‘ DBA BEYOND THE DICTIONARY IN DUTCH 2.24 a gdete corectword user the anglsh- spouting sident b.c. donaldson Sexo, muderberg/1990PREFACE ‘When I first started teaching Dutch in 1974 there was a chronic shortage Ur tenibooks for the teaching of Dutch asa foreign language. There has ‘nee been a vast improvement, helped to some extent by a long awaited ‘ealisation amongst the Dutch themselves that dere are foreigners who, for whatever reasoo, have a need or a desire to leam their language ‘Nevertheless, there i sill rom for works on aspects of Dutch which have fot yet been covered by existing texts but on which dere has lng been 3 ‘Considerable numberof texts for other larger languages like French and ‘Germaa, This book is one such example [Al Dutch people who have leant German at school ave at some time or bother consulted a textbook on "sehwere Werte", Dutch and German being so closely elated and sharing so many simular words that have quite diferent meanings. When a speaker of English leams Dutch there are foveasions where he to chooses the wrong Dutch word because of etymo- Tica similarity between the tems, eg. mening (opinion) and ‘meaning’ (betekeis) ~ this is what is refered to in French teaching circles as fs “amis ~ bu this ot the most common soure af confusion. ‘The English Speaker usually makes a wrong choice of word because of the variety of Possible translations offered fora particular English word by his dictio- ary = itis a8 it were a case of Fembarras du choix. Generally speaking, fot enough additional information is provided by the dictionary to guide the user towards the correct word fora given context. Ofcourse dictio- ‘ary compilers have tremendous constraints of space imposed upon them and there is probably no dictionary for any language that could not have ‘his critic directed at it, but all too often the apparent inadequacies of Dutch-EnglisvEnglish-Dutch dictionaries are the result oftheir not hav- ing been compiled at all with the English lamer of Dutch in ind, but the Ditch leamer of English If one were t look up many ofthe English words I deal with herein an EnglishyDuteh dictionary, i is highly likely that one would find that the dictionary gives more options for translating a given English word into Dutch than T do, In such cases [have made a selection of the available options according to thet frequency based on my experience of teaching Dutch to tertiary students over ifeen years, To have covered al possible ‘options would have rendered many entries unwieldy, and the words required in ninety-nine percent of cases would then have been obscured bby a wealth of material covering only a small minority of cases. The choice of English words dealt wih may seem arbitrary to a proficient Speaker of Dutch, but 1 nos? have a feasonable idea from my own ‘experience of the language and from the experience of my students, whe the common difficulties of vocabulary lie, which i not to say that alsuch difficulties are dealt with here — certain practical constraints have Mer all had to be Kept in mind. My prime intention is to contribute tothe reader's active vocabulary, and this peripheral subtleties of meaning are ‘only dealt with were I fel tat to omit them could lea to confusion, ic. ‘where dictionaries inclade them under the English lemmas concerned and {hs the tadent is Likely tobe confonted wi them anyway. Lam endeav- ‘uring to guide the student through the quagmire of information offered by the detonares. Many of the Dutch words I deal with have a variety of other meanings ‘which aze not mentioned here. Natve-speaker teachers consulting this book, for example, mur elise tha the fact tht a given word can mean 2 Ihost of ether things not covered by me, isnot tall relevant othe tans tion of the English word under dicussion. Very seldom are two words absolutely synonymous; atthe very least there {s usually a difference in style, but more often than not two words may be ‘interchangeable in one context ut notin another, which goes to show that the meaning of words is determined more by the context in which they sppear than by any fixed lexical signification, a common misconception ‘which dictionaries do nothing to dispel. This is all the more the ease when transferring from one language to another and thus dictionaries very foften ler one dow, not © mention the misconceptions tht arse due tothe previously mentioned constraints of space in dictionaries. Different tultures alto perceive thet envionment and experiences differently and itis when these cultural differences are expressed in linguistic terms that ‘one has difficulty in comprehending, and thus applying, the distinctions ‘unknown to one in one's native culture and tongue “The importance of context to determining the meaning of a wor is often highlighted in my choice of sample sentences to ilustate the use of words under discussion. At times T was conftonted with the difficulty that one ‘may sayfhear one thing, buts more likely to wrte/read another. Equally, ‘when making a statement suchas "in higher style one may hea.” itcould be argued that one will not hear such a thing a all, Dut will be more ‘inlined to see it in writing: oo the other hand, one may well hear such a {hing on the electronic media, which puts a different connotation onthe word ‘hear. Thus where I refer to a word being ‘higher style (more) ormal’ ot ‘elevated, the implication is that is occurs more frequently in the waite language than in natural speech. Although a larger dictionary usually attempts to give some additional ‘commen o suggest what contents particular option can be used in the larger Dutch dictionaries are totally descriptive; they list what possible, without giving addtional information on what is most usual ‘and therefore, by implication, what the non-native can afford to ignore, at least for the time being - I give such advice from time to time. I also ovine fom dictionary practice by sugeesting ways and means of geting ‘round difficulties: for example, the aray of options given under "o ‘Shorten’ is rather overwhelming, Dut one wil seldom be wrong if one uses darter maken. Under many entries 1 have used the term ‘dominant meaning’ oF ‘dominant word. This isthe means I have employed to indicate to the reader that of all the option offered, the dominant word isthe one tha is Fequired in the majority of cases andor in those cases not covered by the ‘efinitions of the other options covered. often comment that one particular word is more common, o more frequently used than another Sr other given. Such statements are not based on scientifically compiled Frequency lists, but merely on my own observations. AS a non-native speaker of the language myself, lam well aware that various words and tims of phrase can prove to be problematical to non-natives and that t0 Simply confront the reader with a whol ist of options, however clearly ‘defined and ilstated they may be, isnot always sufficient; it ean be helpful in such cases to steer the reader towards a given ‘common’ word and thereby help him to decide if he isin doubt, or altematively, to thereby recommend to him one reliable option that will serve most contingencies. Many ofthe mistakes made by students referring to dictionaries are the result oftheir not rally knowing how to use a dictionary. For example, ‘one mst be thoroughly acquainted withthe symbols and abbreviations ‘sed in the particular dictionary one is working with (every dictionary is diferent in this respect) and one must not ignore this additional ‘information ~ it is there fora purpose. In addition, itis always good Aictionary practice, having looked up an English word in the Englishy Dutch part ofthe book and made a choice from the numerous options offered to then look up that word inthe Dutch/Englsh section; very often ‘he addtional infomation about the word contained in that section willbe sufficient to confirm that one has made the eight or wrong decision. To the experienced foreign language student such advice may be regarded as self-evident, ut my years of teaching Dutch have taught me that this in hot the cate forthe average student. OF course the practice takes twice as Jong, but at least one is den using a bilingual dictionary as cis meant to be sed, An additional advantage can be the extra litle tips about the use of Particular word that one picks up in cross-checking in that way, even if ‘ne already sure that one has selected the cores option. Bu even using 8 dictionary in this way, and taking advantage of every litle bit of infor- ‘mation the compiles have provided one with in an endeavour to help one ‘make the eight eboice, there is sll ly so much information that ean be included in a dietonary and a limit to the numberof examples that ean be provided, That is where this book comes into its own. I attempts to takeup the story where the dictionaries leave off, while atthe same time Cntaining a great deal of information that may be gleaned fom dictio: fares, bu I tess the pra Some may accuse me of oversimplifcaion here and there, which may be (quite correct, but where this occurs I feel it ean be defended on didactic ‘rounds, The guidelines set out here ae afterall intended primarily to ‘minimise errors, which is not to say that they wil eliminate all errors associated with the words dealt with here or that there is not more that can be sald about the words concemed: often, however, where there is more that can be said about the Dutch words discussed under a given English Temuma, that additional information isnot relevant to the use ofthat word as.a tanslation of the English lemma it appears under. Nevertheless, ‘where a different meaning of particular Dutch word is dealt with in this book under another English lemma, this has been cross-referenced accordingly ‘This book is not intended to be an academic treatise on semantics. 1 is intended to be a practical book which aims specifically atthe native speaker of English who is baling with the problems of semantic eld tht plague all stadents of foreign languages. From the time I started to teach Dutch I discovered that there were many words which were consistently used incorrectly by my students, either because they were all being misled by the minimal information offered by their dictionaries or because of other inherent differences between Dutch and English. Consequently 1 collected over the years those words which recurred. Many of these terrors I had of course initially made myself. In the course of time I feached a point in my teaching career where I rarely encountered instances of wrong dictionary use which I had not previously recorded. At that point I decided thatthe majority of common word choice errors had ‘ben collected and it was time to tum them ito a pbliaton. In my undergraduate days a¢ a student of German I had found RB. Farrell's A Dictionary of German Synonyms (Cambridge University Press, 1953) extremely useful and regretted that there was not being a similar book for Dutch when I began to lear that language some years Tater. Farrell's book, per chance also a work that emanated from ‘Australia, bas undergene numerous reprintings and is still used through ‘ut the English-speaking world Tope that this book will prove to be as Useful to its eaders as I, as wells couniless other generations of students, Ihave found the said wok by Farrel tobe for German Whereas my Duich Reference Grammar (Marinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 1981, 1984, 1987) is stl the most detailed grammatical work compiled specif: jeally withthe native-speaker of English in mind, since 1988 the serious student of Dutch has alo had the Algemene Nederlandse Spraaktunst(. Geers ed. ia., Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen) at his disposal ~ the book. is now generally refered to by the acronym ANS. Inthe shor time thst thas elapsed since its appearance, the ANS has already established itself as ‘the authority on grammatical issues. In this book I refer on several ‘occasions tothe ANS" explanation of various grammatical phenomena wsre the need arises. All such references here are to the first edition (1984), shoulda further edition appear at some later date. Wherever an regular verb is given as posible translation of an English word under discussion, its constituent pars ae given in brackets after it 35 Well as whether itis conjugated with zi in the perfect tenses. If such brackets do not follow a verb, it can be assumed that its regular, and, if no specific mention ofthe fact that takes nn in the perfect i given, one «am assume is conjugated with hebben normaliter and aanvédrden occu inthe text with such ing stess, these are not of course normally writen and have only been added by me to words that might otherwise be stressed incorectly by a non-native. Ifthe English word one is looking up doesnot appear a a separate lena, refer tothe index of English words atthe back of the book. ‘Space’, for ‘example, will not be found alphabetically unde in the body ofthe book tut dealt with under ‘place one may, on the other hand, have expected itto be dealt with under ‘room, but under that lemma one is refered 10 ‘place. There is a certain abitarinessfavolved here but it will not cause problems if one works via the English index. All the Dutch words (circa 2500) dealt with also occur ina separate index a the back of the book. IF on occasions American oF British users of this book find my English Somewhat at ods with thers, I call on them to show a litle tolerance ~ They are not the only ones in the world with English as their mother tongue and ocber Englishes sometimes express things in other ways. Thus Twas once eitiised by an Englishman in another publication of mine for translating eon besising nemen as to make a decision. Iso happens that in Australian and South African English, name tw that I know wel it is rather formal to say to take a decision’ and tthe time Twas not aware that our expression was not just as common in Britain. Fhaveatempted to avoid being parochally Australian wherever possible, but sometimes one is unaware where the differences between the various forms of English lie. Nevertheless, eem beslssie nemen is dealt with in this book too under to make’, egardless of the fact that it doesnot constitute a difficulty for the British (or the Americans?) Another such example is found under tin’ where I translate cen pot verf wih a tin of paint although I believe itis not unknown in England to ale of'a pot of pant this isnot at all the custom inthe clones‘Up the story where the dictionaries leave off, while atthe same time fontaining a great deal of information that may be gleaned from dictio- raves, but I sires he plural. ‘Some may accuse me of aversimplifiaton here and there, which may be ‘quite conve, bu where this occurs I fel it ean be defended on didactic Grounds. The guidlines set out here are afer all ntended primarily 0 minimise erors, which is not to say hat they will eliminate all errors ‘associated withthe words dealt with here or that there i not more that can be said about the words concemed: often, however, where there is more that canbe said about the Dutch words discussed under a given English Jemma, thet additional information isnot relevant othe use ofthat word fs translation of the English lemma i appears under. Nevertheless, ‘where different meaning ofa particular Dutch word is dealt with inthis book under another English lemma, this has been cross-referenced accordingly. This book isnot intended to be an academic teatse on semantics. eis intended to be practical book which aims specifically atthe native speaker of English whois batling with the problems of semantic field that Plague all students of foreign languages. From the time T started to teach Dutch, I discovered that there were many words which were consistently used incorrectly by my student, either because they were all being misled by the minima information offered by their dictionaries or because