brussels, Belgium
which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area
Members: Germany, France, Ital
(which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states) passport controls
y, Poland, Sweden, Spain, MOR
have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free
E
movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact
legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common Founders: Germany, France, Ital
policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional y, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemb
development. A monetary union, the eurozone, was established ourg
in 1999 and is composed of 17 member states. Through the
Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a Awards: Nobel Peace
role in external relations and defence. Permanent diplomatic Prize, Princess of Asturias Award
missionshave been established around the world. The EU is for Concord, Bambi - Millennium
represented at the United Nations, the WTO, the G8and the G- Award
20. With a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants,
or 7.3% of the world population, the EU, in 2011, generated the
largest nominal world gross domestic product (GDP) of 17.6
trillion US dollars, representing approximately 20% of the global
GDP when measured in terms of purchasing power parity. The
EU was the recipient of the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize.

The EU values are common to the EU countries in a society in which inclusion, tolerance,
justice, solidarity and non-discrimination prevail. These values are an integral part of our
European way of life:
Human dignity
Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected, protected and constitutes the real basis of
fundamental rights.
Freedom
Freedom of movement gives citizens the right to move and reside freely within the Union.
Individual freedoms such as respect for private life, freedom of thought, religion, assembly,
expression and information are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Democracy
The functioning of the EU is founded on representative democracy. Being a European citizen
also means enjoying political rights. Every adult EU citizen has the right to stand as a candidate
and to vote in elections to the European Parliament. EU citizens have the right to stand as
candidate and to vote in their country of residence, or in their country of origin.
Equality
Equality is about equal rights for all citizens before the law. The principle of equality between
women and men underpins all European policies and is the basis for European integration. It
applies in all areas. The principle of equal pay for equal work became part of the Treaty of Rome
in 1957. Although inequalities still exist, the EU has made significant progress.
Rule of law
The EU is based on the rule of law. Everything the EU does is founded on treaties, voluntarily
and democratically agreed by its EU countries. Law and justice are upheld by an independent
judiciary. The EU countries gave final jurisdiction to the European Court of Justice which
judgements have to be respected by all.
Human rights
Human rights are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. These cover the right to
be free from discrimination on the basis of sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief,
disability, age or sexual orientation, the right to the protection of your personal data, and or the
right to get access to justice.
These goals and values form the basis of the EU and are laid out in the Lisbon Treaty and the EU
Charter of fundamental rights.
In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advancing the causes of peace,
reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.
Contributions
FROM ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL UNION

The European Union is a unique economic and political union between 27 EU countries that
together cover much of the continent.
The predecessor of the EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first steps
were to foster economic cooperation: the idea being that countries that trade with one another
become economically interdependent and so more likely to avoid conflict.
The result was the European Economic Community (EEC), created in 1958, and initially
increasing economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Since then, 22 other members joined and a huge single market (also known as the 'internal'
market) has been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.
On 31 January 2020 the United Kingdom left the European Union.
What began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organization spanning policy areas,
from climate, environment and health to external relations and security, justice and migration. A
name changes from the European Economic Community (EEC) to the European Union (EU) in
1993 reflected this.
STABILITY, A SINGLE CURRENCY, MOBILITY AND GROWTH

The EU has delivered more than half a century of peace, stability and prosperity, helped raise
living standards and launched a single European currency: the euro. More than 340 million EU
citizens in 19 countries now use it as their currency and enjoy its benefits.
Thanks to the abolition of border controls between EU countries, people can travel freely
throughout most of the continent. And it has become much easier to live, work and travel abroad
in Europe. All EU citizens have the right and freedom to choose in which EU country they want
to study, work or retire. Every EU country must treat EU citizens in exactly the same way as its
own citizens for employment, social security and tax purposes.
The EU's main economic engine is the single market. It enables most goods, services, money and
people to move freely. The EU aims to develop this huge resource to other areas like energy,
knowledge and capital markets to ensure that Europeans can draw the maximum benefit from it.
TRANSPARENT AND DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

The EU remains focused on making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic.
Decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen.
More powers have been given to the directly elected European Parliament, while national
parliaments play a greater role, working alongside the European institutions.
The EU is governed by the principle of representative democracy, with citizens directly

represented at Union level in the European Parliament and Member States represented in the
European Council and the Council of the EU.
European citizens are encouraged to contribute to the democratic life of the Union by giving
their views on EU policies during their development or suggest improvements to existing laws
and policies. The European citizens' initiative empowers citizens to have a greater say on EU
policies that affect their lives. Citizens can also submit complaints and enquiries concerning the
application of EU law.
Impact
Trade
The European Union is the largest trade block in the world. It is the world's biggest exporter of
manufactured goods and services, and the biggest import market for over 100 countries.
Free trade among its members was one of the EU's founding principles. This is possible thanks to
the single market. Beyond its borders, the EU is also committed to liberalising world trade.
Humanitarian aid
The EU is committed to helping victims of man-made and natural disasters worldwide and
supports over 120 million people each year. Collectively, the EU and its constituent countries are
the world's leading donor of humanitarian aid.
Diplomacy and security

The EU plays an important role in diplomacy and works to foster stability, security and
prosperity, democracy, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law at international level.
REFERENCE:
Bruegel Organization. (2019, December). A New Look At Net Balances In The European Union’s
Next Multiannual Budget. Bruegel Org. Retrieved from https://www.bruegel.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/12/WP-ZSOLT-FINAL.pdf
The EU in brief. (2020, July 28). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://europa.eu/european-
union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en
Wikipedia contributors. (2020b, October 8). European Union. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR

