11/6/2020

Today’s Topics
• Data Storage History
• Storage Trend
Advanced Storage
– Past, current, & future
Systems
Hossein Asadi
Department of Computer Engineering
Sharif University of Technology
asadi@sharif.edu

Lecture 2 1
Lecture 2 Sharif University of Technology, Fall 2020 2

Copyright Notice Punch Cards

• Some Parts of this lecture adapted from: • Punch Cards – 1884
– COMP 7970, “Storage Systems”
• Dr. Xiao Qin, Auburn University – Used to store information for calculators
– CS 600.419, “Storage Systems” – Card readers allowed data to be reloaded
• Dr. R. Burns, John Hopkins University
– “Jim Gray“Talks, http://research.microsoft.com/~gray • In Computer Systems – 1950s
– Keynote talks, FAST 2002~2010. – Load programs and program data
– ABCs of Disk Drives by Sudhanva Gurumurthi, 2010. – Computers had no memory or storage
– Reference books
• Storage Networks Explained: Basics and Application of Fibre Channel
SAN, NAS, iSCSI,InfiniBand and FCoE, U. Troppens, R. Erkens, W.
Mueller-Friedt, and R. Wolafka, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
2009.
• Storage Area Networks Essentials, R. Barker and P. Massiglia, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.
• Storage Technologies and Systems, IBM Journal of Research &
Development, Special issue, Nov. 2008.
• Introduction to Storage Area Networks, J. Tate, F. Lucchese, and R.
Moore, IBM Redbooks, July 2006.
• Holy
Lecture 2 Grail of Data Storage
Sharif Management,
University The.Fall
of Technology, Jon William Toigo,
2020 3 Lecture 2 Sharif University of Technology, Fall 2020 4
Prentice-Hall, 2000.

Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape (cont.)

• Magnetic Tape (1952)
– Was early secondary-storage medium
– Relatively permanent & holds large quantities of data
– Access time slow
– Random access ~1000 times slower than disk
– Mainly used for backup
• Storage of infrequently-used data
• Transfer medium between systems
– Once data under head, transfer rates comparable to disk
IBM 7494 at Houston, TX
– 20-200GB typical storage
• What happened to tape?
– Rarely used as part of a hierarchical on-line store IBM 2401 magnetic tape unit
– Lecture
Used2 for backup/archive, off-line
Sharif University of Technology, Falldata
2020 only 5 Lecture 2 Sharif University of Technology, Fall 2020 6

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10 Years Later:
First Disk 1956 Remember Your Roots! [Jim Gray’99]
• IBM 305 RAMAC

• 4 MB

• 50x24” disks

• 1200 rpm

• 100 ms access

• 35k$/y rent

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Disk History Disk History (cont.)

• Disk (1956)
– Introduced as a random-access device
Year
– Disks were small  hold runtime data
Density
• Tapes were used for persistent “storage” Mb/Sq in.
– Disks were a memory Capacity of
Unit (MB)
• Evolution of disk drives
– No longer a random-access device
– Evolved into a store, with RAM as a 1973: 1979:
memory 1.7 Mbit/sq. in.
140 MBytes
7.7 Mbit/sq. in.
2,300 MBytes
– Starting to be used as archival storage Source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3
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Disk History (cont.) Disk History (cont.)

• 1 Inch Disk Drive

– 2000 IBM MicroDrive
Year
• 1.7” x 1.4” x 0.2”
Density • 1 GB, 3600 RPM,
Mb/Sq in.
• 5 MB/s, 15 ms seek
Capacity of • Digital camera
Unit (MB)
1997: 1997:
– 2006 MicroDrive
1989:
63 Mbit/sq. in. 1450 Mbit/sq. in. 3090 Mbit/sq. in. – 9 GB, 50 MB/s!
60,000 MB 2300 MB 8100 MBytes

Source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3

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Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Components Disk Physical View
• Electromechanical
– Rotating disks
– Arm assembly
• Electronics
– Disk controller
– Cache
– Interface controller

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Physical View: Disk Head,

Arm & Actuator Disk Drive: Electronics
Quantum Viking (Circa 1997)

R/W Channel

Control uprocessor

Power array
DRAM (cache memory)
Control ASIC: SCSI, servo, ECC
Motor/Spindle

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Magnetic Disks: Head &

Spindle Disk: LBA vs. PBA

• CHS: Cylinder, Head, & Sector

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Top View of Actuators HDD Organization

• Typical Configurations Seen in Disks
– Platter diameters: 3.7”, 3.3”, 2.6”
– RPMs: 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000
• 0.5-1% variation in RPM during operation
– Number of platters: 1-5
– Mobile disks can be as small as 0.75”
• Power proportional to:
– (# Platters)*(RPM)2.8(Diameter)4.6
Linear Actuator Rotatory Actuator

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A Magnetic ‘Bit’ Storage Density

• Bit-cell composed of • Determines both BPI
magnetic grains
– 50-100 grains/bit
capacity and
• ‘0’ performance
• Density Metrics
TPI
– Region of grains of
uniform magnetic
polarity – Linear density (Bits/inch
• ‘1’ or BPI)
– Boundary between – Track density
regions of opposite (Tracks/inch or TPI)
magnetization
Source: http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/research/storage/pm/index.html
– Areal Density = BPIxTPI
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Storage Density (cont.) Tracks and Sectors

• Bits are Grouped into Sectors
• Typical sector-size = 512 B of data
• Sector also has overhead information
– Error Correcting Codes (ECC)
– Servo fields to properly position the head

Source: Hitachi GST Technology Overview Charts, http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/technolo/overview/storagetechchart.html

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Recent Storage
Internal Data Rate (IDR) Technology
• IDR • Non-Volatile (NV) Memories (1995)
– Rate at which data can be read from or – Used as small, stable memories for crash
written to the physical media recovery
– Expressed in MB/s – Same relationship between disk and tape
in 1958
• IDR is determined by • Evolution of NV Memories
– BPI – Solid State drives (SSDs)
– Platter-diameter • Stable storage for portable devices
– RPM • Cell-phones, PDAs, and handhelds

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Recent Storage
Technology (cont.) What’s Wrong with Flash?
• Flash Technology Trend • Expensive: $/GB
– 1995: 16 Mb NAND flash chip – 50x more than disk (2006)
– 2005: 16 Gb NAND flash chip – Ratio has dropped to 10x in 2012
• Doubled each year since 1995 • Limited Lifetime
• Market driven by Phones, Cameras, iPod,…
– ~100k to 1M writes per page
– 2013: 1 Tb NAND flash
– Requires wear leveling
• = 128 GB chip
• 1TB “disk” by putting together 8 chips – Slow to write
– for ~$400 – Need erase before write
– 2017: 4 Tb Stacked 3-bit V-NAND
– 2019: 8Tb Stacked 4-bit V-NAND
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Emerging Technologies Storage Hierarchy

• PCM RAM • Some Historical
• Magnetic RAM Observations
• Ferro Electric RAM – Device technologies move
down memory storage
• ReRAM hierarchy
• MEMS Storage • As capacity increases
– Micro-electromechanical systems – Devices are replaced by
faster technology

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RAM Locality Future Trend

• CPU mostly waits for RAM
Tape is Dead
• Flash / Disk are still 100,000 …1,000,000
clocks away from cpu Disk is Tape
• RAM is ~100 clocks away Flash is Disk
unless you have locality (cache)
– If you want 1 CPI (clock per instruction), you RAM Locality is King
have to have data in cache
Jim Gray
Microsoft
December 2006
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What Else?
• Future Disks
– Becoming computers
– It contains
• Cache memory
• Processor
• I/O interface

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