of ‘other inherent differences between Dutch and English. Consequently I collected over the years those words which recurred. Many of these terrors Thad of course initially made myself. Inthe course of time I feached a point in my teaching career where I rarely encountered instances of wroeg dictionary use which I had not previously recorded. At that poinc I decd thatthe majority of common word choice errors had boen collected and it was time 1 tum them ito publication In my undergraduate days as a student of German 1 had found RB. Farrell's A. Dictionary of German Synonyms (Cambridge University ress, 1953) extremely useful and regreited that there was not being a similar book for Datch when I began to lear that language some years later, Farrell's book, per chance also a work that emanated from ‘Astralia, has undergone numerous reprintings and is sll used through ‘out the Englishspeaking World Thope that this book will prove 10 be as tseful to its readers as I. as well as countles other generations of students, have found the sid work by Farrell tobe for German. ‘Whereas my Dutch Reference Grammar (Marinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 1981, 1984, 1987) i sil the most detailed grammatical work compiled speci ically withthe natve-speaker of English in mind, since 1984 the serious student of Dutchhas also had the Algemene Nederlandse Spraaktunst(G Geers ed. i.a., Wolters-Noondhotf, Groningen) at his disposal the book Js now generally referred toby the acronym ANS. In the short time that has elapsed since its appearance, the ANS has aleady established iself a5 the authority on grammatical issues. In this book I refer on several cecasions tothe ANS” explanation of various grammatical phenomena where the need arses. All such references here are to the first edition (1984), shoulda futher edition appear at some later date, Wherever an imegular ver is given a a possible translation of an English word under discussion, its constituent pars ae given in brackets after it 3s Well as whether itis conjugated with zi in the perfect tents. If such brackets do not follow a verb, it ean be assumed that tis regula, and, if no specific mention of the fact hai takes zim in the perfects given, one ‘an assume itis conjugated with hebben, ‘Where words like normilter and aanvadrden occur inthe text with such accents indicating stress, these are not of course normally writen and hhave only been added by me to words tat might otherwise be stressed incoretly by a non-native If the English word one is looking up does not appear as a separate lemma, refer to the index of English words atthe back of the book. ‘Space’, for ‘example, wll no be found alphabetically under in the body ofthe Book. but is dealt with under ‘place one may, on te other hand, have expected ito be dealt with under ‘oom, but under that lemama one is referred to ‘place. There is a cenain arbitrariness involved here but it will not cause problems if one works vi the English index. Al the Dutch words (circa 200) dealt with also occur in a separate index a the back of the book. If on occasions American or British users ofthis book find my English somewhat at odds with theirs, I call on them to show a litle tolerance ~ they are not the only ones in the world with English as theie mother tongue and othr Englishes sometimes express things in other ways. This ‘was once eritiised by an Englishman in another publication of mine for ranslting een beslssing nemen a Yo make a decision Tt so happens that Jn Australian and South African English, to name two that T know wel, it |s eater formal to say to take a decision’ and atthe time Twas not aware that our expression was not just as common in Britain. Thaveaterpted 10 avoid being parochially Australian wherever possible, but sometimes one {s unaware where the dlfferences between the various forms of English lie, Nevereles, con beslissing nemen is dealt wit in this book oo under to make’ regardless of the fact that it doesnot constitute a difficulty for the British (or the Americans?) Another such example is found under ‘in’ where I translate een por verf with tin of paint although I believe its not unknown in England to talk of a pot of paint his is nota all the ‘exstom in the colonies.‘And finally 8 word about the tite. In the 1960's Cassell produced some ‘useful litle books entitled Beyond the Dictionary in GermaniFrencht Spanish et. To my knowledge six volumes were published, but not one for Dutch, Such a title seemed eminently appropriate to describe the contents ofthis book, although in size, approach and content this book ‘does not bear much resemblance at all to those. I have taken the libery of applying a similar tide wo the present work without fee ‘guilty of plagiariem, particularly as the said series reappeared some ‘ear ago under the new tle Colloguial German et. | would like to thank the following people for theie meticulous reading of the manuseript and the valuable suggestions they made to improve it Dr. C. de Heer, formery ofthe University of Wester Australia, Dr. W. Shetier of Indiana University and (Mes.) MJ. van de Vathorst, formeriy of the Instituut voor Vertaalwetenschap atthe University of ‘Amsterdam and drs Janet Gilbert of London. In addition I would like to express my gratitude to Ms, Miriam Bervoets and Ms. Frangoise ‘THormton-Smith, both of Melboume, who helped compile the indexes, 1 cordially invite te users ofthis book 1 write to me at the adress taiow ath any consinetve enc they hve to ofr If this ork i ‘idmatey blessed with a second etn, it wil be that much beter than iis edfon tecaut of your comment, The peeing of sch singe textbooks is cmultive process H ne were others tral util one felt that one's manuseript were quite complete and Perfect the work woul, Ie, never Se the ight of dy. January 1990 Dr. B.C. Donaldson Department of Germanic Studies University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria Australia 3052 ABBREVIATIONS ANS Algemene Nederlandse spraaklunst coll. colloquial dim. — diminutive nz. ~enzovoors (= etcetera) int. ~ineansitive ‘iu fiterally 1. neuter on oneal pl plaral roa. pronounced 4 —someshing “ot possible (placed before sample sentences that are ungrammatical)abe ‘irea, een man/stuk of... 0m cen uur of... om en nabij. omstreeks, ‘mirent,ongeveer ver, plusminus,ruim, tegen, 20", z0wat “The dificuly of translating ‘about is panially the result of the English ‘word being both an adverb and « preposition; the distinction is not always clear in Dutch either ef. omtrent ‘The preposition is relatively simple: en lmbockiverhaal over de oorlog =a filavbook/stary about the war (Le. concerning) pratenlschrijven! ‘prekenivertellen over ~totalkwrtespeaktell about, e.g. Veriel me iets ‘ver wat je gedaan hebt~Tell me something about what you did. (Only in higher style does one find omurent being used asa preposition, in which function it renders more ‘associated within connection with’ than “thout, ei. De problemen omirentbuitenlandse werknemers 2jn enorm ~The probiems associated with foreign workers ae enomous. However, ‘omurent is mare commooly used as an adverb (Se below, where it does {to about in the sense of approximately, bu in that function too it belongs tothe realm of higher style, e.g. Omirent tien ministers vergaderden die midéag in Den Haag ~ About ten ministers met that sftemooa in The Hague ‘The adverb ‘about, Le. approximately, can be rendered in a variety of ways in Dutch, most of them more of fess synonymous. In the sentence "There were about ten people in the cinema’ one has the choice of circa, en man often, angeveer, om en nabijomsireeks, ontrent,plusminus, o'n (pron like 200) and zowat (ct. ‘simost)~ the distinction is more ‘one of syle than of meaning. The simplest most common solution i 0 use ‘ongeveer, 0g, Er zat ongeveer tien mensen inde bioscoop ~ There were bout ten people (siting) in be cinema. ‘ery idiomatic, but also very common in speech in particular, isthe ormulaton: Br sat een man often in de bioscoop (note the singular verb). When this expression is used one simply inserts the appropriate ‘quantifier eg. I ben met skin een pond of dri afgevaen ~ Ive lost about three pounds from skiing, Khe van de week cen bock of drie {gelezen. Hoeveel boeken heb ij pelezen? Een stuk of vif - We read about three books this week. How many books have you read? About five. fa such cases snuecan relat fo any more of less not-persoral noun but is also fometimes used wih reference to people.2 Circa and plusminus, which is often writen + and is more common than circa, are more usually found in mathematical contents, eg. De temper ‘uur steeg vandaag tor tcirca 17 graden ~ The temperature fot up 10 bout 17 degrees today. “About followed by the time can be a litle confusing at first. When the preposition at doesnot precede the expression, there is no problem ~ the ‘most usual translation is ongeveer, eI is about ten o'loek'~ Her is ‘ongeveer tien war. However, when one has to translate ‘at about things fare not quite so straight-forward, eg. He's coming at about ten oclock ~ Ui kom tegen en waregenteenom ogee tn warlom cena of ‘The expressions com rentalivifientalidertigtal ete can be used to render ‘about ten, fifteen’ etc, e.g. Ze hee me een tentalansichten gestuard {erwij ein het uitenland zat ~ She sent me about ten postcards while she ‘was abroad, ‘The word ruim, when used as an adverb meaning ‘approximately’ often precedes a numeral indicating age, size, distance, price et. ut it has & ‘connotation which the above options do ot; ruim means about when one ‘means ‘a good! or ‘at least’ or even ‘overimore than’ e.g. Hij is ruim vert jaar oud = He isa goodat leasvover forty. Generally speaking one can get by simpy using either over (preposition) and ongeveer (adver). to accept, acceptable: accepieren,aannemen, aanviérden ‘These three words are all more or Iss interchangeable in the meaning of ‘to accept with aannemen possibly being the most common. Aanemen, however, also means to presume, Suppose Of the comesponding adjectives, aannémelijt and aamvdrdbaar, only the later means ‘acceptable (synonymous with acceprabel) and the former has a meaning derived from the second meaning of aannemen, i. ‘plausible, credible’, e.g. Her is zeer aannemelije dar in Sri Lanka ‘epressie op terugherende vluchilingen words uiigeoefend — Its quite plausible/highly likely that repression is being exerted on returning refugees in Sri Lanka ‘The most common word is eigen, which can also mean ‘really’, in which casei is often interchangeable with werkel (Cf. eally), eg War 2 hi? Ue heb eigenlik niet geluisterd ~ What did he say? Actually, T ‘wasn’ istening, Un felt is somewhat more formal and means in fac, a8 & mater of fate. Er zijn in fete meer studenten dit jaar dan vorig jaar ~ ‘There are infact more students this year than ast if ‘actually can be used in English instead of tin fact in a given context, then eigen can replace in feite in Dutch too. Feil, apart from being an adjective meaning ‘gual at which genta be a, aes eon oon of In contexts wherein fact’ means ‘as a matter of fact, a8 it happens” itis possible to use rowwens instead of in fete, eg. Hijzel weing. Trowwens ‘hij egtnooit veel ~ He said so litle, but actuallyfin fac a mater of fact he never says much. In tis example one could really use eigenen fice oF rrouwens with virtually no difference in meaning, as the English translation indicates, but the former two would require inversion of subject and ver if used atthe beginning ofthe sentence, eg. Eigenlitin ‘eite 2e9t ij not vel. to add: Didoen, bivoegen,optllen, toevoegen, verde zeggen Optelten is Yo add up’ of numbers and should not be the cause of any confusion. Toevoegen (aan isthe word tat will nomally be required. It renders ‘to add ('(= attach, append) and is most frequently, but not exclusively, used in the sense of adding to something said or written, eg. En dat moet absolut, voegde hi eraan te ~ And tha’ absolutely necessary, he added, Voeg dit aan je collectcleraan toe ~ Add this to your collecton/to i, Belasing Toegevaegde Waarde (de BTW) ~ Value Added Tax (VAT). [Note that itis followed by aan and when used inthe sense of adding 10 something said or written, is followed by eraan if no other object is mentioned; compare too Daar valt nog wel iets aan ioe te voogen ~ ‘Something else can be added to thavcan be said in addition to that. A ‘common, simple altematve for eraan toevoegen, when ‘added follows reported speech, is verder/erbij zeggen, eg. Em dat moet, zi hi) verderlerij~ And that must be done, he added (cf. to continue’) ‘Bijvoegen, which i often confused with toevoegen by non-native, is & rather official sounding word that means to enclose’ rather than Yo add,4 8, Bljgevoegde formulieren in dyplo ingevuld ineveren — Fil inthe ‘enclosed forms and hand them in in duplicate. Bidens. ey common ay of edeig at mearing Yo pins 'g. Wile al die oude Keren weggooten? Hier doc deze rer ook BAR you gong to ow al se od clothes away? Hee al os jumper to them. (o admit bekennen, tegeven, eaten (00) ‘Betennen isthe word required when guilt fran offence i being admited (= to confess), eg. Hi bekende de moord (gepleegd te hebben) ~ He admived (to) having committed) the murder. Also E moet bekennen dda. Uhave to admit ha. but Tk moet toegeven dat...also exists and is the more usual of the two if tis nota guilt one is confessing. eg. Tk how niet van ovarkzaart, moe ik oegeven I dost really like cheese cake, 1 have to admit Toelaten (101 isthe verb required when speaking of being admited to a course university, the legal bar et. e.g Je wordnet tegelaten tor de universitet) al je ner voor Nederlands slaagt~ You wont be admited (to ‘university if you don't pass Dutch, het advies, de raad, de raadgevingten):aanraden, advseren, afraden, ‘nraden ‘Advies and raad are usually synonymous inthe sense of ‘advice’, withthe former being perhaps somewhat more common, 4. Hi heeft advesiraad nodig ~ He needs vice, Dat was geen goed adviesigeen goede raad ~ That ‘wasnt good advice. Given that raad isthe usual translation of ‘coun ‘one can appreciate that it has connotations of ‘counsel’, which isnot ‘everyday word in English for ‘advice’ either. An elevated synonym of raad is raadgevingen, usually found inthe plural and rendering advice) suggestions. I isin fact the only possible plural of raad inthis sense "To advise 0 in the sense of to give s.0. advice’ is iemand adviestraad ‘geven but wo advise so, to do st! requires a toally different ver, ‘aanvaden (rade, aangeraden), tne opposite of which is fraden (to advise against 1.) eg. heb hem aangeraden om naar de dolter te gaan ~ 1 advised him to see a doctor (€f. to recommend’), 1k heb het hem ‘afgeradenil heb hem afgeraden dat te doen ~1 advised bir against ‘vised him not wo do that In both the previous examples onraden could 5 ls have been used, bt iis not common word. Note op (doltersadvies) ladvies‘aanraden van de dokter ~ ation te docorsmedical advice. Adviseren has strong. connotations of Yo recommend (cf. to recom- mend’, e.g. Hij adviseerde cen andere aanpak ~ He recommended a diferent approach. In addition, iis the only word that canbe used inthe following context: Jan Welkamp adviseert de minister ~ Jan Welkamp advises the minister (» is his adviser. (ef. also Derichien under tore port) to afford: bekostigen,beralen, zich permitteren, zich veroorloven,iemand te dw i ‘The most usual way of translating 'o aon, whether in the monetary sense oF otherwise. is with zich veroorloven (ef footnote under "0 imagine’) e.g. Ik kan me die dure auto niet veroorioven ~ 1 ca afford that expensive ca, IE kan het me niet veroorloven (om) met hem gezien ‘worden ean afford tobe sen with hi, Betostigen, which is only used of money, can be used instead of zich veroorloven in such contexts, eg. 1k kan die dure auto niet bekostigen I ‘can't afford that expensive car Zich permitteren is more or less a synonym of zick veroorioven bat is ‘heard