 Retailing consists of the activities involved in selling goods and services to ultimate consumers

for their personal consumption. In retail sale, the buyer is the ultimate consumer, rather than a
purchaser. A wholesale sale refers to purchases for resale or for business, industrial, or
institutional uses. The buyer motive for a retail sale is always personal or family satisfaction,
stemming from the consumption of the item being purchased by an end-user.
 In high-service retailing system, margins are higher but turnover is lower and opposite holds for
low-price retailing systems.

 Demand-Side positioning strategies include bulk breaking, spatial convenience, waiting and
delivery time, product variety, and customer service
 Retailing industry is the highly labour intensive industry.
 Because of Cost side and demand side, the retailers positions their retail operations.
 Multichannel Retail strategies: Customers prefer buying through multiple channels and types of
outlets, as their purchase behaviour also affected by purchase occasion.
 Electronic buying is increasing at an increasing rate but the brick and mortar retailing still
captures significant portion in many categories as e-channel are important for some product line
than for others.
 In direct selling channel, the sale is done directly by face to face and at a fixed retail location.
 There are distributors who are independent contractors and they purchase inventory at low
price and then sell it at a higher price to the downstream end user.
 The pyramid scheme is a fraudulent mechanism in which the new recruits have to pay a fixed
non-refundable amount to the distributor and the existing distributor also got rewards for hiring
new recruit, so they both earn without selling any product or service.
 In hybrid retail channel, the retailers or the firms sells their product and service through online
channel and also through brick and mortar channel.