SPE

SPE 15297

BOAST-DRC:
— —Black Oil and Col?densate Reservoir Simulation
on an IBM-PC
by J.R. Fanchi,Marathon oil co.
SPE Member

Copyright 1986, Society of Petroleum Engineers

TINS paper was prepared for presentahon at the Sympoatum on Pelroleum Industry Application of Microcomputers 01 the Soc!ety o :>elroleum Engineers
held m SilverCreek, CO ;.me 1.S-20, 1986

Th!a paper waa selected for presentation by an SPE Program CommMee following review of information contained m an abstract submitted by lhe
author(s) Conlenla of the paper, as preaenlad, have no! been reviewed by the SGCwly of Petroleum Engineers a,ld are subject 10 cormcbon by the
authur(a). The material, as preaenled. does not neceaaarily reflecl any position of Ihe Sa-5ety of Petroleum Engineers, !1sofhcers. or members. Papers
presented al SPE meetmgs are sublecl lo publication review by Editorial Oommiffees of the society of Petroleum Engineers Perm8saion 10 copy IS
restricted to an absmacl of not more than m words. Illustrations may not fm copied. The abstrac! should contain conspicuous acknowledgmem of wh Ire
and by whom the papar is presented. Wme Publication Manager, SPE, P.O. Box S33S8S, Richardson, TX 76083-2835 Telex, 730889, SPEDAL
-—