somewhat less frequently in the monetary sens. Its, however, not infrequently used in a figurative sense rendering quite literally the English to permivallow oneself eg, Politicl kunnen zich geen lifes. verhoudingen permitteren ~ Policians cant afford to have love affairs ‘can allow themselves to have afars {A very simple and common way of expressing the literal meaning of to afford, paricularly inthe negative, is by using betalen, e.g. Dar kan ik het Beaten = can afford hat. ‘An equally common way of saying the same thing is femand te duu zijn ‘eg. Dat is meljethem en. te duur~ Thats to expensive for melyourhim ‘te. Compare: Her is me hier te koud~ W's too cold for me here, Dat gaat ime ve er Tats going t00 far for me.4 28. Bijgevoegde formulieren in dyplo ingevuld inleveren ~ Flin the ‘enclosed forms and hand them in in duplicate. ‘Bijdoen isa very common way of rendering to ada’ meaning ‘Yo putin as well, Wilje al die oude Keren weggooten? Hier doc deze rer ook ‘ij ~'Are you going to throw all thse old clothes away? Here, ad this jumper to them. to admit bekennen 1oegeven, eaten (01) Betennen isthe word required when guilt fr an offence is being admited (= 10 confess), e-g. Hi bekende de moord (gepleegd te hebben) ~ He admived (to) having committed) the murder. Also JE moet bekennen dda. Ubave to admit that... but Fk moet toegeven dat...also exists and is the more usual of the two if itis nota guilt one is confessing. eg. Ik how niet van kwarkioart, moet iktoegeven ~{ dni really like cheese cake, 1 have to admit. Toelaten (101 isthe verb required when speaking of being admited to a course, university, the (legal bret. e.g Je word: net tegelaten tor de tniversitett al je net voor Nederlands slaagt ~ You won't be admitted (to university) if you don't pass Dutch the advice, to advise: het advies, de raad, de raadgeving(en); aanraden,adviseren, afraden, ‘nraden ‘Ades and raad are usually synonymous inthe sense of ‘advice’, withthe former being perhaps somewhat more common, e. Hj heeft advesiraad rodig ~ He needs advice, Dat was geen goed advies/geen goede raad ~ That ‘wasnt good advice. Given that raad isthe usual translation of ‘coun ‘one can appreciate that it has connotations of ‘counse, which isnot ‘everyday word in English for ‘advice’ either. An elevated synonym of raad is raadgevingen, usually found inthe plural and rendering advice) Suggestions. Is infact the only possible plural of raad inthis sense "To advise 5.0! in the sense of to give 5.0. advice’ i iemand advietraad -geven but ‘to advise 5.0, 10 do si! requires a toally different ver, ‘aanraden (rade, aangeraden), tne opposite of which is afraden to advise against.) Mt heb hem aangeraden om naar de dolter te gaan ~ 1 advised him to see a doctor (ef. to recommend’), 1k heb het hem ‘fgeradenlk.heb hem afgeraden dat te doen ~1 advised himn against ‘vised him not 1 do that. In both the previous examples onraden could 5 also have been used, bt i is not comson word, Note op (doltrsadvies) ‘advieslaanraden van de dokter ~ atl te doctor smedieal advice. Adviseren has strong. connotations of Yo recommend (ef. to recom mend), e.g. Hij advieerde een andere aanpak ~ He recommended 4 tifferent approach. In addition, i isthe only word that can be used inthe following context: Jan Welkamp adviseert de minister ~ Jan Welkamp aadviges the minister (= is his adviser. (ef. also Derichten under ‘tore port) to afford: bekostigen,betalen, zich permitteren, zich veroorloven,iemand te dur 2 ‘The most usual way of translating to afford, whether in the monetary sense or otherwise. is with zich veroorloven (ef footnote under '0 imagine’) e.g. Ik kan me die dure auto niet veroorioven ~ 1 can afford that expensive car, IE kan het me niet veroorloven (om) met hem gezien ‘worden I cant afford tobe seen with hin, Bekostigen, which is only used of money, can be used instead of zich veroorloven in such contexts, ek kan die dure auto nit bekostigen 1 can't afford that expensive car, Zich permitteren is more or less a synonym of sick veroorioven bat is ‘heard somewhat less frequently in the monetary sens. Its, however, not infrequently used in a figurative sense rendering quite literally the English to permitllow oneself eg, Politi lunmen sich geen lifes. verhoudingen pernitteren ~ Poliicians cant afford to have love affair ‘can allow themselves to have afars {A very simple and common way of expressing the literal meaning of to afford, paricularl inthe negative, is by using Betalen, e.g. Dar kan ik ret betalen = can afford hat. ‘An equally common way of saying the same thing is femand te duu zijn ‘eg. Dat is mejethem en te duur~ Thats too expensive for me/youhim ‘ete. Compare: Her is me hier te koud ~ it’s too cold for me here, Dat gaat Ine te ver ~Tha’s going too ft for me6 to be afraid: bang zijn voor, vrezen "To be aad of is bang zijn voor, e.g, Ik ben bang voor slangenshem — Tm aaid of snakes/hin, “To be afreid/fear, as illustrated in the following example, can be rendered either by bang 2ijn or vrezen, where the former is more eolloguial, e.g. De regering i banglvreest dat dat plan nit zal lukken = ‘The goverment is afraid that plan wont work Bang zijn voor also renders ‘to fear forho be afraid for but context alivays makes it clear whether this ofthe previous meaning is intended, ‘6g: Ik ben bang voor jouw zekerheid ~ fear for your safety afraid for your safer. after: dlaara, na, naar, nada, nan Nats hit «potion adi hemo ul wanton te Eghsh tion after, eg. na her ontit~ after breakfast, nade film — the film. Naor is also a preposition but ony rarely renders English ‘after 2. Het pas geboren kind is naar zijn om genoemd ~The nevly bor ‘tld was named afer ts uel, ‘Nadat i a subordinating conjunction, e.g. Nadat de flm afgelopen was, 21 we nog naar cen pannekoekenhuls gegaan ~ After the film had finished, we went to a pancake parlour. Compare this with Na de film zi ‘we naar cen pannelockenhuis gegaan where after te fil isan adverbial expression of place incorporating the preposition; itis chiefly this Aistintion which constiutes the dificult for speakers of English plus ‘confusion with the adverb ‘afterwards, discussed below. [Na also occurs ss & conjunction introducing infinitive clauses, but this usage is normally only found in the writen language, eg. Na de zaak twenlang besproken 1 hebben heft de vergadering het volgende besloten After having discussed the matter for hous sill no decision was taken, In normal style this would be rephrased using the subordinatn conjunction nadar, eg. Nadat de zaak urenlang besproken is, is er nog ‘een beslutgenomen. Darna and nadien are both adverbs mesning ‘afterwards’. They are ‘smonymous but nadien (it after that i tray, the usual word is daarna Ait after tha), e.g War gaan julie daarna doen? ~ What are you going to o afterwardsafier that? after all: Immers, per slot van rekening, tenslote, toch Per sot van retening can mean only tis; tenslote and toch are frequently ‘used in this sense ut have common altemative meanings as well (cf. “finally and nevertheless), eg. Ji zou het moetenweien want bent per slot van rekeningtensloretock Nederlander ~ You should know because ater all you ae Dutch {Immersi similar in meaning but belongs tos higher syle than the above, eg Uk hoef hem er nu niet over op te Bellen, hij komt immers morgen ~ I don't have to ving him up about it because afterall bell be here again: falweer, nog eens, nog cen keer, opnieww, steeds, telkens (weer), ‘wederom, weer; her, oer ‘The most common word is weer. Alweer means yet) again’, often uttered with a sense of despair or relief, e.g. De zom scheen net nog en mu regent het alweer ~The sun Was shining a moment ago and now it's raining yet again, Hers alweer zomer - It's sumer again; the distinction Ties inthe teal (= already, 0 soo) Tetkens (weer) means ‘again and agnn' eg. Dk heb hem telkens (weer) _gewaarschaved ~T warned bim again and againfime and time agai, ‘Steeds, which actually means ‘lwaysfll the timefevery time’ o's (cf ‘sll is also interchangeable with cldens in the above example COpnieww means ‘once again’ ora second time, eg. Ik heb de hast al een ‘eer geverfd maar ik zal hem duidelift opnieuw moeien verven ~ Tve already painted the cupboard but I'l obviously have to paint it again, Nog ens, nog cen keer and nog eens een keer all mean ‘once again/nor eg Probeer het nog censinog een Keerinog ens eon ker ~ "Try it againionce ‘more (nog één heer = one more time). Wederom canbe used with several of the above meanings baits nota ll colloquia. Just as the English verbal prefix ‘re can replace ‘again’, e.g. He relumed/came again, He remarried/married again, so the inseparable prefix her-, and less commonly the separable prefix over, function inthe ame way in Dutch, e.g Mi is hertrwd ~ He's married again, Aj heeft8 Hin rede moeten herschrijven ~ He's had wo rewrite his speech, Je zult het ‘moeten overdoen ~ Youll have to redo i! to agreeldisagree; the agreement: ‘akkoord gaan met, instemmen, Hoppen met, overeenkomen, overcen- Starmen-het eens jn metover ‘This isan exceedingly dificult word to wanslte into Dutch. The verb needed inthe majority of cases i et eens ain met, which unfortunately is ‘ynuactically also the most complicated, e.g. Ben je het ermee eons dat..? ~ Bo you agree that, We ajn het nu'met elkaar ens (eens can also £0 before mer elkaar) ~ We now agree: compare Al gaww bleck het da de ppartijen het niet eons waren ~ It soon became evident that te partis did ‘ot agree. This distinction between het eens in oer iets and het eens it ‘met its is a follows: We rn het erover eens (dat. ~ We agree that. Ge. several of us have discussed it and we are all ofthe same opinions it ‘ean only be used when more than one person is involved), Een hi fermee eens (da..)~Tagee that = you have my permission/approval, ie. ‘only one person involved), but also possible is Wi 2 het ermee eens (at. es each ove of us gives his consent Overeenkomen (noun de overeenkomst) renders to agreldecide', e.g We zijn (mer elkaar) overeengekomen dat... Weve agreediecided reached an agreement that Instemmen (poun de instenmning ~ approval), which belongs to higher style, similar in meaning to het eens ain met and hus connotations of 10 fpprove (of) e.g. Stem je daarmee in? ~ Do you agree with thavapprove of tha?, De Indonesische regering wilde niet instemmen met dit plan — The Indonesian goverament was not prepared to agree to this pln. Overeenstemmen renders ‘to agree’ without such connotations of approval (= et eens zi [met elhaar] over) eg. Stommen we ten minste ddaarin overeen dat? ~ Do we atleast agree that? The expression een ‘vereenstemming bereiken (0 reach an agreement gives some indication ‘ofthe implications of this word. I is also used when talking linguistically, for example, of nouns ‘agreeing/corresponding’ with adjectives, e.g. In het Lain mocten deutgangen van de bjvoegike naamwoorden met die ‘an de zelfstandige naamwoorden overeenstemmenin overeensiemming 2)n~ In Lain the endings ofthe adjectives have to agree with those of the * Sometimes Duh uses ag ack) aa separable rex wth the meaning of Ye (c tortie?) eg terugren (feu), teraploien lo Tec orugpen (0 repute) Nie tain tind a) 9 nouns. More colloquially one could say here Ze moeten met elkaar Hoppen~"They have to agree with each other. Aktoord gaan met isto bein agreement (with), to consent to (het eens ‘ijn met) eg. Mk kan daar let mee alioord gaan ~ I cat agree (with that/consent io that, Akkoord ~ Agreed, The later can also be expressed by afgesproken, eg, We vergaderen morgen om tien war ~ akkoord! Gfsesproken? Ja, afgesprokenialkoord ~ Well meet tomorrow atten (clock agreed right? Yes, all right. Op de afgsproten plaais~ A the fgreed spot. Het abtoord is also used as a noun outside the above txpression, e.g. EF is een cultrzelakkoord tusen Nederland en Polen ~ ‘There ia cultural agreement between the Netherlands and Poland. all {allen allemac,allesihetenig (wat), ee, helemaal ‘Al, alle) and allemaal are all more or les synonymous but thee canbe a ‘ylstc-dfference and the syntax they require can differ, eg. Al de apjes sin kapotalle kopjes nin hapotde kopjs zn allemaal kapot~ All the cups are broken/the cups are al broken. Of these, the example with ‘allemaal is the most usual tnd that with al de kopjes the least usual. Alle Topies, despite appearances, doesnot necessarily mean just ‘all cups but also translates ‘all the cups” Just asin English, with a singular noun one nus use al de/het + noun and nol ale + noun, eg. Al het brood is op ~ All the bread as been eaten (= Het brood is helemaal op ~ The brea has all gone). Compare Alle win is schadelie~ All wine is harmful, which ‘would sem fo contradict the ale just given, but the distinction isthe same ‘sin English, pnicular bread as opposed to wine asa substance. Allen is used when ‘all refers to persons and is not used adjectvally before a noun, € De mairozenbleven allen op hun schip allen bleven op ‘hun schip ~The sailor all stayed on tei hia stayed on ther ship but Alle matrozenbleven op hun schip~ All the sailors stayed on tei ship ‘The constructions with allen given in the firs two examples in this paragraph are confined to the writen language. Aliemaal, which is always placed after the finite verb, is the most ‘colloquial way of expressing all but itis never used asa subject pronoun, ‘eg, "allemaal sin gekomen; this must be rephrased as Ze 2 allemaal igekomen of (inthe writen language) allen must be used as a subject ‘pronoun, as illustrated above (ef. both). Note that colloquially allemaal fs very frequently used in the following way where it does not translate Wie wonen er mu allemaal in dar huis? (plural verb required with femal) ~ Who lives in tht house?, Wat heb fe vandaag allemaal gedaan?10 = What did you manage t do today’? In such cass it can easily be omited ‘without the meaning Being seriously affected ‘Met onsi'n allen s very commonly used instead of allemaal wit refer ‘ence to a group of people that is doing something together e-. We ginger ‘met onst'n allen picaicken ~ We al went off a pice? Aller (compare beider, vler is an archaic genitive plural form found in the writen language, eg in alle Belang ~ inte interests of al. {In expressions suchas ‘all day/nigh week’ ee, ‘all! s endered by heel, 8. de hele daginachtweek, Also mijn le leven ~all my ie. “All in ‘no(neYnothing at all’ is rendered by helemaal, eg. Ik heb ‘helemaal geen vrienden ~Uhave no frends a all, I heb helemaal geen eld meer ave no money at all any more. Also in the sentence Twas All alone’ helemaal is required ~ was helemaal allen, (ef. completely) "AULT know, all he can tll me’ et, is rendered by alles wat o het enige wat, eg Ik heb je al alles verteld wat ik weet -Tve already told you everything know. Her enige war hij ons kan vertllen..~ All (ee the oaly ‘thing) be can tll us. almost, near ‘ina, haast, nagenoeg, wwe, owas ‘The mos frequently used word for ‘almost is bina, e.g heb bina geen eld meer ~ have almost no money left. In many cases one can use ‘rjwel instead with no diference in meaning, a in the previous example. Vrijvel can have connotations of ‘pretty wel or gute’ (f."quite’) which bijna does not, in which case the two ae nor interchangeable, ek as \rijwel Haar ~ was prety welfst about finished, Je was bia Kaar — 1 ‘was almost finished. Haast the sense of ‘almost is more ot less synonymous with bjaa but is best avoided if you are not sue its core in a given context iis not always possible to replace bijaa with haast, but the reverse is usally penmissble eg. Er wonen ix Roerdams haastbina net z0 veel mensen alsin de hoofstad ~ Almosynearly as many peopl ive in Rotterdam in {he capt, heb hem haasttina op on voetengetapt~Lalmost tod on his Feet (ef. hardly’ for haa + negative) Je ie het gras haast grocten ‘You can almost se the grass growing. 