VEDIC MATHEMATICS Sixteen simple Mathematical Formulae from the Vedas (For Onesine Asner all Mathematica! Probleme) JAGADGURU SWAMI SKI SHARATT KRSNA TIRTHAJT MAIARAJA, Gomera Fair Da. V8 AGRAWALA MOTILAL BANARSIDASS jehi =: Varanasi PamaPUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT have grat pescure in asooiting myself with the y cation of the book Velie Mathematica of 'Sixteu Sipe Mala matical Formulae,” by Jagedgura Swami Bharati Kriana Tirtha, Shankaracharya of Govardhan Pitha, Tk was hing favaited by his diwaplee. Shrmats Manjula Devi, eoe inherit of Swami’ right, entered into an agreement with the Banaras Hindu University to publish it and the came 1 now being ‘lone in the Nepal Endowment Hindy Vishvavidyelaya Sauckil Geantlarala 1 foot grateful Lo all Uwe wh lve worked for it. Shri Arvind N. Mafatlal business magnate of Demy xn a devotee ! of Swamiji has taken intereat in Ure publication of the work. Ho has taken the trouble of being jwrwnally present in this i eetemony cof publication (Pralushana Ulam). ‘He hus given expression to his decp devotion to Shri Shankaracharya by i consenting to found a ehsir at the Bassatas Hulu Vaivemity hy the name of Shri Jagadgura Bharati Krishi Tirtha Shane lowrachanya Cheir of Vedio Studice for which I is making, = saguiient endowment. As Viee-Chaneellor of thie Vnivenity T-arowpt he donation and offer my heart felt thanks to him fo Ii geil OMOTILAL RANAKSIDASS N.#. BRAGWANL Hebel Misi & Bete Dale 27-8-05 Vice Chancilor abu eti10007 Brean Choo Vanes fond Banaras Hind University Asx Wp, Pio oa Fost Bon: Yrs, 1965 ‘eit ed. 1970 1971191, 19 ve BE 8 (ln Haas es) itd i nda ‘Ress oat taal Aen Narn, New Dete110 025 ‘RSLECT Neto Pec ee St nar, Banglow Ron wht Rog BMS OOO 1 ee eeeGENERAL EDITOR'S FOREWORD "the work entitled VEDIC MATHEMATICS or ‘Siteen ‘Simple Mathetatical Formule from the Vedas! was written by io Holines Jagedgurn Sankavietrys Sei Bharati Keepa Urthayt Mabaraja of Govardhana Maths, Puri (Js4-106). Tt forms class by its not pragmatially conceived and worked ‘out asin the eaes of other scientific works, but the rent of the inteitionsl viaulistion of fondsmental ‘mathematil truths land principles during the cours of wight years of highly eouveue ‘trated mental endiavour on the paet of the author and therefore ppropriniely given Un il of “natal” watbeinaice appearing tore ae inate han te uaa approach of hard-baked science sn the sulle ls Lina wlated in the Trafsce. Swit Saikardchrya was a gifted scholar on many fronts of learning including aeenee and humanities but bis whole Inilisa was something of much higber tertar vir, tht hw wx 40 Bs falling the ideale snd attainments of thon Beers uf Scant India. who dieeovsted the osmic Taws emnfuaied in the Vedas. Swaim Bbirat Kygpa Tirth lal te same revere lial approach towards the Vedat ‘The question naturally frica ab to whether the Sitrax which form te basis of this troatiae exist anywhere in the Voie liteatare as known to us ‘Bae tis ertisism loses all ux fc if we fom oursalves of the ‘efinition of Veda given by Sr Suikarsotrya himself as quoted below: the vey wo "Yo! Ine ie Jail nag i. the ota ed aed ile toc ore of al ning Tho desi, in eek ree mtn a pt he Ves eed oti lic is) win (Sree el he Kevlege sued by mania relating wt nly 1 Ba tnd apn (rotary) mata han 0 ove sun dele rely enh “ier ut wolly ad ln Yo the mean rogue By ‘Rultuiyanseh fc th ahiremen of elione, complete erties srs ‘allem ime and hat hers eb wo tivo wie ‘hie cals (or tending) 40 Hat tat vie down 1 A are, ‘ny destin o any maget whatne we Hen al nine tor pact Taian Vaio tae sod be (te min) al nnd, empl ad pert and ate tow {Seftor ewer Heo all runtore whih nya kr a Inde an pony srk to Be eased on Tis the whole connee of hls asnessment of Vedio tradition that iti not to be approsched from s factual standpoint but feom the ideal standpoint vit, ne the Vedas as trattonally socepted in Tula na the rponiiory uf all kewl sland De fan not what they ace in human possession. ‘That approach birdy tums the tables on all cxitice, for the authorship of Voie mathematics then need not be laboriouly searched in the texte as preserved ffom antiquity. The Vedae are wll xo ‘as four sm number Kk, Yayu, Soma and Atharva but they havo flo the four Upavoday and the six Vedasigas all of whieh form fn indivisible corpus of divine knowledge asi once was an ax I may be rovenled, The four Upavedas sre as follows :— Veda Upaceda Raveda Ayurveda Bamaveda Gindharvaved Yajurvnda Dibabreeda Atharvaveda — Sthigallyavela ‘In this lst the Upaveda of Sthipatya or engineering com prise all kinds of architetaral and structural haan endeavour And all viaual ats, Swami naturally regarded mathematiee fr the selanes of ealeulations ani computations to fall under ‘hin rxtagney. Tu the light of the sbove definiLva aud appruncl sunt be ‘understood the author's statement that the ssteen Bitras om ‘which tho prasent volume is based fu past of « Parise of tho Atharvavoda, Wo ate aware that cach Veda ao ite eubet diary apocryphal texts some of whieh remain in manaotripto and ‘others have been printed but that formation has not ec For example, ome Partagas of the Athaevaveta were edited Uy GM. Boling and J. Vou Ngan, Lispaing, 1aa-10. Bot this work of S11 BaikarirSeyajt drum ts Te arti view Pasi Uy ile and iba mo ourpining Ua Use Balen 1 rmontioned herein dn nol nppent iu the Witherto known Past Alief these min 16 ol of dace sretteas ox corollaries is profixed inthe be of the text and the style of language alee pointe Wo Use discovery by ‘Swimit himell AL any rae, it is needless to dwell longer on ‘this point of origin sce the vast merit ofthese rales should be matter of dicowery for each intligent reader. Whatever ie trillaw here by the author stands on ite own merits and is prewnted as auch to the mathemati world ‘Swomiji was a marvellous parson with surpassing qvaitins land rao a prolife writer and eloquent spenker I hail the ‘ood fortune of iataning to hie diacoures for weoks tugether ot Several ooeesons when he used to vst Lrknow and attracted lange audienoes. He cowl at x tench spon for several hous in Sanit ant Bngish with the sae aiity and the intonation Of his oie vice lef lating impression on the minds of| his hearers. He wan an ardent admirer of Bhartrbar the grest ine (uker of the Golden Age of Indian history in 9 Aiferent field vay thet of phulosophy of grammar. ‘Swamijé hed planned to write 16 volume on all aspects sed branches of mathematien! proses and privat there tenno doubt that his mental powers wire cern uf Usa calibre, Inot what has fen left tous ie thi introductory volume which iu ile ia of the highest merit for reason of presenting a now technique which the suthor styles ae “mental” mathematics <4iferent from the orthodox methods of mathematiians all over the world, Anithmetioal problems usually solved by 18, 28 ot 42 stop in cae of euch vulga® fractions a6 1/18, 1/29, 1/8 are here solved in one simple line and chat ix posible ty le done ven by young boys, ‘The trth of these metho wax denons- ‘rated by thin minty teacher before many University auanees in Tita and inthe U 8 A. ineng learned Profowirc and every ie prmen wan ewok wis Unie originality aud inplicly We are told in hie Preface by Swimt Sankaricirya that hho contemplated to cover all tho ifort branches of mathe-ali, ages, gromeley (plane and slid) trigonometry (plane and spherieal) enniet—geometresl and analytics), astronomy, eleulox—iforentiat and intagral te, ‘with those hase Bite Tha compeelinivn application af hs Santas cot Bl By he wing ate ane ae the pationes and the genie ta pura ie aethod and impli atin of thew fume Ie aay probably be able to bring thote various branches within the orbit ofthis orginal sy ‘Aull fledged. oouroe of bis lsoture-demonetrations was ongatised Dy the Nagar Univesity in 1952 and. some lestutce ‘were deiverod by Swami tthe BALU. in 1949. eis, there foro, in the fitness of things and « appy event for the B.HLU. to be given the opportunity of publishing this Book by the courtesy of trimati Manjula Devi Trivedi, dseple of Set Swim who agreed to mao over his manusctipt i wx throug th (Mforts of Dr Pt. Omknrnath ‘Thakur. The work han bers town throug the Preot mainly hy Tr. Press Tala Shatsin, Dest Faculty of Musle & Fine Arte inthe Thivesty. ‘To all of those our geateful thanks sre ne. Dr. Bij Molin, ead of the Department of Nilwmaties, TLL. took the trouble, at my int and vonfying the request, of going. Uacougls he man’ Cllutatioos for which T offer him my best thanks, 1 also fexpteas gratitude to St Lakhanidas, Manager, BHU. Pees, for taking great poine in printing this dificult ce. We wish to expres our daypust gralilude lo 814 Sw Pratyagstmtnands Sanat? fr the valuable foreword that ha us written for thin work. Tuay be wlauda pre-omineul i fhe worl of Tantre setiolas and isa profound mathematician and scientiie thinker Wilf, Te iugpiing words ate Uke fragrant flowers offered we fot of the ancient Vedic Ti ‘whose spivitual lineage wt moval in te late GaukarieSeye Sei Bhieati Kegs ‘Tivtha, Swim Pratyaghtmnandajt haw not only paid a tebe tn Br ‘wonts have showorat Mowingx on all those who are ker Of intuitiwoal meperinucen i he dowsin of metaphyeicn atl physies. Swami hy a fortate chance, travelled Eom Caleutta aoc to Varanasi to preade over the ‘Tantnie Saminolan ofthe Varana: soya Sanskrit Univority (8th to 11th March 1065) and although hhc in now 85 years of age, hi innate Reneroity made him accept four roquct to give nie foreword. Tam partienlarly happy that T am ale to publish this work sndar the Nepal Endowment Hina Vadvavidylaya ‘Pablienton Berns, for T ener an weet desir to a 0 ines or late Prsident Ds, Rajelea Peal spokes to ae about fia exienee when T ance mt him in New Dedhi in the lifetime of 844 Swit V.8. AGRAWALA, MA, PAD, Di anares Hinds Univensity General Fier, Foranasi-s Hindu Vishwavidyalays March 17, 1965, ‘Nepal Rajpa Sanskrit ‘Granthamala Serie,FOREWORD Yolis Mahenatin by th we Barkasttya (Dh yyy tity Conran Pile une work In hi deepingr oxplrton of ery Vo marin ta erly ws Ue cu of satan otf nd he seca ey apn to. pel poems, te ae | lke e! dare cuttin of te ping gt atvewalgg lion oon with the azalye sun 0 | SIMI lat te uattonetcun With the ate ask ipso tlng toa ee cw at treeming tno Ted Uv ei Unt Vedas repent a naa tie min of Poeun walom in mater both pa si epee of wider ante we of names yy sod vane oly tered 15 Uv ldecowe nde aad dedetive meting of ednay sate sou, bee vas since feria vo oe isch tbr gher aces og elanton wer Sapte ven afr, ote un nar Sate tm nd he Ice Starry hs tally nia, hat one ool erp immed ore rc, snr ny milion, 1 erly nero ean Suls'ny et nee ce eat te rege tf it “inde eh ting and nation By scopled tad MEU tae fatharetye ny bye compete [Stal uly of Vote machen ade threo ‘ossement in Voi wae unary ce Soke wae [he vedo ayetes tore goge Un fra nen Gait por geo who th mer, ih ety Cepek uid oe of te py! nme fe So? pa met Triconia apy al laclgound inthe Vedat cjeive wns nlfing tate oe Une base conoptos pout tt may be une by 8 ‘Maker we an ct becy and erp ie ot tei. tn out aver recy abled "he. Mtepyace of yond ee stented lak mete mptnno tre Sumac ne ents i hs welcen comogel Han(Rg. X.190) witha view to unveiling the metaphysical hackyn ‘where hoth ancient wiodom and modern physics may meet ' common basis of logical understanding, and compare notes, discovering, where possible, points of significant or suggestive palais letwoen the two eat of concept, ancient and modern That metaphysiral background includes, mati matics also ecause yliysics as nver pursued isthe application of mathema- tics to given or guid spacetime event situations, here we examined Tapas a6 a fundamental creative formule whereby the Abeolute emerges into the reslme of measure, variation limite, feme works and relatioan. And chis descent follows logical order which eecms tll iteelf, within a framework of conditions and specifications, lo unthernatiot analyuin. ‘Rawr in th Hymn ropresonts the Pringle wf Timi, for ext. pls, Rison Satyaiee stand for Beco (Culane bude) and Bring (rartonakalena) at a stage wheze limite wr eonditions ‘or conventions do not yet arise or apply, ‘ioe famar pve the suncomlitioned, unrestricted how of thus of cu prawns enter, sat or that of existence, Papua, whic corespanda te Arikamitrt in Tantric ymboiam, negotiates, in ta role spevially of critinal variation, between hati, ab-inii, unsound fod unrestristnt, and what appoars otherwise, an for inatancr, in our own universe of login mathematical appceiaun ‘This in, necessarily, abvtruso metaphysie, Tut iti noverthelew, thw starting background of both pliysis atl rathomatice. Bu forall practical parpotee we must come down from myatic nabula ta te ra ova of our actual apprehension And appreciation. “Thal is lo my, we must deocend to our own pregmatio levels of time-space-vnt situations, Here we fon netual problems, and one must ine and deal with thees squarely witht evasion oF myetitcation. ‘The law Satan cya ha sane this masterly fest with an adcituem that compels aduiration, Ts follows from the fundamental premise tel the universe wwe live in must lave © bate mathematical structure, and consequent, to know a fart of obtain resol herein, Uo any reqnived degree of precision, ane musk obey the rule of mathe Fy ota menue and ton ‘Shi howe, one may do Smoruly oreconciay estoy 0 haps Tren some oes foe nl re stint ted mathe ttc; fr xnnpl te matory Hn wt ie onan Of mb ot met nse nd us =p, {sume The myers abe tate art at rem rude Wo may ce tec of hn ho mae = Tethontea progysndsnlt fh oa f sexe et (etanng 3 proton sori vo AE Std eh ‘Galeors Guot)inaenb ef tape, Tenor ng Doris inane i tt of it de coeeratrica ner ae rama een ering a lea retin and dite by Yogesh Mlb abe Enel fet dere soma sn rtd eh eprom tn ni sar at he ‘ogi! of natant wos fom ne let, a sae eee ire ee ye coin for low elaborate steps of reasoning tarsi al ‘This it hi normal pracese of indvetion anit deiurtion. Here sr (Sutras) and eatin in mathomatios The magie and logie of matheratios in some asec got mixed up; bu ti anne ro keep them apart, Yo ean et m role hy magie, ut ahem yon ate call aan te prom, you mut. nen rennet lagi Be applications) may be either ample and elegant or complicated fand eumbroue. ‘The format fe the ideal to aim at We have claasiealinwtances of master mathematicians whose methods of analysis and solution have been roared at marvels of eagoney, man xd elaguice. Boron fave bees “beautiful an 9 m (og. Tagrange'e “Analytical Morton) ‘he late Sablaraearya has claimed, and nightly we may ‘think, thst the Vedle Sirs end their applications possess hese (og otto) unt ble a this Inter ease, your logie (your formule andu os Wo a degre of wininonen that cannes be challenged, ‘The outstanding merit of hie work les inhi ela proving of ‘thie contention. ‘Winilier or not the Vedas be belived et repositories of pecfel wisdom, it ix unquostionsble thae the Vedic race lived ‘ot x moray pastoral fll posossng «hal-or-quarter developed culture nnd civilisation. The Vedic seers were, again, not mere ‘navelganer® ot “noeetip-gamer?’