ABSTRACT Run times for the IBM-PC XT version

range from 0.3 secondlgrid block/tfme step
BOAST-DRC is a three-dimensional,three- for 1-D problems to 0.7 second/grid
phase simulator designed for microcomputer block/tires?step for 3-D problems. Run times
applications. It may be used for either are very sensitive to the number of itera-
black-oil or retrograde condensate reservoir tfons taken by either the iterative matrix
simulation. The program formulation, md solver or the pressure solution procedure.
solutiow to problems encountered in prepar- In at least one case inwhfch a direct matrix
ing a microcomputer versfon are presented. solver was used, problem run time was limited
Results for several test problems, including by the speed at which the output could be
the first (black-oil) and third (condensate) printed rather than 5Y the calculations.
SPE Comparative Solution Projects, are shown. Formulation of BOAST4M!C is presented in
Section II. Important differences between
I. WT’ROOUCTIOH BOAST-IIRCand the DOE version are highlighted
there. Section 111 provides a general dis-
BOAST-DRC is an improved version of the cussion of fluid properties and variable sat-
Implicit Pressure - Explicit Saturation uration pressure calculations. Several work-
(IMPES) simulator BO~ST published by the U,S. saving initialization options are explained
Departmentof Energy (DOE). BOAST-DRC sifw in Section IV. Details of well model calcu-
lates isothermal Darcy flow in up to three lat+ons are pr$sented in Section V. Analytic
dimensions. It assumes that reservoir fluids aquifer models #nd a few +mPortant m+scel-
can be described by up to three fluid phases laneous topics3- are discussed in Section
(oil, gas, and water) with physical proper- VI.Several conversion problems were encoun-
ties that depend on pressure only. Gas is tered in translating the Burroughs B7900
allowed to dissolve in both the oil and water mainframe version to a version suitable for
phases. Vaporized oil (wet gas) can be use on an IBM-PC. The most noteworthy are
modelled when the retrograde condensate op- discussed in Section VII. Results of some
tion is invoked. The retrograde condensate example problems are sufmnarizedin Section
op’?on provides the user with a tool to study VIII. Conclusions are presented in Section
t$ effects of lean gas injection or cycling IX.
of Che performance of a condensate reservoir.
BOAST-DRC is designed for use on an 11. FORMULATION
IBM-PC XT or AT. The PC version of BOAST-DRC
has all the features of the mainframe ver- The formulation of BOAST-DRC differs
sion, including a direct solution method for from the 00E version of BOASTby inclusion of
moderately sized problems. Analytic aquifer a vaporized oil term in the flow equations.
models provide a storage efficfent means of Flow equations for the three phzses are col-
studying aquifer fnflux in either black oil lected in Table 1. Additional definitions of
or condensate systems. variables and fluid properties ar~ presented
——-.— in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. A compar-
ison of Tables 1 through 3 wit+ the formula-
References and illustrations at end of paper. tion in Reference 1 shows that all new tef’fffs
.-
1Q7
2 ROAST-DRC: Black Oii and Condensate Reservoir Simulation on an IBM-PC XT
in BOAST-DRC include the l!quid content
factor VS. Note that gas compr?ssibllity
includes a nev term proportional to the p~es-
sure derivative of the liquid content, which
is treated as a function of pressure only.
Convective tralsport coefficients,
including gravity and capillary pressure con-
tributions, are calculated as described in
Reference 1 with the followfng exception.
Solubilities in the transmissibility terms
are single point upstream weighted. This
differs fr~ the mfdpoint weighting used in
the DOE version. The change was made to
improve front tracking for lean gas injection
problems. It also improves material balance.
Another change that was made to improve mat-
erial balance was to use a reducsd set of
flow equations when less than three phases
are present in a grid block. These changes
have little affect on liquid daminated sys-
terns.They are important primarily for gas
dominated systems.
$~~1~ pR~E~RE
BOAST-DRC is dn IMPES simulator. Auxil-
iary relations and the three flow equations
are combined algebraically to yield a pres-
sure equation. The procedure for construc-
ting a pressure equation, and the order in
which saturations are subsequently computed,
depends on the method used to expand the
accumulation ‘termsof the flow equations.
Two methods of expanding the accumula-
tion terms are available as options in
BOAST-DRC. The accumulation terms can be
expanded using a chain rule expansion, as in
the original DOE version of BOAST, or by
using a mass conserving expansion (also known
as consistent expansion) with variable sub-
stitution. A comparison of these expansions
is given in Appendix A. Most authors rec-
onnnend using a mass conserving exposion.
Implicit coefficients in the mass conserving
expansion are correctly calculated by iter-
sting on the pressure solution. More compu-
ter work is necessary, but good material
balances are achievable. As shown in Appen-
rlixA, there are circumstances in which the
mass conserving expansion and the chain rule
expansion are comparable. Consequently, the
chain rule expansion In the DOE version of
BOAST can be readily applied to many real-
fstfc problems. The first four examples in
Volume 11 of the BOAST documentation justify
this assertion, as do examples shown later fn
this paper. If the chain rule expansion is
applicable, the implicit pressure distrfbu-
tion can be computed without iterating.This
considerably reduces the computer work
needed, and is especially helpful for practi-
cal microcomputer applications.
Saturation Calculations For a Chain Rule
Expansfon Procedure
The 00E version of BOAST uses the up-
dated pressures from the pressure equation in
the oil- and water-phase flow equations to
find the updated oil- and water-phase satura-
i-
SpE 15297
tfons. In BOAST it is. unimportant which
saturation is c?lculateclfirst. Consequen-
tly, BOAST calculates the oil phase satura-
tion first and the water phase saturation
second.
Un7ike ROAST, “’-- BOAST-DRC oil phase
flow equation includes both the oil and gas
phase saturations in fts accumulation term.
This means that only one eq;lationis avail-
able for finding two variab;es if the oil
phase flow equation is solvej first. To
avo:d this problem, water phase saturation is
calculated first from the water phase flow
equation. Once the water phase saturation is
known, gas phase saturation in the oll phase
flow equation accumulation term can be repla-
ced using the phase saturation constraint in
Table 2, Rearranging the accumulation term
lets us solve the oil phase flow equation for
oil phase saturation. Gas phase saturation
then follows from the saturation constraint
equation and the updated values of water- and
oil-phase saturations. Thfs procedure is
used with the chain rule expansion treatment
of black oil and condensate problems.
Saturation Cal@latlons Fora Mass Conserving
Expansfon Procedure
Amass conserving expansion procedure is
optionally available for solvfng bubble point
problems. The primary variables in the mass
conserving expansfon procedure are oil phase
pressure, water phase saturation, and gas
phase saturation. If the grid block is
undersaturated, varfable substitution i$ used
to replace the gas phase saturation with the
bubblz pofnt pressure. The ffrst Iteration
serfto determine a pressure dist.”ibution
;$+!, This distribution is used to deter-
mine convective transport between blocks.
All three primary variables are then compu-
ted. The water equation provides a value for
the water phase saturation. All three flow
equations are combined to yield a new oil
phase pressure P*. The remaining primary
variable (gas saturation or bubble pofnt
pressure) is calculated from ~oth the oil and
gas equations. Convergence is achieved when
P* equals pk+l within a user-specified tol-
erance (usually 0.1 psi).
MATRIX SOLUTIONf4ETlkOOS
BOAST-ORC has several solution methods
that represent two basic techniques of solv-
fng a linear algebraic problem: (1) direct
solution (TANK, BAND, 04, DHT); and (2) line
successive over-relaxation iterative methods
(LSORX, LSORY, LSORZ). Reference 1 describes
most of these methods. OHT is a storage
efficient band algorithm.6 The X, Y, and Z
appended to the LSOR acronym indicates the
direction fn which the trfdiagonal aigorfthm
is alfgned.
The TANK method is used when BOAST-DRC
fs run with a single grid block. When a
sfngle grfd block is defined, BOAST-DRC func-
tions as a sophisticated material balance
program.
SPE 15297
The LSORnethcds are most appropriate in
the 1-D case because they are coded to func-
tion as tridiagonal algorithms if a 1-D grid
is defined. In the 1-D case, a single pass
is made through the aPf)tYJ@ate LSOR subrou-
tine. Pressures returned from the tridiagon-
al algorithm called by the LSOR subroutine
are not modified by the LSOR acceleration
parameter U.
Problems in 2-O or 3-D are solved using
either 04, DHT, or the LSOR method which is
aligned in the directiol: of maximum flux.
For example, consider a 3-D model with com-
munication bettieenlayers. The large cross-
sectional area which is perpendicular to the
direction of flow Ctnerally results in the
greatest transmissibility aligned in the
Z-direction. In such cases, the LSIIRmethod
of choice is LSORZ. For a horizontal 2-D
problem, the LSOR method o~ choice will be
either LSORX or LSORY. For numerically
difficult 2-D or 3-D problems, a direct
solver like the DHT method is used, The OHT
method is particu?arl:”helpful for the PC
version of BOAST-DRC because the BAND and 04
direc’ solution methods demand tcomuch stor-
age for efficient use on a PC.
III. FLUID PROPERTIES
6ENERAL
The principal oil PVT data needed by
BOAST-DRC are oil formation volume factor,
volubility of gas in oil, and oil viscosity,
which are assumed to be functions of pressure
only. Illustrative curves are shown in
Figure 1. Undersaturated curves are shown as
solid lines and saturated curves as dashed
lines for a bubble point pb. The user
specifies the saturated curves and the slopes
of the straight lines representing the under-
saturated curves for the initial bubble
point.
Water PVT data are input and used in a
manner that is directly analogous, to the
undersaturated treatment of oil PVT data.
Gas PVT data are depicted in Figure 2.
The possibility of a dew point pressure pd
is taken into consideration for the liquid
content curve rs. All gas PVT data are
treated on a dry gas basis in the sfmulator.
This is quite important for condensate
systems.
BUBBLE POINT TRACKIN6FOR BLACK OIL SYSTEMS
The bubble point tracking algorithm in
the DOE version of BOAST does not work well
for modelling lean gas injection into an
undersaturated oil reservoir. BOAST will
tend to overestimate pressure drawdown in an
oil block that is being depleted. The error
is avoided in BOAST-DRC because variable sub-
stitution is used with the mass conserving
expansion option. This point is illustrated
in the examples.
OEN P01NTTRACKIN6FORCONDEI!SATE SYSTEMS
Analogous to the bubble point tracking
situation is the possibility of a change in
J. R. Fanchi 3
dew point resulting from, for example, injec-
ting dry gas into a wet gas block. This
effect is accnunted for by variable substitu-
tion as follows.
The oil saturation calculated from the
oil equation cd” be negative if enough dry
gas invades a wet gas block, If a negative
oil saturation is calculated, the block is an
undersaturated gas block. The oil phase flow
equation shown in Table 1 simplifies to
l-SW
L =—a
0 at
[( )1
.$—
Brs”
9
(1)
because tne oil saturation is zero. Equation
(1) is solved for liquid content r . The
pressure that corresponds to the cafculated
liquid content on the saturated liquid con-
tent curve (Figure 2) is the new dew point
pressure of the block. Oil saturation in the
tlock is set to zero.
If oil saturation is positive, then a
two-phase hydrocarbon system is assumed to
exist. In this case the dew point pressure
is set to the updated grid block pressure. A
liquid content is obtained at the new pres-
sure value and a new oil saturation is found
from the oil flow equation.
Iv. INITIALIZATIONGPTIONS
Initial pressure and saturation distri-
butions can bs input to BOAST-DRC block-by-
block. Some work saving algorithms for
initializing pressure and saturation distri-
butions are also available.
PRESSURE INITIALIZATION
Improper pressure initialization can
result in differences in phase potentials
that cause fluid migration in the reservoir
model even though no operating wells are pre-
sent. BOAST-ORC uses the pressure initiali-
zation algorithm described in Reference 1 as
a means of achieving an equilibrated pressure
distribution.
SATURATION
INITIALIZATION
Several saturation initialization op-
tions are available in BOAST-ORC.The coordin-
ate convention is shown in Figure 3.
Vertical Equflibrim
Data for the vertical equilibrium option
include the water-oil and gas-oil contacts
WOC and GOC, the oil and water saturations
for a two-phase water-oil system (S01 and
SWOI, respectively), the gas and water satur-
ations for a two-phase gas-water system (SGI
and SkiGI,respectively), and a residual oil
saturation (SOR). In addition, block thick-
ness (DZ) and elevation (EL) must be known.
If the transition zone between phases is
negligibly small re~ative to the thickness of
the block, there are six possible configura-
tions the block may be in (Figure 4). They
represent a system in which ideal vertical
)
equtllbrtum between phases has been establi-
shed. kw/Bw
~ ‘q — (5)
wk gk Ag/Bg k ‘
Capillary Pressure Initialization [1