2 With wif as subject one can ae either onto, Bu wt ier alle oi a subject only 7s posse. n [Nagenoes, like haast, can usally be replaced by bia, but the reverse is rot necessarily the case. tis best avoided by the non-native to bepin with Although a common translation of zowar is ‘about’ (ef. about), there are ‘contexts where it ean render almost eg. De gorlog was toenzowat (also Ihaast, nagenoeg.vijwel and bijna) fgelopen ~ The war was almost over then. This example also iustrates thatthe safest raslation is buna. already: ‘al areeds, reeds ‘The usual word for ‘ready is simpy a. Is identical to the word for‘al? (ef all) bat conext usually makes it clear whats meant, e.g. Heb je het werk al gedaan? ~ Have you already done the work?, Heb jal dat werk sedaan?~ Did you doall hat work? Al commonly occurs as a particle rendering the perfective aspect in ‘Date in which function it does ot always necessary require translation by ‘already’ in English, e.g. eb je de bran al gelezen? ~ Have you read the paper? Heb je al gegeten? ~ Have you had your diner? (= yet. (cf. “sil!) Ais also used before expressions of time in combination withthe present tense for ongoing ations begun in the past where English uses the perfect tense plus Yor, eg. Mijn zangleraar woont al jaren in Ermelo~ My Singing teacher as been living/has lived in Ermelo for years. ef. Tor) Ine writen Imus red fen nent. i aly synonymous witha, eg. De verKeangscampaane is reeds Yan Sart {fegaan ~The election campaign has already commenced. When used in ombination wit an expression of tin, reeds means erly as; 8 Reeds in 1983 sn de Dutsersbeponnen maairegelen tegen de joden te omen ~ As early a 1933 the Germans brgan fo ake action against the ews, Het reds I februari gebeurd Iv ocared as easly as (=a fat back a) February: but when used with eter expressions, an alerative ttanslaton i relied to render it comet into Engh, eg. Reeds in et ‘ude Egypte werden bakstonn verglaid in verschillende Kewren Even {tas far back as ancient Egypt bck were glazed in diferent colours ‘Alreeds is even more formal and is far less frequently heard than reeds 5 Compare: He i de fas al gedaa? Have you aed dane the ishesone the GQae eT a pos edad He You eae Gane He FG ‘fo lar? yo Sen done lth des2 ‘with which it is synonymous. Toen af (= then, as now.) i similar in meaning, eg. Toen al werden bakstenen verglaaid...(f, ihe), also, as well, too: fevenals, evencens, mede, ook, alsook By far the most common word for alo’ ee. t ook. There are two things to beware of with regard to Dutch ook, however. Firstly, it commonly fenders English ‘even’ (ef ‘even’ and secondly it does not always standin the same postion in the sentence a also’ and too’ do. When t means ‘even’, word order makes this obvious, eg. Ook al heeft hij et niet sedan, het maaks nits uit~ Bven it be diet doit it doesnt matter. In the sentence Ook i heeft geen geld the meaning could be He to has 00 ‘money’ (ef. ‘no..ither below) oF Even he has no money" but amore usual way of rendering the later is Zelf heeft geen geld. Ieis not as common o end a sentence with ook in Dutch as we do with alsa/oo(as ‘vel in English if this canbe avoided, it should be, eg. Dees elke dag de rant en ook een roman ~ I read the paper every day and a novel t0/3s wel. In Ook dar heb ik gelezen the sentence starts with ook to give ita certain emphasis, Le. Te read that too. The same can be std for the following examples where ook does ozcur atthe end ofthe sentence, En ‘het is waar ook (= het is ook waar) ~ And it's uve too, Ik heb de NRC {elezen, en de Volkskrant ook ~ Tve read the NRC, as well as the Volkskrant. ‘Ook plus nit or geen isthe way the Dutch render 'not..cithe?’ eg. Hj 4omt ook niet = Hie won't be coming either, ij heeft ook geen geld ~ He hha any money either, -Eveneens sa raher elevated synonym of oot, eg. Het ase! i onlangs ‘gerestaurcerd en het meublaireveneens ~ The castle was recently restor- 4, and so was the furniture, ‘Alsook and evenas could also be used in the above situation, eg. Het lastet is onlangs gerestaureerd alsookievenals het meublair Alsookis quite rare. Note that evenals requires @ different word order from, -Mede belongs to higher syle and has connotations of ‘par’, eg. Mede door het eit dat het eiland 20 dein is, wordt de bevolking gedwongen om uit te wijken ~ Also (= partly) because ofthe island being too small, the population is being forced to emigrate. B angry the anger: ‘boos, kwaad, nid, tooris, woedend: de booshed, de toorn, de woede All bese words are more or less synonymous, with kwaad and boos being by far the most common, "To be angry with. is kwaadiboos iin op jemand whereas Yo be angry about 5." is boos sin over lets. Kwaad 's Stronger than boos (= cross), whereas woedend (= furious) is stronger than fwaad. ‘Nijdig, with an intensified form spinnijdig, isa strong word meaning ‘very cross, Note that although mjdig op means ‘angry with’ de niid (avy) and beniden fo envy) have nothing to do with anger® Toornig is not common in everyday language, nor isthe noun toorn. ‘The verb ch ergeren although meaning a variety of things, canbe used to express anger, e.g Ik heb me dermate aan de hele situate geérgerd 1 ot s0 angry a the whole situation (Le. to get annoyed). to announce; the announcement: aankondigen, aftondigen, bekendmaten, omroepen, verkondigen: de ‘zankondiging. flondiing, bekendmating,Kennisgeving, verkondiging ‘The most common word is aankondigen (noun aankondiging) e.g. De regering heeft aangelondigd dat alle verse roente uit de Sovjer-Unie vernitigd moet worden ~ The government has announced that all fesh vegetables from the Soviet Union must be destroyed, Afkondizen is stay the verbo pron’ and is thus very clos in meaning 10 dantondige, asa to announce’ sno proclaim’ a Englshe cg. Leder wat tor het vee cen gransverbedefetondid = Previously a prohibition on cal gazing had been proclaimed (ater Chemoby!, rede aflonigen~topocampece. The nou afonaiing teats tothe act of afkondign (ie. an absrat noun), whereas 9 ‘proctamaion’ published in ponter fom, for example, likely 0 be tended lenngeing ( notct,notfeaten), Colloq these ays one hears on radoprogranma afonigen meaning to snncnc he en of tadio programme, giving the necessary information sbout who Compile, proce te) Verkondigen (noun verkondiging) also translates Yo proclaim, never to snnnounce’, and has strong connotations of to preach as in het evangelie “Nove at ‘envious of i ents w Selous of in Dutch, joer op itis lpn oak he distinction Dutch ever seman“6 verkondigen (to proclimipreach the gospel) It is best avoided by the non-native in any other context ‘Somewhat less formal than aantondigen and with connotations of to make Known is betendmaken (noun bekendmating)e-g. Wanneer wordt un ‘verlving bekendgemaakt? ~ When wll her engagement be announced?” "To announce’ something over a loud speaker is omroepen, e. Instap- berichten worden niet omgeroepen ~ No boarding announcements will be ‘made (at Schiphol airport), Note that a radio or tv. announcer is de omroep( ster. another: eon andere), nog cen ‘The question "Would you lke another” contains a theoretical ambiguity ‘which s avoided in Dutch. When asking someone i he would lke another cup of coffee, for example, one says Wilr u nog een kopje kofie? Compare Ni heb ik een andere auto ~ I now have anaxter car (ke. 3 diferent one) with Mk heb mu ng cen auo—Tnow have another ca (ie. a second one) ‘The same distinction applies to the expressions nog ets (Something else ~ additional and its anders (something else ~ differen), eg. Ik had graag less ander? willen doen ~1 would have liked to 40 something else/ different; Ik had graag nog ets willen doen ~ 1 would have liked to do ‘something ele as Wellin adaiton Note the expression andes nog its? (anything else?) commonly aed by shop assistants. to answer: ‘anowoorden (op), antwoord geven (op) Beantwoorden ‘The difficulty hee is due to a distinction being made in Dutch beween the transitive and the intransitive verb. Annwoorden isan intransitive ver so that when one answers a eter, question ete. and uses this verb, te direct, ‘object must be preceded by op. e-.Hij annwoordde niet op de briefvraag Hee didn't answer the letter/question. Antwoorden op in the sample ‘sentence could be replaced by the transitive verb heantwoorden, ei) Deanowoordle de brefvraay nit, ‘When the object of the verb is a person, however, the Dutch use ‘anowoorden ané not beantwoorden, e.g. Hij antwoordde me niet ~ He didn't answer me. Actually, this use of annwoorden i st ‘because there isan implied aam afer the verb and hs me isan indirect ‘object. (CE agen aan under to ask) "An answer to st! is een antwoord op iets and thus the following altemative tothe above (geen) antwoord geven op, e. Hij gaf geen ‘antwoord op mijn vraag ~ He didn answer my question. ‘To answer with reference to the telephone is rendered in another way. "To answer the phone’ canbe expressed by detlefoon ypnemen,e-p. Daar gaat de tlefoon. Zal ik opnemen? ~ The phone's ringing. Shall answer? [But the expresion There was no answer isk Arees geen hoor: The verb beanrwoorden aan sometimes translates ‘to answer’ in a figurative sense but more usually renders other English verbs in such contexts, eg. Hj beantwoordt niet aan die beschrijving He doesn't answer that description (= corespond to, tally with), ij beannwoordde niet aan mij verwachingen ~ He dia’ comefmeasue up to my expect to appear; seem: ‘opireden, te voorschijn komen, verschijen; liken liken, schinen, er “To appear’ in the literal sense, ie. the opposite of ‘to disappear (verdinjnen), is tendered by verschijnen (verscheen, is verschenen). Very close in meaning is te woorschijn komen (evoorschi is Trequently ‘written as one word). The latter expresses "io come into view" (after hhaving been lost or in hiding), eg. Opa verscheen ineens in de dewropening ~ Suddenly granddad appeared (= tured up) inthe doorway, bbut Opeens is opa te voorschijn gekomen ~ Suddenly granddad appeared (Gwe had been playing hide and seek aad he came aut of hiding) Toen fwam de zon te voorschijn ~ Then the sun appeared. An actor who ‘spears’ in a film or play treed op (trad op. is opgetreden), eg Hij {reeds vanavondin cen oneelstuk op ~ He's sppeating on stage tonight Inthe sense of it appears/seems tha’ there is a variety of options. The vet blijten has very specific connotations and soften best translated by itis obviousevident that, eg. Her bij mu dat de bediende de moord ‘epleegd heeft ~ Itnow appears (= tums out, is evident) that the servant ‘committed the murder, whereas liken leaves room for doubt, eg. Het [ijk lsof hij het gedaan heeft ~ Ieappeas (ie. seems, looks) a8 ihe dd it Sehijnen is similar in meaning wo liken but requires different syntax, e. “Het sch dat hij het gedaan heeft ~Itseemsipeople say that he dit6 ‘An altemative to both lijten and schijnen i the verb er uitzien, e.g. Het ‘et ernaar alt dat hij het gedaan heeft ~ It SeemsMooks ike he dd i. (Cf ‘to Wook like) the appointment, to appoint: de aanselling, de afpraak, de benoeming;aanstllen, benoemen An appointment toa jb i an aanstelling (ver aanstelln) ora benoeming (ver benoemen), e.g. Wie is door de minister aangesteldibenoemd? ~ Who was appoinied by the minste?, Hi 8 benoemd tot afficier in de Orde wan Oranje Nassau ~ He was appointed an officer in the Order of Orange Nassau Aanttellen has connotations of to employ’, which is not the cate with Benoemen e.g. een vate aanstellng ~ a tenure job, Daar is ‘ij voor aangesteld~ That's what he's eployedipaid fr, The very specific "by appointment with reference to supplying the royal coum is hofleverancier literally court supplier. This isan honorary title bestowed on Dutch finns, ‘An appoiniment with a decor or with a fiend et. is een afspraak, e.g. Het spit me maar ik heb al een afspraak om die tixd = Tm sorry, but t already have an appoiniment/dstefengagement at that time. Afspraak (werbafspreken) also has ther meanings not immediately associated with English ‘appoinuent. (ct. to agree) 10 approach: ‘enaderen, naderen,dicterbijnaderbj komen ‘Benaderen isthe verb used for approaching people inthe figurative sense of zich wenden tor iemand((o tum t0 8.0, ef. 10 tum). eg. De BBC hee hem benaderd om een programma te maken ~The BBC has approached him ro make a programme [Naderen (ijn) isto approach’ inthe sense of approaching ina vehicle, eg. Dames en heren, wij naderen mu het station Den Haag Centraal ~ Ladies and gentlemen, we are now approaching/coming into the central ton in The Hague (announcement made in te ain). Naderen is used both transitively and intransitively, eg. De tren naderde ~ The train ‘approached. In bath cases itis more usual in everyday speech to use dichterbij Komen, eg. De trex kam (steeds) dichterbi} (het sation) ~ ‘The train approached (the station) (= got closer and closer). Less commonly naderbiis use. (cf. close’) Naderen is alo used in a temporal fenze, e.g. Die id nadert ~ Tht time is approaching, 0 ‘Another everyday way of expressing Yo approach’ is with in de burt omen van (ito arive in the vicinity oP eg. We komen mu in de buat ‘an Leeuwarden ~ Wee now approaching/geting close to Leeuwarden, around: (cf. to look round’) fin het rond, om, om.een,rondom ‘The preposition ‘around’ is usually expressed by om; the distinetion between om and on. heen can often be dificult for speakers of English, however, Hy liep om de safel means that he walked around the table ‘without necessarily walking right around the table back to where he Started from ~ that would be Hi liephelemaa om de tfel heen with ‘omission of felemaal itis unclear whether he walked right around the {able or just part way round it but on is more commonly heatd wih heen inthis sense than without it Rondom de tafl is also possible but with Feference to positon rather than motion, eg. De leerlingen zaten (rondjom de afl ~The (igh school) students were sting all around the table, Rondom mij stonden soldaten ~ There were soldiers standing all ‘around mefon all sides of me. ef. 10 look around!) In het rond means around’ in the sense of'in a citele’ e.g. Ze de stolen in het rond en laat de jarge in het midden gaan zien ut the chairs in a ‘cle and lt the birthday oy sit nthe mille, Hj was erg ongelutkig en Tiep doelloos in het rond~ He was very ushappy and was walking aimlessly around and around (= in eicls); compare this with rondlopen, the normal translation of ‘to walk around! e.. ij liep rond met een “rine op in geicht ~ He was walking around with a sirk on his face to arrive: daanbreken, aankomen, arriveren, Komen [Nine times out often to arrive’ is expressed by aankomen, Its a verb ‘which is conjugated with zijn in the perfect, eg. De heriog van Edin burghide trein is die ockiend in Berlin aangekomen ~The duke of "Edinburgh wain asived in Berlin that morning, Arrveren, also conjugated wit ijn, is identical in meaning to aankomen ‘bu belongs to higher syle. eis elatvely rae as a synonym of aankomen but ‘aeving”in the figurative sense of making it socially ete. is always 5 popoiona hen wed in combiaon wih a repetion ually emphasises the cxf sunce covered il up door herpar hen He wala pa) eh ‘hep oo one sit tos). Notte fgratve x nan lar hoon afer" a os purposes cram proven “oa onde ibe16 ‘Am aliemative to both liken and schinen i the verb er uitien, e.g. Het ‘let ernaar ut dat hij het gedaan heeft It scems/ooks ike he dd (CE “to look like’) ‘the appointment, to appoint: de aanseling, de afpraak, de benoeming; aanstlln, benoemen An appointment toa jb isan aantelling (verb aanstellen) ora benoeming (ver benoemen), e.g. Wie is door de minister aangesteldibenoemd? ~ Who was appoinied by the minister?, Mi 8 Benoemd tor oficter in de Orde van Oranje Nassau ~ He was appointed an officer inthe Order of Orange Nassau, Aanttellen has connotations of to employ’, which is not the cate with Benoomen e.g. een vaste aanstellng~ a tenure job, Daar is ‘ij voor aangesield~ Tha’ what he's employedipaid fr, “The very specific ‘by appointment with reference to supplying the royal court is hofleverancier, literally ‘court supplier. This isan honorary title bestowed on Dutch fins, ‘An appoiniment with a doctor or witha fiend et. is een afspraak, e.g. Her spit me maar ik heb al cen afspraak om die tijd Tim sorry, but I already have an appoinimentdatefengagement at that time. Afspraak (verb afipreten) also has other meanings not immediately associated with English ‘appoinunent(cf. Yo agree’) to approach: Denaderen,naderen, dichterbijimaderbij komen Benaderen i the veb used for approaching people inthe figurative sense of zich wenden tot iemand ((o tum 108.0. €. "0 turn), eg. De BBC hee hhem Benaderd om een programma te maken ~The BBC has approached him to make a programme. [Naderen (zijn) iso approach’ in the sense of epproaching in a vehicle, cg. Dames en heren, wij naderen mu het station Den Haag Centraal ~ Ladies and gentlemen, we are now approaching/coming into the central station in The Hague (announcement made inthe tain). Nadeven i used both transitively and intransitively, e.g. De tren naderde = The train approached. In both cases it is more usual in everyday speech to use eri ten, De vein vam (steeds) dhe ht sation) ~ approached (the station) (= got closer and closer). Less annoy neler is sed close) Naterens io used ina empors Sense, e.g Die id nadert ~That time is approaching. 