. ‘They proved. themeelves sulopén in all levels and branches of knowledge, theoretical and practical. For example, they hed ther vazied objective oxience, Doth pare and spplie, Tot we lake w eonorele luteal, Suppose in tine of Arought we require rains by artificial means. ‘The moder scientist has his own theory aud act (leshuiyus) for producing ‘tho result. ‘The old seer scientist had his both also, but Aifereot from these now availing, Te had his ecenoe and technique called Yayna, in which Mantra, Yantra and other factors must co-operato with mathematical determinatenos and precision. For this purpote hc had develope the ax auxilanics ofthe Vata in each of which mathematica! eal and adroitnes, ‘veull or utherwine, play the decisive role. ‘Ihe Silvas ly’ down the shorteat and surest ines The correct Intonstion of the Mantra, tho comet configura of Ue Vania (in Ure making of the Vaff ete. eg. the quadrature of a circle), the comet time oF eateal conjugation factor, the correct shythas all had to be perfectd so as to produce the desired result ofectively and adequately. Hach of theve equited the caloulue of mathematics. ‘The modera technician has his logarithmic tables and mechani” manuals; the old Ysjdilka had hie Sra, How were the Sutras obtained by magico logic ot both 118 ' vital malier we do not disease here, ‘The lato Sanlaruessya has claimed for Uses sogeney, compactness and simplicity "This san even more vital pint, an ws thik, he has rnsonabiy sade it good. Varanasi, SWAMI PRATYAGATMANANDA, 223-1985 SARASWAT A HUMBLE HOMACE Tae Ine Sankaricdtys's epodimmking work ou Velie Matliomation brings to Ue notion of the intelligent mat sstkingly « uew Uoury aint method, now almost unknown, ‘of ariving atthe trath of thinge which in this particule case ‘ones Ue uth of numbers and magnitude, but might as-well, cover, as it undoubtedly did in a past age in India, all eciences ‘aud als, with results which do uot fail to evoke a sense of axe ‘and amazement today. he method obviously ic radiclly Aifernt fou the ove adopted by the modern mind, Music and not Mathematioe in my Geld. altuugh the philooply of saaabers, eowmio and metaphysical corre Pmnleneon with musical numbers, the relation of number wil consonant, dient and assonant tonal intervals cte., lowly interrelate music and mathemati), but study of the Ueaditnual literature on music and fine arte with which 1 have ‘teen concerned forthe laet few years has convinced me of ene Fundamental fact regarding the ancient Indien theory and method of knowledge and experienc wi a vir the modern. While all great and true knowlege it born of intuition and rot of any tational proves uriaginalion, Use is w radical ‘liferenee between theancient Indian method and the modem Western metlaal cacersivg intuition. ‘The divergence embracea everything other than the fact of intuition steel the object and field of intuitive vision, the ie tm the inellae. The modern method it Lo get the intuition by sugges tion from an appesranee in life or nature or from a mental idea and even if the aouro of the intuition ia the sou, the method at Tinian wethod of knowledge had for i rmething of the Self, the Innite or the Divine to the regard ‘the cout the Self through ite expression, the infinite throngh ‘te hte eymbole and the Divine through his powers. The6 process was ono of Integral knowledge and in its auburinale ranger was instrumental in revealing the truths of cosmic phanomona and these truths wenp atilsed for worldly ends. ‘Thess two mothode are basoi on diferent theories of ‘knowledge and experince, fundamentally divergent in outlook sod approach The world ee yet knows wary Tittle of the Ancient Indian method, much Tess of itx secret techniques ‘Se Sanlarierya’s remarkably nique work. of Vetio mathe- taties as brought. to popular notice demonstrably for the fist time thet the ead method was nseolly employed iy ancient dia in solving problems of soular knowledge just as for volving thoes of the epiritual domain, Tam happy that in the printing and publication of thi ‘monunentel work and the peeoeding spado-work 1 had the privilege to render some little service. PREM LATA SHARMA Dean, Faculty of Muri & Fine Ane, ‘Banaras Hind Tniversy. Varanaes 23.5585, : CONVENTIONAL 10 UNCONVENTIONALLY ORIGINAL ‘This book Vedle Mathematics deals mainly with various vedic mathematical formulae and thet appleatont for carrying (out tall and catersome arlhmeticl aperations, wal fo ‘very large extent, executing them mentally. Tn thi eld of mental nthmfieal operations the works of the famous mathemat lau Teachienberg ead Leer Meyers (High Speed Malls) are ‘lementary compared to that of Jagadguri ‘Some people may find i cult at st reading to understand Ue atithmetial opeations although they have been explained very lily by Jagadguraj I is not because the explanations se Ineking in any manner ut ecause the methods are totaly unconventional Some people are vo deeply rooted in the cou ventional methods that they, probaly, subconsciously eect tO See the logic in unconventional methods ‘An attempt has been made in this note to explain the une conventional aspects of the methods. “Once the reader” get te the unevventionsl nthe begining Hel, he would find no difcaly inthe later chapters, Therefore the explanatory notes are given fr the ist fe chapters aly. Chapter T ‘Chapter deals with topic that nas been dealt with compre: hensveyinthe chapter 26 vir. "Recurring Decimal Gurdeva has Alscussed the recurring decimals of 1/19, 1/29, ete in chapler Ito arouse curiosity and create interest. In conversion of wpa fractions int thee decimal events Gtradeva has ‘sed very unconventional methods of multiplication and division 1m calculation of decimal equivalent of 113, ret method ofthe “Fkddhia Siva equices multiplication of hy? hy spi ad unconventional process. Inconventonal method product off the ‘lipid, by ? the multiple, is 2and thats the end of malt plication process. Iti not so inthe unconventional “Fkadike ethos. Inthismethod, inthe above example Ii heft multi Picard its preiact with miter fe? which inthis pei roses becomes the second multpicand. This when multitied by the multiplier (which remains the came) 2 gives the product 54 which Becomes the Ud meliplicend. And the pence ofeb rmulupicstion thas ge on tl he dst start reurine Silty inthe seo metho the Fadia Sat for cskating the decal equivalent of Wi." fy rowed 10 ‘Sve | by 2by an unconventional 2nd spec procs he “sven eta when the dnd tte ed by the dito the quote! is 03 andthe panes uf dvson fends Inthe spel method of “ekaahta Sut Toreelting ‘Seine cvs the press stars by puting sero the fr ic of the ten, athe fre remaindet. A deinal pant i put afer the ft quoues dig which wae. NOM, the fea ead digit" eine the fit quotient di ‘Oto form “10a the second dividend. Dison ef 10 bythe divisor 2 (whic doesnt chang) gives Ss the second quotient {git whichis pu ae the decal pont. The sean cmainer dig preted tothe second quot digt § to form $3 the tid aver igi Divo a hy ges nthe hind uotint dit and I asthe third remainder it which when fretted to th thi quotient ig "2 ges 12 ar the fourth {isin lwo poner gc ml digi sat scng haere tt TAC i an ingenious device wo reduce single digs ager than 5, trey facitaingmalipieation spay forte ment foeline mess. Vinca muita inet om theft tht {Ri same ar (202) and 76810024) of 5163860020.” Gur dva bas made thi aifmeial facta power device by waiting tw ac2E Te ae 124 ail T6863 4 Tha device b pally tne i vile dvion method ‘small note on “alge may fasttate the study for some [Aiquot pret the part conan by the wll aa tgtl tues nese. 12 contained by 16 whole number 110, Sines, ov sample Words he quent that action. ithe division by the Nila meth the dvdend dies tnto two portions ty verte Tine THe vere ne shook Naver many gist gies theresa be athe het pss the remainder. n general he mambo sch dps are he mse Bin the tigre omen Is one lee than he vor Nees to te tha the vera and Woz lines must be dren seats when wsing tis metho. Wins, Com. Vionva: Monae Than CONTENTS 1 INrRoDUCTORY ‘No. My Boloved Guradeva—{Srimati Manjala Tried} Author Preface. “A Dotenpive Prelatory Nuts B. Explanatory Esposition ©-—hiustrative Specimen Samples oD ax 4. TEXT Siataun Séteus and their Gorolaries 1 Praloganonn : we Cuneren T. Actual Applications of We Vadis Satmas af TT. Arithmotia! Computations 2 TH Multiptiction Prt! Appin (compen mien) Bete & Poort Yow al 18. Tin by the ean th & Vi. Arguiental Division loan cy lange (replat & Cnc). Be VI. Tacos triple gue) “0 YH, tntrstn (fr ata) % TE. hort Cae & XI. Sine qin it Play XT. Sue Byrne oy Serpent) ior ILL Move Typo ay Stole gatnn 1 XLV. Compo: hoger ite XV. Simultncne Single Ryo Tan X01 modes pe) Bye vs XVIL Gunde Byam tar XVI Ci Egat ‘08XXVIL XXL Xxx, xxar xxxTT x xxv XaXY, XXXVI xaxvrt XXXVI XXEIK. xt Page No Bi quadratic Uquationa m -Maltiple Simultaneous Equations 1% Simultaneous Quedratio Fqations m8 -actorsation & Dilfrential Cale 182 arti Fractions 186 Integration hy Partial Peaotioos 191 ‘The Vedic Numwrieal Code wt Recurting Decimals 06 Beraight Division = 0 ‘Auzilary Fractions 2885 Divsiblty & Simpla Oweulalore am Divisbiiny & Complex Multiplex Osulators 285 Sam & Diflereuve of Squares ta 290 lementary Squaring, Cabin ete 00 Sergi Squaring 205 angus (xquaze root) fa 38 Cub Roots of Bzact Cabes ate Cae Roota (General) . Sa Pyllgurs? Thoorem ct, 9 Apollonius Theorem a, Aunllical Conics ase Micellanoous Matters aa Trees Opinions a MY BELOVED GURUDEVA MTT MANIUTA TRIVEDT Un the Hines that follow the writer gives a short Biographical ‘atch ofthe lustrous author of Vedic Mathematics ond a thort ‘ccoust ofthe genesis of Bia work ww published, based om ini ‘nate personal knovlodge—HoT20R. | ‘Very few person can therm Be xrmonyst te eultuted peuple of India who have not heard about HIS HOLINESS TAGAD~ GURO SHANKARACHARYA @RI BHARATI KRISHNA TIRTHAIT MAHARAT, the magnificent and divine personality Laat yeucefaly adored the famoox Govardhan Math, Por, hig wash sid vermlie aching, hie spiel and educational ‘Ntsc, Lis woudetul rematch ackinvenate in tbe Geld ‘of Velie Mathematice and hie consecration of all these quali- feations to the sorvco of humanity as such, ix Hotinns, Itter known among hie dieiples by the Indoved mau Snpugorai’ op ‘Gurudeva’ wae born of highly wari aoe parents in March, 1RRS, Hit father, are Sui TP, Narain Shas, wan Us i service an Tala ‘Tinnvelly (Madras Proideney) whi Inter rtirod ax w Dapaty Collector. This uncle, le Sci Chaudreabekbar Slats, wae the Principal of the Mahscaa's Cailage, Visinnaparaen aad hie great guandathor wa Tale Juntion C2 Rangavalls Sats uf Ue Madras High Court Togugurai, unuel oe Veukatraunat ix his eatly days, was an exceptionally brilliant student and invariably won the frt place in all the subjects in all Uh classes throughout his fduestonal cares, During his school day, he wae « student of National College, Teichanapall; Charch Missionary Sacicty College, Tinnevelt and Hind Colle, Linnevelh. He passed his_matvinlaton exemination fom’ the Madeas University fn Jnnnry, 1808, topping the het at weul ‘Hie was extraordinarily proficient in Sanskrit and oratory *aecount of thie he wae awarded tho title of ‘SAKASWAT’ anvay by the Madsas Sanskrit Amociation in July, 1899 when he was sll i bis 16th soar, Ono cannot fi to mention at this stage the profound impression let on him by hie Senskrit Guru Shri Vedam Venkatrai Shactsi whom Jagadguryji_ always remembered with deepest love, reverence and gzutitude, with tears in bie eyes ‘Afr inning the highest plac in the B.A. Examination, lui Veukalcman Sarsowali appear ab the M.A. Baamination of the American College of Sciances, Rochester, New York, fom Bombay Cuntro in 1908 ; and in 1904 at Ue age of just rent hho paged M.A. HGramination in further aeven subjecte simul- ‘taneously aocuring the highost honours in all, whih ie pesape the atime world record of academic briliance. His eubjeci« Included Sanskrit, Philosophy, English, Mathematics, History and Seine, ‘As a student Venkstraman was marked for his aplndi Dillane, superb otentive memory and ever inatiabl, curity. Te would doluge his teacher with myriads of pereing que ‘which made them unetey and foreod thom frequently to make 4 frank confession of ignorance on their pat. In thie eepect, ho wae considered to be a taribly mischiovous student. "Bown fom his University days Shri Venkatraman Sara watt Tad alae! contelting learned articles an religion, philowphy, siuloyy, story, pie, Uteraluce ole, lo late W. T. Stead’s "REVIEW UY REVIEWS” and he ‘was interested in all tho branches of modem atence, Ta thet, study of the Iatest researches and discoveries tn modeen svience continued to be Shri Tagedguryj's hobby till hia Ta day Sei Venkatzamas stared hs public io undo the guia of lata Mon’blo Shri Gopal Krishna olhale, CLE. in 1005 sn ‘connection vith nal Education Movement and the South Afviean Tadian issue, Althougi, however, on the one