The input capillary pressure curves can

be used to determine transition zone satura-
ko/Bo

.1
tions for either an oil-water or gas-water
system. q +(r)
ok ‘qgk -k S k ‘gk
[ ‘ (6)
Oil-Water System:
If the block midpoint elevation (EL) is Note the appearance o+ the liquid content
greater than or equal to WOC, the block con- tenn in the equation for oil rate.
tains only water. If not, an estimate of
capillary pressure is calculated using Pressure Controlled Hell for a Condensate
Syste,
Pcow = (Ow - po) (woc - EL)/144 . (*)
For a given flowing bottom hole pressure
Densities are calculated for a pressure (PWF), phase rates by layer are:
that is the average of the block pressure and
the user ir~ut pressure at HOC. A water sat- Aw
uration is calculated from the capillary = (PI) ~ AP ; (7)
pressure estimate in Equation (2) and the in- ‘Wk
put capillary pressure curve for an oil-water [1
systern. Oil saturation is one minus the
water saturation,.
‘gfl~pl)kA~~+Rso~] /~sw)kqwk}+
Gas-Water System:
If the block midpoint elevation is less
than or equal to GOC, the block contains only
water. If not, an estimate of capillary
presssure is calculated using
[l-(RS&(rSJk], ‘8)
P = (Pw- Pg) (GOC - EL)/144 . ~3)
ego

Densities are calculated for a pressure

k
[1
that is the average of the block pressure and
the user input pressure at GOC. A water sat- q = (PI) + Ap+r (9)
uration fs calculated from the capillary ok
ok
() skqgk”
pressure curve for an oil-water system. In
this case, it is assumed that there is no The pressure difference is the difference
capillary pressure difference between the gas between the grid block pressure at the pre-
phase and the nonexistent oil phase. Thus sent time and the use! specified wellbore
the capillary pressure curve for an oil-water flowing pressure (PWF); thus
system is equivalent to a capillary pressure
curve for a gas-water system. Gas saturation
is one minus the water saturation. AP=Pn-PWF . (lo)

v. NELL REPRESENTATION KEN IHJE’TIONUELL OPTIONS

References 1 and 7 describe several Dry Gas ‘!ateSpecified

methods of representing wells in BOAST.
BOAST-DRC contains all of the explicit well For a dry gas rate qg, dry 9as injec-
control options described in Reference 1. tion rate by layer is
The code has been modified to allow more than
one well to exist in a grid block. Addi- ‘Wx) ‘o+hw+xg
[( )1 k
tional options have been added for use with q ‘q
condensate reservoir models. These new gk g ~
k=l[(WI) (Ao+Aw+hg)]k “(11)
options are described here.

