siesita Glossary Show. Glossary Absolute Open Flow (AOF) ‘The Absolute Open Flow potential of a well is the rate at which the well would produce against zero sandface backpressure. Flow into a well depends on both the resenoir characteristics and the wellbore flowing pressure. The relationship of inflow rate to bottomhole flowing pressure is called the IPR (inflow Performance Relationship) For gas wells, this may also be callled the AOF curve. F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ presents this relationship in the form of a pressure versus flow rate graph. From this graph, the wel’s flow potential can be determined at various flowing sandface pressures. As well, the operating point (ow rate and pressure) of a particular wellbore configuration can be determined from the intersection of the AOF curve and the Tubing Performance Cure (TPC). F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ uses the simplified analysis approach to determine AOF's. This approach is based on the following equation: q=cle’— 2} where: = flow rate at standard conditions (MMcfd, 10% m*3/d) P = shut-in pressure (in the case of a Sandface AOF, this is the static reservoir pressure (psia, kPaA) Py = flowing pressure (psia, KPaA) C = a coefficient which describes the position of the stabilized deliverability line (MMcfdl(psi*2)n, 410°3 m*3/d/(kPa’2)n) N= an exponent to describe the inverse of the slope of the stabilized d between 1.0 for completely laminar flow and 0.5 for fully turbulent flow.) ability line (n varies This equation applies to both sandface and wellhead AOF’s, Ifa sandface AOF is being calculated, all ‘components of the equation refer to the sandface and vice-versa with wellhead AOF calculations. The Gas AOFITPC page requires sandface AOF's for its calculations. f only a wellhead AOF is known, a sandface AOF may be calculated using the SF/WH AOF page. Care must be taken here when dealing with multi-phase flow as instabilities can occur. NOTE: In order to represent a resenoir which is depleting due to pressure loss, several AOF cures may be drawn on the Gas AOF/TPC page. Each successive AOF cure will have a consistent n and C with a declining resenoir pressure. In order to model rate decline caused by wellbore liquid problems, the resenwir pressure and n may be kept constant, and the AOF or C varied to account for the effects of liquids. For oil wells, there is no AOF, so instead a similar concept is used. AOFP (absolute open flow potential) represents the maximum value of oil fow as the pressure approaches zero. This is analogous to AOF (absolute ‘open flow) with a gas well UNITS: MMefd (1083 mf /d) DEFAULT: None Angle Deviation of the wellbore with respect to the vertical. It is calculated based on the change in length of the TVD and MD for the corresponding pipe segment.siesita Glossary AOF Equation Exponent, n This is the exponent found in the Absolute Open Flow (AOF) equation. q=clP’- Pi} It describes the inverse of the slope of the stabilized deliverability line. "n” varies between 1.0 for completely laminar flow and 0.5 for fully turbulent flow. Itis generally accepted that "n" at wellhead is less than or equal to "n” at sandface, This condition is enforced when the SF/WH AOF module is converting an equation from sandface to wellhead or vice versa in single phase flow. However, in multiphase flow situations, the interaction of fiction and hydrostatic pressure effects is much more complicated, and this relationship of wellhead to sandface "n” is not enforced. However, to conform to standard practice, the limits of 1.0 and 0.5 are honoured. Thus in a multiphase flow test, it is possible for the wellhead "n* to be larger than the sandface "n ‘The procedure for calculating the wellhead AOF cune, and the wellhead AOF equation, is described below for a multiphase situation 1. Draw the sandface AOF curve from the given data 2. Divide into 100 equally spaced rate points 3, For each of hese, convert the sandface pressure to a wellhead pressure using the specified tubular configuration and fluid properties. 