0 ‘Another everyday way of expressing Yo approach” is with in de buurt omen van (litt ave in the vicinity of. -g. We komen nu in de buurt van Leeuwarden - Wee now approaching/gettng clase to Leeuwarden around: (ef. Yo look around) In het rond, om, om..een,rondom ‘The preposition ‘around’ is usually expressed by om: the distinesion tetween om and om, heen can often be dificul for speakers of English, however, Hy liep om de tafel means that he walked around the table without necessarily walking right around the table back to where he Started from ~ that would be Hi ep helemaal om de tfel heen. with ‘mission of felemaal iis unclear wheter he walked right around the {able or just part way round it, but om is more commonly heard with heen in this sense than without it Rondom de tal is also possible but with ‘eference to postion rather than motion, e.g, De leerlinger zaten (rondjom de afl ~The (high school students were siting all around the table, Rondom mij stonden soldaren ~ There were soiers standing all ‘round mefon all sides of me. (cf. Yo look around!) In het rond means ‘around in the sense of'in a circle’ e.g Zet de stoelen in het rond en lat de arige in het midden gaan szen Put the chairs in Circle and let the birhay-boy sit inthe middle ij was erg ongeluthig en liep doelloos im het rond ~ He was very unhappy and was walking aimlessly around and around (= in circles), compare this with rondlopen, the normal translation of "to walk around’ e-. 1) liep rand met een “ring op si gricht He was walking around wit a snrk o his face. to arrive: ‘aanbreken, aankomen,ariveren, komen [Nine times out often "to arrives expressed by aankomen, It sa verb which is conjugated with zijn in te perfect, eg. De heriog van Edin burghide trein is die ockiend in Berlin aangekomen ~The duke of Edinburghthe wain asived in Berlin tht moming, Arrveren, also conjugated with ijn, is identical in meaning to aankomen bt belongs to higher ste Tis elatvely rare as a synonym of aantomen but ‘arriving in the figurative sease of making it socially et. is always 5X potpnidona heen wed in combiaon wih repeion aly emphasis he ‘xr of tance concede i lip dow hepa her He wale py aes ‘hep em one ato) Notte figurative ne nang lar heen ‘rater ta acs pron rome prasen “ak nde aS18 rendered by this word, e.g. Hij is mu eindelijt geariveerd — He's now finaly arsivedimade it. ‘Mail does not‘arive’ in Dutch but simply comes, eg. Hoe laat komt de post? = What ime does the mal arve? ‘Aanbreken (brak aan, is aangebroken) renders to arrive, come! inthe figurative sense ofa new age ariving/eoming/dawning. e 8. Het compu teruidperk is alten jaa geleden aangebroken ~ The age of computers arrived (= sated) tea years ag. als, zoals, naarmate, tril, daar, omdat 20..ls, even Mastering how to translate ‘ae belongs more tothe realm of grammar than vocabulary; this isa brief synopsis ofthe problem. The two words ‘which are most usually confused are as and zoals. Apart from various ‘other functions, als is used asa preposition rendering English ‘as e-g. Als ind was hij wel laap ~ Asa child be was quite clever. Notice the lack of fan indefinite atc afer hiss. Zoals is 4 conjunction, as illustrated by the 'as' just mentioned in this ‘sentence, .e. Zoal geilustreerd door dat woordje~ As lustrated by that linke word. Is also subordinating ©. Zoas wal weet. As you already now... There ae, however, other's’ conjunctions in Lnglish which are semantically quite different from the above and which are thus not rendered by zo: 1)As one gets older. is Naarmate men ouder word 2) ‘As Twas waiting forthe train. Is Terwij ik op de treinstond te wwachien. 3)'As ( because since) he was feling well, he stayed in bed is Omdat ‘nj ich niet lekker voelde,blef hij in ed lggen. Daar sa very elevated synonym of omdat. (since) ‘The comparative expression ‘Gust as big as etc is (net) 20 groot als or ‘even groot alse. Deze boom is net 20 groot als dielDeze boom is even ‘root als die ~ This ee is Gust) a5 big as that one, CCE. ‘also for‘as well [as] and ‘soon for as soon a. to ask: ‘erzocken (om), vragen (aan, om, naar) cen waag stellen “To ak a question is eon vraag stellen, whereas to ak’ is otherwise nearly always expressed by the mixed ver sagen oroes, gevrangd). "To Bk to. fort roites the preposition om, eft kind roeg haar Imoeder om een tweede hoterham ~ The child asked hee mother for a Second slice of bread. Thus to beg fr (bedelen om), for example, teu the same preposition, as das versoeken(ofeques, whch i transve in English but one rust verzoeken om things in Dutch eg De sterkgever verzocht zi werknemers om woorsellen ~ The employer Isked his employees for svggestionsrequsted suggestions from his employers In certain expressions the object of vragen is not preceded by the preposition om eg. excuustoesiemmingiverlafien antwoordieen offerte Sragen ~ to ask for forgiveness/permissionleave/(demand) an answerfa ‘quotation (tender), These all relate to the asking of questions and are possibly best seen as sandard expressions rather than exceptions tothe rule of vragen being followed by om when rendering "Yo ask for ~ compare "to ask forgiveness/permission’ and to ask for Forgiveness) permission’ where the former, which correspond withthe Dutch, possibly so sound more natural. But on occasions one does find om being omied Aafler vragen where grammar would seem to prescribe it eg. Ze roe {ij het recepr~ She asked (ee) forthe recipe, NS-aanbiedingen. Vraag de folder = NS Bargains. Ask forthe brochure (NS = Dutch Railways) ‘As with annvoorden (cf. Yo answer), if the object of vragen isa person, ‘no preposition is required but aan i implied nd sometimes stated, eg. 1 vroeg hem of. Lasked him whether. vroce het aan hem ~ asked him, an emphatic variant of 1 vroeg fet hem. Compare De man die we dat gevraggd hebben'de man aan wie we dat gevraagd hebbenide man wie we dar gevraagd hebben.°~ The man we asked... Notice the ue of he ‘hese examples, also Als je her mij vraag. I you ask me Vragen naar (to ask after) commonly refers to diretons, ©. Hi stond in “Amserdam op het station en vroes naar het pateis He was at he station in Amsterdam and asked the way tothe place "Asking afte ss health also requtes ths verb, eg. Hi veg naar de getondheid van mijn oma — Fe asked how my grandmother is ain. ‘ Somemes wie al aed a dive relive pronoun where an ip bu oot scaly aed ina acice whiny machonthe wane20 10 avoid: ‘eronderuit komen, mijden, onzelen, onskomen, ntwijken vermijden By far the most commen translation of Yo avoid is vermiden (vermeed, vermeden), eg, We moesien uitwijken om een borsing te vermijden {oorkomen) ~ We had to swerve to avoid (prevent) a collision. ‘This ‘word commonly has the connotation 'to prevent. (cf. to prevent) Mijden, which is nota all commonly used, renders to avoid when there ar connotations of to ster clear of, shu object of which is usually & potson, eg iedereen mid hem als de pest Everyone avoids him ike the plague, Ik mid sn gerelschap ~Tavon being with him. Ontwijten ontweek, ontweken) has connetations of to evade’ or ‘dodge’ a question, a problem, a low, 4 person ete, eg. Mijn schoon- ‘ouders waren ook op de kermis; ik heb ze niet kunnen ontujken ~ My patents-in-law were at the fir 09; I wasn able to avoididodge then ‘Omséilen is similar in meaning 10 ontwijten but is only used in Figurative ‘contexts, i, toavoid/get around dificules and figurative obstaces, eg, Hoe kuinen we dit probleem omzclen? ~ How do we get around thi problem? 1 ‘Ontkomen (aan) also renders 'to avoid in the sense of Yo evade, elude’, ‘eg Misschion wil e nit betalen maar je hunt er niet aan onttomen ~ You ray not want 9 pay but you cant avoid/get out oft Very idiomatic and very common is the expression eronderuit kunnen high renders to avoid doing sis very lose in feling and usage to to get out of doing sg. k wilde helemaal niet naar de begrafenis ‘gaan maar ik kom er niet onderai 1 did't want to go to the funeral at all fut I coulda avoid ivget ut of it B the backside, bottom, bum ete.: bet achirste, het achterwert, de billen, de bps, het ga, de kon, de ree, fet silak; de achterkan, de ommesiide ‘The problem with deciding between the various options here is one of, fiple rater than one of true semantic difference, with the exception of lachterkant nd ommerijde. The crudest of the words given above, the ‘uivalent of arse" or bam in other words, ae rer, kont and gar, 08. Je {it de ele dag op je kon/ga te niksen ~ You sit around on yout arse all. Gay doing nothing, Hij eg het op zi reevkonigat ~ He bad bis ase thrashed. Billen isin fact a pura, één bl being one cheek of one's bottom, ‘compare Likerbilletes (ops legs). This isan innocuous word similar i onnotation to "bottom. Bips is rather similar to billen but is more uphemistic. Achierwerk (also het achtrst,ztvTak isthe word one uses in polite company, Le. the equivalent of ‘backside. The ‘scat of a pair of paso et sak. “The ack(side) of a house ee. is de achterkant, a is ‘the other sie’ of this page (also de andere kan). Justin the expresion‘p.to. (< pease turn ver), this concept is rendered by ommeziide, e202 (< zie omme- sie. to be: Zick bevinden, liven hanger, liggen,lopen, staan, wes worden, sf, Many ofthe complications associated with the translation of Yo be" into Dutch are problems of grammar rather thn simply of vocabulary {In the existential sense of to be’ Dutch has two infiniives, zn and wezer Wezen, apart fom providing zi wit its past tense forms (waslwaren, eweest) and its imperative (wee), is always used instead of jn in double Infinitive constructions, e.g. We zn met wezen kijken ~ We've just been look. In addition, i is found quite frequently in its infinitive form in ‘contexts where i is interchangeable with zijn, eg. Het zou fantastisch Weren als het zo was It would be peat if that was the cate, Hoe zou het ezen om blind tain ? ~ How would it be tobe bind? In the latter case veren is preferable fr phonic reasons, i. to avoid a repetition of zijn Worden only translates tobe with reference to professions, a in Jk wil soldaat worden ~ Twant ro be (.e become) solder.2 Blijven only renders one very specific to be’ a illustrated inthe follow. ing examples: Ik vroeg me af waar ze gebleven waren ~I wondered where they were (ie. where they hud got to) Waar bjt 2e toch? ~ Where on earth is she/Where's she got 0? ‘The greatest problem with the anslation of Yo be’ arises when the verb in question refers f0 postion.! Things are regarded by the Dutch as ‘Standing, ‘sting’ o ying in a particular postin; more rarely they can iso be scen tobe ‘hanging’ or ‘runing’. The literal translation of English ‘to be, sj, often sounds rather un-Dutch, Ifa book, for example, 's' on the table, liggen is required, ad i t's’ ina Dookease staan is used; but a plate ora saucer, however flat they may be, require staan whereas either staan of lggen i used fora botle, depending on whether i is standing "upright or lying on its side. The distinetion between the plate and saucer fon the one hand and the botle on the oter, ean be explained in terms of there being only one possible position forthe former, but two forthe late. For similar reasons, despite the fact that they are raore vertical than horizontal, a ball or an apple always liggen. The following examples should serve to illustrate the concept Further “Hoeveel bomen staan er in deze twin? - How many tees are there inthis ‘garden?, De deur staat al open = The door i already open, Her stondin de rant Teas inthe newspaper, ijk er zit een mus in de hoek ~ Look, there's 2 mouse inthe comer, Er it nog geen postegel op deze enveloppe ~"There Ista stamp on this envelope ye, Je das zit scheef~ Your tei rooked, De sleutel itn mijn zak ~The key isin my pocket. As te previous example illuseates, ttn is ‘commonly used in contexts where things are inside ther things, ut it also ‘depends on the physical shape of things. For example, Er saat een bezem inde kast~ There isa broom inthe cupboard, but Wat zt er n die dos? ~ ‘What's in that box? (ef to contain’) Zien commonly refers to people being’ in cetin places, e-¢. Mi vader Zit in Japan ~ My fate’ n Japan, Jan zit nog op school ~ Jan i silat School, Hij heft inde gevangentsgezeten~ Hes boon in al. The previous three examples refer to a prolonged stay somewhere, which is the most common use of zsten inthis sense but the following we i azo possible: ij zit op dansles~ He's ata dancing lesson, but this ean also mean "He's taking a dancing course’ in general (Ube more usual meaning) without him necessarily being there atthe time the uerance is made, "or this eason tee is uit a connection hee with he way the Duchexpess ‘wput ce wou) a er of igen to render tobi ha paral in English. Thee ia Ts Mipinpen be ble Insich cae Dutch always ass liggen. eg EF Tein boet op tfel, Waar sn mijn slewels? (NB. nna igen) Je Ef liggen op de rond (NB. legen nos sn) ~ Where ae) Keys? ‘Tey yng on the oo. ‘Also asin English and as implied above, when an object which is normally Upright (Ge. lets war staat of nit) is lying inthe wrong postion, figgen is thed in Dutch 8 welle-g.Waarom liggen er overal stolen op de grond? “Why are there chars (lying) all over the floor? Compare Waarom staan Ge stolen daar? ~ Why aze those chairs (standing) there? “The following example illustrates subtle distinction which emphasises how difficult the problem of choosing the right word can be: while pointing toa map on the wall, one would ask Waar lige Amsterdam? — Wheres Amsterdam? The answer would be Amsterdam staat helemaal let op deve kaart~ Amsterdam ist even on this map. This later example fs analogous tothe above Het stond im de krant. Normally liggen is used fortown, eg. Ze begonen te graven waar de stad Pompe! gelegen had ~ ‘They began to dig where the town of Pomget had stood. ‘Thi verb is used only fr roads, canals, vers ec. and does have a peril n English, eg The main road to Ciech ansis ight beind out Flac De hopes sar Uirech lop ok coher ons ha Er loop ook en anaal ange = Thor so ana ening sng) sie i (0 sn) agen: ‘Anything which ‘is’ onthe wall in English is said vo be hanging’ therein Dutch eg. Er hang! een shilderiklok aan de mau — There is a picture) ck (hanging) onthe wall {In many of the examples given above to illustrate this panicular use of ‘stan, ate, liggen te 2 similar possibility exists in English too to use the Engl equivalents rather than simply the verb tobe. The two languages ifr in dat its nearly aways mandatory in Dutch to use these verbs in such cafes whereas in English itis optional and often sounds unnatural o to, eg. Hoeveel bomen staan erin jouw tuin? ~ Vow many tees are ‘here (*standin) in your garden? Cr, Yo find’ for comments on contexts where sich bevinden renders Yo bePy before: ‘alvorent, eer(dat), voor(dat; eerder,voorheen, voordien,vroeger. (van) ‘The difficulty here, as with ‘after (cf. ‘after, arses pantally because ‘befor’ in English isan adver, conjuction and a preposition. Voor, sometimes written védr to distinguish it from the word for or’ is preposition: itis infact the only word of those given above thats, e.g. ‘aor de orlog ~ before the war. One ean make a conjuntion of it bythe addition of dat eg. Voordat de oorlog begon..