REFUGEES
Brief Description
The Office of the High Commissioner for refugees was
established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General
Assembly. The agency is mandated to lead and coordinate
international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee
problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the The United Nations High
rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that
Commissioner for Refugees is a
everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe
refuge in another state, with the option to return home voluntarily, UN agency mandated to aid and
integrate locally, or to resettle in a third country. It also has a
protect refugees, forcibly
mandate to help stateless people. In more than six decades, the
agency has helped tens of millions of people restart their lives. displaced communities, and
Today, a staff of some 7,685 people in more than 125 countries stateless people, and to assist in
continues to help some 33.9 million people.
their voluntary repatriation, local
UNHCR work to ensure that everybody has the right to seek
integration or resettlement to a
asylum and find safe refuge, having fled violence, persecution,
war or disaster at home. third country.
Since 1950, we have faced multiple crises on multiple continents,

Headquarters: Geneva,
and provided vital assistance to refugees, asylum-seekers,
internally displaced and stateless people, many of whom have Switzerland
nobody left to turn to. Head: Filippo Grandi
UNHRC help to save lives and build better futures for millions Founder: United Nations
forced from home.
Founded: 14 December 1950
Global Issues Concern Abbreviation: UNHCR, HCR
Ensure international standards of protection are met for all
persons of concern to UNHCR, taking into account their age, High commissioner: Filippo
gender, or personal background. Grandi
Improving protection against refoulement UNHCR works closely
with States on the development of national asylum legislation to
ensure protection principles are respected and incorporated into
legal systems, with special emphasis on the interpretation by
States of provisions of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967
Protocol. UNHCR advises States on how best to meet legitimate
national security concerns without restricting access to asylum
procedures to those who are genuinely in need of international
protection
Advocate for and support governments in the development and maintenance of an

international protection regime, including its implementation at the national level.
Preserving asylum space UNHCR’s focus is to be a reliable partner and leading authority on
legal matters in the area of forced displacement by providing governments, international
organizations and the legal community with guidance on protection issues and policies. The
Office performed its core function of ensuring proper interpretation of the Refugee Convention
and other legal instruments through policy guidance on a wide variety of issues. These cover the
extra-territorial application of non-refoulement obligations, the common EU asylum system, HIV
and AIDS, trafficking, the humanitarian character of asylum, the protection of women and girls,
voluntary repatriation, DNA testing to establish family links, and housing, land and property
issues
Contributions
UNHCR adheres to the following key elements to protect persons of concern:
 Emergency Response: Providing fleeing civilians with emergency help is often the first
step towards their long-term protection and rehabilitation. To prepare for and respond to
an emergency, UNHCR has assembled teams of people with a wide range of key skills
who are ready for deployment anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice. UNHCR has
the capacity to respond to a new emergency impacting up to 500,000 people. The agency
can also mobilize more than 300 trained personnel within 72 hours. These experts come
from its Emergency Response Team (ERT) roster. UNHCR has also developed
mechanisms for the immediate mobilization of financial resources to help meet the
response to an emergency without delay.
 Protection: The protection of 33.9 million uprooted or stateless people is the core
mandate of UNHCR. The agency does this in several ways: it ensures the basic human
rights of uprooted or stateless people in their countries of asylum or habitual residence
end that refugees will not be returned involuntarily to a country where they could face
persecution. Longer term, the organization helps refugees find appropriate durable
solutions to their plight, by repatriating voluntarily to their homeland, integrating in
countries of asylum or resettling in third countries.
 Advocacy is a cornerstone of protection strategies, used in combination with activities
such as information dissemination, monitoring and negotiation. These can help transform
policies and services on national, regional or global levels to better protect people for
whom UNHCR bears responsibility. In both countries of asylum and countries of origin,
UNHCR works within national political, economic, and social structures that directly
affect the lives of refugees and other people of concern to bring policies, practices and
laws into compliance with international standards.
 Assistance: Most refugees and internally displaced people leave their homes with little or
nothing, and even those with some resources may soon exhaust them. UNHCR and its
partners provide vital assistance, which takes many forms. Initially, we provide live-
saving emergency assistance in the form of clean water and sanitation and health care as
well as shelter materials and other relief items, such as blankets, sleeping mats, jerry
cans, household goods and sometimes food. Other vital assistance that we provide, or
help provide, includes refugee registration, assistance and advice on asylum applications,
education and counseling.
 Capacity Building: Strengthening capacity, a core activity in the area of protection,
seeks to help states meet their international legal obligations to protect refugees. Through
its livelihood programmes, UNHCR also develops capacity: it helps displaced people
become self-sufficient in their places of refuge and enhances the chances of finding
durable solution for refugees.
Impact
Worldwide, these are the persons of concern to UNHCR:
 Internally Displaced Person (IDP): someone who has left his home in fear of persecution,
but has not crossed an international border
 Refugee: someone who has left his country or is unable to return to it owing to a well-
rounded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of
particular social group or political opinion.
 Returnee: refugees or internally displaced persons who return home once it is safe to do
so.
 Stateless Person: someone who is not considered a national by any country or who does
not enjoy the basic rights similar to others in the country.
 Asylum Seeker: someone who has fled his country and is seeking refugee status in
another country.
REFERENCE:
UNHR. (2007). Mission statement UNHCR - THE UNITED NATIONS REFUGEE AGENCY.
Author. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/4565a5742.pdf
UNIC. (2009). Resident Agencies in the Philippines | UNIC Manila. Retrieved October 10, 2020,
from https://unicmanila.org/the-un-in-the-region/the-un-in-the-philippines/resident-
agencies-in-the-philippines/
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (n.d.). History of. Retrieved October 10, 2020,
from https://www.unhcr.org/history-of-unhcr.html?query=history
Wikipedia contributors. (2020c, October 8). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS

