θ

ϕ ρ

! θ ϕ
=
θ =! "
ϕ =! "
! #

θ= θ

ϕ=
$ ! θ ϕ ! ϕ % & ' (

θ !&
ϕ & & ) "
*
+ & ρ θ

θ π
, −θ
θ ρ

= θ" + θ" ρ

θ = θ" ρ − θ"
 =

= " + "
= !− θ" θ + ρ ! θ" θ + θ" ρ

= !− " θ+ ρ θ θ+ θ " ϕ" ϕ

= θ" θ + θ " ϕ" ϕ

- = " + " θ" θ + " θ " ϕ" ϕ

)
∂
∂

= ∂
∂θ
∂
θ ∂ϕ

θ
θ

ϕ
ϕ+ ϕ

. ) !/ π×
+ θ !
. ) ,π × θ
+ θ" ϕ
! ' !θ + θ " ϕ = θ" ϕ
- = θ " ϕ" θ
= ,
θ " ϕ" θ
0
= × = ,
θ" " θ" ϕ
1
2 (
π ,π π
= = ,
θ" θ" ϕ = ,π ,
θ " θ = 4π ,
θ =3 ϕ =3 θ =3

2 - 5
6 1

7 5 5 )

' ) "

,
 5 & 5
8 5 & 5 9 :"
0 5
! = "
6 1 8 &
φ= ! ⋅ = ⋅ "

, 6 18 & 5

5 & ! ) 5

Γ
- 5 5 " "
φ= ! ⋅ !

φ ! = ! ⋅ ! = ! ⋅ ! !

5 5
5 5 & & 1 "+ &
"

φ ! = ! ⋅ !

$
5 5 &

2 φ ! = ! 5
ε3
- (
"
 !
2

5 ( 5 5 σ3 "
=!
; )
! "

!
$
7(

7 ! ) "
+ ! ! ( "
- 8 "
- ! = !
∂
<& "- =3
∂
∂
- % =3
∂
- ! = ! ! "

, 7 5

5 = ) >3
5 ( 8
5 5 = ) > − "
= 5 + + 5 5 "
φ ! = φ= φ+ φ+ φ
5

! =−
φ= ! ⋅ "! − = ! ⋅ !−

4
 ! = !− =− !
- φ =− !
- φ 5
! = ! = !
5

- % φ ! = !

φ= ! ⋅ " = ! ⋅ " =3
- φ ! =3
- φ ! =, !
= ∩ =σ3
- )
σ3
, ! =
ε3
σ3
- ! = "
,ε 3
σ3
>3
,ε 3
2 ! =
−σ3
<3
,ε 3
σ3
3 ∆ =
ε3

+σ

−σ
- 1 ) "
5 σ >3 = σ"
5 5 −σ < 3 −

@
55 ' A 5 "

?
 −σ
2 8 )1 1 ! =3 1 ! = "
ε3
=3

=3
+ 8) 5 & &
&"
! =−
− ∂∂
−σ
- = − ∂∂
ε3
− ∂∂
σ"
- ! = + 8) "
ε
= 8 )1 ! %
!
− C,
C,

= C
σ" σ" "
= − − = ! , − ! −, = = =
ε3 ε3 !ε 3 C
- = ε3 C

B
"# ! $!

&
6
↔
−
= ,
= ,
→,
4πε 3 , ,
↔− →, , ,
, 4πε 3 ,

−
, = , ! , , = , , , = , ! ,
,

−
! = ! = ,
! 5
4πε 3 ,
' E

=− =− ϕ" ϕ & "

−
! = ! ϕ! = !
4πε 3

= ! = ϕ!

φ ! = φ ! = × !−4π
ε3

2
& ! '
( = B433F " & µ3 5 "
4
@ = µ3 π = B 3" 3 ,4 F

7(

7(
ϕ !
− ϕ
! =− ϕ= = !

D
,

5 ( "

5 5 ∈ !
= ! ! = " !
φ= ! ⋅ = ! " ⋅ " = !
- φ= ! = ! = ! 4π " ,
! !

@ 8 !

> <

7 >
4
= π µ3 =
7 <
4
= π " µ3 =

φ ! = −4π

≤ A4π " ,
! = −4π

-) H ! =− ! =− "

, ≥ A4π " ,
! = −4π

- ! =− ,
! =− ,

2 8 )1 & 8
) "

∝ ∝ −,

!∝ 5 9 8:

G
 &

ϕ
=− ϕ⇔ =−
,
ϕ! = + 3≤ ≤
- ,
−
ϕ! = + , ≥
-
,
−
+ = + ,
,
−
ϕ =3 , =3" 2 = "
→ +∞ ,
− ,
ϕ! = + 3≤ ≤
- , ,
−
ϕ! = ≥

4 2

$ ( & ρ3 5 "
4
= π ρ3 "

ρ3

" ρ3
! = = 3≤ ≤
4πε 3 ε3
! = ≥
4πε 3 ,

− " ,
! = + 3≤ ≤
, 4πε 3 , 4πε 3
! = ≥
4πε 3