NEM PRODUCTION HELL OPTIONS Wet Gas Rate Specified

Dry Gas Rate Specified If a wet gas rate is specified, dry gas
injection rate is given by Equation (1.). In
Given the dry gas rate qg, the 9aS, addition, an oil injection rate resulting
water and oil rates for layer k are: from reinfection ~f vaporized oil has the
from
(PI) Ag/Bg ~
[ 1 qok =
qfl . (4) ‘S
() k ‘gk . (12)
gk. PIAB
g \=,[( ) gjgk 1 ‘
+An
SPE 15297 J; R. Fanchi
VI. SELECTED TOPICS
ANALYTIC AQUIFER MODELS
Several analytic aquifer models have
been implemented in BOAST-ORC. They include
the pot, steady-state, and Carter-Tracy aqui-
fer models. Tbeje models are described b!
Aziz and Settari. An analytic correlation
is used to determine the Carte#-Tracy influ-
ence function and its derivative with respect
to dimensionless time.
THREE-PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Stone’s three-phase relative permeabil-
ity model, as modified by Oietrich and
Bond@p,3 is available as an option.
MATERIAL
BALANCE CALCULATION
An instantaneousmaterial balance calcu-
lation is performed as a check on the accur-
acy of finite difference calculations. The
volumes in place of oil, gas, and water at
the beginning of the time-step are compared
to their respective volumes in place at the
end of the time-step with injected and produ-
ced fluids being accounted for.
In addition to the instantan~ous materi-
al balance calculation, which is reported in
a one-line time-step sunsnary,a cumulative
material balance calculation is made and re-
ported in a user-requested Suimnary Report.
The cumulative material balance compares mat-
erial present at the end of a time-step with
material present at the beginning of the run.
If the cumulative material balances are
a percent or less, program accuracy is usual-
ly acceptable for many problems. By con-
trast, large cumulative material balance
Indicates that the IMPES formulation is hav-
ing problems. This situation can ordinarily
be corrected by adjusting calculation param-
eters such as time-step size or solution tol-
erances.
NUMERICAL DISPERSION
An estimate of the magnitude of numeri-
cal dispersion in BOAST-ORC is
(13)
where v is the frontal advance rate, Ax Is
the grid block size in the direction of fron-
tal advance, At is the time-step size, PorQs-
ity is a fraction, and Dnum is the numeri-
cal dispersion. It should be noted that
reducing time-step size will increase numeri-
cal dispersion because BOAST-DRC is an IMPES
simulator.q Adding grid blocks is a reliable
way to reduce numerical dispersion if time-
step size is adjusted so that Dnum of Equa-
tion (13) does not become negative. An opti-
mum time-step size can be estimated from
. (14)
141
5
Crntrol of numerical dispersion by altering
the time-step size in an IMPES simulator
requires balancing competing factors. Maxi-
mum time-step size is determined by satura-
tion and pressure change requirements in
addition to Equation 14. The rotation effect
associated with numerical dispersions can be
reduced by decreasing the time-step size. In
general, the most practical way to evaluate
the effect of numerical dispersion on simula-
tion results u.1.lgBOAST-DRC is to run a test
case with a more refined grid (more grid
blocks). This provides a basis for compari-
son of sim’llationruns.
VII. BOAST-DRC ON AN IBM-PC
One of the advantages of a program the
size of BOAST-DRC is tk!atit is small enough
to be put on a microcomputer. BOAST-ORC iS
approximately 6000 lines of FORTRAN 77 code.
In converting it to run on an IBM-PC XT or
AT, several problems were encour,tered.
Before copying BOAST-ORC from a main-
frame (Burroughs B79013) to the IBM-PC, the
program was divided into several files, none
of which exceeded roughly 1000 lines of code.
All COHMON blocks were put in separate files
and included in the source files using INCLU-
DE statements. The arrays in COMMON and
DIMENSION statements were expressed in terms
of variable names which were defined by PARA-
METER statements. This last item made redi-
mensioning the program relatively easy.
Compilation of the program showed that
variables wnich were defined by REAL or
INTEGER statements had to be defined as such
in every subroutine in which they appeared.
These definitions were required even if the
variable only appeared in the subroutine as
an element of a COMMON block.
Unlike some machines, IBM does not rcu-
tinely initialize all program variables to
zero. Consequently an uninitialized variable
can assume a nonsense value. To get around
this problem without reducing the portability
of the code, a subroutine was added that
specifically set all COMMON block variables
to zero. The subroutine is called at the
beginning of program execution.
A batch file was written to provide a /
means of recompiling and/or redimensioning
the program with minimum effort. By definin9
a file containing all PARAMETER statements, ({
it is possible to redimension the program
simply by editing the PARAMETER file, then
recompiling the entire source code. Compila-
tion of the program takes approximately one
hour on an IBM-PC XT, and about 30 minutes on
an IBM-PC AT. As a matter of routine, the
8087 microprocessor chip and associated
mathematical library doutines are included in
the compilation. \-
VIII. EWLE PRWLEMS
Four examples are presented below as
BOAST-ORC test problems. These problems
illustrate the capabilities and limitations
of BOAST-DRC.
6 BOAST-DRC: Black Oil and Condensate Reservoir Simulation on an IBM-PC XT
LINEAilBUCKLEY-LEVERE~ UATERFLODD
A linear Buckley-Leverett waterflood
provides an analytical test of the saturation
calculation of a simulator. Fluid and grid
properties for this example are given as
Example 1, Volume II of Reference 1. Results
for a grid with 40 grid blocks are shown in
Figure 5. Also shown in Figure 5 are results
for a three-dimensional, three-phase reser-
voir simulator called NBOS. NBOS is based on
a two-pseudocomponent representation of hy-
drocarbon PVT data. The two-pseudocomponent
representation allows rigorous treatment of
either variable bubble point or variable dew
point problems. A detailed description of
NBOS is provided in Reference 9.
Differences between NllOS and BOAST-DRC
are negliqlble. Both simulators exhibit an
expected smearing of the front due to numerf-
cal dispersion. Results for a grid with 10
grid blocks are shown in Table 4. Water pro-
duction at 360 days is 32 STB/D for NBOS and
33 STB/D for BOAST-DRC. Agreement between
the simulators is excellent for this case.
Run time on an IBM-PC XT was approxi-
mately 6 minutes. This time is due to print-
er speed more than computer processing.
Relatively short run times are typical for
tank and 1-D models.
3-o PRIMARY DEPLETION FOLLOWED
BY HATERFLOOD
The second example is a more realistic
application than the first. It Involves prf-
mary depletion at a user-speciffed oil pro-
ductfon rate of an fnftfally undersaturated
reservofr. The oil has an API gravity of 59
and an fnitial gas volubility of 1270 SCF/
STB. The reservofr pressure fs allowed to go
below bubble point and a gas cap forms fn the
upper of two layers. Four rate controlled
water fnjectfon wells are drilled and com-
pleted in the lower layer of the reservofr.
The ensufng pattern is a five spot wfth the
producer at the center. The producer fs
placed on bottom-hole pressure control and is
allowed to produce until water breakthrough.
Bubble point pressure is allowed to vary in
this problem. More details defining the
problem are presented in Table 5.
Results for both the chain rule expan-
sion option and the mass conserving expansfon
option are summarized in Table 6. This exam-
ple shows that efther expansion can be used
to solve the problem. The slight material
balance improvement with the mass conserving
expansion fs hardly worth the four-fold
increasz in computer run time required by the
iteratfve method. The chain rule expansfon
generally gfves acceptable results for llquid
domfnated systems like waterfloodfng . black-
011 reservoir.
6AS INJECTION INTO ANUNOERSAWMT’ED
RESERVOIR
Odeh10 has pu~l!shed a black.oil simula-
tor comparison problem that demonstrates the
1A9
SPE 15297
limitations of the chain rule expansion
Optfon in BOAST-DRC. An initially undersat-
urated, 59” API oil is produced from a corner
block f,lthe lowermo%t layer of a three-layer
grid. Lean gas is injected into the upper
layer at the opposite corner.
Table 7 shows results for the case when
the bubble point is allowed to vary and the
chain rule expansion option is used. This
option is unable to adequately model lean gas
injection, as indicated by a cumulative gas
material balance error in excess of 10%. The
more sophisticated variable substitution al-
gorithm with mass conserving expansion option
alleviates the problem, as shown in Table 8.
Early gas breakthrough at the explicit pro
duction well block accounts for the relative-
ly minor differences between BOASi-bt?.and
Odeh’s participants. The ov~ral! ROAST-DRC
perfomnance for gas injection into a bubble
point reservoir is acceptable if the mass
conserving expansion option is used.
GAS CYCLINGOF A RETROGRADE CONDENSATE
RESERVOIR
The condensate option in BOAST-DRC was
valldated by running t~~ third SPE compara-
tive solution problem. One two-component
sfmulator and several multicomponent simula-
tors were originally used to model the cyc-
ling of lean gas through a 3-O, retrograde
condensate reservoir. Two operating scen-
arios were considered: (1) constant sales
rate to blowdown, and (2) gas sales deferral.
The volumes of injected gas in both cases are
the same, but injection rate schedules
differ. Case 2 has a larger gas injectfon
rate than Case 1 for the ffrst five years;
and a smaller gas !njectlon rate for years
sfx through ten. Blowdown (production with-
out fnjection) occurs in years 11 through 15
for both cases. Fluld property data for
BOAST-DRC and NBOS5 are constructed from a
two-component material balance match of con-
stant volume depl~~ion data sfmilar to that
described by Coats .
Results of the runs are shown in Figures
6 through 9. Run tfme is approximately 20
hrs. on an IBM-PC XT. A direct matrfx solver
was used because the LSOR methods took too
many iterations for convergence. NBOS and
BOAST-DRC results differ somewhat because
each program calculates gas compressibility
usfng dffferent physical assumptions. NBOS
calculates gas compressibility for a wet gas,
whfle BOAST-ORC calculates a dry gas compres-
sibflfty. The actual gas compressibility
will be a value that ranges between wet and
dry gas values. Thus, the two-component
approach used here is approximate.
Overall results for the two-component
sfmulators are comparable to the results of
the more sophfstfcated, and more tfme-consum-
fng, compositional simulators used in Refer-
ence 11. Incremental production by gas sales
deferral obtained wfth NBOS at the end of 15
years of production is about 144 MSTB; BOAST-
ORC had a :inal incremental production of 178
MST8. These values are withfn the range of
S?E 15297 J. R. Fanchi 7