4. Draw the calculated wellhead AOF cure by ining these calculated points. For single phase flow, the curve will look very similar to the sandface curve, but for multiphase flow, the calculated wellhead points could form a curve with a region that represents UNSTABLE rates. This unstable region is characterized bya maximum or discontinuities or the limiting liquid ling rate determined from the Tumer Correlation. Any calculated points to the left ofthis are considered to be in unstable flow (and the well will eventually il tsel), and the curve is generally drawn as a dashed line to indicate this. 5. From the calculated shut-in wellhead pressure (assuming a static column of gas in the wellbore) and the calculated wellhead pressures in the STABLE portion of the wellhead curve, the wellhead AOF equation (AOF and "n’)is determined. These values are copied onto the Option line and plotted as a continuous simplified AOF ‘equation. The user can modify this generic option curve at will 6. The conversion of a wellhead AOF curve to a sandface AOF cune follows the same procedure, butitis much more prone to irregularities. For example, sometimes the calculated flowing pressure can be higher than the ‘specified resenoir pressure when the combination of specified rates and tubulars is unrealistic. itis very hard to ‘guard against situations like this in a computer program with a wide range of applications. The user is warned to ensure that the calculated AOF curve is meaningful, and if not, to over-ride with a specified curve using the “option” entry. UNITS: None DEFAULT: None LIMITS: 0.5 A q=C ( =P; It describes the position of the stabilized deliverability line. Wellhead and sandface C values for a given system are usually different. NOTE: Care must be taken when converting ‘C’ from field to metric units or vice-versa. This is because the units of ‘C’ are dependent on ‘n’. In order to avoid these problems, both ‘n’ and ‘C’ should be entered before changing units, UNITS: MMcfd/(psia*2 )&n (10°3 m’ /d/(kPaA’2 — DEFAULT: None yn) Casing Casing lines are set and cemented in welbores to protect the borehole from problematic formations and from colapsing. Casing ID The Casing ID is the Inside Diameter of the wellbore casing. This value is used to calculate the area of flow when production is through the casing or along with the Tubing OD to calculate the area of flow when production is directed through the annulus, This value will also be required when flow is through the tubing if the Mid-Point of Perforations(MPP) or the Datum is below the End of Tubing Depth (EOT) For horizontal wellbores, three casing ID's, one for each of the Vertical, Deviated and Horizontal sections of the wellbore are requested. ‘The casing ID is also used to represent the inside diameter of the wellbore in the event of an ‘openhale completion. There is no differentiation made between flow through openhole and flow through casing, NOTE: In the petroleum industry the nominal casing size refers to the outside diameter of the casing, The ID depends on the OD and the weight (linear density) of the casing. UNITS: in (mm) DEFAULT: None Casing OD Casing OD is the outside diameter of the casing. This value is not used in any calculations but will appear on printed reports. UNITS: in (mm) DEFAULT: None Choke ‘A choke is an element of restriction which is commonly installed in wells or production operations to control pressure and flow rate The size of a choke is referred to its diameter sizesiesita Glossary Compressibility, Oil (Co) The compressibility of any substance is the change in volume per unit volume per unit change in pressure, The oil compressibility is a source of energy for fuid flow in a resenvir. In an undersaturated reservoir it is a dominant drive mechanism, but for a saturated resenvir it is overshadowed by the much larger gas compressibility effects. The oil compressibility is a component in the calculation of total compressibility, which is the value used in the determination of skin effect, dimensionless time and all material balance considerations in the fluid flow calculations. ‘There is a significant discontinuity at the bubble point pressure. Above this pressure, the oil is a single phase liquid (consisting of oil and dissolved gas). The compressibility of this liquid can be measured in the laboratory, and it is a weak function of pressure. At and below the bubble point pressure, if the pressure is decreased, gas ‘comes out of solution and contributes to the compressibility of the system. This apparent oil compressibility is calculated by including a "dRs / dp" component, to account for the change in solution gas-oil ratio with pressure. OIL COMPRESSIBILITY 10 co -7 10 Pb Pressure ‘The correlations that can be used to calculate the Oil Compressibility are: 1, Vazquez and Beggs: Generally applicable 2. Hanafy et al: Egyptian oil 3. Petrosky and Farshad: Gulf of Mexico oil 4, De Ghetto et al: Heavy il (10 - 22.3 API) and Extra Heavy oil (API < 10) UNITS: 1/psi (/KPaA) DEFAULT: User selectable correlation Condensate Gas Ratio (CGR) This is the condensate to gas ratio produced at surface. It is typically known from direct measurements. If the daily condensate rate is known, it must be divided by the daily gas rate to obtain