lhand, Prof. Venkatramen Sosaowsti had acquired an endless font of Inarninng aud ie desire to lan ever mora wa sill tunguenchable and on the ather haul Uw gy for neles er vice ci) of humanity evayed bie heart mightily, yet te undoubtedly {deepest attraction that Venkatraman Bataonal felt wae that omuede the ety and pretice of the science of sciees—the poly ancient Tins airluat sciuoe or AdhyBtma Vidyi. In 1908, Herel, he proceeded to the Bringer Math in Mysore to lay hinmelf ab the fact of the ronownod late Jagadgura Stnkaracharya Maharaj Shri Setchidinanda Sivabbanava jnisun Bhatia Sa ‘Bat he ad not stayed thera long, before he had to aaguene the post of the fist Prineipl of the newly slarted National College at Rajmshondri anvier x prwing and clamant call of| uty fom the nationals mers. Prof, Veukstraman Saras ‘watt eontinve tlre for three yeage Dut in 1811 he could not Fest his Dunuing deate for spiritual knowledge, practice and attainment any more and, therefore, tearing hima off udenty| from the eaid collage he went back to Shri Satchidinaa Sivabbinava Nrisimba Bbiesti Swaoni at Singer. ‘The next sight yearn lx npeut i Ube profoundest study of the mat alvanced Visanta Philosophy and practice of the Dishns-sadhans. During these days Prof. Venkatraman twod to study Vedanta at the fect of Shit Nrisimba Bitrti Swami, teach Sandie and Philosophy in schools there, and prtctine the highest and most vigorons ogw-sidhiua ia the rnearhy forests. Frequently, he was ln invited hy several lindilations deliver Indices on likmoyly 5 for exaunple he delivered serine of sixty Teetaron on Shankaracharya’s Philooply af Shahar TnaiLute of Pilooply, Aualaer (hen dosh) and similar lectures at; ever other places ke Poona, Boubay ele After several year ofthe most advanced stain, the deopest meditation, and the highest spzitual attainment Brot. Venkatra- rman Sararvati was initiated nto the holy onder of SAMNYASA a Banazan (Varanasi) by his Holiness Jagedgura Shankar. ‘charge Sei Triikeam Tirthafi Mahers} of Shiratipeeth on the 44 Toly 1919 end on this ocasion be was given rane, Suu Bharati Krishna Tishatiny ‘This was the starting point of an offuigent manifestation greatness, Within tao youre of heat ithe lly order, he proved his wsigue suilabilly for being installed ‘nthe pontifical throne of fhareda Peetha Shankaracharya and fecordingly in 1921, he was co inatalled with all the formal frtemonies despite all his reluctance and active reitanee Tumodiately, on acsuming the pontificate Shei Jagadguraji started touring India from corner to comer and delivering Tectures on Santana Dharma and by hie ecinilatng intellectual byillane, powerful oratory, magueti personality, sinerity of purpose, indomitable will, prity of thought, and laftiness of harecter fv lk dhe entize intelectual aid religious class of| the nation hy alarm. ‘Jogadguru Shankaracharya Shri Madbosuian Tira of Govardhan Meth Puri was st this stage greatly impressed hy Jogadgurayi and when the farmer weit Guiling ald be oquceted Jagadgiraji to micron him on Govardhan Math Gali. Shui Jagelgaruji continued to reait hie importunste rust for long time but at last when Jogadguru Shr Madbs- sudan Titha’s beslth took a esrious tam in 1026 he virtually forced Jagudgaru Shri Hhaeati Krihana Turtayt to accopt the Govardhan Maths Gadi and accordingly Jagadgura installed ‘Sha Sworupanandji on the Sharadapecth Gadi end himmll feoramed the duties of the eovlsistical and por ‘Sn Govardhan Math, P Tn this capacity of Jagadguru Shankaracharye of ova ‘han Math, Pus, le continued to dissominato the holy spiritual teachings of Henatana Dharma ip the pristine puny all over Ue world the ret of bis life for 25 years. Months after monthe tnd years aftcr years he apentin teaching and preaching, talking ted lectaring,diseasing and convincing millions of pmople all lover the country. He tooke upon himelf the colowel task Of the reneiseanes of Tylian eultare, spreading of Sanatens ‘Dharma, revival of Uhe highest human and moral valuee and erikinling of the loftest spuitusl enlightenment chroughont the world and he dedicated his whole fe to this lofty” and noble mission. cal heal of on Frou his vory easly daye Jagadguraji reel forthe eight interpretation of “Dharma” which he defined wie sum ftal ofall the mauns necesnry for spretily making fd permanently Keoping all the people, inlviduslly ae well wrcllestively oaperlatively comfortable, prosperons, happy. Tot jovous in all reepects (including tie phyaical, aneula, Tntelletaal, oducstional, economic, social, polities, payehi, mritaal eta. od infty”. He was painfully aware of tho ona” of some fom thle dotiex under the garh of spiritus Tiny and of the eopericial modern wlucalioual verish of the folkors, divorsed fom epi and moral standards. Hey therefore, alway laid grest wmplasia on the necesity of ba Imonising the ‘epistual and the ‘ratevial? spheres of daily Tif, Ho also wanced to ermove the fale ideas, on the one hand, of thove person who think that Dharm can be practised by exslusively individ spictual Sidhani coupled with more hhoneethreed-earning, iguoring one's responsibility for rendering tele servion ta Um soriely and on the other hand of thom who think that the Btdbunk ean be complete by mere servi Of society even witut Iacuing oF practning eny spistuality ‘oneself, He wanted Tgp blending of both He stood for he cmunaeral aan all-ound progress simultenaouly of both ‘the individonl mod rocety towards the apecdy: relation ‘of Tun’ spiritual and culduea idea, the lofty Vadantie ideal of i (perfention and harmony all-ron With tine ions agitating bio mind for several derates ‘he went on catryug on & laborions, elaborate, patient mn day sndnight research 6 evolve finally splendid nn peste echo for aloud veconstetion ft of India end thnongh it of the ‘worl, Consequently Sn Jegadguryi fonnted in 1963 ab Nogpr fin inolittion narod Si Viehwa Punarnirniana Sangha (World Reconstruction Association). The Administntive Board of the Sanghe consieted of Jagedguri's dimples, devotess and adi rere of bio eatetic and apron ils for humanitarian service fed inckudod 2 number of high sour judges, ministers, oes tonite, etetesmen and other prrsounge of the highest calibre(ity ploasure. ‘Yo #60 him was & privilage To epeck lo hisn was 2 real bloasing and toe granted a spevil interview —Ab ! that tras the ome of ippinem which people coveted modt in all famestness. ‘The magna foros wf hie wonderful personality ‘vas such that nm wor, cue wile, or even one look was quite mong to convert wven the most septic into hia most ardent snd ohodiantdincipls, He letougo to all irrespective of caste for ora wn In wit real Guru to the whole world. People of all noni, vligions and climes, Bealmins sand non-Brsbiming, indo wud Maliometans, Paras end Chri tians, Buropeane end Ameriouw rive nual treatment at the bands of fs Folinen, Thal was the scr ofthe immense popularity of die great Mahatma. ‘He wae grand in bie simplicity. Peoplo would give any thing and everything to got le blessings and he would talk ‘wars of wistom as freely without four or favour. He was Tost casily accessible to. all, Thousands of poole vised him and prayed forthe rele uf thie aineron. He Jud «ind ‘word to say to each, after attentively Tite to his or her tle bf roe and then give them mam ‘pramad” whl would eure Un falady whether physical or mental. Te would actually ted ware when hv found poople aulfring and would pray £0 God ta relieve eit suffering. “Ho wa mighty in his laoning and voracioa in ia reading. A sharp intellect, a sotentive memory and a keen rent went to dark him as the moet distingaisted scholar of hin dy. Ths Totoure moments he would never spund in vain, He was always reading something or epeatingromething. ‘There was no branch fof knowledge which be did not know an at ul ‘slassicely. He wae equally learned in Chandahesstre, Ayurveda and “Jyotah Savten. He waa « post of wneammon al and weote a number of poems in Sanaeit in the prwin of hie gora, gods land godewnes with » charming low of Bhai vo conspicuous in Al his writings, I have got a collection of over three thonrand slokas fr- sing port of the vatiou elogiatle poems comp] hy Gurudera, ce) in adoration of various Doves and Dovis. ‘These Slokns have bean edited ann ate Boing tranalated into Hindi. They sre prope! be published in three volumes along with Hindi fralaion ‘The book on “Sanatans Dharma” by HH. Swami Riinath Kiang Tithe Mabtja hae been published by Bhiratiyn Vidya Bhaven, Bombay. [Above all, hin Bhakti towards hie Vidylgure waa some- thing beyond description, Te would talk for days together About ie gretnen of his Vidyigure. He would be never tired of worshipying, Use Guru. ‘This Cura also wee equally Attached to him and called our Swami es the owe aon of the Gallons of Learning, Gri Sarads. Everyday he wonld frst ‘worship his gur’s sandals. His “Garupaduks Stotr * cleacly Tndieates the qualiti he atribated to the wale of is eara. ‘Shei -Bhiratt Kyiena (rth was a great Youin and o Siddha" of every high onde. Nothing was mspodble for hi. Above all wu a true Samnyasin. He bold the world but ux i singn where avery aus had to play 0 part. Tn short, be wa Cunouledly'a very great MabBtma but without any display of mysecen oe occu, have not been able to express ere even) one milionth part of what 1 feel. His apetiem Hulineas, his deep piety, Iie endloos wisdom, hie chililike peacefulness, eportiveness tnd innocence and his univeral flection begsar all deteription “lis Holincas hee left us 8 noble example of simplest living end highest thinking, May all the world benelt by the example ‘oft fe wo nobly and to simply, a0 eprivually end co lovingly lived. Iniroduatory Ramarks on the Present Volume Tow proceed (o give a abort account of the genexix of the work publahed herewith, Revered Guruji ward to Say that he had reconstructed the sixteen mathematical formulae (given in thie text) fom the Atharvaveda efler fssdaous research and "Tepas’ for shout eight yearn in theea forests surrounding Sringeri. Obvionly. these formulae are not to be found in the precul eveusin of Albacvavede Uy ‘were actually reconstructed, on the bass of intaitve revelation, from material scattered here and there in the Atharvereds, Revered Gurudeva used to say thot he had wtten sixten volumes (ose for each Stra) on thew Sitras and that the manuscripts of the ead volumee were deposited at the house of one of his disciples, Unfortunately, the ead manuscripts ‘wor Tost izetriovably from the place of ther deposit and this olosal lowe wae finally confzmod in 1058, Revered Gurudeve was not much perturbed over this iretrievable os and used to say tat everything was there in his memory and thet he cou seccle he 18 voluma | Ay Isto husband Sri CM, Tuivedi, Hon. Gea. Sevetary V. P. Sangh noted that while Bri Jegadgura Maharaj was Dbusy demonstrating before lesmnod poople. and socitiee Vedio Slathematics ae discovered and propounded by him. some portons who had graped a omsttering of the new Satras had aloudy start to dagale audicncce ws prodigies claiming occult powers without almowledging indebtedness ‘to the Satras of Jagedguraji, My husband, therefore, pleaded famottly with Garudera and persuaded him to amange fe ‘the publiation of the Satras in hie own nem Tu 1957, when lie lad decided fully to uudslake tour of the TL8A. Iw rewrote fram memory the present volume, giving au intreduclory aecount of the sinteen fr lil yim, "This vole wae writ in rola eon ino age within se month and mall with hi fing, heath snd weal wsesght. He aul plane ta wile sunt vole es, bul hi failing eats (and cataract developed in both tyes) did nob allow th flflment of hia plans. Now the present volume isthe only work ou Mathenlise at Lae Deen Tell over bby Revered Garuji: all his other writings un Vedic Mathematics Ihave, alas, beet Tue for ever. ‘The typescript of the prosont volume was left over by Revornl Guradeva in US.A. in 1968 for publietion. He a) ‘nad boen given to understand that he would have to go to the U.S.A, for correction of proofs snd personal euperntion of printing. But hie health deteriorated after his return to India finally tho typescript was brought back from the USA fer his attainment of Mabacemadki, in 1960 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Lowe a deep delitotgeatte to Justion N.H, Bhagwat tho enlightened Viee-Chaneellu of the Banatas Hindu Univer sity and other authorities ofthe B.ILT who have readily under taken the publication of this work whic was introduced lo them by Dr. Pt Ombarnath Thakur, Tam indebted to Dr. Thakar for this introduction. My hearty and reverent (uke ace due to Dr. ¥. 