incremental oil reported in Reference 11. 6. Thurnau, D. H.: “BANDSOLVE”, Comm. ACM,
Note that both NBOS and BOAST-DRC revaporize Vol. 6, August 1963, pg. 441;~ Algo-
condensate more rapidly than equation-of- rithm 195.
state based compositional simulators, ~2This
is typ{cal of two-component simulators. 7. Tsau, J. S., Hill, A. D., and
Cumulative material balance err.w for Sepehrnoori, K.: “Modeling o? Permea-
BOAST-DRC was less than 1%. NBOS had a neg- bility Reducing Vertical Conformance
ligible material balance error because it Treatments”, paper SPE 13569, presented
employs a mass conserving expansion. BOAST- at the International Symposium on Oil-
ORC is faster than NBOS because the chain field and Geothemnal Chemistry, Phoenix,
rule expansion requires only a single pres- April 9-11, 1985.
sure distribution calculation. When appli-
cable, the faster chain rule expansion formu- 8. Aziz, K. tind Settari, A.; Petroleum
lation is an advantage for IBM-PC applica- Reservoir Simulation, Elsevier Applied
tions. The price for the speed advantage is science Publishers, Condon, 1979.
a material balance error that must be care-
fully monitored. 9. Shank, G. D. and Vestal, C. R.: “Prac-
tical Techniques in Two-Pseurlocomponent
IX. CONCLUSIONS Black Oil Simulation”, paper SPE 15156,
presented at the SPF Rocky Mountain
1. Practical reservoir simulation problems Regional Meeting, Billings, May 19-21,
can be solved using a microcomputer. 1986.