~ Before the War ‘began... But is not necessary to add dato make a conjunction of voor: it is pethapsslighly higher style noto do so, e.g. Voor de erst ising van het parlement geopend werd.. Definitely higher style isthe couplet cer! ‘erdat, where the same distinction as bween voor and voordar exists, 9, U hunt beter even denken ear u wat 2egt~ You'd beter think about it before you say anything, Alvorens also belongs to higher style but usually requires different syntax to the above (ef. also na under ‘after). It is usualy followed by an infinitive clase, a form of clause which i not common in normal speech, ‘eg. Alvorens de sacl te verlaten wordt men vriendeljk verzockt het register te ondevtekenen ~ Before leaving the room you are kindly fequested to sign the register. Occasionally alvorens introduces & Subordinate clause, in which case it requies te same syntax as voorda Eerder,voorheen, voordien,tevoren and vroeger ae all adverbs of tine Inthe sentence Thad never seen him before one has the choice of eerder, oorheen or voordien but the most usual in speech i eerder (ef. "rates ile. had hem: noolt eerder gezien ~ Uhad never seen him before: eerder ‘commonly goes hand in hand with nooi, but not necessarily gk ben hier al (eens) eerder geweest ~ Ive been here before. Voorheen and ‘oordien are more or less synonymous higher stylistic (archaic) variants of eerder bat the latter also renders before tht, a more usual translation (of which is daarvoor, e.g. Waar heb je voordienldaarvéér gewoond? ‘Where did you live before that”? Vroeger, in addition to meaning ‘earlier’ and ‘in the olden days also ccommoniy renders the adverb ‘befor’ in everyday language, e.g, Waar hebben ze vroeger ewoond? ~ Where id they live before/previously? Tevoren is close in meaning to the previously mentioned function of vroeger, eg. Haar man was twee jaar tevorenleerder overleden ~ Het 1 The same dincion apis to mana) std (et. 2 These situation apes nadin and darn (fe), 2s husband had died two years before. Notice that inthis example eerder ‘Mould be perfecily acceptable oo; woeger could only be used her i she {oo had died young. As with eeder, the combination noottevoren (never tore) commonly occurs. Van fevoren expresses. "beforehand, fist, head of tine, in advance’. Plaaisbewizen kunnen van tevoren aan het Iter gekocht worden ~ Tickets ean be bought a the ticket box before- and, ‘aanbreken, aansieken, aanvangen, bepinnen, aan de gang krijgen,starten, ‘start gaan ‘By far the most usual word fr to begin’ i beginnen. bu there ae several Aificultes associated wih the use ofthis ver. Fiesty, takes 2ixin the perfect and secondly ike nearly all verbs that ake zim, itis usually used Intransiively, the iret object of the English being preceded by aan or inet, e.g, Hoe laat is de voorstlling Begonnen? ~ What time did the performance bepin?, Het wordt iid dat je aan je huswerk begint = Its Shout ime you stand your homework. The later example shows how it ‘an also translate Yo stron, which is more or les the force ofthe aan ‘which so commonly follows beginnen. There are contexts where beginner takes a direct object without a preposition, but these should perhaps be regarded a set idioms, eg, His in Australié cen niews leven Begonnen ~ He started a new life in Austra ‘Aanvangen is only rarely used in Dutch to render ‘to begin’, eg. De Soorselling vangt ome 8 ui aan ~The show begins at 800. De aanvang (beginning, commencement) is somewhat more common than the ver, ‘but here t00 het begin is more sual except in the expression de ‘aanvanestiid (Starting time). Very common isthe adverb canvankelife (inkially, in the beginning) but itis also replaceable by in het begin. ® ‘Aanbreken, meaning ‘Yo dawn’ renders to begin, stant inthis sense or in the figurative sense of a new age beginningdawning, e.g. De dag breekt ru aan ~ The day is now bepinning/breaking, Toen brak een lew tidperk van welvaart aan ~Then anew era of prosperity dawmed/began. Van sart gaan, which is used in literal sense in racing, can also be used figuratively for a campaiga, for example, but in such contexts it is Interchangeable with bepinnen, eg. De verkietingscampagne is gisteren begonnen'van start gegaan ~ The election campaign began/stated/got going yesterday "Noe at the expression in Bein! esas poi’ and sw synonyen of ine% [As some ofthe above examples have illustrate, to begin’ and Yo star ‘often interchangeable in English snd in such aes Sar is rendered beginnen in Dutch, eg Wanneer gaan we beginnen? ~ When ae we 50 to star? In eases where to sar’ means only that and isnot interchang able with to begin’, Dutch uses startem or an de gang krigen, Hj ‘jn auto niet startenlaan de gang brijgen~ He couldn start his ca, “To star a fire is aansteken. (ef. Yo ight) to believe: {elovenaanin ‘The problem here is merely one of which preposition to use with whi meaning of to believe i fone ‘believes in’ Santa Claus ie. whether ‘exists oF not, the appropiate preposition is aan, eg. Min zoontegeloo hict meer aan Sinterkiaas ~ My litle boy no longer believes in Nicholas. But if one believes in #.0:, i. has Tath in that person, ‘reposition in is required; this i also the preposition normally used ‘elation toa Belief in God whether the reference isto putting your fa in him or simply to whether he exists or not eg Hk gelof in die man ~ believe in tha man, Geloo in God? ~ Do you believe in God (that there |S one)?, Ik gloof ix God ~tustbelieve in God. to belong: ‘behoren tt), horen (aan, bij), toebeharen aan) ‘The most usual way of expressing ‘belong’ with reference to things belonging 1o people s by puting t priphrastically as follows: Dat is van ‘mij~ That belongs to me/Thats mine, Van wie is deze paraplu? ~ Who oes this umbrella belong to/Whose unirellais his? Horen is used impersonally as in Die stoelhoort hier niet ~ That chair oesait belong herein higher style de synonymous variant behoren is sometimes found. Horen bij is used for persons or things that ‘belong, together, ie. form a group oF set, eg. Die riem hoort bi) deze brock = ‘That bel belongs with these pants, Wij horen bij elkaar ~ We belonglre together ‘Whereas horen refers o belonging in the sense of possession, behoren tot isused more Figuralively asin 2) behoren 1: de middenklassleen andere 5 Node tt his priculr re hore cot says este by Yo ong Diesel not hr nrc saon Th char shoul bre, Dax hr met at ‘ot rigvopetb coe hig. a they belong to the middle classfanother group (= are part/ fosters of), Dat behoor tot het vrleden ~ Tat belongs to the past. ‘Toebehoren is very high style and thus relatively rae, eg. Wij gelover a Zuid-Afrika aan len roebehoort de er wonen ~ We believe that South ‘Aivica belongs to all who lve there the blinds tet Bind, dejaloezi, de lamellen, de life, het roblik, de xfer, de Imarkies, het rolgordin, he sonnescherm, de zomwering |A‘volland blind that rolls up ou of sight when notin use is a rolgorin, ‘Venetian blinds” are usually refered toby the brand name luxaflex (@ singular), egardess ofthe brand. Other frms of lind consisting of slats ‘rsections are called jaloezien, a word which is more commonly heard in the plural than the singular and which is pronounced more of less as in French; even a Venetian blind isa form of jalezi. Te vertical slaued ‘blinds that have become popular recently ae called amelen {A Dlind in the sense of an awning as suspended above a window or ‘sonnescherm ora ‘markis. A similar Sor of ‘lind’ of awning which overhangs the entrance toa shop is called a lufel, a word which canals refer othe fap which is suspended over the entrance toa tent; nevertheless a fixed (metal) awning shove the window ofa house ean aso be called a lufel. A collective erm forall hese various canopies is zomvering (sunshade) ik aoemally means ‘shutter’ rater than blind but the slated blinds, i inded they are blinds, that one finds on the outside of windows (nw ‘commonly found on shops against window breakage) which can be lowered to keep out burglars or light and retain heat ar called rollidom ‘The word blind (always found in the plural, linden exists in Dutch ut is ‘rely used these days. It anslates shutter nt ‘ling, in which meaning ithas heen eplaced by lk ‘Blazen (bie, geblazen is what one does with one's breathe. Heb jeje inser gebvand? Blaat erop! ~ Have you burnt your fing? Blow on it, De Pottbode in Australi laa op een fate a ij brieven in je bus doe In ‘stata the postman blows (on) a whistle when he puts eters n your% ‘As some ofthe above examples have illustrated to begin and Yo start are ‘often interchangeable in English and in such caics ‘to str is rendered by ‘eginnen in Dutch, e.g Wanneer gaan we beginnen? ~ When are we going, to star? In cases where Yo start means only that and is ot interchangee able with to begin’, Dutch uses starten or aan de gang krigen,e.Hij Kon ‘nau net starteniaan de gang krijgen ~ He couldn’ sath car. "To star a fire is aansteken. (cf to ight) 10 believe: ‘eloven aan ‘The problem here is merely one of which preposition to use with which ‘meaning of to believe i If one believes in’ Santa Clause. whether be exists oF not, the appropriate preposition is aan, eg. Mijn zoomjegelooyt niet meer aan. Sinerklaas ~ My litle boy no longer believes in Si Nicholas. But if one ‘believes in so“ i. has faith in that person, the reposition in is required; this is also the preposition normaly used in ‘elation o ‘belief in God, whether the reference isto putting your faith in him or simply to whether he exists or not e.g. Ik geloof in die man believe in that man, Geloo ij in Gad? ~ Do you believe in God (hat there IS one)? Ik geloof in God ~1 tusvbeieve in God, to belon ‘ehoren (10), horen (aan, bij), tebehoren (aan) ‘The most usual way of expressing ‘belong’ with reference to things belonging to people is by puting it perphrascally as follows: Dar is van ‘mij ~ That belongs to me/That's mine, Van wie is deze paraplu? ~ Who oes this umbrella belong to(Whose umbrellas his? Horen is used impersoally as in Die stoelhoort hier niet ~ That chit doesnt belong here In higher style the synonymous variant behoren i ‘sometimes found. Horen bij is used for persons or things that "belong, together ie. form a group or set, eg. Die riem hoort by) deze broek ~ ‘That bet belongs with these pants, Wj haren bij elkaar ~ We belonglare together. ‘Whereas horem refers o Belonging in the sense of possession, ehoren 1ot isused more figuratively asin Zi behoren tor de middenklassleen andere 5 Note the paul of hen cannot aways be wasted by Yo ona eg Diese ore or nett aon Tonto shod here, Dar hor net Tt ‘ot iivropathe cones hg 06 n They belong to the middle cassanother group (= are pat! cee of, Dat behoort ta het vereden "That belongs t Oe Pst ‘Tocbehoren is very high syle and thus relatively rare, e 8. Wij geloven da Zuid- Afrika aan den tocbohoor! die er wonen ~ We believe that Sout ‘Nea belongs tall who live there the blind: te Blind, de jaloesi, de lamellen, de uifel, het (roll, de luxafle, de imarkies, he rolgorlin, et sonnescherm, de zonwering ‘A holland bling’ hat rolls up out of sight when notin use is a rolgordin, ‘enetian blinds’ are usually referred to by the brand name luxaflex (a ‘Singular, regardless ofthe brand, Othe fers of blind consisting of slats ‘rections are called jaloesieén, a word which is more commonly beard in the plural than the singular and whichis pronounced more or Tess asin French; even a Venetian Blind isa form of jaloesie. The venca sated blinds that have become popula recently are called lamelen. [A blind in the sense of an awning as suspended above @ window or taleony and usually made of canvas, for example, isa zonnescherm or 8 mmarkes. A similar Sort of ‘bling or awning which overhangs the entrance to. shop is aed a uf, a word which an also refer to he flap which is Suspended over the entrance 10 tent nevertheless a fixed (metal) awning hove the window of a house can also be called a lufel. A collective tem forall these various canopies is zonwering (sunshade) Lui normally means ‘shutter rater than blind but the slated blinds, if indeed they ate binds, that one finds on the outside of windows (now ‘commonly found on shops against window breakage) which can be lowered to keep out burplars oF ight and retain heat, are called roluien, “The word blind (always found inthe plural, blinden) exists in Dutch but is rarely used these days It translates shute, not ‘lig in which meaning thas been replaced by Tuk to blow: lacen, waaien Blazen (bles, geblazen) is what ane does with one's breath, e.g. Heb je je Vinger gebrand? Blaas erop!~ Have you burt your finger? Blow oni, De Posthode in Australie Blaart op en late ash Brieven inj bus doet In ‘Austin the posi Blows (on) a while when he puts eters in your2% Waaien (waaide/woe, gewaaid) is wed only with reference to the wi 2g: Die nacht woei her verschrikkelikom het huis ~ The wind ble around the house terribly that night, De wind wanidezachges!het 2zachtjes~ There was a mild wind biowing.® Noe that wind canbe om ‘and more usualy is, unlike English. Blazen can be used inthis sense but, unlike waaien, the word wind must be mentioned and there addition a connotation of te wind blowing in certain direction and higaledy-piggledy as with waaien,e.. De wind bles zachujes door i ‘haar ~ The wind blew sofly through hs hair, De wind blies inde zelen ‘The wind blew ino the sail. In such eases waaien would be incor ‘Waaien is intransitive and thus "The wind blew the tree over’ must rendered by De boom is omgewaaid ~The re blew over also Het waail ‘hard; siraks waaien de pannen nog van het dak — It's very windy, any ‘moment now the tiles will get blown off the roof biow off the roof. ‘Although semantically quite different, the separable verbs overwaaien ( blow over, intr.) and apblazen (to blow up, ir.) may serve to fu illustrate the semantic distinction between waaien and blaze, e., Dat een gerucht dat uit Engeland is overgewaaid ~ That's a rurnour that ble ‘over from England, Dar soort rusie waait meestal na cen paar dagen over ~That sort of argument usually blows overpeers out after a few day, De Duitsers probeerden de brug bij Arnhem op te blazen ~The Germans tried to blow up the bridge near Arahem the bone: het been het bot, de gract de lui ‘Bone as a material is been, but the bone ina pice of meat is citer a een (plural beenderen) oa bor. The distinction between these two words i= not always clear. With reference to meat one can generally say thatthe “bones of larger animal are beenderen whereas those of smaller animals are botten;@ eg of lam contains a een (also bot) and what is left when ‘ne consumes chicken ae the Boten (also Beenie). ‘When referring fo one's ov bones it s more usual 10 use the word bo eg. Ik heb een bate (also beentje) in mijn voet gebroken —Tve broken & Title bone in my foot. (Note: de bot» flounder) Probably the preference for bor over been is connected withthe ambiguity ofthe Iter which cam also mean eg’ (plural Benen). For example, inthe expression Ik voel het inmjn ben (Lean fel it in my bones) only boris possible because ofthe ambiguity of eer, eis worth noting at he evo ingerfct fos of woaien are not necesaly synonymous "weet implies forces thar couldn ave heen ued inte cane 2» Great, often used in the diminutive, in the sense of ‘bone’ refers Groatcly to a fish bone and must always be used with reference to fish 20s. eg. Er zit een grate in mijn keel ~ There's a (fish) bone caught in iy that ante given ben oa fo, bata bone for wing onsale so cay me Soe) Heo gam bored, boring (ich vervelen, vervlend, saat ich vervelen renders to be bored eg. Ik heb me rot verveeld —1 was ‘ored sf. This, plus what dictionaries say, commonly leads people to Pelieve that the adjective vervelend means boring’ infact it more usually means ‘annoying’ eg. Het Lind was erg vervelend ~The child was ruisance/quite annoying.” Vervelend has connotations of irritation, notations which are not present in the word sal, which is simply the ‘pposite of interesting e.g. War een saai landschaptsaaie flm ~ What 3 ‘Boring landscaperilm, ii perhaps safer to stick to saat if you are unsure ‘whether vervelend is permissible ina given context; for example, a film, ‘illustrated, canbe saa o vervelend bat landscape can only be sai. "Noe the expression or verelens ie (ad nauseam, over and over again. 