8, Agrawala (Professor, Avt & Architetare, BLILU.) the vateran echolar, who took the iitintive and throughout kept up a very Keon intereet in this publication, It is my plessant duty to offr my hoartfolt gratitude to Dr. Prem Lat Sharma, Dean, Faculty of Music and Fine Arta, BLU, who voluntarily tock over the werk of preas-dreting of the typescript and proof-reading of this volume oftar « dondlock i come to preva in the proces of printing Jt at the ontsrt. Bat for her bard inhour which she bes undertaken out of heer sense of rvaranin for the nubile ant glorions work of Tavera! Gurudeva Ui voluume would uol have seen the ight of the day for a long time, T trust that Revered Uurudeva’s Holy Spvit wil shomee Tlie choivesl blessings on her. My sincere thanks are also due to ri 8. Nijabodka ofthe Rescerch Scotion under the charge of Dr. Sharm, who has ably sscicted ‘her in this onerous tack ‘The Hambios of Hix Dineples Smti. MANJULA TRIVEDI Nagpur, Hony. General Seerdary 10th March, 1965, Sor Vishwe Panarizmans Sangha, Nagpur.AUTHOR'S PREFACE AWA DESCRIPTIVE PRRPATORY NOTE ‘THE ASTOUNDING WONDERS ANCLENT INDIAN VEDIC MATTIEMATICS 1. Ta the coures of our deoursee on manifold ant multifarious eubjecte (eprtual, metaphysics, philamoplival, parchic, peychologial, etbicsl, educational, wivulife, mathe hatical, historical, politisl, aeonomic, social el et. from time to time and fom place to place during the last five dosades fand more, we ave been Tepestndly poiuling out that the Vedas (the most ancient Indian wriptuten, nay the oldest "Ketiious” seriptures of the while work!) clans to deal with all rancher fof leaning (spivitoal and trnporal) and to give tho earnest ker after Kindy all Ue oyun instructions and gaidanee in fall detail and. on scientifcally—nay, mathematically — ‘sourate Hines in thom all and #0 of. 2. Tho vry word “Veda” hun thi doivaionl meaning te he ible woreluun ofall ow lego "This deviation, ner, ov cnmaten an imo that {ie Vedas soo outa win Uta al the knowledge deeded by mankind relating not onl to the oo called ‘pital {or otter verily) matten bat abo to thom umally deerbed fe pony “sos, “tmpora’, or “wordy”; nnd al #0 thea eine oy hanya mach rth arin of allvound, complet and porek asus in ll concarable ‘iootone ad that thereat bo no adjectival or setnctve fplteteleulated or tening to lint that knowlege down In thy apbere, any dneton or any react winner: {Tn olber word, i connote and implies that out ancient tndian Vedio lore shoud be allround complete and Deets alt thw fh fle seemey Bet on ttlre wish any ang seater fer know ean pe sesk to be enlighten — rniainend and(avy 4. Teiethns inthe fitness of things thatthe Velas inclu © Ayureada (anatomy, physiology, hygtene, sanitary scien medical scene, surgery ete, ete) uot forthe purpose of ache ig perfct eal wd strength in the afterdeath futuse but 4m order to aftain them dere and now in our present physical Dodies; (i) Dkonarveds (atclaey sad uther miliary sciences) not for fighting with one another afar ont traneportation to heaven but in onder to quell usd aulaue al invaders from broad and all insurgenta from within; (ii) @andhorea Veda (he aienee and att of musi} nd (iv) Sdhipuia Vda (engineer jing, archiectur et, and al branches of mathematic in generl) Al thowa subject, be it noted, ar iuletent pus uf Ue Vols iv, ate orkid as “apitiual” studies and catered for as sich thers 5 Similar isthe case with regan to Ue Volsigas (ie grammar, prosody, astronomy, lxiwography ele, eb) whith sceording to the Indian cultural conceptions, are sla inherent parts and oubjects of Pali (Le, Religious) su. ©. Ax x dlimet and unshitkable contequence of this snalptical and graumalical wy of the real connotation ‘nd fall imphications of the wort “Vac” and owing to various other historical causes of « persoual chatacler inin detail of which we need not now cater). we have been from on very vay childhood, most earnestly and actively striving to study ve Vieux evticaly from this stand point and to reali an Drow to wnrslees (and to other) the eoreetness (or ether win) of Use dwivative meaning in question. 7. There were, oo, certain personal hikorival reasons why in oar quest for the discovering ofall learning in alle Aepartments, branchis, sub-branches ot. itm Vedas, nr _guze was riveted mainly on ethics, peychology and metaphysiex fn the one hand and on the “postive” aiences and eapeially rathematics on the other, 8. And the eontemplanns or, xt est. patronising attitude adopted by some socalled Orientalsts, Tndologits, anti quarians, reseurchsclulan ote, who condernedy of light- om) heattediy. nay; responsibly, frivolowsly and Aippantly di missed, several abstrusolooking and recgudile parla of the ‘Vedas sheet-nonsenss!"—or se “infant humanity's pate”, and so on, merely addod fal tothe fir (o to speak) ain further ‘confirmed and strengthened our revolute determination uo unravel the too Jong hidden myatrie of philosophy aud science contained in ancient India's Vedi lor, with the consequence that, after cight years of concentzated contemplation i Freal- solitude, we wore at long last able to recover the long leet keyn which alone eoald unlock the portale thereof 8. And we were agreeably astonished and intennely gra- tified to find that exceedingly tough mathematical probleme (onhich the mathematically most advanced present day Wo ‘vente world had spent huge lote of time, energy ant ‘money on and which even now it eolve with the utmoeb dificully and after vast Iabou invalving large numbers of difficult, tedious sand cumbersome “stop” of working) an be euly and readily solved withthe help of thee ultra-casy Vedie Satz (or mathe- ‘mati aphorisms) contained in the Panitgta (the Appendix porlian) of he ATWaRvaveDs in a Tow ample steps! and by ‘nclbids whic ae be enacentionny desribed as mer “mental seithmetio", 10. versince (ie. sinc meveral deendes ago), we have been carrying on an income. and strennons campaign for the Tulinewide diftsion of all tht siento knowledge, by means of lectures, leckboand- demonstrations, regular elses nd so ou in scuol, ells, universities et, all over the ‘country and have been astonuling our auliaieee everywhere vith the wonders und uanevele uot lo any, mzaclen of Tria Vedio mathematics, 11, We were ue at laa wbied to aneosed in atnscting ‘the mote than yawing attention of the authorities of saver Indian univernitins to chs abject. And, in 1082, the Nagpur University nok mesly hed a few leetutee and plarkhoar emonstratious given bul ae arranged for oar baling regular asses in Vedic mathemation (i the Tivensity's ConvozationCnty Tall) for tho benefit ofall in ganeral and espeially of the Tie oraity an collage professors of muthenalics, yaysies ee 12, And, consequently, the eucationists nnd tie exeaun of the Wngioh eduested section of the prople including the hgheot oficials (eg. the highoourt jules, he inisers rey) ans the general plies wh wet all highly impresed fay, thelled, wonderairwk aud flabbergasted! And not nly the newspapers bit wven the University’s oficial ports tlossibed the tremenons sermatin caved Usereby in superats ely alogistic tem; mil the papers began to refer t0 ub a8 “ae Octagenarian Tuyalgueu Shankaracharya whe had talker Nagpur by storm with hix Visin mathematica”, and oo on 13. Tt in manifestly imposible, in the eouree of a shore rote (i Ue ualute of « “isles, to give 8 fll, detalled, tho Tough-going, comprehensive and exhauctive desorption of Ue uiigue features and startling eharacterstios of all the rmathemstial lore in question. This can and will be done i tne subsequent volumon of thio oerce (Lsling eeratim and inextenso with al the vsrious portions of ll tho various brancher of mathematica). 14, We say, however, at this point, draw the exmnort attention of every one concerned &0 the fllowing salient iveme thereof (i) The Site (aphorizms) apply to and cover each and very part of each and nvory chapler af each fand every branch of sutlematies (acluding aie ‘metic, algebra. gwometey—plane and soli treo romutey——plann nid apirial, coniss—geomctrical find avalyteal, astronomy, caloulus—diflorentiel tnd inkgsal oc. etc. Tn fat, thore is no part of rothematies, pare of applied. whieh 8 beyond their jiseloton (i) The Strasser onay to understa and nay to commer 5 aud the whole (euthally summarised in one word Comi) (i) Even as rand complex problems invelving © good number of mathematical opeeutions (consecutively for oven simultancously to be performed), the time taken by the Vecie method will be thin, forts, ftenth or even a meh smaller fraction ofthe Lin required sevonting Wo mudesu (ie. cusrent) Wester methods (iv) And, in some very important and striking cee, ams requiring 20, 60, 100 oF even more numerous ‘and cumbrous “atepr” of working (according to the ccurent Westen methods) ean be answered ina ‘ingle and simple map of work by the Vedie metiod And Kile childeen (of only 10 0r 12 yours af age) rarely Toke xt the sume written on the bldeebosrd (on the platform) and iinmadintaly shone nt and Alctade Ge aumwern Eso Use Vay of Ue cme Toll (or other venue of the dnntration). And (iia Locausc, an nll of fst eal digit automa tically yields ite predecessor and its euceeavor ! and the elildren have merely to go on touting off (or reeling off) tho digite one alter another (forwarde o Dackwards) by mere mental arithictic (without needing pen ot pencil, paper or elate ct)! (6) Ou sexing Unis into work actually eing performed Dy the litle eileen, the dactors, pfesnne sn iter “bigrguis" of emanation are sander seul and exclaim —"Te this mathematies or magic” t And wwe invariably snower aud aay "TC ie Intl, Th ix magic until you understand i, audit ix mathe thereafter” 5 ated het we peor Ua aulntunlnle tnd prove the corrertinas if this vols oP re! Aral (3) As regards the time required bythe students for mastering the whole course of Vedic mathematics x applied to allie branches, we need merely sate from our actual experience that © monthe (or 12 months) ne an avernge rate of 2 of @ hours per day(xt ould enfice for completing the whole conrse of mathematica shut on thenn Vadis Hines iaslead of 15 oF 20 yrs rmirnd acoording to the exiting ryan of Uae Taian. and aloo of foreign uni 18, Th thin conneetion, i ia a gratifying fact that unlike sou avoid Tudolugala (ofthe type hereinabove referod to} there have been some great modem mathematicians and his forians of wathematce (ike Prof. G. P. Halotead, Profeeor ‘Ginsburg, Prof, De Moregan, of, Hutton ete.) who have, ‘a truth-seekere and truth lovers, ovineed a truly scent sccitad and fukly expromed thet intense and wholetearel appreciation of ancient Tine gral and geri contributions ter the progress off mathematical kowwlaige (ju tle Western Iomisphere and elsewhere) 10. The following fo excorptn fom the published writings of sowe universally acknowledged authorise in the domas of the history of mathematics, will epeak eloquently for Hamel (On page 20 of his lok “On the Foundation and ‘Tecluiyue of Asithuetio", we fad Prof, GP. Talstesd saying ‘The importance of the creation of the ano mark can nevor be exaggerated. ‘This giving Of airy noting not merely a looal habitation and » ‘name, a picture but helpful power ithe charactritir fof the Hind race wlmnce ib apenng. TU in Uke ‘vining the Nirvii into. dynaman. No single tuathenatical creation hae beet more potent for the general on-go of intelignnce and power (Gi) In this connection, in his splendid treatise on “The present. moda of expressing nimber™ (dw Toia Historical Quarterly Vol 3, yoges 590-640) B. B. Ttta mya: The Tlindun adopted the decimal wale vaty early. The numerical language of no other nation isto ecientific and has attained as high 2 state of perfoction ae that of the ancient Hindus. (aie) 1n eymbolim thoy ocooded with tn signe lo express ‘any umber moet clogently and simply. Th bs thin beauty of the Hinds numeral notation whic alrac- ted the attention of all the cisliwe peopl of the sworkd and ehtrined Usem to adopt it” (i) Ta thie very contast, Prof. Ginsburg a “The Hindu tation wae eazied to Arabia about 770 AD. hy « Hindu scholar uninod Kasia who ‘wan invited from Tain to the famoue Court of Bog dad ly the AUbecide Kbulit AbManovm. Kable taught Tindy astronomy and mathematica to. the cabin scolars; ud, wilh is hep, hey eanlated inte Arabi the Doabma-Sphute-Siddhiata of Brahma Gupla. The receul discovery by the Prench savant ALF. Nav proves that the Hindu numerals were well Jhiown and auch appreciated in Syria about the mile ofthe 7th Oentury A=”. (Crxepune's "sew Liowt fou our nawerals", Balletin of the American Mathe- matical Hoiety, Becond acrize, Vol 5, pages 38-380) (ie) On thie point, wr Bnd B. B, Dalle further sing “rom Arabia, the numerals slowly inarched towards the West through Egypt and Novthem Arabia; and they finally entered Rarops inthe 1th Centory. The Buropeans ealed tens the Arabic rotations, eran they teosve them from the Arba, Bat the Avie dhonelves, the Hastorn 38 ‘well ne din Westar, Inve unanimously called. them ne Hindu Bguses, (AFArgew-AFTHindu”) 11, "The abovecited pamngen ase, however in connection with and in appreciation of Trlia’s invention of the “Zeno! snarl and her sonributions of Ube TU century A.D. and later ‘wy world mathematical knowlege. Tn the light, however, of the hereinabove given detailed ceciption of the unique merite and baractenstic excllences of the ail cater Vedic Sitras dealt with inthe 16 volumes ofcn) is sotes!, the conscientious (teothoving and truth-teling) histori f Mathematics (of the lofty eminmen of Prof. De ‘Morgan of) have not heen gully of even the Iran exaggeration in thete candid admission that “even tho highest and farthest aches of modeen Wester mathemties have not yet brought the Weotorn world even to he thrasold uf Anckul Tuan Vedio Mathematis” nest aim ond apiration, in. these 18 olumes!, to explain and expound the contents of the Vedio ‘mathematical Sites and bring them within che easy intllertual f every seckse after ‘B_EXPLANATORY BXPOSITION SOME SALIENT, INSTRUCTIVE AND INTERESTING TEEUSTRATIVE SAMPLE SPEOIMENS COMPARTSON an CONTRAST Preliminary Note >— With ergant to every aubjoot dealt with in the Vedic Matlouatival Sila, the rale gencrally holds good that the Siteas have always provided for what may be termed the “enor Cae {by taeens of simple processes whieh ean he easily neously applied to any xe every hich ean posibly arise mvdor any ticular healing. sud seadly nay, matan section 2 Tt, at the same time, we often come seroes special raven which, aldhvugls clawifiable under the general heading in question, yet present certain addtional and typical charac texeatvs which render thom sill easier toolve. And, therefore, peril provision is found to havo been mado for such epecial Siwes by sinate of special Sitras, oub Sutras, conollaris ete, icable vo thore particular types alone Cai) 2. And all that the student of these Satees has to do 1s to lok forthe special chavastorinine in quan, rene the parienlar type before him and determi spacial formule presexibed Ueefos ‘a iy the 4. And, generally peaking itis only in cate uo apecial se i involved, that the Koneral Formula has to be reverted to ‘Aud this poocess isnatarally a tile Longer. But it neod hardly be pointed out tht, oven then, the Longest of the methods swvording to the Vote eyatem comes nowhere fin respect of| Thngth cumbrousnese end tediousness ct.) near the correspon ing process according to