2. The single pass chain rule expansion
method can be reliably used to solve
many types of reservoir simulation prob-
lems as long as cumulative material bal-
ances are monitored carefully.
3. The conventional mass conserving expan-
sion method should be used for modelling
gas injection into a black-oil reser-
voir.
4. BOAST-ORC helps fill the gap between
simple material balance calculations and
sophisticated mainframe simulation stu-
dies.
10. Odeh, A. S.: “Comparison of Solutions to
a Three-Dimensional Black-Oil Reservoir
Simulation Problem”, J. Pet. Tech., Jan-
uary 1981, pp. 13-25.
11. Kenyon, D. E. and Behie, A.: “Third SPE
Comparative Solution Project: Gas
Cycling of Retrory’adeCondensate Reser-
voirs”, paper S?E 12278, presented at
the Reservoir Simulation Symposium, San
Francisco, November 15-18, 1983.
12. Coats, K. H.: “Simulation of Gas Con-
densate Reservoir Performance”, J. Pet.
Tech., October 1985, pp. 1870-18~

REFERENCES NOMENCLATURE

1. Fanchi, J. R., Harpole, K. J., and Gas formation volume factor

Bujnowski, S. W.: BOAST: U. S. DOE :9
Research Report DOE/-3-3. U. S. Oil formation volume factor
Department two volumes, B: Water formation volume factor
Bartlesville~ Okla~~~~~’1982.
Gas compressibility
C9
2. Fanchi, J. R.: “Analytical Representa- Co Oil compressibility
tion of the Van Everdingen-HurstAquifer
Influence Functions for Reservoir Simu- Rock compressibility
Cr
lation”, Sot. of Pet. Eng. J., June c Water compressibility
1985, pp.-b. w
Onum Numerical dispersion
3. Dietrich, J. K., and Bondor, p. L.:
“Three-Phase Relative Permeability EL Block mid-point elevation
Models,” paper SPE 6044, presented at GOC Gas-oil contact
the SPE 51st Annual Fall Meeting, New
Orleans, Oct. 3-6, 1976. K Permeability

K Permeability dyadic (usually a

4. Lantz, R. B.: “Quantitative Evaluation
diagonal tensor in applications)
of Numerical Diffusion (Truncation
Error),” SOc. of Pet. Eng. J., September k Gas relative permeability
rg
lg71, pp. 315-320; Trans. A3ME, Volume
k Oil relative permeability
251. ro
k Water relative permeability
5. Fanchi, J. R.: “MultidimensionalNumer- rw
ical Dispersion,” Sot. of Pet. Eng. J., L Left hand side of gas equation,
February 1983, pp.17fTl-lsI. !3 Table 1

*4Q .
H ROAST-ORC: Black Oil and Condensate Reservoir Simulation on an IBM-PC XT SPE 15297

L Left hand side of oil equation, Po Oil phase density

o Table 1
Pose Oil phase density at standard
L Left hand side of water equation, conditions
w TabTe 1 Water ~hase density
Pw
Pcow Oil-water capillary pressure Water phase density at standard
Pwsc
Pcgo Gas-oil capillary pressure conditions
Pg Gas phase pressure Gas phase viscos;,y
Po Oil phase pressure Oil phase viscosity
Pw Water phase pressure Water phase viscosity
P Pressure Time-step size
PGOC Pressure at gas-’lilconta-+ Grid block size
PI Productivity ind~.x
Pwoc Pressure at wat~r-oil contact
ACKWULEOGEUENTS
Gas rate
‘cl I t!lankD. E. Kenyon and H. Kazemi for
q~ Oil rate
useful discussions about the implementation
Qw Water rate of a condensate option and a mass conserving
expansion option.
Qg Table 2

Q. Table 2
Liquid content of condensate APPENOIXA: EXPANSION W ACCUMULATION TERM
‘s

R Gas volubility in oil Accumulation terms have the form At

so
R Gas volubility in wate- (ah). A consistent, mass conserving finite
Sw difference expansion is
Gas phase saturation
‘9
so Oil phase saturation
Sw Water phase saturation
t Time
v Speed of frontal advance
Zquatian (Al) can be rearranged to give
u: Well injectivity
Water-oil contact
n+l bn+l - an bn
woc At (ah)= a (A.2)
z vertical direction increasincI At
positively downward
which is the proper expansion. The chain
Porosity rule expansion of At (ah) used in BOAST-DRC
Gas phase potential is
Oil phase potential

‘9
A.
Water phase potential
= krglvg; gas phase mobil ty
= kro/~o; oil phase mobi? ty
‘t(ab’=an[~l+bn[-
.
h.
In general, Eq. (A.3) is not equa? to
u = kr~~w; water phase mob’lity If either a:~ or bn crc slowly
Eq. (A.2).
varying functions, or the time-step size At
Pg Gas phase density
is small, then Eqs. (A.2) and (A.3) are equi-
Pgsc Gas phase density at standard valent. When Eq. (A.3) is not a good approx-
conditions imation, material balance error occurs.
 wE J5?97