Brief Description
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was
founded in Bangkok , Thailand, on 8 August 1967, with the
signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the
founding fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia , Malaysia, the
Philippines , Singapore and Thailand.
Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Nam on The Association of Southeast
28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Asian Nations is a regional
Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is now the ten intergovernmental
ASEAN Member States. organization comprising ten
countries in Southeast Asia,
Global Issues Concern which promotes
In their relations with one another, the ASEAN Member States intergovernmental
have adopted the following fundamental principles, as contained
cooperation and facilitates
in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia
economic, ... Wikipedia
(TAC) of 1976:
1. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, Founded: 8 August

equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all 1967, Malaysia
nations; Headquarters: Jakarta,
Indonesia
2. The right of every State to lead its national existence free Chinese: 亚细安组织
from external interference, subversion or coercion; Members: Indonesia, Thailand,
3. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another; Singapore, Malaysia, Philippin
es, Vietnam, Brunei, Myanmar
4. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner; (Burma), Cambodia, Laos
Founders: Abdul Razak
5. Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and Hussein, Narciso Ramos, S.
6. Effective cooperation among themselves. Rajaratnam, Adam
Malik, Thanat Khoman
Subsidiary: ASEAN Regional
Forum
Contributions
As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and purposes of
ASEAN are:
1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and
cultural development in the region through joint
endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in
order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and
peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations;
2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding

respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship
among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations
Charter;
3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in

the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields;
4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the
educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres;
5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilisation of their agriculture and
industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of
international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and
communications facilities and the raising of the living standards of their peoples;
6. To promote Southeast Asian studies; and

7. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional
organisations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer
cooperation among themselves.
Impact
The ASEAN Charter serves as a firm foundation in achieving the ASEAN Community by
providing legal status and institutional framework for ASEAN. It also codifies ASEAN norms,
rules and values; sets clear targets for ASEAN; and presents accountability and compliance.
The ASEAN Charter entered into force on 15 December 2008. A gathering of the ASEAN
Foreign Ministers was held at the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta to mark this very historic
occasion for ASEAN.
With the entry into force of the ASEAN Charter, ASEAN will henceforth operate under a new
legal framework and establish a number of new organs to boost its community-building process.
In effect, the ASEAN Charter has become a legally binding agreement among the 10 ASEAN
Member States.
REFERENCE:
About ASEAN. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://asean.org/asean/about-asean/
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | Treaties & Regimes | NTI. (2019, March).
Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-
regimes/association-southeast-asian-nations-asean/
What Is ASEAN? (2009, February 25). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-asean
Wikipedia contributors. (2020d, October 9). ASEAN. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN
ASIA- PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION
Brief Description
The principle of the APEC was first addressed publicly by
former Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke in a speech in
Seoul , Korea, on 31 January 1989. Ten months later, 12 Asian-
Pacific economies met to create APEC in Canberra, Australia.
The founding members included Australia, Brunei Darussalam,
Canada, Indonesia , Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the
The Asia-Pacific Economic
Philippines , Singapore , Thailand and the United States
Cooperation is an inter-
China; Hong Kong, China; and Chinese Taipei joined hands in governmental forum for 21 member
1991. Mexico and Papua New Guinea followed suit in 1993. economies in the Pacific Rim that
Chile joined in 1994. And in 1998, Peru; Russia; and Viet Nam promotes free trade throughout the
joined, raising full membership to 21. Asia-Pacific region. Wikipedia
Around 1989 and 1992, the APEC met as an informal senior Founder: Bob Hawke
official and ministerial discussion. In 1993, former US President
Bill Clinton developed the tradition of the annual APEC Founded: November
Economic Leaders' Meeting to provide a wider political 1989, Canberra, Australia
framework and roadmap for cooperation in the region.
Headquarters: Singapore
The 21 APEC member economies jointly work towards Chairperson: Muhyiddin Yassin
the realization of free and open trade and investment in the Asia-
Pacific by 2020 and the establishment of greater regional Type of business: Economic
community to address the economic and social dimensions meeting
of development--a commitment made by APEC Leaders in 1994
Members:
known as the Bogor Goals.
The Three Pillars of APEC's agenda focus on: Australia; Brunei Darussalam;
Canada; Chile; People's Republic of
1. Trade and Investment Liberalization China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia;
Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia;
APEC members take actions to reduce tariff and non-tariff
Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New
barriers to trade and investment that boosts job creation,
Guinea; Peru; The Philippines; The
incomes and growth. Collaboration is guided
Russian Federation; Singapore;
by APEC's Regional Economic Integration agenda and includes
the advancement of bilateral and regional trade agreements Chinese Taipei; Thailand; United
and the long-term goal of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific States of America
(FTAAP).
2. Business Facilitation
APEC members pursue measures to reduce the time, cost and
uncertainty of doing business in the region and open new
economic opportunities including for small firms, women and
youth. APEC's Structural Reform agenda supports the
development and harmonization of policies that improve market access and efficiency, and
uphold public interest such as the safeguarding of health and safety.
3. Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH)

ECOTECH builds the technical capacity of APEC's diverse members to promote trade,
investment and robust, secure and sustainable economic growth that widely benefits the region's
people. Priorities include strengthening anti-corruption, cross-border education and skills
training, emergency preparedness, energy security, environmental protection, defense against
pandemics and infrastructure development, among others.
Contributions
Since its establishment in 1989, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation’s been working to
integrate a region that accounts for well over 50% of the world’s GDP and over three billion of
its population. According to the APEC website, real GDP grew from $19 trillion in 1989 to $42
trillion in 2015.
Here are a few additional achievements and benefits that the region realized in a few decades:
 Millions lifted out of poverty
 A growing middle class
 Trade growing 6.7 times between 1989 and 2015 in APEC’s economies, compared to 5.6
times for the rest of the world during the same time
 Tariffs dramatically decreasing
 More synchronized regulations and standards
 Streamlined customs procedures
 Supply chain connectivity
 Heightened focus on sustainability
Impact
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group primarily focused on trade and
economic growth for the 21 members of the economic forum and their people. In addition to
trade and economic goals, APEC focuses on improving living standards, inclusivity, and
sustainability.
APEC members make up over 50% of the world’s GDP, with member economies seeing
substantial growth since the group’s creation in 1989. It appears that APEC’s been successful
thus far in its goals.
REFERENCE:
APEC. (n.d.). About APEC WHO WE ARE. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). (2019, March 13). Retrieved October 10, 2020,
from https://www.state.gov/asia-pacific-economic-cooperation-apec/
Corporate Finance Institute. (2020, June 10). Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/asia-pacific-
economic-cooperation-apec/
Wikipedia contributors. (2020a, September 23). Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Retrieved
October 10, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-
Pacific_Economic_Cooperation
WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME

Brief Description
The World Food Programme (WFP) is the food assistance branch
of the United Nations and it is the world's largest humanitarian
organization addressing hunger, with over 14 500 staff, 90 per
cent of whom work in developing countries. WFP provides food,
on average, to 90 million people per year, 58 million of whom
are children. From its headquarters in Rome and more than 80
The World Food Programme is
country offices around the world, WFP works to help people who the food-assistance branch of
are unable to produce or obtain enough food for themselves and the United Nations and the
their families. It is a member of the United Nations Development world's largest humanitarian
Group organization addressing hunger
and promoting food security.
The World Food Programme is the world’s largest humanitarian According to the WFP, it
organization working towards zero hunger by 2030. provides food assistance to an
average of 91.4 million people in
WFP is the first on the scene in an emergency, providing food 83 countries each year.
and other assistance to the victims of conflict, drought, floods,
Headquarters: Rome, Italy
earthquakes, hurricanes, crop failures and pandemics.
Founded: 1961
At the same time, they focus on sustainable development,
promoting long-term change by working in partnership with Parent organization: United
national governments. Nations General Assembly
Heads: David Beasley, Ertharin

Cousin
Founders: Food and Agriculture

WFP strives to eradicate hunger and malnutrition. with the
Organization, United Nations
ultimate goal in mind of eliminating the need for food aid itself. General Assembly
The core strategies behind WFP activities, according to its
mission statement, are to provide food aid to: 1. save lives in Video games: Food
refugee and other emergency situations 2. improve the nutrition Force, Freerice – Learn, Have
Fun, Help End Hunger
and quality of life of the most vulnerable people at critical times
in their lives 3. help build assets and promote the self-reliance of
poor people and communities, particularly through labour-
intensive works programmes WFP food aid is also directed to
fight micronutrient deficiencies, reduce child mortality, improve
maternal health, and combat disease, including HIV and AIDS.
Food-for-work programmes help promote environmental and
economic stability and agricultural production.
Contributions
The World Food Programme (WFP) offers nationally-tailored technical assistance and capacity
development to strengthen individual government capacities in all of these fields. We respond to
capacity gaps identified through an assessment process that is led by the partner government,
facilitated by ourselves, and supported by other partners.
This process helps identify national demand for capacity strengthening along five critical
pathways, as relevant to achieving national food security and nutrition objectives:
 Policies and legislation
 Institutional accountability
 Strategic planning and financing
 National programme design and delivery
 Engagement and participation of non-state actors
These areas also guide WFP’s offer of technical assistance and capacity strengthening. Demand
for WFP assistance must be articulated around national development priorities, critical needs and
available resources. Appropriate sustainable food security and nutrition solutions are jointly
decided by the national government and all development partners, including ourselves. These
solutions may entail enhancing capacity for emergency preparedness and response, logistics, and
supply chain management; strengthening risk reduction capabilities through social safety nets;
and bolstering climate risk management, adaptation and resilience. Frequently included in
country programmes is support to local market developmentand capacity building in crosscutting
areas such as nutrition and HIV/AIDS programmes.
Both technical assistance and capacity strengthening may be provided through WFP’s own staff
and as part of its programme activities, or through the deployment of external experts. WFP may
also facilitate the transfer of knowledge by third parties, for example through South-South or
Triangular Cooperation models, which promote peer-to-peer sharing of best practices between
developing nations.
Impact
WFP’s programming is divided into three main categories:
 Relief: o Emergency – emergency food aid provided through WFP’s Immediate Response
Account and, as warranted, a subsequent Emergency Operation (EMOP) that can assist
populations in need by either food distributions or other projects such as food aid in exchange for
reconstruction work; o Protracted Relief and Recovery Operations (PRRO) – carried out in
protracted crises to help sustain affected communities as they re-establish livelihoods and
stabilize food security. A PRRO is formed when it becomes clear that the 24-month assistance
provided under an EMOP will be insufficient and includes such activities as food for education
and training, extended relief, relief for refugees and food for recovery (e.g., food-for-assets
programs); and
 Development – development food aid is used to help the chronically food insecure escape from
the poverty trap. WFP ensures its aid is concentrated on pre-identified, food-insecure areas inside
recipient countries – usually rural areas of low productivity, areas prone to natural disasters and
areas vulnerable to periodic food shortages. It also works in towns and cities with high
concentrations of malnutrition;
 Special Operations – short-term operations designed to speed-up the movement of food aid and
involve logistics and infrastructure work (e.g., infrastructure repairs, intermittent airlifts and
provision of common logistics) designed to overcome operational bottlenecks.
REFERENCE:
Country Capacity Strengthening | World Food Programme. (2020, August 25). Retrieved
October 10, 2020, from https://www.wfp.org/country-capacity-strengthening
Overview Of World Food Program. (2020). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.wfp.org/overview
United Nations. (2019). WFP. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.un.org/en/ccoi/wfp-world-food-program
Wikipedia contributors. (2020h, October 10). World Food Programme. Retrieved October 10,
2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme

JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV AND

AIDS
Brief Description
UNAIDS is leading the global effort to end AIDS as a public
health threat by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development
Goals.
Since the first cases of HIV were reported more than 35 years The Joint United Nations
ago, 78 million people have become infected with HIV and 35 Programme on HIV and AIDS is
million have died from AIDS-related illnesses. Since it started the main advocate for accelerated,
operations in 1996, UNAIDS has led and inspired global, comprehensive and coordinated
regional, national and local leadership, innovation and global action on the HIV/AIDS
partnership to ultimately consign HIV to history. pandemic. Wikipedia
Headquarters: Geneva,
UNAIDS is a problem-solver. It places people living with HIV
Switzerland
and people affected by the virus at the decision-making table and
at the centre of designing, delivering and monitoring the AIDS Executive director: Winnie
response. It charts paths for countries and communities to get on Byanyima
the Fast-Track to ending AIDS and is a bold advocate for Head: Winnie Byanyima
addressing the legal and policy barriers to the AIDS response.
Founder: Peter Piot
UNAIDS provides the strategic direction, advocacy,
Founded: 26 July 1994
coordination and technical support needed to catalyse and
connect leadership from governments, the private sector and Parent organization: United
communities to deliver life-saving HIV services. Without Nations Economic and Social
UNAIDS, there would be no strategic vision for the AIDS Council
response.
UNAIDS generates strategic information and analysis that

increases the understanding of the state of the AIDS epidemic
and progress made at the local, national, regional and global
levels. It leads the world’s most extensive data collection on HIV
epidemiology, programme coverage and finance and publishes
the most authoritative and up-to-date information on the HIV
epidemic—vital for an effective AIDS response. UNAIDS
produces data for impact—no major report, speech or policy
initiative on HIV has been launched or made without referring to
data collected and released by UNAIDS.
UNAIDS is a model for United Nations reform and is the only

cosponsored Joint Programme in the United Nations system. It draws on the experience and
expertise of 11 United Nations system Cosponsors and is the only United Nations entity with
civil society represented on its governing body. 2018. The budget for the Joint Programme for
2018 is US$ 242 million
UNAIDS has a vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related
deaths, and a principle of leaving no one behind.
In 2016, United Nations Member States came together at the United Nations General Assembly
for the High-Level Meeting on Ending AIDS. In a historic agreement, they agreed to end AIDS
as a public health threat by 2030 through meeting a series of Fast-Track commitments.
UNAIDS is working with countries to meet those commitments, which are enshrined in the 2016
United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS. Realizing the shared goal of ending AIDS
by 2030 will take a collaborative effort among countries, people living with HIV, civil society
and others.
Central to the Fast-Track commitments are three overarching Fast-Track Targets:
 Reducing new HIV infections to fewer than 500 000 by 2020.
 Reducing AIDS-related deaths to fewer than 500 000 by 2020.
 Eliminating HIV-related stigma and discrimination by 2020.
Contributions
Treatment for all: 90–90–90
UNAIDS is working towards ensuring that, by 2020, 30 million people have access to treatment
through meeting the 90–90–90 targets, whereby 90% of people living with HIV know their HIV
status, 90% of people who know their HIV-positive status are accessing treatment and 90% of
people on treatment have suppressed viral loads.
Since UNAIDS launched the 90–90–90 initiative in 2014, it has advocated for a range of actions
to achieve the targets: stepping up HIV testing services worldwide; bringing down the cost of
antiretroviral therapy, so limited resources can go further; and brokering deals to bring down the
price of viral load tests. More and more countries are getting on the Fast-Track, with more than
half of all people living with HIV—20.9 million people—now on treatment.
Eliminating childhood AIDS
UNAIDS, working with the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR) and other partners through the Start Free, Stay Free, AIDS Free framework, is
building on the tremendous progress achieved under the Global Plan towards the elimination of
new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive (Global Plan),
which saw 60% fewer children newly infected with HIV in the 21 Global Plan priority countries
in just six years.
Under the Political Declaration commitments, by 2018, 1.6 million children should have access
to HIV treatment, and, by 2020, new HIV infections among children should be eliminated.
Ensuring access to HIV prevention
UNAIDS is helping countries to meet the commitment to ensure access to the range of
prevention options, including pre-exposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision,
harm reduction and condoms, to at least 90% of people, including key populations, by 2020.
The UNAIDS Quarter for HIV Prevention campaign advocates for 25% of AIDS funding to be
spent on HIV prevention programmes. UNAIDS modelling on resource needs for the AIDS
response shows that investing around a quarter of all the resources required for the AIDS
response in HIV prevention services is sufficient to scale up services to dramatically reduce new
HIV infections—a target agreed to in the Political Declaration. But Quarter for HIV Prevention
is more than a call for more resources: it is a call for effectiveness, efficiencies and impact for
every quarter that is invested in HIV prevention.
Championing the rights of girls, women and key populations
UNAIDS has worked to ensure that no one is left behind and has championed the rights of girls
and women and of key populations—gay men and other men who have sex with men, sex
workers, transgender people, people who inject drugs, prisoners and other incarcerated people
and migrants—to ensure that they can access the HIV services they need.
AIDS won’t be ended without eliminating gender inequalities and ending all forms of violence
and discrimination against women and girls, people living with HIV and key populations,
something that countries have committed to achieve by 2020.
Working with partners, UNAIDS programmes are strengthening the empowerment of women
and helping countries to stop violence in all its forms in order to meet this vital target.
Social protection and delivery by communities

