Arrays

 The radiation pattern of a single element is relatively wide, and

each element provides low values of directivity (gain).
 In many applications it is necessary to design antennas with very
directive characteristics (very high gains) to meet the demands of
long distance communication.
 Enlarging the dimensions of single elements often leads to more
directive characteristics.
In an array of identical elements, there are at
least five controls that can be used to shape
the overall pattern of the antenna. These are:

 The geometrical configuration of the overall array (linear,

circular, rectangular, spherical, etc.)
 The relative displacement between the elements
 The excitation amplitude of the individual elements
 The excitation phase of the individual elements
 The relative pattern of the individual elements
 TWO-ELEMENT ARRAY

kI0lCos1e  j kr1  2 

E1  j
4r1

kI0lCos 2e  j kr2  2 

E2  j
4r2

kI0l  e  j kr1  2 Cos1 e  j kr2  2 Cos 2 

Et  E1  E2  j   
4  r1 r2 
 1   2  
r1  r2  r
d
r1  r  Cos
2
d
r2  r  Cos
2
Et  E1  E2

 j
kI0l  jkr
4r
e Cos e 
 j kdCos    2
e  j kdCos    2

 kI0le  jkr  1 
Et   j Cos  2Cos kdCos    
 4r  2 

Et  E of Single Element Array Factor

 1 
Array FactorAF   2Cos  kdCos   
2 
1 
Normalized Array FactorAF n  Cos  kdCos   
2 
1. The array factor is a function of the geometry of the array and the
excitation phase.
2. By varying the separation ‘d’ and/or the phase β between the elements,
the characteristics of the array factor and of the total field of the array
can be controlled.
3. Each array has its own array factor.
4. The array factor, in general, is a function of the number of elements,
their geometrical arrangement, their relative magnitudes, their relative
phases and their spacing's.
5. The array factor will be of simpler form if the elements have identical
amplitudes, phases and spacing's.
 N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY:
UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND SPACING
An array of identical elements all of identical magnitude and each
with a progressive phase is referred to as a uniform array.
 j kr1   2 
kI0lCos1e
E1  j
4r1
kI0lCose  jkr ( jkdCos   ) 2
E1  j e
4r
( jkdCos   ) 2
E1  E0 e
kI0lCose  jkr
where, E0  j
4r
AF  1  e  j kdCos     e  j 2 kdCos     .......  e  j ( N 1) kdCos   

AF  
n 1
e  j ( n 1) kdCos   


 
n 1
e  j ( n 1) , Where   kdCos   

AF  1  e  j  e  j 2  e  j 3  .......  e  j ( N 1)
Multiplying both sides of by ejψ, it can be written as,


AF e  j
 e  j
e  j 2
e  j 3
 .......  e  j ( N 1)
e  jN

Subtracting the above 2 equations,

e  jN  1
 
AF e  j  1  e  jN  1 AF   j
e 1
 e  jN  1
AF   j
e 1
jN
  jN  jN

e 2
e 2  e 2  N
j  N 1 2 jSin
  2
AF  AF  e 2
j
  j  j
 
e 2 e 2  e 2  2 jSin
2
 

N
j  N 1 Sin
AF  e 2 2

Sin
2
 N
Sin
AF  2

Sin
2
N
Sin
For small values of  , AF  2

2
 N  N
 Sin  Sin 2
Normalized AF n
1 2
    N
N  
 2  2
 Broadside Array
  kdCos    0
  90 
 0

Endfire Array

  kdCos    0
  kd for   0
  0
  kd  for   18 0
 To find the nulls of the array?
N
Sin N
AF  0 2 0 Sin 0
N 2
2
N 2n 2n
  n     kdCos     
2 N N
2n  1  2n 
kdCos        Cos       
1

N  kd  N 

   2n 
 n  Cos 
1

 N     
 2d 
 To find the Maximum Values of the array?

  m
1
kdCos      m
2 2

kdCos   2m   Cos    2m   

1
kd

1 
 m   Cos   2m   
1

 kd 
The array factor has only one maximum and occurs when m = 0. That is,

1  1   
 m   Cos     Cos  
1

 kd   2d 
 To find the HPBW of the array?
N  2.782  2.782
 1.391   kdCos   
2 N N

1   2.782 
Cos   
kd  N 

    2.782 
1 &  2  Cos 
1
 N    
 2d 
 To find the First Side Lobe Level of the array?

N N 
Sin 1  2m  1
2 2 2

First SLL occurs at m=1.

3
N 3 Sin
2  2  0.212

2 2 3 3
2

 AF n  20 log10 0.212  13.46dB

 Array Factor of an Even number of isotropic
elements 2M
 AF 2 M  a1e  j 1 2 kdCos  a2 e  j 3 2 kdCos  ......  aM e  j 2 M 1 2 kdCos 
a1e  j 1 2 kdCos  a2 e  j 3 2 kdCos  ......  aM e  j 2 M 1 2 kdCos

 AF 2M  a1 2Cos1 2kdCos   a2 2Cos3 2kdCos  

......  aM 2Cos2M  1 2kdCos 

kdCos
Let u 
2
 AF 2 M  2a1Cosu  2a2Cos3u  ....  2aM Cos2M  1u

M
 AF 2M   anCos2n  1u 
M
 AF 2M  2 anCos2n  1u 
n 1 n 1
 Array Factor of an Odd number of
isotropic elements 2M+1

 AF 2 M 1  2a1  a2e  jkdCos  a3e  j 2kdCos  ......  aM 1e  jMkdCos 

 a2 e  jkdCos  a3e  j 2 kdCos  ......  aM 1e  jMkdCos
 AF 2M 1  2a1  2a2CoskdCos   2a3Cos2kdCos   ......
 2aM 1CosMkdCos 

 AF 2M 1  2a1  2a2Cosu   2a3Cos2u   ......

 2aM 1CosMu 

M 1
 AF 2M 1   anCos2n 1u 
n 1
 Binomial Array

1.06
HPBW d   D0  1.77 N
2 N 1