TABLE1. MassConservation
F1ow Equations TABLE2. Associated
Variable
Definitions

Saturation
Constraint: l=so+sw+sq
ho ?.. Q.
oil: L= 7 *K* V@O+V. fe~r v*-_
o o Pose Rates: Q. = qo + ‘Sqg
9s9
Qg = Oq + Rsoqo+ Rswqw
so s
= ~[+; + ‘s2 )]
q
‘g;J !3.2
PhasePotentf
als: @=p
00 -m
iv qw
Hater: L = v. F!*v @—_ Pwz
w q w PWsc @w= p-p
o cow - m

a
$Sw pgz
. ‘5” PO+P
5 8; 9 Cgo -m
[1
?. k A Qg Capfllary
Pressures: pcow= p. - Pw

1
o w
Grs: Lg = v*Ko:
“ v+R vQo + R —w -..
so ~ sw Bw w
f’q. :
[ 99 Pcgo‘ ~g - Pw

s so Sw
. a+ g+R +R
5 ~ so ~ Sw q
[( )1

TABLE3. PhaseOenslti”s
andCompresslbfl
fties TA8LE4. Buckl
eY-Leverett
LfnearHaterfl
oodat 360Days

1
1
Oensittes: P =—p +R
o B. Osc so ‘gsc
[

1
P=— [
w Bw ‘WSC
+R
Sw ‘gsc
1 1 5117 .270 .730 5116 ,27’) ,7;,

. ,,! :
1 2 5048 .301 .699 5047 .3[,1

‘g
=—p
Bg [
gsc
+rp
s Osc
1 3 4958 .311 .689 4957 .!:i ,, :..,

4 4864 .327 .673 4863 .3,!7 ,..,1;

1 a+
Coapressfbflf
tfes: c ,!,r),
. r ‘F% 5 4763 .349 ,651 4762 ,349

6 4652 .379 .621 4651 .J7fl .6?1

~ aB B. ars
c
!3
.._

~
[
___9
6q apo

aB
_
.lg apo

09 aReo
1 7
8
4522
4361
,433

.507
.567

.493
4521

4360
.433

.507
.56)
.4[)3

c
o
=-0.

[ B. apo

~ aB
.
B. apo

Bg aR5w
1 9
10
4173
4054
.650 .350
.736 .264
4172

4054
.650

.736
.350

.264

c
w
=-
[
_2-_—
Bw apo Bw apo
1 al Balance = 1.0000
Cumul atfve Of1 Materf
Cumulative GasMaterialBalance = 0.9995
Cumulat{~e MaterMaterfalBalance= 1,0000
 TABLE5. InputDatafor3-DNaterfl
ood Ex~l e

NX=NY=5; NZ=2
DX = DY = 500 ft.
TABLE6. Resultsfor a 3-D WJte+lood
InitialSo = 0.88
Initial~= 0.12
UellhoreRadius= 0.25ft.
Skin= 0.0
Year Pressure Gas Saturation Productil Hell Rates
Block [5, 5, 2) Block (5,5,2) Oi1 Gas
GRIO OATA (psia) (fr) (STB/O) (Mscffo)
1

Layer DZ Node Oepth Kx K Kz Initial P CR:* MCE** CRE NCE CRE MCE CRE MCE
o
(ft.) (ft.) (red.) (id .) (red.) (fr.
) (psi)
@.5 3416 3425 .058 .058 1125 1155 1882 1942

1 20 8335 20 20 5 .12 4317 1.0 3231 3236 .067 .067 566 578 1327 1372

2 30 8360 100 100 5 .28 4384 1.5 3233 3234 .048 .049 607 609 1677 1714

2.0 3223 3221 .035 .035 620 613 1717 1755

2.5 3227 3224 .025 .025 663 651 1424 1455

HELL DATA 3.0 3271 3265 .020 .020 824 807 1175 1160

Hel 1 ~id Locatfon BHFP* Max Rate Years Active 3.5 3306 3303 .021 .021 935 925 1257 1250
JK (psi) (STB/0) (Start/Stop)
4.0 3340 3329 .021 .021 1052 1015 1303 1266

P-1 33 1-2 3000 2000oil 0/5 4.5 3365 3363 .021 .021 1126 1121 1350 1343

1-1 112 - 500 water** 1/5 5.0 3375 3375 .021 .021 1136 1137 1346 1349

1-2 152 - 500 water** 1/5

I-3 512 - 500 water** 1f5 * Chain Rule Expansion

*Wass Conserving Expansion
I-4 552 - 500 water** 1/5
Cumulative Material Balances CRE MCE

of1 0.99981 0.99975

G&s 0.99145 0.99667

* Bottom hole flowing pressure of pressure-controlled, rate constrained k~ter 0.99914 0.99979
oil production well.
●*Negative rate denotes injection B7900 Cormuter Run Time (CPU seconds) 99 440 w

l?el~tive Permeability and PVT Oata from Example 4 Of Reference 1. IBM-PC XT Computer RunTime(CPUseconds) 3463 --- m

.
 SE :! 52.97

TA8LE7. LeanGas Injection

Intoa Black-Oil
Reservoir:ChainRuleExpansion
Option

Time Produced Oil Produced GOR Gas Sat in Pressure (psia) in Pressure (psia) in
(Yrs.) Rate (t4STlJ/D ) (Hscf/STB) Block (10,1 O,3*) Block (10,10,3) Block (1,1.1)**
—
0.0 20.00 1270 0.000 4800 4783