the Condensate-Gas Ratio. The CGR is used to calculate the Recombined Gas Gravity and the Recombined Gas Rate which are used in the wellbore pressure drop calculations. NOTE: See also condensate properties UNITS: bbi/MMcf (m3/10"3 m3) DEFAULT: Nonesiesita Glossary ‘The datum is a reference point for calculations. Calculations are either done from the sandface to the datum or from the datum to the wellhead. This is the user-defined Measured Depth (MD) in a well. In the wellbore, the pressure drop is calculated from the specified Datum to the wellhead. The user may define the Datum to be located at any point in the horizontal section that allows the flexibility to calculate the pressure drop from any desired location. UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Density Is the mass per unit volume of a substance. The density (2 ) as applied to hydrostatic pressure difference calculations: APyy = 2 paz The method for calculating © depends on whether the flow is compressible or incompressible (multiphase or single-phase). It follows that * Fora single-phase liquid, calculating the densityis easy, and 2 is simplythe liquid density * Fora single-phase gas, 0 varies with pressure (since gas is compressible), and the calculation must be done ‘sequentially, in small steps, to allow the density to vary with pressure. ‘© For multiphase flow, the calculations become even more complicated because © is calculated from the in-situ mixture density, which in tur is calculated from the “liquid holdup". The liquid holdup, or in-situ liquid volume fraction, is obtained from one of the multiphase flow correlations, and it depends on several parameters including the gas and liquid rates, and the pipe diameter, Note that this is in contrast to the way density is calculated for the friction pressure loss UNITS: Ib/ft*3, API (kg/m*3) DEFAULT: None Density, Condensate Condensate Density is the specific gravity in API of condensate at stock tank conditions. It ranges from 60 API to 40 API. The API Gravity is readily obtained from any laboratory oil analysis. It is a fixed property of the condensate. InF.A.S.T. VirtuWell™, this variable is used to calculate the Recombined Gas Gravity and the Recombined Gas Rate which are then used in single-phase pressure drop calculations. NOTE: The conversion from API Gravity (feld units) to Stock Tank Oil Density (metric units) is Stock Tank Density (kg/m’3) = 1000 * (141.5 / (API + 131.5) UNITS: API (kgim’3)_ DEFAULT: None Density, Gas ‘The density of a gas varies with the in-situ conditions of pressure and temperature along a pipe. The gas density is calculated from the “real gas" law ( 28.964* G* P) \ 10.73% 57 Densitysiesita Glossary where: P = Pressure (psia) Z = supercompressibilty factor T= temperature (R) ‘The gas density is used in calculating the pressure drops caused by friction and by hydrostatic head. UNITS: Ib/ft*3 (kg/m*3 ) DEFAULT: Defining Equation Density, Mixture The mixture density is a measure of the in-situ density of the mixture. This density can be calculated by considering that the phases flow at the same velocity (no-slip condition) or at different velocities (slip condition). If just the term mixture density is used, it is usually referred to the slip mixture density. Density, No-Slip Mixture The "no-slip" density is the density that is calculated with the assumption that both phases are moving at the same in-situ velocity. The no-slip density is therefore defined as follows: Pus = LCL + PGC = 01C, + pall-C;) where: G = no-slip liquid volume fraction (liquid holdup) Cg = no-slip gas volume fraction C = input liquid volume fraction gas density iquid density 1o-slip density of the mixture NOTE: The no-siip density is defined in terms of input volume fractions (C.), whereas the mixture density is defined in terms of in-situ volume fractions (E,). UNITS: Ib/ft*3 (kg/m*3 ) DEFAULT: Defining Equation Density, Slip Mixture ‘The “slip" density is the density that is calculated with the assumption that both phases are moving at different in-situ velocities, The slip density is therefore defined as follows: Pm = PiEz + Poke = p,E,t pall-£, ] where: E|_= in-situ liquid volume fraction (liquid holdup) with slip Eg = in-situ gas volume fraction with slipanata ssa y= gas density NOTE: The mixture density is defined in terms of in-situ volume fractions (E,), whereas the no-slip density is defined in terms of input volume fractions (Ci). UNITS: Ib/t*3 (kg/m’3 ) DEFAULT: Defining Equation Density (in-situ), Oil The in-situ oil density should not be confused with the API Gravity (Stock Tank Oil Density). The in-situ oil density varies with pressure and temperature, but