the system now current cverywhere For instance, the conversion of «vulgar traction (ony Yo OF gy oF zy ote) 20 is equiv shape involves 18 or 28 oF 42 oF more sep «recurring ecm ‘ema works Ing (according to the cutrent system) bie requis only ane fingle and alinple step. of mntal working (searing uo he Vedio Sia)! ©, This is got all, There are oil other methods and oceans (in the latter system) whereby cven that very small (wweutal) working con be rendered chorter til! Thi and Isein is the beatific Beauty of the whole seem. 1. Yo stort with, we sould naturally have Liked to begin this cxplanatory snd illustrative experition with © few pro ‘eo in aithmetial computations relating to muitiplieations ‘nd divsiang af huge numbers by big moltiplior and big divers respectively and ten go on to other branches af mathemati! catentation But, an we have juat Aereinaboe referred 0 & partic cular but wonderful type of mathematical work wherein 14 28, 42 of even more steps af working ean be comand into # inglestep answer whieh enn be witen down smmadiatly (hy means of what wo have en describing as stright, single Tine, montalarthitie and a thie starament mist yatially Iauve are inten eagernen al ety nthe se of the stovfents (nd th tanehans ton) avd oeparally se the preese ie(am) Dpesnd out elementary and basic fondamental prinriplen and eyuires no previous Imowledge of anything in ie uatace St au indispensable end inescapable pre-requisite. chapter, fubject and #0 on, we are beginning this exposition bere wih fun may explanation and a simple elucidation of that. partionlar ‘uneative specimen, 10. And then we slall take up the other various pars, one by one of the vari brauchce uf mathomatical computation cand hope to throw enfin ight thereon to enuble the students to male their own compari and contrast and strive at Correct conslaslons on all the various points dealt with. ©, ILLUSTRATIVE SPECIMEN SAMPLIS (Comparison and Contrast) SAMPLER SPECIMENS [ARITHMEEICAL COMPUTATIONS |L. Muiplcations ‘The “Sanabrit Stra (Formula) is— (i) Multiply 47205 by 32117 we sero Fy current mathod: ‘By Vac mental nena method. e738 1205 ut mn 10888 ‘avon@00S 7205, e785 Note; Only the anewer is writ vaio ten automatically down folie Dy Ordhve — Tiryak ‘a8 ‘Batra (forwards oF back. werd) (xt) TM Pivison (2) Hxpreos Zp in its fll recurring decimal shape (18 dite) Dy the current metal: Th Somsbrit Sutra (Bermaa) it; 1) Lon(-ossssisteoqT9esie? emer ti ‘iy the Vebio mental one line method: (dy the Beidhitn- Puree Stara) (forsants on clans, ee merely rite down the I-digicameee == ésuus1578) 4 ‘peraas4at us 180 13 &Ca) Division continued Note: 2p gives 42 rourring decimal pl ‘eae too ate written down. mechanically in the same way (backwards or forwards). And the same is the se with all eneh division (whlever the number of ! digits mayb) (8) Divide 7087985 hy 82 inthe anor bu ‘enanronsate—139)7081085 ee ‘tn ae muna i 28 (4) Divide 0008147 by 814296820 (on 0 devima places): ‘Tho current meth i wturiounly Law lang, telious, eu trons and elnmey and stale expaniute of enormous time and toil, Only Ue Velo mcutal oueline metho is givan here. ‘The truthcoving atadent can work it out by the othor method sand eatpare Ue two for himelf ‘)t42sen2} 00094147 ya (6) Pind the Reciprocal of 7248044 to eleven Decimal place Dy the Vedic mental one linc method. (by the Ordhwa-Tiryat Sata) “fzs8o41)-200001000000 0 ‘99000083800. Lenn be ted for 290 ar mare plners Fy the carrent mahal: By Che mental Vaio one tine method» Cay LL Disaiuiny (6) Find out whether 5208240000 is divi ly 129. By the current method, nothing less than complete ivan wll give @ luo to the anewer (Yes or No}. But by the Vedio mental one-line method (by the Ebadhike Para Sitra}, we can at once tay :— fo) 5 2 9 3 2 4 0 0 96 188) 159 AD a8 Ist 2D at a al a TV. Spuare Roa (1) Beatraot the square rot of 738015489 : ‘Dy the current metho = By the Vedio mental onetine method: ‘pbvivisivarns YES, yrs oa santa aja ‘se ERS 000 An oy a i uu (By the Crake Tiryok Sutra) 435) “oe st 4000) Tasowe resows ° The equare root ie 27183. (2) Betract the aquare roo of 19-T06AL28I4 to 6 decimal placa: ‘currant method is te0 eumbrous and may be tried by he stale himself ‘The Vedic mental onc-tine method (by Crdhww-Pinyk Sutra) is a8 follows 8)19-rosa124i4 suororanria Taare(am) Ve Oubing and Oube-Rowt The *Sonakrit Sttra™ (Boras) ie — (0) Pind the cube of 0999, mept are ot eg ‘The enrrnt metho ie tow ex ' ‘the Vedic mental onesine method (by the Yavadunam- ‘Davaddnam Stra) is as follows: 9690967 /0563/331 =9067 0363/2600 (10) Batract the Cube-toot of 855048312441 "The current mathod it too eambrous The Vedio mental oneline method it at follows -— DASE? . . 17081 SAMPLE SPECIMENS FRUM ALGEBRA 1. Sample Ryuations The “Sanskrit Stra! (Pormala) is — (1) Solves SeLd 2 wg emma aT Fy the rurren method = By the Veo matin’ (hy the SanpmeSamnccaye Siva axteiasl seph=0 =p oxte1e47 Ae 8 ox ad (07 sutat sey oe 6 et ‘Tho current mathod ia too eumbrous ‘The Velie metho simply says: x00 * x—4p OEY ‘The current method ie Lontbly cus, The Ves od simply anys: x24 «a, IL Quadratic Equations (end sles) "The sane i wee hare. (ani) (14) torma_ xm wePT~ ie 25 15) 3 2,38 09) Baetaceatere ere oF 18 (9) 270 iy Vedio metho hy “Calanacalana” Stra: Formula) ie, by CaleulurFormula we may: Ma—i1— + VOTE. N.B..—Evety quadratic oan thas be broken down into two Vinamiabfactrs. And the same principle can be lied for eubio, Diquadtatc, pentic ete. expreteons 121 oF 109 TLL, Summation of Seriee = ‘The ourteut asthods are horbly eambrons, ‘The Vel imental one-line methods are very simple and cary. (1) eye Poet rte=l77 (8) debated etal 2 SPECIMEN SAMPLES FROM GEOMETRY (1) Pythogusas Theorem i constantly ruined in all mathe- matical work. but the proof of it is ultre-notoriow for ile fumbrowsnoss, clamines, cte. ‘There are several Vedio proofs thereof (every one of hom much simpler than Buchs). T sive two of thom below:— 1, F, G and H are pointe on AB, HC, CD and DA such {hat AB—BP—CO—DE. Thun ABCD in aplit op into the square EEGH and 4 congruent triangle. ‘Their teal wren SF La} xr (Fxg mn) 4-2 ut the area af ABCD. ix (n-t)* ant taut so T+2mn—mt+2matnt Heat bat, QUE,(xvi) (20) Seeond Pref Draw BD L10 AC, Then ABC, ADB and BDC are similar ADEA gg RDC_ Mer KBC™ AG "ARO ADDSDDC_AP ERO eave noe—ane oan BO=Ae.“OmD. et: Ayia Theo, Pinlamy's Thnrem, cto, een fe al iniay proved By very. simple dS ‘methods, = : SIMPLB SPECIMENS ¥RUM CONICS AND CALCU (21) Buation of the straight Kine juining two points Fox fatng the equation ofthe stent ine passing through toro points (whw esrtinates are given}. Say (8, 17) and (7, my By the Current Method Tet the equation be 5 —uate, 2 Gm-fe=17 ; an Ts Solving this simultancoureyuation in m and. We have am: m9} €3} Sabseituting; these, valuss, we have y=0}x- 68) By 10-197. 1962 coumbrous, BT. Bit this method is Son matod wing the formal y—yt ME i atl vee cura (nd etn Bat the etic moval onene mata ay the Sask Sates (armas) 1 ve ee (Pari ns us'to te down the saver by ¢ me oh a te gen covets (uk) (29) When docs a general equation represent wo sraight Hines ¢ Say, xt xy 10) H18x Ay —85—0 By the Current Betho Prof. & t. Laney devolet about 15 lines (wetion 110, We 1 page 97 of his “Blements of Co-ordinate Weometry”) le Lia “snade” solution of this problem at folloms Hore a-12,-1=7/9, b==10, g=13)2, F452 and ns wbu-}gh al —lg*—cht turns out to be sero. meso aan 122 ‘The equation represnts wo straight fs Solving ie et ELE (ELIE tot fas a5 125 Lay LTyIA_oy aa x aes 7 ‘The two straight lines are Sx—2y—7 and x0 745. By the Votin moth, hswever, we xt anon apply the “Adyam= dye Stra and (hy amzely Took at Use quarali) rite Aue the anne You; and the straight fines are 95—2y. Axtty (@2} Dealing with she same principle and adopting tho same procedure with rogaed to hyperbolas, conjugate hyperbolae and Seymptotes, in articles 324 and 295 on pages 208 and 204 of hi “Blemente of Co-ordinace Geometry” Prof 8. T Lonny deenton arb14(—et lines) to the problen <1 and sayaCa) As sx*—sry—ay+ox—11y—¥-0 i the equation to the given hyperbola 31-018. BF (#80 2 ae ty = "18, The sx—1iy—12=0 ‘nd the equation to the conjugate hyperbola ie &x*- say 2y* ort lay— 160 Dy the Veli mathol however, w use Use sae ( Adyumidyens’) Sitra ond automatically write down the equation tothe seri tates and tho equation to the conjugate hyperbola ‘Th Voie mathe ares simple tht their very simplicity is aolowsling, ad, ae Densonil Doig ae aptly, roared, St i diicul for any ame to Die it ntl ome atualy sore i 1 will bo our aim in this and the sucoseding volume to ving this Iongchidden treeeuretrove of mathemtioal wowlulge within eary reach of everyone who wishes to obtain i and benefit by it jon to the asymptotes is Sx? —Say—2y" | sp an Ie By the anton RA TEXTne few VEDIC MATHEMATICS on SIXTEEN SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE, FROM THE VEDAS SERTHEN SOTRAS AND THKIR COROLLARIES ‘Sutras Biub-Betenn or Conellaren 1 gue gle 1 rei Beidhikena Parveya(eleo — Amurspyena ‘= covollry) ffrt eeaerct 2 fae Oia : Nakhilams — Novalaéeara ——_—Sioyate Sesasamjah ‘mam Deteteh 2 settee mentees Grabs tirysoshyin Adgamidyeniniya-maniye- 4 orb eas ey Kevalaik Saptakom Gun ye 6 ery Sanyam Simyasamuccaye ——Veslanay 6 (ae) oe 6 RTT Cnurapy) Sanyomanyat ——Yovadanam ‘Tévadinam 1. eeeerenerm 1 Soiikalanpobalond- . im (also a corollary) —— tyr Vargation Yojoyet 8. generar s remtestr Paroyiporapabhyioe Antyagordafabe pi 9. sempre 9. arate alana Kelanibbyiom Anigayorena0. 1 15, cm) Saran Sub Sitras or Corllaree rt 0 © Youodanom ‘Somaccayuguitad stent 11, serene Vyasa [Lopanctihipnseyie free che 12, feshore Surangeitena Carameys —— Wiokanam stress 1a, heeqere eyee Sopingudeayamanyon —— Gunitomrngah or se Samuccoysgunah eonyinene Pare shores Gartasamucoyoh renee Gunakesomccaya [Nere—Tin tsk la eeu compiled from stray references fn the text-—enrron.) ne ten PROLEGOMENA In our “Descriptive, Prefatory Note on the Astonnding Wonders of Ancient Tadian Voie: Mathemation", we lave sag ed again, flo wad ich goal with ie welds of dela, dwell on Ube alin increible simplicity ft the Velie Mathematical Sitras (aphorinnn or formulae) ‘aud Ue indesribable case with which they cau be understood, remembered and applied (even by tle culdees) for the elution ‘of the wrongly-beivol-to-be“dificul” probloms inthe various branches of Mathematic, that we neod not at this point, reverse ‘Ure mame ground and cover the eame feld once again hee Safico #, for our present immediate purpose, to draw the camest attention of cvery scientiealy-inelimed mind and resoarchoard attunod intellect, to the remarkably extra ordinary and sherscteritic nay, unique fact thet the Vedie system docs not academically countenance (or actully follow) ‘any automatic or mechanical rule even in Tespect of the correct soquence or order to be observed with regard tn thn various subjeta dealt with in the various branch of Mathe- tatics (pare and applied) but leaves it entirely to the one vyenienoe and the inelintion, the option, dhe (emperamental prodilction and even the individual idosyneracy ofthe teachera [and oven the avudente themaslves (as to whet particular uider for sequence they should actually adopt and follow)! ‘The manifestly ontofthe-oommen procedure must Aoubtien fave been due to ane apevial Kind of storia! Ibeck-gronnd, backgronnd which mule auch a cansequence not july sateral bat wlan inevitable ander the circumstances in question mmemorial tradition has it and historia remearch confirms the orthodox bli that the Sages, Seers and Saints of| sient India (who are accredited with having observed, mule(ie) ‘and mitted inthe Arana in fnesesolietnde}—on physi sal Nature aivund Una aud deduced tieic graud Podantic PAilaophy therefom as the result not only of this theoretical mings bul aay of whal may be nore ingly described as ‘Trae Realisation by means of Actual VISUALISATION) ecom to have siailady observed, studied and meditated on the mysterious workangs of numbers, figure ete ofthe mathematical world (to wit, Nature) eround them and deduced their Mathe ‘natioal Phlotophy therolrom by 2 similar process of what one may, equally correctly, doacribe a8 processor of True-Realistion| by meant of Actual VISUALISATION And, emmeqaally, ly fillrwn Ub, daar nn unlike human beings who have thet own personal pre parvalites, hetrade and other sacl aubjeinefactoreditocting their visions, warping their jodgemonts and thershy contse Truling tar Unie inootantent of oelfeuulradiclery devs aad Alinriminstory tides, candace ot), mamlins (in Mather rat) labour wader so scl Indica and dlimdvanlages Thawed on personal prejudices, partiaities, hatreds ete. ‘They ase, on the contrary, stietly and pucelysmporenal and objective in their behaviour et. follow the eame rules uniformly, eonie- (euly aud invariatly (with no. question of outlook, approseh, personal paychology ete. volved therein) and are therefore sbaolutely rolable and dependable, "Thi aces to bave been the real histories) reason why, Darzing afew unavoidable exceptions in the shape of elementary, tie and fundamental fet principles (of w preliminary o& prer requisite charscter), almost ll the subjects dealt with in the various branches of Vedic Mathematics are explicable and fexponniale on thw basin of those very “basic principle’ oF nk riche’, with the ualaral cousequence that no particular subject or aujsca (or chapter or chapters) need necesarily renin ur fullow soe other paclivular oubject ot oubjocte {or eller oe caper) Nevertlas, it i loo undeniable that, although any particular sequence is quite possible, permisible and feeable (ay ‘yet, some particular sequence will actually have to be adopted by a teacher fand, mach more therefore, by au wullor), And 00, we find that subject ike analytical cones and even calealon (Gitteeutiad aud iuleye!) (which is uoually Use Dughear and lecror of evan the uvanced studente of malliomatios andor the [prvi ayatem all te workl over) ate found ta Byeen aod Gb In nt n vory early sage in our