UNAIDS has engaged and empowered civil society and people living with HIV in the AIDS
response. It has promoted a fundamental change, from a centralized and medicalized HIV
response to one that is driven and delivered by communities, extending reach and reducing costs.
The United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS calls for 75% of people living with, at
risk of and affected by HIV to benefit from HIV-sensitive social protection by 2020 and for at
least 30% of all service delivery to be community-led by 2020.
UNAIDS is working to ensure that communities are empowered to engage, own and direct HIV
programmes and promotes the full inclusion of civil society. Since social protection is
acknowledged to benefit the AIDS response through increased access to HIV services for all
people, including the most marginalized and excluded in society, UNAIDS assists countries to
develop and implement evidence-informed programming on HIV and social protection.
Financing the AIDS response
UNAIDS has helped to make the resources for the AIDS response go further. Through advocacy,
negotiation and collaboration with the private sector, technical partners and affected countries,
UNAIDS has helped to reduce the cost of life-saving medicines for people living with HIV by
100-fold. It has helped to reduce the cost of diagnosing HIV and monitoring HIV treatment
effectiveness, to reduce the time in which new medicines developed in high-income countries
became available and affordable and to reduce the number of pills from 15 per day to one per
day.
In the Political Declaration, countries committed to increasing HIV investments to US$ 26

billion by 2020, including a quarter for HIV prevention and 6% for social enablers. However, in
2016, there was a US$ 7 billion gap, with only US$ 19.1 billion available. With funding
flatlining, the world needs to do more to get on track to meeting the US$ 26 billion commitment.
UNAIDS supports countries in determining their AIDS investment needs and supports resource
mobilization from both domestic and international sources. UNAIDS will continue to make the
money work for people and to mobilize and advocate for a fully funded AIDS response, where
the investment made reaches the people who need it.
Realizing human rights
UNAIDS has worked towards protecting and promoting human rights since its inception.
UNAIDS has stood up for and amplified the voices of the most marginalized and their human
rights defenders when HIV-related rights have been denied or threatened. It has harnessed the
power of the United Nations to promote stronger leadership and accountability for ending all
forms of violence, discrimination and exclusion in the context of HIV. UNAIDS has advocated
for the removal of travel restrictions on people living with HIV, with the list of countries with
travel restrictions decreasing from 59 in 2008 to 35 in 2015.
Impact
A core principle of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and of the AIDS response, is
that no one should be left behind. The AIDS epidemic cannot be ended without the needs of
people living with and affected by HIV, and the determinants of health and vulnerability, being
addressed. People living with HIV often live in fragile communities and are frequently
discriminated against, marginalized and affected by inequality and instability—their concerns
therefore must be at the forefront of sustainable development efforts.
The AIDS response has advanced the right to health, gender equality, human rights, employment
and social protection. It has addressed entrenched social norms, social exclusion and legal
barriers that undermine health and development outcomes, and its investment approach is
increasingly being adopted to accelerate gains across global health and development.
The United Nations system, including UNAIDS, works towards achieving the entire SDG
agenda, which include 10 SDGs that are particularly relevant to the response to AIDS.
REFERENCE:
UNAIDS – Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS – Source description – ecoi.net.
(2020, April). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.ecoi.net/en/source/11284.html
UNAIDS. (2020). Social Protection. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.unaids.org/en/topic/social-protection
UNAIDS. (2019). UNAIDS Who We Are. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.unaids.org/en/whoweare/about
Wikipedia contributors. (2020a, June 13). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

Brief Description
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is an agency of

the United Nations (UN). The FAO contributes to international
efforts to defeat hunger and improve local economies by helping
its member countries modernize and improve agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries practices.
The Food and Agriculture Organisation now seeks to represent The Food and Agriculture
194 Member States, two Associate Members and the European Organization of the United
Union as a neutral forum where countries can sign agreements Nations is a specialized agency
and review policies. Its headquarters are in Rome , Italy, and has of the United Nations that leads
branches in 130 countries, with more than 3,200 employees. international efforts to defeat
hunger and improve nutrition
and food security. Its Latin
 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a UN
motto, fiat panis, translates to
agency, strives to combat hunger and reduce poverty by
"let there be bread". It was
improving agricultural, forestries, and fishing practices.
founded in October
 Funded by industrialized countries and development
1945. Wikipedia
banks, the FAO often works through public-private
partnerships. Headquarters: Rome, Italy
 Rather than directly administer aid or food, the FAO
attempts to set up sustainable food sources, resources, Founded: 16 October
and operational systems in nations. 1945, Quebec City, Canada
Head: Qu Dongyu
Parent organization: United
Nations Economic and Social
Established by the United Nations in 1945, the Food and Council
Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a neutral intergovernmental Formation: 16 October 1945;
organization. It strives to provide information and support 74 years ago
sustainable agriculture through legislation and national
Abbreviation: FAO
strategies, with a goal of alleviating hunger.
More specifically, the FAO works to promote public-private

partnerships, improve smallholder agriculture, and develop
mechanisms to monitor, reduce, and warn about hazards to the
food chain. Funding comes from industrialized countries,
development banks, and other sources.
The FAO is composed of seven departments:
1. The Agriculture and Consumer Protection department promotes agriculture to

eradicate human poverty while also protecting the environment and ensuring safe food
practices and standards.
2. The Climate, Biodiversity, Land, and Water department promotes sustainable
management practices for land, soils, energy, water, biodiversity, and genetic resources.
3. The Corporate Services, Human Resources, and Finance department support the
entire FAO organization.
4. The economic and Social Development department promotes economic development
through internal production and trade.
5. The Fisheries and Aquaculture department promotes the management of aquaculture
and ishing.
6. The forestry department promotes the management of resources through forestry.
7. The Technical Cooperation department supports member countries in their programs
and responds to food- and agriculture-related threats and crises.
Contributions
FAO produces and exchanges essential knowledge on food , agriculture and natural resources in
the context of global public goods. But this isn't a one-way flow. We play a connecting role, by
recognizing and collaborating with various stakeholders with proven experience, and by
fostering dialog between those who have information and those who need it. By translating
awareness into motion, FAO ties the sector to national , regional and global efforts in a mutually
reinforcing cycle. Through joining together, we are promoting collaborations for food and
nutrition protection, agriculture and rural development between states, development partners,
civil society and the private sector.
utting information within reach and supporting the transition to sustainable