more so with the amount of dissolved gas contained in the oil (Solution Gas-Oil Ratio), whereas the AP! gravity is a fixed property of the particular oil, independent of operating ‘conditions. The in-situ oil density is obtained by multiplying the density at stock tank conditions by the Formation Volume Factor at the in-situ pressure and temperature conditions. Thus: Oil density (in-situ) = Oil Density (Stock Tank Conditions) * Oil Formation Volume Factor ‘The oil density affects the Hydrostatic Pressure Loss and the Friction Pressure Loss. UNITS: Ib/t*3 (kgim*3. DEFAULT: Vasquez and Beggs correlation ) Density (stock tank), Oil ‘The stock tank density is the measure of the mas per unit volume of the crude at the standard pressure and temperature. The oil density is commonly reported using the API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity scale. The conversion from API Gravity (field units) to Stock Tank Oil Density (metric units) is Stock Tank Density (kg/m'3) = 1000 * (141.5 / (API + 131.5) UNITS: API (kgim’3) DEFAULT: None Depth, Total Vertical (TVD) This is the total vertical depth from the wellhead to a given point. In other words, a depth that is independent of the orientation of tubing in the wellbore. The following picture demonstrates the difference between TVD and MD.siesita Glossary a a UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Elevation This is the elevation of the pipe over which the pressure drop is calculated. A positive elevation represents flow Uphill. A negative elevation represents downhill flow. An elevation of zero (0) represents a horizontal pipe. UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Erosional Velocity Erosion in pipe flows is referred to the removal of solids from the pipe wall. As the velocity increases, solids or droplets in the stream can be accelerated until the point where they can cause damage to the walls. The onset velocity for this condition is known as erosional velocity. Therefore, erosion can occur when the fluid velocity through a pipe is greater than the calculated erosional velocity Vo = Col (2 Ns)1/2 where: erosion velocity, fs erosion velocity constant Co Common range for Ce: 100 - 300 UNITS: ft/s (m/s) DEFAULT: C, = 300 No-Slip Mixture Densitysiesita Glossary Pays = PLC + Pele Pug = PiC, + Pg(l- Cz) where: C- Input liquid volume fraction Cg - input gas volume fraction P yg - no-slip mixture density P= liquid density © gas density UNITS: Ib/ft*3 (kgim"3) DEFAULT: None Input Liquid/Gas Volume Fraction _ Q; = ‘st O,+0cBba Vn C, -_ Gabo O,+QgBe where: Q,- liquid rate at prevailing pressure and temperature ‘Qgac- gas rate at prevailing pressure and temperature Vgq, - superficial liquid velocity Vs - superficial gas velocity Vn mixture velocity UNITS: Unitless DEFAULT: None Flow, % ‘This is the amount of the total flow that enters a particular set of perforations (weighting factor) UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 100% Flow Efficiency Flow efficiency is a tuning parameter used to match calculated pressures to measured pressures, These two often differ as most calculations involve unknowns approximations assumptions or measurement errors Whensei Glossary measured pressures are not available for comparison, then the default value (100%) should be used. Flow Efficiency adjusts the correlation such that decreasing the flow efficiency increases the pressure loss. Efficiencies greater than 100% are possible. Low efficiencies could be a result of roughness caused by factors such as corrosion, scale, sulfur or calcium deposition and restrictions. Restrictions in a wellbore may be caused by downhole equipment, profiles, etc, Low efficiencies could also be the result of liquid loading, Flow efficiencies less than 50% or greater than 150% should be treated with caution The flow efficiency is applied to both the hydrostatic and friction components of the pressure loss equation. Under static (no-fow) conditions the flow efficiency is not applied to the correlations. In this case, a match between measured and calculated pressures may be obtained by adjusting the fluid gravity or temperatures, as ‘appropriate. F.AS.T. VirluWell™ divides the whole length of pipe into many segments (see Pressure Loss Calculation Procedure). The flow efficiency is applied to each segment and affects the inlet/outlet pressure of that segment, and hence the in situ fluid densities. Therefore, a simple one step application of the flow efficiency to the pressure loss over the whole length of pipe will not produce the same results as those of F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 100% Formation Volume Factor, Oil (Bo) This