Vedic Mathematcn (imonine of Unie ting expe aud worked out ou basic Mist priplen, And thoy help Uhweehy. to failitate mathematica study expecially for Ue sll cuidseu, And, with or moretn-talfaniary’sschunl permed ferperience of the very young muthernatiountadente and th {ifinltiog, wn hen chapters the mot sata fr ur pre (namely, the oiminne ling from Ue clildren's unde of ll Cour std ake of athe matics and the implanting therein of @ positive feeling of sexuberaut love aud cujuyuent thereof)! And we ferveully Tope avd tant that other teachers too will have a similar fexperenen mnt wil fod us june i our aubitious description (of thin volume ax "Mathemation without tears”. rom the hersin above decribed historical buek-ground to oar Vodic Mathematics, itis also obvious tha, being based on basic and fundamental principles, thie system of mathe- matical study cannct possibly come into confict with any other branch, department or instrament of science and seientifc edacation. Tn fact, tis isthe exact reason why all the other sciences have diferent Theories to propound bat Mathematica has only TITOEREMS to expound ! And, aboro all, wo have out Seriptanes enteproleally Tying down tho wholsome dictum — ghey ct ar oe get Shan cerns Garett WT (Ge. whatever in cousistent will sight sensuuing aboukl We sooepted, even though it com from a boy or even from a Dartot and whatever ie iucuussteut iesewith ought to be 1 the Vols anquenn of subjects and(ie) ss ta tn se ont sues ppp arp gee 2 Seba ares tire oan cece en en STacanon, with what we may eal our “rang comment fee ole ant ee en at orien eke ou explanations aod expitiom a fill asd clot as Eo pee of CLAMLTY and epesly mathemati com We wemeqe ge ae ACTUAL APPLICATIONS THE VEDIC SUTRAS CONCRETE MATHEMATICAL PROULEAS 4 smnorscoa uuusmamios For the reasons just explnined immediately hersubefure Jet ustake the quiston of the CONVERSION of Valgu actions Into their equivalent decimal form Fiat Baal Ca 1 Al he Mt itd whe crf etn 119} (ay 1/39) show deomimntor ads 8 By the Cort Maid. Bye Fei one metal I)LOO.W 52621578 mated. s@arsessoil 4. Famed = fs 2001578 38 ve vont = 0.47 30aezi 120, tans me 2. Siomd wth ew wm SFA ay 200157 josmanel = Ree ie ” % thinks the wile worting we 2 had the meen oprna ia ie $2 caphined inthe eet ow pgsoD se te spent ha te 18g uring ind ovules 1s cps af ering scr 8 8H se (ebay ow by ue Vee Mad | Beplanaton he devant Strada: fe sitet ects Sande ne Hog imply ge BY oer) Tht Sei on apis sd mae “onde o lo : a ty th rg ofthe deomitr i ths rig et the sna one Dane oe me Han the ey ce 2 previous fi) And the preposition “bp” (im the Sites) indicates (07 Aik the arichmeticl operation prenibel is iter lnliplsation oF division, For, in the aso of tildition and subtraction, snl from (sespectively) Would hae boca the sppropri preposition to wee Bat "bys tho preposition wctually found wed inthe Stra, ‘The infernee in therlore obvious that multiplication uc division must be enjoined ‘hoth the meanings are perfectly correct. and enable (ecording to grammar and literary toga) and as there ts mo reason—in or from Ue eat— Toran ofthe mesnings being aepted an] the other fone rejected, further follows that dh Ue processes fire actually icant, And, a8 & mater of fact, each ‘of them actully erves the purposr of the Sil snd Ske right int it fas we ehall prowently show, inthe immediately following exphination of the mods tperandi which ensbles ne to active ab the right Sewer by sither operation) A. The Firat mothe ‘the fist method is by meant of mulliplication by 2 (wish ia tho "While Pures” ie, the mumber which is just fone more than the penultimate digit in this cam). cea ere, for teasons which will become clear present, swe eam know boforshand thet the Ist git of the answer is ound to be 1 Far, the rnlevan rl Mereun (which we sal explain and éxpomnl at later stage) stipulates that te pret ff Ue lst digit of the deuouninator aud the last digit uf the ‘isimal equivalent of the faction in question must invariably ciidin 9. Therefure, as the lst digit ofthe denominator in this ‘agi. it automatically folloms tha the last digit of the decimal ‘oguivlent is hound to bo I (oo thet the product of the mult posnd snd the multipher concerned may end in 9) We, therfore, stare with 1 asthe last (ete right-hand. row) digit of the ansaror and provonl brand eentinnonely tuultplying by 2 (which iv the Bkédhike Pieva ie. vue more than The peilkimate digit of the denominator in thiv ease) nti w repetition of the who! operation staves usin the fare nd intimates tous that we are dealing with a Recurring Decimal sand ay therefore put up the usual recutring marks (dots) and ‘top farther multipieation-vork. ur modus operand-chart 9 thus aa follows (@ We pub dowu T ao the right-hand wont aig 1 (3) We multiply that last digit (1) by Band put the 2 down eo the immeditely precoding digit “1 (in) Wemultipy that 2by @end put 4 down next provious digit aa (Gv) We multiply that 4 by # and pur it down, thus saan (©) We mulnply thot # by ¥ and got 1 a8 ‘he prodnct But this has tw digits We Uerefore pnt the 8 down inne diately tothe let of the and Keep the Yon haul to be eatied over the left 68421 sethenent step (a8 we alvays dom 1 al multiplication og, of 0 2— 188 and 20 on),cay (i) We now unlliply Uhe 6 by 2 yeb 12 a5 the product, al thereto the 1 (cept Linecard ver fous the ight ab the Taal slog) get 18 as the consolidated rode pnt the 8 duwa std Keep the 1 Twin for earrying over to the lft Ue eal tap. og4ar Tag the consolidated product. Bt fe this in © single-digit number (with rothingo camry over tnthe lo), wept JMigland. 7306421 Sane aetens (ili We follow thie procedaze continnally vii) until we reech the bath digit (ounting Tettware from the ight, when we fn ‘that the whole dim haw Iegun Ls repeat ital We theerfore pat up the sal roaring masks (dol) on the fst sa the ast digits of the anewer (for elokeuing thal the while of ib ia a Recurring Decimal) end stop the mal- Uipticaion there ‘ur chart now reeds a8 follows — eo 0526916 78/0a7z08a2i Preaiayy ay We thus find that this answer obtained by us with the sid of eur Vedio one-line mental arithmetic is just exactly the some ae we obtained by the current method (with its 18 topo of Division woe) In pessing, we may cleo just mention that the current process not only talce 18 etope of working for getting the 18 digits of the anower not to talk of the time, the energy, she paper, the ink ete. consumed but also nafere ander the tay editions and sil more serione handicap that, at exch etep, ‘a probable “trial” digit af the Quotinnt ox to be takan on tial for multiplying the divisue which, is sometimes fonnd to have played on us the scurvy trick wf giving x product lager then the divided ow baud ed has thasaftr trial—to be dieanh in favour of another “tral” digtt end co on. In the Vedio method just abore proposnided, however, thers aro no sxbtrac- ‘experiments ot, and no scope for any tricks, pranks and 90 on but only 2 otrightforward rulepliestion of single-digit numbers; and the multiplier is not merely « simple one but also the sume thronghont exch petiular operation. All thintightens, fcllaln aia eapelites ‘he work ant burs the study of mathematic from a burden and Luce into « thing of oauly aud a joy for ever (wo fa, ot any rate, ao the children ace concerned), In this contest, it aust aio be transparently clase that the long, tedious, cumbrous and clumsy methods ofthe current system tend toaffrd greater and greater acopofor the children’s _making of mistake (on the court of llth long multiplications, subtractions ete. involved therein); and once one figure goes vrrong, the zest of the work must inevitably earn outta be xn ter wasbe af ime, energy and sven and engeiler fringe of feat, Maced and Tiguan Ue chikvou’s winds B. The Second methd ‘As already indicated, the second method is of division (enetad of multiplication) by he selfame “Bkidhika Parva”, samely 2. And, as division is the exact opposite of ‘multplicetion, it tands to reazon thot the operation of division shonlt proceed, nor from vight to left (as in the case of multi, pilicotiw nx expounded hereinbefore) but in the exactly opposite izection (im. fom lft ta right). And surh is acrally fon to beth ease. Its application aud modus operandi areas follows: (0) Dividing 1 (the fist digit of the dividend) by 2, we tee the quotient is zevo and the remainder is 1. We. thereore at 0 down asthe Bret digit of the quotient tand profi the Remainder (1) to that very digit ofthe Quotient (oe 4 evel of teverweprocelare We Ubecay carrying tothe-left proces: used in multiplication) find thas obtain 10 sa our next Dividend. 0 ’ (i) Dividing this 10 by 2 we get 5 as the second digit of the quotient ; and, ax there ino remainder (to be pratzed thereto, wo Uwke up that digit 6 itsolf a2 bur next Dividend. 0 (if, dnt gating 4 thn onl etal: pa's dove othe id i 3 Ne td pein rons tat os ay eat the hae id Ot Be Sine. no ay fa gine tn os quenigh and to : Remainder. So, we set 6 down as the fourth digit Teo nants a9 rune fo oe ac me ke ie a ar tat . Lien (oy Ta ene. and 1a Quit ond Koide PALENG, "ak tafe tdorn ae Teerengiy pe the thew sod ave 1 sas ur eat Dividend usz03i5. (vi-avity Corrying thie provost of srsight, continuous division by 2, we got 2 me hw 17th quotient-digt’ end 0 as remainder. (xvii) Dividing this 2 by 2, we get 1 08 a sth quotient digit and as TL TTT Tenuindsr, But this i exarty 947908421 fwhet we began with This 1 11 Teens that the derimal eyins to repeat itself from here So, we sep the mental division proves and pub down ‘the nana erring evmnbol (dote any on the Ist and 18th digits) to how that the whole of it it a ‘crenlating decimal [Note tht, inthe frst method (ie. of multipliction), exch surplus digit ia coried over to theleft and that, the second method (ce. of division). each remainder i prefat to the right (io ast immediately to th left of the next dividend dit). C.A Purther short. ‘This is aol all. An o milter of fact, even this much ‘or rather, Chie Tile work (of mental multiplication or division) in to really wecenary. This will be self-evident from sheet sbservation. Tot um put down the fen 9 digits of 052081578 the answer in one horizontal row above VAT Se4¥i ‘and the other digits in another horizontal. ————— row just below and cbserve the fun of t, 999999899 ‘We notice that etch ast of digits (in the ———————— sapper row and the lower cow) tolals 9. And this means that, when just Hal? the work Iss heen completed (by either of the Vedic meine witha) the other half need not be obtained bby the same procese but is mechanically available to us by subtracting from 9 each of the digit alzady obtained! And ‘ue means a lghoning ofthe work ell further (by 30%). ‘Yes; but how should one know that the task is exactly lied tate may op the wrk of maligication sng half ofthe answer hy subtracting from 9 each of the digita alzeady obtained Aud Uhe aunwer is—as wo chall demonstrate later on thet, in either method, if end as coon a we reach the Aiforence between the numerator and the denominator (i.e 19—1=18), we ell have completed eracly half the work and, h thia knowledge, we know exactly when tnd where we may lop she multiplication or division work and when and where ‘we oun begin reling off the complements from 9 (¢s the remtin- ing digits of the answer)!ce ‘Thus both in the multiplication method end in the division mathe, wr rewh 18 seen we have competed Tn the work tnd can begin the machanical-subtraction device (forthe other al. LDetaile of these principles and processes and othr eid matters, we shell go into in due couree, atthe proper place. In ‘the meantime, the student will ind it both intresting and pro- Stable bo Know this cule and turn it ine guod account from time 12 (¢2 the oovasion may demand or justify) Bend Reample ‘eave 2 {Lat wt now take another ease of 1J29 51/99) where too the denominator By the Curront meth — By the Vedic onetine gyyiuocozeage7seegoey Mena emethol ar gogm1724197001 4. Firat Method 120 190 5 wr=.03448975802008 ier aie vive 2121 222 14960 180 eessir24iazaai 16 BR tas are eer B. Second Method. Oscayy7 5 ¥ez068 a 200 310-280 ay sm 2m 210 90 ring 3121 222 ea gessin24 1370ai 70 270 ano 24 1ee 249 200600 me 99 BT 170 190 12080 Ms 18 §T "this is the whole working (by both the provessee). The ‘procedures aro explained onthe 20 4030. _next page 180 io cen A. Beplanation of the First Method Frere too, the lat digit of the denominator is 9; but te penltimate one is 2; and one more than that means 5 80, Bisour eommm—ie. uniform—multipler this time. And. following the same provedne m8 inthe ace of 1/19, we pul down, 1asthe last (ie. the right-hwnd mort) digit of the enewer ‘nd cerry on the multiplication eontinnally {letwazd) by 2(Vearrying” (he lef-hanl extra side-digit—if any over to ‘he leit) until the Keeuring Decimal actually manifest ize sms mich, And we find that, by our meutel umelinn process, wo yel Ube mame 2 cigit-ancwer as we obtained hy 28 steps of ‘cumbrous and tedious working according to tle cussent system, 62 shown ou Ue Intchand side margin on the previous page.” Our modus operand-chart herein ren ae follows ae ary rina gigi ape Sessi7241g70si ana 1 tag B._ Baplanation ofthe Second Method : The Division—process to be adopted here is exact the some as in the cate of 1/19; but the Divizor(ialead of rhs ‘maltipir) is uniformly all ehrough, And the case veade se follows — a. eee Vive argy a vossizeaiazasl Vir 2b wee. ©. The Complements from Nine Here to, we find thatthe two halves are all couiplements of cach other (leas 6). 