@—-_———- CivPTER Yo SNUSOIDA STEADESTTEANALSS (ityou have trouble working this practice problem, ‘tum to Append 5) ‘The unknown complex voltage will have an amplitude V,, and phase angle , both of which must be determined. However, the voltage must have the same frequency as the current (3000 rad/s), so we may express this voltage as, Vue! 20008) Equating it to the sum of the resistor and inductor voltages 086/200 Ve/300'+ = (500)0.008¢/900™ (0.055); 0me and taking the indicated derivative, we find that VeZ OOOO #) == e/300O 4. 72.28¢/3000 Factoring out the exponential term e/", we are left with Vmel# = 44 j2.28 Expressing the right-hand side in polar form yields 4+ j2.28 = 4.600!" from which we see that Vj = 4.60 V and ¢ = 29.7°, so that the desired voltage is 4,6001(30000429.7) yy If anyone asks us to find the real response, we need only take the real part of the complex response: Re (4.600! 67") = 4.60 cos(30001 + 29.79) -V ‘Thus, we are able to determine the forced response of a circuit contain- ing an energy-storage element without resorting to solving differential ‘equations! SSS 10.4. Evaluate and express the result in rectangular form: (a) [(2/30°)(5/=110°)](1 + 2); (b) (S/=200°) + 4/20°. Evaluate and express the result in polar form: (c) (2 — 77)/G — j); (d) 8 — j4+ (6/80°)/(2/20°)] 10.5 If the use of the passive sign convention is specified, find the (a) complex voltage that results when the complex current 4e/* A is applied to the series combination of a 1 mF capacitor and a 2 @ resistor; (b) complex current that results when the complex voltage 100¢!2°* V is applied to the parallel combination of a 10 mH inductor and a 50 2 resistor. Ans: 104: 21.4 ~ J6.38; -0.940-+ 73.08; 2.30, 10.5: 9,43¢/ 06-320 ¥, 5 3091-682") 9143/1122"SECTION 104 THE PHASOR 10.4 | THE PHASOR A sinusoidal current or voltage at a given frequency is characterized by only ‘two parameters, an amplitude and a phase angle. The complex representa- tion of the voltage or current is also characterized by these same two param- eters. For example, assume a sinusoidal current response given by In costot +6) where the corresponding representation of this current in complex form, [pelo Once I, and ¢ are specified, the current is exactly defined. Throughout any linear circuit operating in the sinusoidal steady state at a single fre- quency «, every current or voltage may be characterized completely by a knowledge of its amplitude and phase angle. Moreover, the complex repre- sentation of every voltage and current will contain the same factor e/*". Since itis the same for every quantity, it contains no useful information. Of course, the value of the frequency may be recognized by inspecting one of these factors, but it isa lot simpler to write down the value of the frequency near the circuit diagram once and for all and avoid carrying redundant in- formation throughout the solution. Thus, we could simplify the voltage source and the current response of Example 10.1 by representing them concisely as Vm. oF Vue! and Tel? ‘These complex quantities are usually written in polar form rather than exponential form in order to achieve a slight additional saving of time and effort. Thus, the source voltage U(t) = Vm COS@t = Vm Cos(eot + 0°) ‘we now represent in complex form as Vn lO® and the current response IQ) = Incosloot +4) becomes inl This abbreviated complex representation is called a phasor.? Let us review the steps by which a real sinusoidal voltage or current is transformed into a phasor, and then we will be able to define a phasor more ‘meaningfully and to assign a symbol to represent it (2) Not be confused with the phaser: a interesting device feature in «popular television sre. that none of the steady-state Guts we re ing wil respond at a requency the than that on soure, so thatthe value of es avaysThe process by which we change i) into lis called @ ‘phasor transformation from te ime domain othe frequency domain, ‘Several useful tigonomeric denies are provided ‘on the inside caver fr cenwenienc. (CHAPTER 10 SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS Areal sinusoidal current 1 = In costwt +9) is expressed as the real part of a complex quantity by invoking Euler’s identity i) =Re {Ine} We then represent the current as a complex quantity by dropping the in- struction Re{), thus adding an imaginary component to the current without affecting the real component; further simplification is achieved by sup- pressing the factor e/*": Imel® and writing the result in polar form: I= Info This abbreviated complex representation is the phasor representation; phasors are complex quantities and hence are printed in boldface type. Cap- ital letters are used for the phasor representation of an electrical quantity because the phasor is not an instantaneous function of time; it contains only amplitude and phase information. We recognize this difference in view- point by referring to i(t) as a time-domain representation and terming the phasor I a frequency-domain representation. It should be noted that the frequency-domain expression of a current or voltage does not explicitly in- clude the frequency; however, we might think of the frequency as being so fundamental in the frequency domain that it is emphasized by its omission. ‘The time-domain expression is already in the form of a cosine wave with a phase angle. Thus, suppressing « = 400 rad/s, V = 100/=30" volts Note that we skipped several steps in writing this representation di- rectly. Occasionally, this is a source of confusion for stuclents, as they may forget that the phasor representation is not equal to the time-domain voltage v(t). Rather, itis a simplified form of a complex function formed by adding an imaginary component to the real function v(¢) SSS 10.6 Transform each of the following functions of time into phasor form: (@) —Ssin(580t — 110°); (b) 3 cos 6001 — 5 sin(600r + 110°); (©) 8 cos(4r — 30°) + 4 sin(4r — 100°). Hint: First convert each into a single cosine function with a positive magnitude. AL[=134.8°; 4.46/47, ‘Ans: 520°SECTION 10.5 PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR, , AND C ‘The process of returning to the time domain from the frequency domain is exactly the reverse of the previous sequence. Thus, given the phasor voltage V = 115/-45° volts and the knowledge that @ = 500 rad/s, we can write the time-domain equivalent directly: v(0) = 115 cos(500r — 45°) volts If desired as a sine wave, v(t) could also be written (©) = 115 sin(00r + 45°) volts