'A bore'(.e. person) is commonly expressed as follows, Wat een saat jemandlwat een saaie vent - What a boe, but een zeurpiet) is also close in feeling to English ore. Note: Ik moet 'szondags werkenWat vervelend =Thave to work on Sundays. What a bore. both: lee, beide(n) ‘There ae parallels here withthe various words forall (f.‘all) ‘The most common word for both is allebei but it can never function 35 the subject of a finite verb (the same applies to allemaal, ef all) ‘Therefore a sentence sich as Both (he) boys wanted to go the movies has to be either rephrased to accommodate allebe, or it must begin with beide(n) e.g. De jongens wilden allebei naar de bioscoop gaanlBeide JongenstAllebe de jongens wilden naar de bioscoop gaan. Only when bide is used pronominaly (je, not followed by a noun) with reference to "ei en rg verde fm ms ne ant he lm ws bring it rovokes ‘cern tveonin he cer andi ht eye30 ‘ope isthe -n necessary, eg Biden wilden gaan. When referring on personal objects beide is used, eg. Beide (boeken) zijn indie boeKhand Yerkrijgbaar ~ Both (books) are available in that bookshop. In following example Belden sounds more formal than allebeie-. De eer ‘minister van Turkije en iin ambugenoot uit India jn allebeleiden hel hartlieontvangen ~ The prime minister of Turkey and his counter ‘rom India were very warmly received, Note the unusual syntax in the following example: Ht hoop dat je van Allebet je ondernemingen heel vel pleserzult hebben — U hope tat you ‘wll get lot of pleasure out of both of your projects. This is syntactically ‘akin fo op alle vif de kontnenten ~ on all ive continents [Note also the syntactic stylistic variants Allebeilbeiden zijn ze gegaan ~ Both of them went; more usual would be Ze sn alle gegaan. the box: de box de bus, de doos, de ist, het kat ‘A ‘cardboard box’ of any shape or size isa dos. I the sense allows i the ‘word is commonly wed in the diminutive, eg. een daosjelucifers(a°box ‘of matches). Dozen do not necessarily have tobe of cardboard, however, the plastic box one stores a video tape in, for example is called de video bewaardoos. A kiss usually made of wood but may be of metal thus it can render ‘chest’ or ‘trunk’ (but ot tk in the see of suitease). Although doen ae nearly always made of cardboard, some wooden boxes may be 100 Small to refer to asa kist and doos may be more appropriate, ©. Zi) bbewaart haar antekelepelijes in cen fraai doosje uit Hindeloopen ~ She Keeps her antique teaspoons in a beautiful box from Hindeloopen. This could also be refered to a aksye, however. Note that ai) cigar box’ is een (blikken) sigarendoos whereas a wooden one is eon (houten) sigarenisje, ‘A brat is a ‘crate’ or ‘cas’, as in a casecrate of beer or vegetables ‘Sometimes we refer loosely'to such containers in English as ‘boxes in which case the Dutch would always use kat, ‘Bus inthe sense of box’ refers exclusively toi letter box, either one's om ‘or the pillar box on the comer, ep. Doe deze bref alsjebleft op de bus op eg naar school ~ Please pt ths letter inthe box onthe way to school, Heb je geen brievenbus? ~ Haven't you gota letter box? Letters to official post boxes ae always addressed to Posthus 523, for example, (et. tin) a Jc Enlish loanword box basa vaity of meanings in Dutch, none of ‘um comesponding with ‘ox. eg child's playpen, Hit loudspeaker, ited) sorge ae to break, broken: reten. onderbreken, verbreken, kapotmaten, stukmaken, sukslaan febroken, kapor, stk sual word for to break is simply Breten (bralsbraken,gebroken) “Reboot setae hebben when sed wansiively, takes on whe er ianstvey, eg. Mi beni op twee platen gebroten ~My leg, ‘fskemans broken in oo places The adjective broken’ is rendered by ikon kapd The former tony used pediaively,e. Mi fess tuk shy bike is broken, whereas the later is oth a predictive and an amutve adjective, eg. Mi hecpttskapoinin apo teepo— My apor is bokeny broken teapor Therefore the verbs kapormaten, ‘edkmaten and sruslaan (sloeg, seslagen) all also render to break’ ‘hough the last option fs somewhat sronger (1 tas. sion between breken and verbreken is often difficult, Whereas dveken is generally ase in iteral contexts, although one says for example {Zc heeft mijn hart gebroken ~ She's broken my hear, verbreken is used ‘ven # contact, diplomatic relations, a promise, telephone connection ‘leare broken, eg, Betrebkingen tussen die twee landen zijn inmiddels Serbroken ~ Relations between those two countries have since been revered, “Onderbrelen (to itera) is wh i required when one beak a jourey, ce se cin hun es naar Moskos Warscha ondebroien~ They Sie hei ourey to Moscow in Warsaw, the brush: de orstel, de bwast het pensee, de safer kis not often that a simple concrete noun ike ‘rush’ causes translation Aifcalies. The general word is borstel, asin haarborstel (hairbrush), ‘andenborsel (toothbrush) and we-borsil (ile brush). A fine paint- brash as used for art and make-up is pense. A paintbrush for painting Walls ete ta war, as is a shaving brush. Ben stoffer en bli, nearly "lwvays expressed a a couplet, refers specifically toa household rush and Gustpan’ for picking up what as been swept together by a broom (ae bezem),2 to build: ‘aanbouwen, afbouwen, bouven, verbouwen opirelden,aanleggen Bouwen is the general word for to build’. "To build on’ a room ete. is simply aanbouwen (noun de aanbou), whereas to rebuild in the sense of ‘wo alier is verbouwen (noun de verbotsuing), Dutch also has ombouwen in tis sense but itis not common and like omkleden (ef, to change). it sounds Tike a gemanism wo some. “To rebuild’ in the sense of starting from scratch again is herbouwen. (noun de herbow). Herbousen ean also refer to the figurative recon struction of counties inthe aftermath of war, ‘Afbouwen refers to the completed action ad actully translates ‘to finish with reference to building. e.g. Wanner zal her stadhuisafeebouved worden? ~ When wil the (building ofthe) town hall be finished? Opiretken (to erect) can render ‘to build, e.g. Deze schoo is pas in 1985 ‘opgerrobken ~ This school was only builerected in 1986. ‘Aanleggen refers specifically to roads and thus literally means‘ lay’ 28: Er is nog helemaal geen wes aangelegd ~ No rad at all has been build 30 fa, to burn: ‘aanbranden, afbranden, branden uizbranden, verbranden; in brand staan, Inde fk yaan(staan; schroeien, verschroelen ‘The two most common wor re Branden and verbranden; the fomer i usualy iavansiive andthe later tamitv, eg Tk ga al dese oude dozer verbranden Tm going to bum all ths ld bone, Kit cos hae oe ze randen “Look how well hey bun Bat nf the stan itl more compiex than hs. One sy, for examples heb mn Rand {gcbrand~ Ive bur my had, tes wae of brandon (also sich Branden "ou til foot under tea) bt ae verbranden bere would be 0 npy that you et aight wih the purpooe Sf eoposing ot 8th the boxes above, ov else thas you Dom Jour and ery severely Ione hs linn the son oolong, oe say en vandaag” verbrand ~ I'got burt today, te. an inrnsive use of verbranden Oe can alto verbranden fod by aceon ahh lates) ‘anivanden is mor common, be conotaton of he later analy fing ahah food ar ck tothe po ater han burt ta einer (= herb * Noe hat he om to bm nc’ issou irene bys scape ahr hve - Peer 3 den), e.g Ikheb de aardappelslaten aanbrandenie zn aangebrand ~Tve ‘burt the potatoes/Theyve got burnt stuck tothe pot). Aanbranden isan intransitive verb and must therefore be used in collaboration with ace if a diect abject is involved, Afbranden transates ‘wo buen down’ (i) and takes zijn, eg. De ‘Riksdag in Berlin is self wor de oorlog afgebrand ~ The Reichstag in Herlin burnt down/as bart down even before the war. Transitive to thm down is either expressed by in brandide ik steken (= to set aight, €f.to light) oF by afbranden in combination wit laten, eg. Hebben de commumisten het werkelie in Brind gestokenilaen aforanden ~ Did the communists rally bum it dow? Afbranden also renders the transitive ‘eth to bum off (with hebben) with reference to grass, a war, pate ‘eg. Ik wl dat katte opniewe schilderen maar ik moet er cert de oude ‘er van afbvanden ~1 want to repaint that cupboard but I have to burn the old paint off it fst itbranden,apat from referring to afte buring itself out, i also used to translate to be gutted by fire, eg. n Ellecom brandde een pension ‘rijwel volledig wit ~ In Ellecom a guest house was almost completely but out/guted, {In brand staan ie synonymous with the above itranstive use of branden ‘butean be stylistically more desirable on occasions. Hun huis stond in brand ton ze thuiskwamen ~ Their house was aligh/buming when they sgothome. Note ls the expressions in brand vllegen/vlam vaten (0 catch Slight andthe more colloguil inde it gaan and inde fi staan (C0 be on ‘irefalight). In brandide uk stcken renders to se alightfie 10 €.. HU) heeft sin eigen huis in brandi fk gesiolen ~ He set his house alight! ‘bumthis house down. (ef. 0 light) ‘When the sun or wind "bun singe, scorch) foliage, the ean etc either Schroeion orverschrocien (. & int) is required, eg. De zon heeft de ‘hrysanten in de voortuin.geschroeidiverschroeid. De bloemen zijn {eschroeidverschroetd ~ The sun has burnt the chrysanthemums i the ‘rant garden, The Mowers are buenUhave been burnt. Verschrocien is more Severe implying they have been totaly ruined, which i not the case With schrocien This also Er schroet iets, Rultje het? Ja, het voerHleed Schroet ~Ther's something buring. Can you smell it? Yes, the earpet is ‘buming, where the connotation is one of smoldering, not flames.‘The distinction between these two words i perhaps best remembered by Jeaming hem in the following standard expression, het druk hebben 10 tbe busy? and (drut) big zijn met iets ~ to be busy with Steg I heb het yreselik druk op het moment ~ Tm teribly busy st the moment, Iuffroww, is die bref al Klaar? Ik ben er op het ogenblik mee hecig, imeneer ~ Is that leer ready yet, mise? 'm busy with (im doing iit st the moment, sr. Inserting drut before mee would add the connotation ‘Tm really busy doing it at the moment. "To be busy doing sis expressed by bezig zim iets te doen, eg, Ze is besig haar schoenen te boetsen ~ She's busy cleaning her shoes, Although hebben is always used with drut when people ae busy. druk zx 's eguired with reference toa city, library etc. being busy, eg: Het was de dag erg druk inde stad ~ Ie was very basy in town that day, Drak is ‘commonly used a an attbutive adjective, besig only very rarely. eg. cen drukke weg a basy road, een bezige bij ~a busy bee to buy ‘aa, n-, omopen, aanschaffen kis the choice of separable prefixes attached to kopen (hocht,gekockt) ‘that ean make translation ofthis osberwise quit simple verb dificult, ‘Aankopen is used in more official contests and renders "to acquire, Purchase’ e.g. Onlangs werd dat gebouw aangekockt dor de universitet ~ That building was recently acquired by the university. A desler who buys and sells stamps will have-on his window aan- en verkoop van ‘posteegels, aankopen being used for baying/acquiring sock across the ‘counter ina retail business. The buying rate for currency in a bank is de ‘aankoopkoers (cf. inkopen below) Inkopen is wed in the business sense of buying (instock, eg, Hij heeft nieve voorraad ingekocht ~He has bought (i) new stock. Compare een ~My towel kas Bown into the swing poo Flow shou petty (ry oe ot hm mu droog? ~ How ean suit ry (ry)? “To dey up’ as an intr. verb is opdrogen (akes zijn), e.g Het water in de sloren ts helemaal opgedrooed ~ The water in the ditches has died up Completely, Inthe first example above opdrogen could als have been used torender to dry’ e.g. De verpinksvloer moet nog opdrogen. Transitive ‘odry (apy with'reference to dishes is afdrogen, eg Tk wil wel afwasen sj afdroagt, Droog vooral het silveren beste goed af IML wash up if ‘oul dry (op). Above al dry te silver euery wel. during: ‘edurende, in onder, tidens; door de week, overda,'snachis Gedurende and tiidens are toally synonymous inthe sense of “during and ‘ocur with similar frequency, ¢g. Gedurendetidens de corlog lee hi) in ballingschap ~ Daring the war he lived in exile. Both these words are Somewhat higher style and ae commonly replaced by in in speech, ein de oorloginacht ~ during the warfight. Note also onder het etn ~ during the meal: Gedurende occurs in contexts where it does no render ‘Suting’ but Tor, eg. Zi) heft er gedurende drie jaar gewoond - She lived there for eos years in such cates gedurende cannot be replaced by Hidens. “Tor) Contain expressions of time incorporating the word ‘during’ in English ae usually rendered in Dutch without resorting toa tral translation ofn but the practice isnot nearly as widespread in Dutch asin German; it used inthe following examples, it should be regarded as part of @ ‘expression and thus not productive, eg /e moe je hiswerk maken ~ Yo ‘must do your homework, Dat kun je niet maken ~ You can't do \igurative, no itera In the idiom ‘that has nothing to do with you’ maken isnot i changeable with doen, e.g. Hevidar heft er mets mee te makenttlet its met je te maken ~ What has sthing todo with iVThat has nothing ‘do with you. Similarly withthe idiom to haves /nothing to do with so is ietsnits met iemand te maken hebben, eg. Heb je ooi iets met hem te ‘maken gehad? Nee, en ik wil ook mooi iets met hom te maken hebben Have you ever had anything to do wih him? No, and I never want to hay anything to do with him either, {0 drive, ride: berijden,besturen, iden Beriiden(bereed, berede) is another exazple ofthe prefix be- being us to make a transitive verb ofthe rot verb; one can ether riiden ve paar (Go go on horseback) or een paard beriiden (ode a horse, altough later is not common it is unusual to use berjden with reference to 0 forms of transport ‘To ride a bike’, for example, is normally fietren ‘pliet defies gaanltomene-. His op sin ets Mernaarioe omen = He rode his bike here. Bu there ae occasions where one needs to express that a particular bike is ridden’ and in such cases riden, an intansitive ver, fs used in combination with the preposition op, eg Het kind rjde hel goed op die fies ~ Toe chil rides tat bike well, Rijden op is aso ‘sed with reference o ving a particular roed (another transitive use in English, e.g. Ik heb vaak op die weg gereden —U have driven that road often, AA similar construction can be used when translating ‘lo drive’ a ear (canstve):ifone drives a vehicle, one must iden inte Hi ride al de Iiele dag rond in ain vaders Mercedes ~ He's been driving his father's Mercedes around all day. Otherwise the vetb Besturen canbe used with a direct object, e.g. Wie heeft de auto bestuurd? ~ Who was driving the cat(de besturder(chauffeur= diver) ‘My description ofthe use of riiden in in the previous paragraph may seem to be at odds with the following transitive use ofriden, ep heh de auto oor min vader naar Amsterdam gereden (= gebracks)~ I drove the eat to Amsterdam for my father. Rijden can also be used transitively with 3 personal object, eg. Omudat het al donter was heb i haar naar huis ‘ereden Because twas already dark I drove her bome. B 13 (wy: : 1 elrogen droognaken, droog keen later orden ‘opdroser july eric bythe fc hat Engh