80, thie ite in too. Wr dsssez7saazces Sesor7zai97091 090e00u000000ca) om) Third Bromple. By the Veilio one-line Mental Method r Omg [aetna em (ar mutiptero dvor (a th cine may bei om 8 (bono mor tas th pnstinat go) A i math yi.cot onosonraazangoe122448 ston Inte foe eighty 9 Bee be erogoieaeraauvae7 760) ena srocaissorasensazt5ci J POE VEY = (1 Hy DIVISION gta rom th et) by 8: — % ae. 20soareaz05200129488 i eee AAAS ‘2 orovo1sse 73400207755" Nowe—At thie point, im all the & processes, we find that ao wwe have reached 4a (the differance between the rmamerator and the denominator) This mans that 200 alt the work (of milpicatin ur Evson, as the 100 face may be) has heon completed and that we may ona i Chereore stop thet yrocee and may begin Ube ety = in fd mechaneal prom of obtaining the romsining i a ig of He amr one total azabor of dite wo Go thus found to be 31+-21-—42). And yet, the remark 1 se ‘ble thing is that the current aystem tskes 42 steps oan ao a of elaborate and oumbrove diving (with a sein of a Be a toaltipioations and eubtrctons and with the ik ff the fluro of one op more "tial digits of the rf 2 a uotcnt and oo on) while single, sight and = = a continuous procees—of multiplication oe diviion—(hy 300 me fC axagle multiplier or divisor) ie quite enomgh inthe Bi is 6 ‘Vee method oy ies a ae The complements from nine are also there ° a DAs pst aoa Ose sor wil oa be uit — — — on learnt st an aotual fasta there ae, inthe Vedio no # 2 2 system, mill spr and easlor methods hy which, without ue i Ain cvon she infielyenay work expainelIercualove, we bo 10 100 7 can put down digit after digit af the newer, right from the very slash Lo Ube very edfran Zero bees drat wit and apie os sos ne Sno felt soca bony byway preliminary dononraton inthe tnttcon of own, ntl a wadeandte toy, petty Jatisable typeof ply neler! roy trek not propo o gr—bere and now int ter det Tha saborteeomprsontiv an erhrotve xgiton the trier astemning Provence forded the Voi tmatenatet Ate thn pra jetW sal Td Gover do thn nen appre cs tn de cone, lta cep omm ARITHMETICAL COMPUTATIONS Cnarren MUTTTPLICATION (ty ‘Nifilam’ ee, Sutra Vass we now on to a systematic exporilion of certain saliont, interesting, important end neceseery formulae of the ‘utmost value and utility in connection with arithuelial calelations oto, bozinning with the proceees and methods Aleseribed in the Vedio mathematical Sitras, AL this point, i will note out of place for eto repeat ub here is a GENERAT, forsula which ix simple and oney ‘and con be applied to all cases; but there areal SPRCTAT, casca or rather, types of caseo—which are simpler alll nnd hich are, therefore, here fet dealt with ‘We may aio draw the attention of all students (and teachers) of muathematioe to the well-known and universal fect that, in report of srithmetes! multiplication, the wena! ‘prewnt-day provadnre everywhere (in tchoole, colleges and ‘nlvetsilien) ix for Che children (in the primary clases) to be fold to eram ay—or “get hy hentt”—the maltiplicetion tables {ap to 16 Limes 16, 20%20 and se on). Bat, according to the Vedio eystem, the multiplication tahoe ar not really roused shore 5x5. And s selovlgoing pupil who knows simple ‘dition ond subtraction (of singlegit numbers) andthe multiplication teble up to fro. times five, can smpovive all ‘the necessary multiplication tables for himself at any ime and ‘an himaelf do all tho requisite reltplications involving bigger ruultitionnds and multiplies, with the aid of the trlevint ‘imple Velo ormnlne which anuble bis to git at the eyuiced Producls, very eslly and speedily nay, practically. im lately. The Stra sre very chorts but, ence one walrstends them and che modus operands sneulested therein for their Practical application, the ‘whole thing becomes a xt hllzen's play aud couse to be "problem!om 1. Tek fiat ake up avery easy and simple illustrative sample fo te unlgation af engi nator above 8) hl ann this can he dane witoat previous knowles of he Higher uniipicatioy of the mlipaton table ‘The Sites ruds: fre rere er (Nii Nava taicarmane Daistah) which, Herally timated, enon; “Si fom and the fs fm 10°! Wi sal give detailed jeplhnation, presently. ofthe meaing and applsstions oF this Srpttabsning, formas. But yest nom, me stats sod wap the acaal poets. step By stp. Suppote we have so ig ® hy 7 «voy () Wo mal take, an oe for our eal So Inton, thet power of whieh ements to TA the monte tte lige. Tr Chie O73 {ote jth power: (Ponte two numer 9 and 7 above and sow on the Inti fn show in the working sloneside Ie om he sighhand fe aren: Suhr each of them (om the Bae (10) and write dlonu the tenants (fad 8) on th night hand Side with eonecting mie sg) between them Uualuw thatthe numbers tobe nied are both of them let than 10. 1) The pact wl have two prt, one onthe Tet side nd guson ie mgin, Avera viding Hie rmy be tevn forthe purpos of demarcation ofthe ten (o) Rows the levtandide dit (ot th answer) ean be fied atin one of kay — ey Babteet the base A from tbe sam ofthe gen Bib (@ amd 7 fe. 18) Ant pot (O10) teas the lfchond gat of tates OM @) Bultiet thosum of the to def totes (1 | 3) rom thea (1) ‘Your thesame ener (@) spn 1o. cw) OR (¢) Crossnbernt defieieney (2) onthe second row from the original rimer (8) in the fist row And you find that you lave got (9-8) ie. again OR (4) Croce-subtract inthe converse way {he 1 from 7). And you (Bet 8 pein as the left-hand aide Portion of the required answer. r= ‘Note —This availablity of the same result im several eaey ‘ways isa vary common feature of the Vedio system ‘nd is of great advantage and help to the student (it enables him to test and verily the correctness ‘of his answer, step by stp). (09 Now, vertically multiply the two defiit Syures (Land 3). "The product is 3. And this isthe right ‘band side portion ofthe answer. (0) o-2 (i) Thus 378, 3 ois ‘This method Ivide good in all canes and is, Uerefone, ‘apable of infinite application. Tn fact, old histvial traditions describe this crosssubtiaction proven ax Iaving beet rer PPonsble for the acceptance of the x mark as the sign of rltipatin, Go} oe ‘As furtritustrations ofthe eame ralenote the following cxamplen:— 0-1 ot st wa ee eee ee 8 5 RP 13 Gk 1-3cs) ‘This proves the corrcctnes ofthe formula, The algebraic fexplhnation for this is very simple — (=a) (2b) = x (xa bab, A slight diference, however, in noticeable when the vertical multpleation of the det digits (for obtaining the ight-land-side poition of the auawer) yin n product con sctng of more than one digit. Tor exami, if and when we have to multiply 6 by 2, and write it down co usu alt ‘we notioe that the required vertical multiplication (of 3 and 4) gives us the product 14 (which consists of 2 digila, buts mx four base is 1U and the right-hand moet digit is obviously of its, we are entitled only to ane digit (on tho sight-hand sale), ‘his diiculty, however, is easly surmonnted with the sual multpeational rale that the aurphas portion on the lott should almays be “oarrcd” over to the Int. Therefore, im the present case, wo keep the 2 of tlw 12 om she rigit hand fe and “cairy” the 1 over to the let and henge the 3 into 4. Wo thus obtain 42 05 the aolual provuct of 1 and 6. cay oie A similar prorelure wil naturally be requind in reopect of other similar uullplicatinn:— ef tae ot es for th zigh sn actual application of the absolute algebraic identity (res) (X-EN)— x(x 1a | 5) ab, can be cm) extended further without any limitation, Thus, as regards numbers oftwo digits cach, we may notice the following sprite examplea: N.R. The bace now required ie 100 M8 wT ws ws WL YY wT vine ve 8 ST BS OE OT sat s5/56 way ala) 92-8 ARI RO wed we woe wt 08 8 Tale eso ‘Note 1:—In all theeo eave, note that both the eress-sub- traction al me remainder (for the left-and-side portion ofthe answer) Mote 2;—Here too, note that the vestial walliptcation (for the right hand sde portion of the product) may, in some cass, yild & more than tro digit product bout, with 100 as our base, we can have only t¥o digits on the right herd aide, Wo chosld therefore ‘Adopt the same method as before (2. keep. the permissible two digits on the tight-band side and "eatey’ the snoplie or extra digit exer to the left (oe im the ease af ordinary sedition, comport sition ote) Thus— woe woe Nole:—Alco. how the meaning of the Setra coma out in all above d tlle us how to write down wimodistely the dete figures on the nl side. ‘The rule ie that all the other digits fot the given omginal tubers) are to be subtracted fom 9 bat the last (i. the right hand most one)cy thould be deducted from 10. Thus, if 68 be the fiven mumber, the deft (from the base) is 37: and fo on, This proce help wt ia dhe work of ready con-sight anhtrition und wnableausto put the delicienoy down imnwaiately. A new point ae now to be taken into conseration i hat, juat 20 the process of Gerton! multiplication may. yield f tanger nutuber of igits ia the product than is permissible (ond this contingency Is ven provided for), 9, it may milly Jolla product soumating of © amaler number of digits than we Mie entitled to What is the remedy herefore! Well thi ontingeney lov hus been provided for, And the remedy is—at rw cane of decimal rultiphestions—merely the fling up of tll such vacancies with Zeroee ‘Thus, WoL we A OTS M1 oR TD ‘joa a7jn2 94/08 94/00 With thee 8 promstures (lr meating the 2 posible in quent tof normal, abnormal and mb pct rodet) wettest othe strane ie fal he tom GUAT ine let one ro for wig down the aout of the {eis ttm tty ne omen the maison See eetnting of tage umber igh, Pe oviig erb=101 on7=209, 508-402 SSncve Sopot 907002 908 0 bra/igt optj009sunjsnn Tease oon oo) 098012 904 002 99070003 898002 997—003 1007 0009 86/024 905/005 vuvE/OWe ‘9997000021 seaaa007—on00n0008 £99009 00001 99020007 yooewn0s ‘ovrajooh — soweNaiA omnNAAK dMiylicond and the You ot, ia all thon eases, Uh nation ara jost » Wile Below x corn power of ten (take se the base), What shoul nuuubets whic are sbove it 7 ‘And the answer is that che same procedure will std good there tao, exept that, Inston of rasesnuracting, we shall hove to cromadd. And all the oller rues (ogatding diet surplus, Aight eto.) wil hw exactly the same aa belore. Thus, vets la M4t Ito 188 Joe] MNT HTT ita tego Mr my tops 10949 Tae be tj 17/a 18/8 118/64 180jM0 Tara wt whe 1243 Te =p 1 mM wwe Hie 1548 reese Tone t6 10009 1008} 6 924 Toiajos —— Tonjoe To asing, the elgcbraial princi explvined x follows (ets) (tiated bitab. ‘Yoo; but if one of the numbers is wane and the other 4 blow & power of 10 (the base taken), what hen ? ved may be ‘ho anewer 6 that eae piv xnd (he annus will on ull lication, behave ao thoy always doen prone wnwnspredues And that the right-hand portion (obtained Ly verligal multi«my ction) wil therefore hawe to. ubratad. A vincalan nay be Weed for making thie leas. Thue, Tah 1s Tan-+T 1o2+2 aoe ‘gna cue] m2 ofi=98 109/88 —104/70 1020 +20 1093/t7R=1022902 ro00¢+6 ‘sat 10008 a00n Note/—Note that oven the subtraction of the vinevlum= postion may bs easly done with the aif af the Stra ‘onder danse (i all rs 9 al ve last From 10), Multiples and eub-mutipes ‘Yes, Duty i all Usese cases, we ind bul he wnllipliennd and the multighis. of atleast one of them, very near the base taken (in cack case}: and thie gives ua @ emall multiplier and ‘hus reners the multipistion very eaey. What about the taultipliation of two mambors, neither of which ie near a eon. venient base ¢ ‘The aadud solution for this purpose is furnished by small “Upasitra’ (or sub-formala) which is so-called because of ile prsclivally axiomatic character. This sub-citra consists of only one word ety (Bnurupyega) which simply means " Proportionstely” somal application, it connotes what, inal! cvsee where there fs ratnal ealsewie eelaionthp, the ealiv ould be eke into account and should lead to a proportionate multiplication te division a the onto may be In other words, when acither the mnlviplicynd nor the ‘multiplier i euticiently near a convenint power of 10 (which ‘eam cuitaby serve ue as a bac}, we ean take # convenient mul am) tiple or sub-itipi af» aullaVle base, as our “Working Base”, perform the necrsary operation with is aid ond then multiply for divide the null proportionately (ce in the eame proportion tthe original lune may beat to the working bace actualy used by my). A couctole illustration will make the modus operandi lear SSuppoce we hav to maulrily 41 by 41, Both these num! ‘are 60 far away from the base 100 tha by our adopting thet fo our ootualbaee, we aball get 59 su 59 asthe deficiency from the bare. And thus the romequent vertical multipisation ff 60 by 50 would prove tw cuuubrous a process to be per (tcible under the Vee xystem and will be positively ined risaible ‘We therefore, accept 100 mare a8 theoretical ase and twke aubbmultiple 60 (which is conveniently near 41. end 41) fo ow working basis, work the snm up arvordingly and then {do the proportionate mulrpliation ot division, for getting tho corset answer ‘Our chact will then take this shape -— (0) We take 60 ae our working base. an (i) By crosssublaaction, we get 82 on 41-8 the Teen side. sysuen eis (ii) As 50 is balf of 100, we theseice ‘vide $2 by 2 and prt 18 down asthe ol lefehand-ede portion of the (iv) The right-hand-side portion (#1) omaina wn affested (9) The answer therefor i 1681. (OR, sooondy, inotead of taking 100 ‘2 our theoretic! base and its half (50)(a) as ont working base (and dividing 10%5—50 2 by 2), wo may take 10, a8 our ‘mnetical ake and ite multiple i) a2 tL four working ase and altimataly 41-0 multiply 32 hy 6 and get 160 for the —— Tefal aide, And a 10 wan oor 82/1 ‘heoretical base and we are therefore % 88 tied to ouly one digit ou the ight Jeojg1i6en hand side, we retain 1 of the 81) on ————— ‘the sgh hand side, “cacy” the & (of the 61) uver to the left, add it to the 100 aleady ther and thos obtain 168 as our lef-baud-side portion of the answer, "The product of 41 and 41 is thos found to be 1081 (the same as me got by the frat method). (OR, ‘Airy, instead of taking 100 oF 19 a8 our thcortial These and 60 (x subsmnlple oF multiple theseof) as ‘our working ba, em ay take 10 and 40 ae the baeea espeetively anid wack al the mutipiation an shown (ou the mitgin) hese. Au we Bnd 403440 that the product is 1031 (the same ae 41-41 vwocbtainol by Uhefiataud theseouud —41-H4 rethods. ‘Thos, at we pot hw sama anew (1681) hy all the three wethols; we have uplion to dreide—aesonding to out ow ‘convenienee—what theoretical base and