agriculture. FAO serves as a knowledge network. We use the expertise of our staff -
agronomists, foresters, fisheries and livestock specialists, nutritionists, social scientists,
economists, statisticians and other professionals - to collect, analyse and disseminate data that
aid development.
Strengthening political will and sharing policy expertise. FAO lends its years of experience to
member countries in devising agricultural policy, supporting planning, drafting effective
legislation and creating national strategies to achieve rural development and hunger alleviation
goals. We advocate for the implementation of these policies and programmes, encouraging
sufficient financial resources to be made available, the right organizational structures to be in
place, and importantly, ensuring adequate human capacities.
Bolstering public-private collaboration to improve smallholder agriculture. As a neutral
forum, FAO provides the setting where rich and poor nations can come together to build
common understanding. We also engage the food industry and non-profits in providing support
and services to farmers and facilitate greater public and private investments in strengthening the
food sector
On any given day, dozens of policy-makers and experts from around the globe convene at
headquarters or in our field offices to forge agreements on major food and agriculture issues.
Bringing knowledge to the field. Our breadth of knowledge is put to the test in thousands of
field projects throughout the world. FAO mobilizes and manages millions of dollars provided by
industrialized countries, development banks and other sources to make sure the projects achieve
their goals. In crisis situations, we work side-by-side with the World Food Programme and other
humanitarian agencies to protect rural livelihoods and help people rebuild their lives.
Supporting countries prevent and mitigate risks. FAO develops mechanisms to monitor and
warn about multi-hazard risks and threats to agriculture, food and nutrition. We are there to
inform countries on successful risk reduction measures that they can include in all policies
related to agriculture. When need arises, we make sure disaster response plans are coordinated at
all levels.
Impact
1. Putting information within reach. FAO serves as a knowledge network. We use the
expertise of our staff - agronomists, foresters, fisheries and livestock specialists,
nutritionists, social scientists, economists, statisticians and other professionals - to collect,
analyse and disseminate data that aid development. A million times a month, someone
visits the FAO Internet site to consult a technical document or read about our work with
farmers. We also publish hundreds of newsletters, reports and books, distribute several
magazines, create numerous CD-ROMS and host dozens of electronic fora.
2. Sharing policy expertise. FAO lends its years of experience to member countries in
devising agricultural policy, supporting planning, drafting effective legislation and
creating national strategies to achieve rural development and hunger alleviation goals.
3. Providing a meeting place for nations. On any given day, dozens of policy-makers and
experts from around the globe convene at headquarters or in our field offices to forge
agreements on major food and agriculture issues. As a neutral forum, FAO provides the
setting where rich and poor nations can come together to build common understanding.
4. Bringing knowledge to the field. Our breadth of knowledge is put to the test in
thousands of field projects throughout the world. FAO mobilizes and manages millions of
dollars provided by industrialized countries, development banks and other sources to
make sure the projects achieve their goals. FAO provides the technical know-how and in
a few cases is a limited source of funds. In crisis situations, we work side-by-side with
the World Food Programme and other humanitarian agencies to protect rural livelihoods
and help people rebuild their lives.
PARTNERSHIPS WITH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has a long history of
collaboration with Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) at the local, regional and global levels. As
part of its partnership strategy, FAO works closely with federations and associations of farmers,
fisher folk, herders, pastoralists, women, youth and indigenous peoples, and NGOs to help
ensure that the aspirations of the poor, marginalized and the hungry are voiced.
FAO PARTNERSHIPS WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR
The private sector is an important ally for FAO in the fight against hunger. A thriving private
sector is key to economic growth and sustainable development of agriculture, food, fisheries and
forestry sectors. Moreover, much of the financing needed to attain the MDGs will have to come
from private resources and investment.
FAO works with a wide range of international and national private sector partners from various
parts of the agriculture and food chain. It actively promotes national policies that foster private
investment and private sector growth. FAO assists Member States, especially developing
countries, to strengthen the local private sector and particularly agro-industry, business and
farmers’ associations.
Reference:
About FAO. (2020, June). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/about/en/
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020, August). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/food-agriculture-organization-fao.asp
Wikipedia contributors. (2020g, October 9). Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved
October 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