makes no ditinion Pesan unnsine and inane forme ot tt ve, wile Dutch bees tr. to dye. when st. dies of ts own accor, i drogen. eg. De vert fexnog en Tp il ba 0 dy Often into dey bes rea simply by use of the adjective droog, eg De wa 8 nog met Soe = The wathing sill st dey Gast died), Laat mar, dar wordt Stncej wel droog ~Leave itl dry of ts own accord 1. to ry is expresed perghmstically by droog lten worden droog DijgentPoogmten: ey tenet necessary Sntechangeble the iter fedeating amore active poss than he former eg Mie handdock iin Metswembod gewuaid, Hoe moet ik hem droog leten worden (oot raion droog trijen)~ by towel has Bown ino the swimming poo. Fw shoul get ry (ryt), Pe li Ue hem mu droog? ~ How can petiedy (ry 0? ‘brinniteeras mie spteessa Lae ade oni Sip ran iererantiinctag wy habe Reig itera doin flared, in, nde, ident door de wee, vedas machi end aiden oly yon in te senso ring! nd cesar i snl eqn, Cedurendlaen de ool lee Sr blingrtap_ Dut wre Ive n ei Bod thse wors ae Somat hig se dae commonly replaced by iin speceh ein ‘Coorlognact during be wag Noe aso oder he ten ~ ding ‘cat Screeners incomes whee dst not reer ain lrg 21 heer gaurd de jar geod Se ved tee {See yan cae eden cna ecb fen ‘ory Cenain expressions of ine incorporating the word ‘ring in Enlish fr uoualyndored in Dutch wilow resorting oer trnsation of1% “during eg. Ze zi 's nachts onucht ~"They escaped during the ni Wat doe je overdag? ~ What do you do during the day?, Door de we ‘werk hij helemaal niet~ During the week he doesnt work a al, 10 eat tien, opeten,iteten,vreten The main difficulty here is when to render to ea’ by opeten rater than simply ete (atlaten, geeten). When to ea means to eat until thas all fone, apeten must be used. Ik et con appl. k heb de appel opgeseten $m eating an apple. I ate the apple, De kinderen hebben al de hoekjes ‘apgegeten = The children have eaten lhe biscuits. Vreten(vraivraten, gevreten) is used with reference to animals but can ko be wed to refer to people if 0 i eating ina socially unacceptable ‘manner, ©. Wat vreten kangoeroes? ~ What do kangaroos eat, Moet je ijn hoe die vent ive vreten~ Bus tke a look at how that guy is gusing himself also Dit vices is nett vreten ~ Ths meat is inedible. Whereas using vreten for people draws a comparison with animals, tncommon for the reverse 0 occur and to use eten for pariculaly for pes and animals which one has a certain rapport with ©. ‘Miin poesje ect geen lever ~ My cat doesn eat liver; vreten would be inappropriate here, whereas the above example could also have read Wat then hangoeroes, a iti never incorect 10 use efen with reference 19 animals (ef. "to feed) ‘Te separable prefix uit-is added to several verbs in Dutch to render that the ation has been completed (cf. to Finis); uieten, or more correctly tgegeten zijn, thus means "fo have finished eating, e.g. Ben Je turgegeten?~ Have you finished (eating)? Mave you had enough?, although ‘he most usual way of saying on has had enough is It heb genocg gehad! {egeten, Tam ful is rendered either in the sime way of by use of the jective verzadigd, never vol, eg. Ik ben verzadigd. Compare Ik en ‘etpegcen~ ve ished eng and I eb het opgegten 1 Fist it the education: ft onderwis, de opleiding, de opsoeding, de pedagogiek "The Department of Education and Science’ in The Hague is called Her ‘Ministerie van. Onderwije en Wetenschappen (O en W for short) Primary’ and secondary education’ are her lager and middelbaar onder16 ils respectively! Related to this word are onderwijzer(es) (primar School teacher) and the verb onderwijzen (2 teach, eo teach). ‘The education (ie. taining) that one gets at school or university is opleiding, ie. specific ‘raining’ what one gets at home (i "pbringing) i an op»veding. But the subject physical education sca {ichamelike opvoeding (also de gymnastét). When studying education 4 subject, itis refered to as pedagogiek. A “diploma of educa teachers eenificate’ etc. is called in Holland onderwijsbevoegdhe, (qualification to each, "Note: an ‘educted/euturedcultivated' person of race is ontvikeld. T en jaar in het butenland is goed voor haar ontvitdling A year abe ‘is good for er education (= general education, knowledge). embarrassed, embarrassing; to embarrass: sénant, pink; in verlegenheid brengen, sich generen, zich schamen,| verlegen maken, verlegen siten Verlegen maten translates to embarrass s.0'(= to make 30, blush although the usual meaning of veregen is "shy: ‘Tobe embarrassed is endeed by bh zich generen and zich schamen, but the two are not synonymous. The former is used when one el awkward ors caught out dotg sone shouldnt without any connote of shame being present the later i sed when tat comotatin the enced me om et eld an tenement was eared accep the money, Toon mijn sue oom Tan eon baer le generde ane When my ite sister tou burp at Uncle Tan was enberaced (Ge. on herbal but Ton bi oom Janeen Boer let. shame se (ony own beh, {mn verlegenheid brengen is the expression required in more elevated Contexts where verlegen maken is 00 literal, eg. Als dat Belend sou Not dh it common in such expressiens involving a defaite ace plas an adhe pu ester wat forte alectval eb dopped te seen in eh Se ena eel emp Ts Serves cdves Compute he cena ston ot 2.The word aig sso occurs in Dutch but fer spesifly put ining eg set ranngpa ea eae : n worden, 201 het de regering in verlegenheid brengen ~ I that got out it Irould embarrass the government (om geld verlegen zien renders tobe financially embarassed eg. [kt fp het ogenblikverlegen om geld ~ am financially embarrassed at the ‘moment helo end: ffi and to sop) tev end, end. cine end. de fin, het slot alopen,betndige, (Seigen on cd open cnn en ager op pe p> “The formal word for ‘end’of inish’ i het einde; more commonly one tears eind, e.eind{e) volgende weekimaand ~ atthe end of next week) ‘month. ‘Weekend is usually rendered by the anglicism het wédkend (pon {vikent) but occasionally in welling one sees weekeinde."End Is avery common colloquial variant of eind, e.g. We gaan nu cen eindjlend lpen — ‘We're going to walk a litle ways now, Wat een eindiend, seg! ~ Gosh, ‘what a Tong way! The Dutch frequently refer toa film having een happy fend (pron. {hep ent), pseudo-English fr'a happy ending’ In pon the loanwords de finshfnishen ae used exactly asin English The various translations of ‘to end! overlap with those of 'o finish Eindigen is an intransitive verb that takes zn: it 8 synonymous with ‘lope, which aso takes zijn and which is more common in speech than tindigen, eg, De oorlog is nu geéindgdifgelopen ~ The war has now ‘ended finished now. Afgelopen isa common way of expressing ‘over, «8. De orlog was ten al afgelopen ~The war was over (= had ended) by then, ‘Begindigen isthe transitive equivalent of eindigen and as such takes hebben: being transitive, beéindigen more usvally translates to finish’ ‘ather than ‘to end’ ust as endigen is usually replaced by aflopen, 50 bedindigen is usualiy eplaced by afmaken in speech,‘ g. De eerste minister heeft in rede met een anekdote betindigd ~The prime minister ndedsfnished his speech with an anecdote, but heb mijn huswerk nog net afgemaats (= of, Alaar)~Thaven Finished my homework yt. Ten eindelopen means come o an end e.g. De zomerloopt nu helaas ten einde ~ The summer is now unfortunately coming to an end, This i 3 Weetcinde snorally pronounced sf wee weckend excepto wher one wll ‘art pling poouncaden Ont te weshend iis her welehd ‘Thee a sgisue dence hare tree eindigen ad beenaigen on he oad asd open anak on he berth frme a ore or16 wis respectively! Related to this word are onderwize(es) (prima ‘school teacher) and the verb onderwijzen (to teach, cf. to teach’). ae ‘The education (ie. trtning) that one gets at school oF university is opleiding, ic. a specific ‘taining’ what one gets at home (ie ‘upbringing is an o»oeding. But the subject ‘physical education is cal lichamelijke opvoeding (also de gymnastic. When stwdying education as 8 subject, it referred to as pedagogiek. A ‘diploma of education teacher's eenificate’ tc. is called in Holland onderwijsbevoegdheid| (qualification to teach). Note: an eduated/eulturedcltivated’ person or race is ontwikkeld. Ths} Een jaar in het butenland is goed voor haar onewieling A year abroad 's good for her education (= general education, knowledge). ‘embarrassed, embarrassing; to embarrass: ‘sénant, pint; in verlegenheld brengen, zich generen, sich schamen, verlegen maken, verlegensiten ‘This is not an easy concept to render in Dutch. The verb is usually expressed by using one of the above adjectives. An “embarassing situation is either pinlijk or less commonly gnant (pron {genant)}. Verlegen maken translates ‘to embarrass s.0.{= to make 5.0. blush, ough the usual meaning of veregen i's" “To be embarrassed i rendered by both sick generen and zich schamen, but the two are not synonymous. The former is used when one feels ‘awkward ori caught out doings one shouldnt without any connotation Of shame being present; the latter is used when tht connotation is there, 8. Ik geneerde me om het geld aan te nemen ~ I was embarassed 1 accept the money, Toen mijn zusie ij oom Jan een boer lit, geneerde ik ‘me When my lle sister let outa burp at Uncle Jan's Twas embarrassed (Ge. on her behalD), but Toen ik bij oom Jan een Boer lit, chaamade me (ea my own behalf In verlegenheid brengen is the expression required in more elevated contexts where verlegen maken is oo literal, e.g Als dat bekend sou ivan definite rice pus an lf be rope: he jective ad he ch cases are tobe sen 2 sot of intpareletompeosd Tat ree ‘lepton oth les ote inom of aocven: Cre he oa sto oat ‘eels bron 2 The word aig aso occur in Dich but tere pecially wo spn ining ‘ereralingipat (oaks) ieee aeeaae Socks ioren ones 1 worden, 201 het de regering in verlegenheid brengen ~ If hat got out, it (hould embarrass the government. (Om zeld verlegen site renders to be financially embarrassed eg. Ik it (Op het ogenblk verlegen om geld ~ am financially embarrassed atthe ‘moment theto end: (fo finish’ and to stop’) het einde, eind, eindje, end, de finish, het slot; aflopen, bedindigen, ‘inigen ton einde open, een cind maken aan uiigaan op, uilopen op ‘The formal word for end! or ‘nish’ is het einde; more commonly one hears eind, eg. eile) volgende weekimaand ~ atthe end of next week! ‘month. "Weekend! is usually rendered by the anglcism her wéekend (pron [vikent)) but occasionally in wating one sees weekeinde.' End isa very ‘common collouial variant of ein, eg. We gaan nu en einjelend lapen ~ We're going to walk a lle ways now, War een eindlend, zen! ~ Gosh, ‘what along way! The Dutch frequendy refer oa film having een happy ‘end (ron. [hept ent), pseudo-Englishfor'a happy ending. In sport the loanwords de fnshfnishen ae used exactly asin English ‘The various translations of "to end’ overlap with those of "to finish’ Eindigen is an intransitive ver that takes 2m; itis synonymous with aflopen, which also takes sn and whichis more common in speech than ‘indigen,e4. De oorlog is nu gedindigdlafgelopen ~ The war has now ‘ndedis finished now. Afgelopen isa common way of expressing ‘ver ‘88, De oorlog was ton al afgelopen ~ The war was over (= had ended) by then, Besindigen isthe transitive equivalent of eindigen and as such takes hebben; being tanstve, bedindigen more usually translates 'o finish rather than ‘to end’. Just as eindigen is usually replaced by affopen, so becindigen is usualy replaced by afmaten in speech.‘e.g, De eerste minister heft in rede met con anekdote betindied ~ The prime minister ‘endediinished his spesch with an anecdote, but Ik heb min huswerk nog ret afgemaakt (= af, Haar) ~Thaven finished my homework ye. Ten eindelopen means to come to an end e.g. De omer loopt mu heloas ten einde ~The summer is now unfortunately coming to an end. This i 5 Weetsinde corm rononced att wer wekend except on wher ove wil teat pling ronncadon Oat he weekend ia er eel “There spi ference ere betwen siden ad edndigen cathe oe had asd afopen and alone ete fare ae more oa® ite formal syle and would most likely be expresed with ope ‘everyday speech. ¥ ee “Toputa stopfend to 1s cen end aan iets make aan es maken. Deregerng nnd eon end an de cnr gemaa Te governed pen ‘to the unrest immediately, i ae ee Uitgaan op teases 0 end in’ when taking grammatical conesponlig nu is de wigan. ft Nederlands ga bal ‘aamorden va i op eon se le us cen bvoepile ua Dutch adctves often nd inane © herfore en desta cea “To cnn inthe sense of Yo resin’ rendered by uidopen op peeved ey top eo gerec™ Te onal macs ee cngag: Dezel In gesprek, verloofd 1F somebody is ‘engaged inthe sense of ‘busy, occupied the requited is eset, De directeur kamu net spelen want hi trop gent beet (= in esprotng) Te anager cnt sce You tae a busy at the moment, sda en ‘ When telephone is engaged iti in espe ek probe hem aa tebelln mar i tlfoon steeds fesrek We bean png a him for hours bt his poo s continual gage. aged te mar is eof A ancl) id eof ‘engagement is de verioving. soba to enjoy (oneself): ick amuseren, zich vermaken, genieten (van); lelter vinden, smaken “To enjoy ones? is expressed by the same verb as Yo amuse oneself ie. sch amtsern: hain ae ofed nthe ome ue aking fsincton in meaning clear, DeLinderen hebben sicher gocd op het Strand geamuscerd~ The bids enjoyed themselves at ic beach Bick ‘ermal ie syoonymous wiih amaseren bat as cama, ‘The transitive ver Yo enjoy’ can be alte wiehy If itis film, day out, book et. one is enjoying, the object must be preceded by van, eI heb van die film genoien ~ I eajoyed that film a lot. ‘enjoy iv used figuratively, however, as in Yo enjoy a good education’ or Wo cajay bere » ity, he ans ot ue, Vel Aan lds hebben testi oplidng in GroorBritanntégenoten = Many Acan ads seep) goed in Gre Bran, food i leter vinden fo ke’ or amen (te cf 0 RPE Ved tor leteSaai de tar Ae you eying the pe to enter, come in, go in/outside), to get in/out: {nacr) binnengaan, binmentomen, gaan, inkomen,ingaan,witgaan, naar baten gaan 1 s0. knocks atthe door the required response is (Kom) binnen (Kom u binmen isa very polite altemative). One sees on an office door Binnen {onder oppen ~ Enter without knocking. He entered’ canbe eer Hi) {ing binnen or Ij kam Binnen, depending on the perspecive of the 8. Hijliep naar haar slaapkamer toe en ging naar binnen ~ He ‘rlked to her bedroom and entered (= went in), De deur van mijn kamer ng open on hij vam binnen ~ The door of my room opened and he Entered (= came in). As the examples illustrat, if one ephrases enter in tems of coming and goin, the structures are the same as in English A difficulty can arse with regard to whether naar is required with bimengaan and bimmenkomen. When used transitively, naar is mie, ‘gM uum de kamer binnen ~ He came int the room, Fen kamer waar en kind slagpt moet ealid op je tenen binnengaan ~ You should always Enter a oom where & child is sleeping on tiptoe. In intransitive context raar is usally optional with both verbs but binnenkomen is more fommonly used without it and binnengaan with ie He gain de tun Sten lezen. Als het begin te regenen, kom ik weer (naar) binnen — Yen ing tread a book in the garden. If it stars to rain Til come inside ain, Hi nde naar de deur vam de wnke en sing (naa) binnen~ He an othe door of the shop and went in(side). 67 As mentioned above, one sys 'o 50. knocking atthe door, Kom binnen, but iso i siting inthe garden {nd you wish cll thm in (= inside), you have the choice of Kom binnen Kom naar binnen ~ Come inside 5 Te expesion Yo knock at te dori ite pee an de dew Mopper (on) wld seen ht hepsi of omiting nar here exits because fe prow ofthe abject de ike ct. Hing de toe! Pres) Tolono Sach a ‘hen, i'woud be ncisay to let naar Hy png maor bone le mest Inte insbo, msrsg nar ler bimengan eve won ost ny Be Nowe the omission of nar nis inen gaan ten He wet and down sie, ete anen doesnot foe sete ait wis gann bt eemerly a acer of place ding where the soon aon san oak ple