1,0 20.00 1302 .022 4022 5623

2.0 20.00 1356 .031 3867 5?55

3.0 20.00 3928 .150 3727 5065

4.0 9.71 11200 .210 3406 4524

5.0 7.57 15913 .7:8 3288 4292

6.0 7.01 17138 .232 3228 4182

7.0 6.33 !9425 .238 3182 4076

8.0 5.63 21880 .244 3106 3954

9.0 5.17 23383 .247 3036 3840

10.0 4.81 24462 .250 2968 3741

*Production Wel 1 B1 ock

**Injection Heal B~o~k

Cumulative ofl material balance = 0.9454

Cumulative gas material bala~ce < 0.9
Cumulative water material blance = 0.9998

TABLE8. LeanGas Injection

Into a Black-Oil Reservoir: Mass Conserving Expansion Option

Time Produced Oi1 ~roduced GOR Gas Sat in P(psia) in P(psia) in

(Yrs. ) Rate (MSTB/0) [Mscf/STB) Block (10,10,3) Block (10,10,3) Block (1,1,1)

0.0 20.0 1270 0.000 4800 4783

1.0 20,0 1284 0.000 4438 6182

2.0 20.0 1270 0.000 5154 6725

3.0 20.0 1320 0,000 6022 7179

3.8 20.0 7820 -. .. -.

4.0 17.9 8566 0.186 4433 6506

5.0 13.0 10688 0.204 3952 5527

6.0 10.1 12979 0.216 3641 4912

7.0 8.3 15364 0.225 3423 4523

8.0 7.0 18124 0.234 3294 4282

9.0 6.5 18692 0.236 3199 4130

10.0 5.8 20240 0.240 3093 3997

Oil Mat Bal = 0.99983

Gas Hat flal = 0.99966
Mater Mat 8al = 0.98614
 .

— Saturated
---- Undersalurated ,

B.

/--; ------.--_:

/;
I

Pressure_ pb P max”

&q
‘sO Pressure--D pb P max

1 +
Pressure~ pb pwax 9

Fig.
1-Example of oil PVT date.

/
I
Pressure - Pressure --
Pressure+

FIo.
2—Example of gne PVT ds!a,

—Datum

-----
Y (+)

)’
x
1
f
z
El .
-----
i50-c
-----
woc
-.

Fig. 3-Preseure Initlellzation contacts. 9

 ~ 15297
.
For
Oepths Increasing Oownward
Calculate: Block BOTTOM = EL + 0,5 ● OZ
Block THICK = OZ
Block TOP = BOTTOM - THICK
Uater zone thickness WTHICK = BOTTOM - WOC
Gas zone thicknes GTHICK = GOC - TOP

Case 1 7 3 4 ——
5 6

GOC rop TOP ‘— Goc rop _ GOC

TOP ;Oc---1’, TOP woc _
TOP
f
Goc
1

:1
IfOc woc _
f
BOTTOM 30T ----r. BOT BOT BOT BOT
woc woc Goc ~
woc
—— —

Sg= 0,0 f GTHICK GTHICK f=l - WTHICK so= 0.0 so= Sg’ 0,0
f=l - —
‘= THICK THICK THICK
f ~. _WTHICK .!
s = sot - SOI*f = 0.0 S = SWGI s = 1,0
o THICK o 9 w w

SW. sw~l Sg= fg ●SG[ ~= (1-f)*sGI .. I-so[*f S9= SGI

so=(l-fg-fw)*soI = 1-s.-s9 soI*f

w 0=
SW. 1-s -s
09

----------- ----------------- ------------ -------------- . --------- ------- -----

If so< Sor lf so< Sor If So< Sor

, , *
then then then
so= 0.0 so= 0,0 so= 0,0

fg ●sG[
s= S = 1. O-SUG1 s = 1.0
9 ~w) 9 w

Sti= 1 - 59 SW=SWGI

Fig. 4-Saturation Inltlalization by vertical equilibrium.

0 BOAST-DRC and NBOS

x
are indistinguishable

~- Analytical
Solution
1.o-

0.8r
c
0
%:-. * x nsxxx
‘$ o,~ 360 days
3
. ~120 days K ~’

ii al s
(n
~ 0.4 - y x
I
$02 10 x
L-LL--a--__4 _s--..s —

o.o~
0.0 1.0
DimensionlessLength
Injector Producer

Fig. S-ftucklay-Leverett waterflood dieplaoement.

 100o- 1 I I 1 I I I I I

~ BOAST-DRCfCASEl >. A-
2700
e~ BOAST-DRCICASE2 >/
“\, ~.—.o NBOSICASE 1
\. 2400 //“ .>--’
800 -
“\ I / > s- ---S--3------
A.
“\.
700 – \ 21O+J
P’ .“~:.”~”-”2”
O“\.\
/f ““;~
‘\ 1800
600 – / “’”/”
n m ///’ /./
>500 – !jj 1500 // ,
z
c1 #::P”
1200
400 – ‘.
<
.. .
300 - 900 ,/”’
.
~ BOAST-DRCICASE 1
200 – 600
~ A BOAST- DRcl CAS.E 2
b
o—-o NBOS!CASE 1
100 300
1~ x----x NWSICASE 2
t 1

00
1 1.5
I [
3 4.5
I I
6
I
7.5 9
I 1 I
12
~, 0
o
I
1.5 3
I
4.5
I 1
6
I
7.5
I
9
I
10.5
I
12
I
13.5 15
I

YEARS OF PRODUCTION YEARS OF PRODUCTION

Fb. 6-Stock.tmkol! rntc. Fb. 7-&ack-Unk dlpmducul.

360 ~ BOAST-DRC
t h~ NBOS 1
320

0.42
t 1 280

240

:~4,~~d,,,i
[

; 20+3
> ~+y
160
—++—+ — -.s-+-4
//
120
/f
60
/’
40 /
//<.,’:’,: ‘

o
o 1,5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15
YEARSOF PRODUCTION YEARSOF PRODUCTION

W. @-ml 8Mumli011In Pradudm Wdl Block (7.7,4),

Fig.9-lncmmOmal cum-.mpnntuctkm *z-clscl].

**”D