what) working base swe shall stloot for cuselves ‘Ax empars the prin underlying and the reason behind ‘Gwe vertiealmaltiplcation operation (om the right-hnd-side) ving uaalTeclel ad ot ving to be suliptiod or divided “proportionately” a very simple illastration wil nation to make this clas cs) Suppine we have lo divide 66 auccenively by 2, 4,8, 10, 8 and G4 (which bear a certain internal ratio or zation among thomoclves). We may write down our tablo of anewers a8 follows — wy! zit Hemi? a cna Moa! Songs and Fem lgy He comatan, We notice that, we the deuonuinator (ie. Whe divine) gown on increasing in certain ratio, the quotient goes on darveuing, proportionately ; but tho remainder romana constant. And tis ts WAY 1618 ghtlycallod the romavnder (Wert OER: "The following additional examples will serve to illustrate the principle and proces of srqeen (ic, the selecting of a multiple or eub-multipls aa our working bage aud doing the raultiplioation work in this may), (1 940 (2) OR 40x49 Working Bose 100/380 Working Base 105-50 01 40-1 wn on 24801 48/1 x6) ‘aor mo ]E © soxas (0) 0 40x18, Working Fase 100/250 Working Rew 105-30 ana ans oa 42/0 nat 210 /16=211/6Cm) 16) s0xa ‘Working Ba wie xs} aw [8 = 202) x0 ‘Working Baws 10<6=30 so ost x6 wrt “Wan 50x30 ‘Wong Mase 10)2=80 ee Bad 2) 08/81 myst (in) savas ‘Working Base 108-00 sti ae (8) OR 909 (0) OR aoxae 2) 40/24 20/94 Working Base 10x5—50 no49 soto 03/1 xe/s S08 J (0, 23x28 Working Base 10%2—20 wie m3 wie x2 we (dy) Ok saxas Working Base 109/250 ca) 3) 19x19 (28) 08 19x19 Working Nase 10x 223 Working ase 10x1 an iyo wt w}o rm x2) 38 [2 (Bi) waxes (io) OF wes — ‘Working aso 10x4—40 Working Base 10080 aaa eon 2 ais oo ‘oj2e xe Boo j=24 =29 78 201} 6 (18) OR a2xa8 (17) OR a2xan Working Base 100/2—80 crit Working Base 10%6—50 ents oie 200/26 a 20)-36 300} = 2) 6 =a) (18) 28.21 (20) OR saxon Working Base 10x30" Working Base 102-20 7 aS a9 au ae xa} =a 7scm) en) sox on anes Woking ase onlss2s0 Working ase 10x 5=60 | sent “e-2 ; pean aot 5 00s ar 25/3 (2s) 01 x08 Working Baw 1002-20 e o4 a ar]e wy Joe — 25/02 Note Hore 47 being od, ite divinon by 2 gives us a feaolioual quotient 23} and thal, just a6 half @ rapee ‘or half a pound or half « dollar is taken over to the ‘ight-hand-sido (as 8 annas or 10 chillings or £0 conta), 0 the half her (in the 284) is taken over to the right- band sido (00 60). Mo, tho answer is 29/52, =a 006 | | (28) suo xe08 80 Working Rate 1000/4280 Working Rae 1000/4=250 at 229-21 ay 230-20 245/008 4)300 / 420, ‘xy /o08 oxy / 0 01/854 89/870 ‘Noten tho abore two cates, the fon eho Taft hand sido is cnercd over to the right hand (a8 230) cm) ‘The following addtional (worked out) examylo will wre to further clacidate the principle wud proves uf anulligtration according tothe Vedio Stra (‘Vian ee) and facilitate the dens pactce and appetonthasest= (0) e700 09008 sar 701205, asm Sea a4 ste | 070 re = Ais 1x00 (6 80 0008 1228 ose) _—o111 ult Ea =] ary Sasi = Toews (©) Txonan (©) r0x2%0 cart e003 WB 100x390 tom one ‘ot a 078 peel Be [01 =F or bl (7 esrxe00 taser WB. Toox7—=n WB. 100% t=100 ris an oe ot mS wa 8 10/8 xT xT an aeoa 8 100 fat a0) 18cw) (1a) 908%789 Wi. 100xs—s00 w—435, 5-18 © 231x082 WR 0 er lato xe 78 ast nat | a gous op wae We. 1000/2500 100x¢. sur} seat 98 2) S00 | w90 280 [non 00 | —2a08 | 90 Gm wae GH OR moxie W. B. 100% W.B, 1000/2600 seh 82 oat 82 Tn 38 wa (1) masx2e7 ae) 3908. 4008 ‘W. B, 1000]4=260 W. B. 1onn0/2 Baa 15 ‘3081002. a 3 soo me foun 3) awe | 2008 ons | 2008 (ay (18) OR s9xe09 W.B, 1000/2 1a 4001 Uh 19.x400 (49) exoxo02 9) ie W.B, 1000/2500 W.B. 100/2—20 wip 138 wats a9 2657 | 70 sj / 270 ‘8 | 720 (22) a603a6 W. 8. 1000/2=500 389 At 2405/1776 ote—3ore ofthe examples re que ey fst much ric hy the Stroy (Croke Pepsign) See link ito be expounded Sa the net caper They nv toon invited ee, mew fr emonstrtng ay to an he we hy the "itn exponent eapenom But before we actualy take up tho ‘Ordhee-Tiryoh Me open for atipleasion, we forma an ep lm me llariex which arise out of the shall just now explain few corl Widdows Sales whic i the subjor-ratter ofthis cher The Firat Corolary ‘Tha frat corollary natutlly arising out of che “Nikka? Baten reads 08 follows —areqt cree el rat hich mouns:—“mbatnoer the extent of 8 defies, Tesson st will further fo that very exbent sand aloo et wp the square (ofthat deficieney)” ‘This evidently deale with tho squaring of mambsre few elemulary oxareples wil sul tn make its meaning 84 splication coor: Sappooe we have to fl the aquao of. ‘The ili rll be the overs kage in ou (seta) woskng -— (i) Wo shoald tae up the nvarest power of 10(-€. 19 itl non awe {i Asie tleee than 10, we should doorare ie il feather by 1nd we i (8) down an on let-sin prion af dhe anes. 8) ip And, om he sight and oe pat down he munmaf nt deiner () om (in) Thee vost oot m7 Now, let us take up the cus of s* As 8 is 2 less than 10, we lesson it till further by 2and got ¥—2 (1-6) forthe oft hand and putting 28 (=4) on the pb-hand side, we my 8°08 Tnexasty the samae manner, we say a9) aye ana 222) 9=3)0 jpaes; wal won omy ‘Vou; bub what about members abore 10 1 We work exactly at before: but instead of reducing still further Hy Ue ‘Telit, we increase the namber etl farther by the surplus fend say Ae=(11-f1) fitz ny iayt 4/9 8), 0=19/0 90),5--295 rato ice a ee ‘961 j and wo on, 28/y1—301 And then, xlenting the same rule to numbers of two or in, we proveed futher and sap :— 9170/81 ; 2284/64; ¥a*—¥e/A0 ; 9499/96 | u5*—vU}4s j 7804/00; 98%—ve/o4; 902 116j64 5 10s? 106/00 5 ‘078/191 ORS*=OTH/ 148 ; 938 j31 ; ART 44 9070121 ; aRAdt—un«A/oNsH ; ROOaE— 99860040; The Algebaical Rzplanation for this in a fllows :— So, if we have to obtain the quate of any nuner (9), wwe can add auy number (b} to it, subtract the came aumber (from ib and multiply the two ond finally odd the square of at mamber (b) (oa tho wight hand cide). ‘Thus, 07 hascay tot sar, wr shoo seloot such @ number (b) a8 will, by aidition or by subteartion, give ow mimber ending in 8 200 (or zows) aul thereby lighleg Ue sult-mteplostion work, Inthe present case, if our (b) he 8, ab will barome 100 and will become 84 Their product i 9400; snd bios 297°-94]09, Thin proven the Cotllary. Similarly, vs—(02-+8) (02—8)+-01=84/64; e3?—(on-b7) (03—7) 4408840 vg2=(088412) (84819) +146070)148 5 108-48) (1088) -+64—116/04 ; and ap on The Third Algebraica! Replanction i based on tho Nithilash ‘Sia and baa boon incented already. a9 a9 ‘The following addivional sample-exemples corve to enlighten the seudont (on this Corollary) ay 18 OB (2) 19" @ 40 pve wis aa xa uj OR (8) 298 ) ot on a) 49 wa wo wt aye “yt ajo xa xi = =m or OR 10) a (ct 98 (a) (7 oo OR (8) 59 aa 3049 49 apt 2049 soy 9 a4 eit anja xs ss la 4/81 8 980-11 ace sa Tora va 790 «28 By e008 | 28 ‘Neve :—Ail the cam dealt with lercibove aro doubts of numbers just» lille below of just « litte above power of tan or of «multiple ur wub-multiple there "This corollary is specially sled for the squaring of such numbers. Beeaiugly wore complex and “iti fnte” exe will le taken up in the next chepter (Gelaking to Uke Urdoa-Tiryok Stra); and stil roost “iene” will be explained ima ill later slapter (dealing with the squacing, eubing ete.. of bigger numbers). The Second Corllary. ‘The sec collar is applicable only to a epecil case imler the Gab worllary (je. the aquasing of numbers ending in and other enpnate numbers). Ite wording w exactly the uae aa hal uf the Sitra which we used at the outset for the Conversion of vulgar fractions into their recut. docini couivaeats (ice GRVET AR). The Sitra now takes a totally “adferat meaning altogether wu, ia fac, velates to @ wholly Aliferent oot wp and context altogethercm 1s literal mening is he mame a8 Before (6. “by ono ‘more than the previous one); but it now relates to the squaring of numbers euding in 8 (ug my, 16). 1] 8 ere, the last digit is 5; and the “previous one fo 1. 8, one more than that is 2, Now, the Sime 3/25 in this context eels us to multiply the previoww | —— “git (1) by one more than itself (by 2), By the ifcand side digit i 1% ; and the right-hand ‘ila in the vertical multiplication product. (ie. 25) wen Similarly, 95°23 9/23-6/25 ; 6 94)95-=12)25 ; ts )25—20)25; 5545 x6/35—30)25, 854037 )25—42/95 | 787 {8/05 8x9R5—79/05 ; 649 x 10/25-—00/95 : 1098105 11/25—110)95; Listen x 175—199)95 | 1252—158/25 5 1354=162)25 , 1451—210)28 ; 1002240205 1654—H79/95 ; 175% —200)25 » ss4—343)95 5 195%980/25 | wud oo on The Alycbruical Baplanaion is quite simple ond follows ‘traight-away from the NiBhilaw Stra and etl store so from the Chilow-Tiryak formula to be explained in the next chapter (q¥) A sub corollary to this Coralary (seating vo the squasing of mumbers ending in &) rah’: wettest (Antyoyor Dagaksps} and tells us Uhat Uoe abows role is applicable not only to the equaring of a number ending in 6 but also tothe rultipestion of two uuaubern who Int digits vogether total 10 and whowe previous parti weuly the aame s) For example, if the numbers to be multipin are wot 25, xd 95, but, coy 27 and 23 [whose last digits im. 7. together total 10 and whose previous part ix the mami usualy 2], even thon the ame role will apply (ie that the 2 should be multi- plied by 3 the next higher nuubec, Thus wo have ¢ as our Teftchand pare of the wnwwer ; and the right-hand one a8, by vertical mltplention (ox usual) axs—M1, And sn 27x 2A—0/21 Pa a 91 ‘We ean pred further on the same lines and say : x ade90/24 ; 97 03--80/01 ; 8:<2—90} 995.0790, ; 37x A=19)21 | 19% 715000: sr xxd-a72ja 5 114 110-=132/24; and so on ‘This wub-corllay too is based on the same Nikhilast Saira nd bardor examples thereof wil more appropriately conse unter ‘he Ordboa Tinga formala ofthe nett chapter (or the sil ater chapter on more dificult aquarings wal eubings) ‘Av thia point, hownver, it tay just be pinled out that the above rule capable of further application ond come an ‘handy, fr the mullplicadon of uuuubets whose last digit (i fets of 2.3. and x0 tn) together total 100, 1000 ete. For aaa Se ee onceom) if ie were the converse ofthe Bhadhibe Sate. Tasiually in; fand it relates to and provides fur muliplications wherein he rmaltipier digits comist entirely uf wine Tt comes up under three diferent headings an illswn — The Fit ease ‘The annexed table of products produced Ly tbe sagle- digit muhpiee ¥ gives us the novessary clue tn an uiler- sanvng ofthe Sitea :— |_| We observe thatthe ltt-hand-side is invariahly one lemo than the mattipliud snd (hab the right-side-diit is merely the complement wf the lefthandslde digit from 0. And this bells us what to do to et both the portions of the | product. | The word "Para in this context las ant | rechnico-termincogial sage and simyly sean | ee “multipionna” (wile the woud “Apa! | | signios she maipin, Mhe macaning of the sab-corollary thus fin in emoothiy into its context 1. 6 that the multiplicand Iw to be Aoereated by 1; and ae for the right haud side, hal i» ‘mechanically available by the aubtraction of the lef-hun tide from 0 (which in practically » dizect application of the ibd Site), ‘As regards multiplisaude oud anllplieen uf 2 digit ench, ve have the following table of product >— | 88 [-U1- 1/90 —-U1—1}—1080 | 66 ie | ‘as ia Bante | Wexoo0 | ibamot | provi | bo | cm) ‘And this table shows that the ral holds good here too And by similar continned observation, wa find that tis ‘uniformly mpplible to all cases, where “he maultplicand and ‘the multiplier eonsist of the same number of digits. In fut, i io spl application of Ube Nihil Sutra and ie bonnd apply. To | rs | went | 821 | 90-1 | s9— 1 | bee 7 [ae | 073021 | We ar tha nab apply the raat ll auch ote sda or example vr | oete | aso oh | Sem | ion arojaae | estore | tanacajavoeai owsmt ~~ 1 asasetsoo orosts0jozezson | 1294507808/705982101 ‘Such multiplications (nvalving multipliers ofthis epecil type) come up in advanced astronomy eto; and this sub- formals (Ekanyinena Pareeya) is of immense utlty therein {Phe Second Case + The second ae fling unde hi entoory i one wberin ‘he multpinad onsets of malin number of digit than the swipe, Thin, however, any onngh to have al ‘hate ovesay i tof the. Man on the I) in with tha tegen numb of tooo ane pre exactly an aloe and Chen ae the erent That | am [wow | vom = yj “onjas | ovajaer | onrazjoaane | ooonrns/sae907%ca) “The Third Cave (To be omitted daring a fest rating) "The third caw coming under this heading is one where the multiplier contain a ander nuusber of digits than the ‘multipiesnd, Careful obeerextion and study of the relevant able of products gives um the mmrmary clus and helps 1 to tanderetand the correct applieaion of dhe Sten to this kind of example. atom £ Cotumn 2 Catan 3 myo] 8) sxaa9)9 pron |8| wees Brean |t| onan Freer eae Irn 6 Brean loot moons inode 3) srencas ihepate |3| ‘soon wxest || soxdais | 0| ‘We note here Unt, inthe firl column of products whore he muliplcand sarin with 1 as ite Bist digit th left-hand: side part (of Use prudvol) i uniformly 2tess than the multi ian; that, ia the eecond column (where the multiplicand Fgins with 2) the lf-haua sido part of the product i exartly ‘slow: nod that, in the tied column (of miscellaneous frst Vive) Uke difesence between the maltplicand and the teft- Tian portion of the product ie invariable one more than the tavess portion tothe oxtrome left of the dividend, ‘The procedure applicable in this cas is threfore evidently as fllow— () Divide the maltipioand of by a verti! Tne—inta ‘right-hand portion consisting of = nny digits fhe maltipice; and abtrant from the multiplioand fone more than the whole excess portion (on the lft) "This ven ts th left-hand-side portion of the product, OR take tho Bkanyina and subteuch Uerefiom the provioas fie, the excess) portion om the left j and co) (i) Subtract he rightchand-sde pact of the maltpliand Uy the Nida role. This will give you the right Ihand-side of the product ‘The following examplon will make the process cleat axe (2) a3x9 (8) 1299 4a O38 aig: aia aia

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