is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil at operating conditions to that at stock tank conditions. This factor is used to convert the flow rate and the density of oil (both normally reported at stock tank conditions) to in-situ conditions. Thus, il Flow Rate (in-situ Barrels) = Oil Flow Rate (Stock Tank Barrels) * Oil Formation Volume Factor and: Oil density (in-situ) = Oil Density (Stock Tank Conditions) * Oil Formation Volume Factor In the equations used in F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ the oil rate and the oil density should be expressed at in-situ conditions, because the equations apply to the pressure and temperature conditions inside the pipe. However, the oil flow rate is generally measured at the surface, in stock tank barrels. Therefore, this rate is multiplied by the oil formation volume factor to convert it to in-situ conditions. Similarty, itis the in-situ density that counts, and that is obtained from the API Gravity (Stock Tank Oil Density) and the Formation Volume Factor Below the bubble point pressure, the oil formation volume factor increases with pressure. This is because more ‘gas goes into solution as the pressure is increased and this causes the oil to swell, Above the bubble point pressure, the oil formation volume factor decreases as the pressure is increased, because there is no more gas available to go into solution, and the oil is being compressed. ‘The value of the oil formation volume factor is generally between 1 and 2 RB/STB (m‘3/m’3). It is readily obtained from laboratory PVT measurements, or it may be calculated from correlations such as "Vasquez and Beggs" In the correlations that are being used to calculate the oil formation volume factor, the Solution Gas-Oil Ratio is the most significant variable. UNITS: BbI/BbI (m"3 /m*3 DEFAULTS: "Vasquez and Beggs" correlations ) Friction Factor, Multiphase This is obtained from multi-phase flow correlations (for example, see Beggs and Brill under multi-phase flow correlations). This correlation depends, in part, on the gas and liquid flow rates, but also on the standard Fanning (ingle phase) friction factor charts. When evaluating the Fanning friction factor, there are many ways of calculating the Reynold’s number depending on how the density, viscosity and velocity of the two-phase mixture dfi dF ith B dBil 1 iti fR id ob th it tisiesita Glossary UNITS: Unitless DEFAULTS: None Friction Factor, Single phase This is obtained from the Chen (1979) equation which represents the Fanning friction factor char. It depends on the Reynold’s number which is a function of the fluid density, viscosity, velocity and pipe diameter. It is valid for single phase gas or liquid flow, as their very different properties are taken into account in the definition of Reynold's number. DB *RQnsaT Ky" 5.8506 D. -4 0log}0 200 k } oe og 0. 2530 where: F = friction factor K = absolute roughness (7) K/O ~ relative roughness (uritless) Re = Reynold's number VD Re-ft B where ? ~ density V = velocity D= diameter #> Viscosity UNITS: Unitless DEFAULTS: None Friction Pressure Loss In pipe flow, the friction pressure loss is the component of pressure loss caused by viscous shear effects. The friction pressure loss is ALWAYS positive IN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW. It is combined with the hydrostatic pressure difference (which may be positive or negative depending on the whether the flow is uphill or downhill) to give the total pressure loss. ‘The friction pressure loss is calculated from the Fanning friction factor equation as follows: 2fov’L oP, pressure loss due to friction = Fanning friction factor pi itd itsei Glossary = acceleration of gravity D = pipe intemal diameter In the above equation, the variables f, 7 and v'2 require special discussion depending on whether it is single or multiphase flow. UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) This is the gas to oll ratio produced at surface. It is typically known from direct measurements, If the daily gas rate is known, it must be divided by the daily oil rate to obtain the Gas-Oil Ratio UNITS: scffbbl (m*3 /m"3 ). DEFAULT: 0 Gas Compressibility Factor, z ‘The compressibility factor (z), of a natural gas is a measure of its deviation from ideal gas behavior. Its value is usually between 0.8 and 1.2, but it can be as low as 0.3 and as high as 2.0. It is used in the calculation of gas density, and in converting gas volumes and rates from standard conditions to reserwir conditions (and vice-versa). References: Dranchuck, P.M., R. A. Punis and D. B. Robinson (1974). Computer Calculation of Natural Gas Compressibility Factors Using the