Brief Description
The International Labour Organization was established in 1919

by Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First
World War. It developed out of the labor and social revolutions
of the nineteenth century, resulting in popular calls for social
reform and a higher standard of life for the working people of the
world. In 1946, after the death of the League of Nations, the ILO
became the first professional organization affiliated with the
United Nations. In 1919, the initial membership of forty-five
countries rose to 121 in 1971.
The International Labour
Organization is a United Nations
In terms of organisation, the ILO is unique among world
agency whose mandate is to
organisations in that workers' and employers' delegates have the
advance social and economic
same voice as governments in formulating their policies. The justice through setting
annual International Labour Conference, the sole deliberative international labour standards.
body of the ILO, is composed of four members from each Founded in 1919 under the
Member State: two government delegates, one worker and one League of Nations, it is the first
employer delegate, each of whom can speak and vote and oldest specialised agency
of the UN.
individually. Between the conventions, the functioning of the
ILO is directed by the Governing Body, consisting twenty-four Headquarters: Geneva,
government officials, twelve workers and twelve employer Switzerland
members, plus twelve deputy members from each of these three
Founder: Paris Peace
classes. The Foreign Labor Office in Geneva , Switzerland, is the
Conference
Secretariat of the Association, the Organizational Headquarters,
the Study Center and the Publishing House. Its activities are Founded: 1919
staffed at headquarters and around the world by more than 3,000
Head: Guy Ryder
employees representing about 100 nationalities. Activities are
decentralized to regional, regional and branch departments. Formation: 11 April 1919; 101
years ago
Decent work has become a universal objective and is highlighted Parent organizations: United
by Goal 8 of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and Nations General
Assembly, United Nations
across other interconnected SDGs. In order to achieve decent
Economic and Social Council
work for all women and men in all corners of the world,
governments, businesses, employers’ and workers’ organizations
need to make this a political priority.
The multilateral system, with the United Nations at its core, provides support to countries in their
endeavours to achieve sustainable development. As emphasized by the ILO Centenary
Declaration for the Future of Work , “decent work is key to sustainable development, addressing
income inequality and ending poverty, paying special attention to areas affected by conflict,
disaster and other humanitarian emergencies”.
The UN development system continues to reform to be fit for purpose. The ILO and its tripartite
constituents continue to be active agents in the process to bring about a more coherent and
coordinated UN system by joining efforts with its many partners at global, regional and country
levels. As mentioned by the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the Centenary
Declaration , the ILO and its constituents have played an historic role and positive contributions
during its 100 years of promoting social justice.
The ILO also cooperates within the broader multilateral system that includes the G7, G20,
international financial institutions and regional groupings, to promote policy coherence on decent
work issues, recognizing the strong, complex and crucial links between social, trade, financial,
economic and environmental policies. Hence, the Organization is well positioned to develop its
human-centred approach to the future of work.
Contributions
The ILO has three major tasks, the first of which is the adoption of international labor standards,
called Conventions and Recommendations, for implementation by member states. The
Conventions and Recommendations contain guidelines on child labor, protection of women
workers, hours of work, rest and holidays with pay, labor inspection, vocational guidance and
training, social security protection, workers’ housing, occupational health and safety, conditions
of work at sea, and protection of migrant workers.
They also cover questions of basic human rights, among them, freedom of association, collective
bargaining, the abolition of forced labor, the elimination of discrimination in employment, and
the promotion of full employment. By 1970, 134 Conventions and 142 Recommendations had
been adopted by the ILO. Each of them is a stimulus, as well as a model, for national legislation
and for practical application in member countries.
A second major task, which has steadily expanded for the past two decades, is that of technical
cooperation to assist developing nations. More than half of ILO’s resources are devoted to
technical cooperation programs, carried out in close association with the United Nations
Development Program and often with other UN specialized agencies. These activities are
concentrated in four major areas: development of human resources, through vocational training
and management development; employment planning and promotion; the development of social
institutions in such fields as labor administration, labor relations, cooperatives, and rural
development; conditions of work and life – for example, occupational safety and health, social
security, remuneration, hours of work, welfare, etc.
Marking the beginning of its second half-century, the ILO has launched the World Employment
Program, designed to help countries provide employment and training opportunities for their
swelling populations. The World Employment Program will be the ILO’s main contribution to
the United Nations Second Development Decade.
There are some 900 ILO experts of fifty-five different nationalities at work on more than 300
technical cooperation projects in over 100 countries around the world.
Third, standard-setting and technical cooperation are bolstered by an extensive research, training,
education, and publications program. The ILO is a major source of publications and
documentation on labor and social matters. It has established two specialized educational
institutions: the International Institute for Labor Studies in Geneva, and the International Center
for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training in Turin, Italy.
Since its inception the ILO has had six directors-general: Albert Thomas (1919-1932) of France;
Harold B. Butler (1932-1938) of the United Kingdom; John G. Winant (1938-1941) of the
United States; Edward J. Phelan (1941-1948) of Ireland; David A. Morse (1948-1970) of the
United States; Wilfred Jenks (I970- ) of the United Kingdom.
Impact
Promoting jobs, Protecting people
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is devoted to promoting social justice and
internationally recognized human and labour rights, pursuing its founding mission that social
justice is essential to universal and lasting peace.
Only tripartite U.N. agency, the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers
representatives of 187 member States , to set labour standards, develop policies and devise
programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.
Today, the ILO's Decent Work agenda helps advance the economic and working conditions that
give all workers, employers and governments a stake in lasting peace, prosperity and progress.
REFERENCE:
COMING UP. (2019). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/labour/history/#:%7E:text=The%20Interna
tional%20Labour%20Organization%20was,for%20the%20world’s%20working%20peol
Mission and impact of the ILO. (2020). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/lang--en/index.html
Wikipedia contributors. (2020c, September 25). International Labour Organization. Retrieved
October 10, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization

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MAN 202 COURSEWORK

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course

GLOBAL CONTEXT AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES IN NURSING

for the degree Master of Science in Nursing – Adult Health

2ND SEMESTER 2020

Brief Description ................................................................................................................... 53

The United Nations is an international organization founded in

4. Preventing Nuclear Proliferation

9. Combating Sexual Violence in Conflict

Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Detecting and responding to acute health crises

WHO fulfills its objectives through its core functions:

 Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnership

2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization

Western Pacific Region Publications), 2006. p.75.

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND

And they never give up. Headquarters: New York,

CHILD PROTECTION AND INCLUSION

(LGBTI)1 adults, adolescents and children. Author. Retrieved from

THE WORLD BANK

Parent organization: World

Founders: John Maynard

Previous carbon targets were surpassed. The World Bank

Financial Products and Services

Innovative Knowledge Sharing

10, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/history/the-world-bank-group-and-

Union under its current name in 1993. Founded: 1 November

Global Issues Concern

FROM ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL UNION

STABILITY, A SINGLE CURRENCY, MOBILITY AND GROWTH

TRANSPARENT AND DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

The EU is governed by the principle of representative democracy, with citizens directly

Diplomacy and security

Next Multiannual Budget. Bruegel Org. Retrieved from https://www.bruegel.org/wp-

UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR

Since 1950, we have faced multiple crises on multiple continents,

Advocate for and support governments in the development and maintenance of an

Worldwide, these are the persons of concern to UNHCR:

Author. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/4565a5742.pdf

Retrieved October 10, 2020, from

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS

1. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, Founded: 8 August

2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding

3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in

6. To promote Southeast Asian studies; and

About ASEAN. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://asean.org/asean/about-asean/

Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-

ASIA- PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION

3. Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH)

Retrieved October 10, 2020, from

Wikipedia contributors. (2020a, September 23). Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Retrieved

October 10, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-

WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME

Heads: David Beasley, Ertharin

Founders: Food and Agriculture

 Policies and legislation

 Strategic planning and financing

 National programme design and delivery

 Engagement and participation of non-state actors

WFP’s programming is divided into three main categories:

October 10, 2020, from https://www.wfp.org/country-capacity-strengthening