Standing and Katz Correlations, Inst. Of Pet. Tech., IP-74-008, UNITS: Unitless DEFAULTS: 8.W.R. equation of state Gas Rate This is the daily gas rate. It is typically known from direct measurements. If the gas-oil ratio (GOR) is known, it must be multiplied by the daily oil rate in order to calculate the daily gas rate. The rate must be at standard conditions (14.65 psia, 60 F / 101.325 Pa, 15 C) F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ treats all flow within the vertical wellbore as originating from the MPP (Mid Point Perforations). In a horizontal well, the flow is divided so that it enters at ten (10) equally spaced points in the horizontal portion of the wellbore. Even though the gas flow rate is quoted at Standard Conditions, all calculations in F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ use the volumetric flow rate at the “in-situ” conditions of pressure and temperature at which the pipe segment is. operating. Also, when both gas and oil are flowing in a pipe or wellbore, the gas flow rate is continuously adjusted to account for "gas coming out of solution from the oil. UNITS: MMefd (10%3 m8 /d) DEFAULT: 0 Gas, CO2 Molar Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the gas stream. It has an effect on the calculation of compressibility (2- factor) and viscosity. The concentration of COz must be between 0% and 80% to be within the limits of the correlations for the z-factor, and between the limits of 0 and 15% for the viscosity correlations. For values outsidesei Glossary When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a waming that the entered value is outside the range. Properties of Carbon Dioxide: Molecular weight: 44.01 kg/kmol Appearance: colorless gas Melting point: -56.6°C Boiling point: -78°C UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 0 Gas, H2S Molar Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide in the gas stream. It has an effect on the calculation of compressibility (z-factor) and viscosity. The concentration of HS must be between 0% and 80% to be within the limits of the correlations for the z-factor and between the limits of O and 15% for the viscosity correlations. For values outside ofthis range F.A.S.T, VirtuWell™ will still complete the calculations, however results should be used with caution When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a warning that the entered value is outside the range. Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide: Molecular weight: 34.08 kg/kmol ‘Appearance: coloriess gas Melting point: -85.6°C Boiling point: -60.3°C Liquid Density: 993 kg/m*3 UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 0 Gas, N2 Molar Concentration of Nitrogen in the gas stream. It has an effect on the calculation of compressibility (z-factor) land viscosity. The concentration of Nitrogen must be between 0% and 15% to be within the limits of the correlations. For values outside of this range F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ will still complete the calculations, however results should be used with caution, When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a warning that the entered value is outside the range. Properties of Nitrogen: Molecular weight: 28.01 kg/kmol Appearance: colorless gas Melting point: -209.9°C Boiling point: -195.8 °C Liquid Density: 805 kg/m? UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 0 Gas, C3H8siesita Glossary however results should be used with caution. When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a warning that the entered value is outside the range. Properties of Propane: Molecular weight: kg/kmol ‘Appearance: Melting point: °C Boiling point: °C Liquid Density: kg/m* UNITS: Percent (%) DEFAULT: 0 Gravity, API (Stock Tank Oil Density) ‘API Gravity is the specific gravity (density) of oil at stock tank conditions. It ranges from 60 °API (condensate) to 45 “API (light oil) to 20 “API (medium density) to 10 “API (heawy cil). The API Gravity is readily obtained from any laboratory oil analysis. It is a fixed property of the oil, and is independent of the operating pressure or temperature, unlike the in-situ oil density that is very dependent on operating pressure and temperature conditions InF.A.S.T. VirtuWell™, this variable is the primary variable used for calculating the oil properties at the required pressures and temperatures. API Gravity affects four variables namely oil viscosity, solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor and in-situ oil density ‘The primary effect of API Gravity is on the in-situ oil density. The density affects the ‘riction pressure drop to some extent, but it affects the hydrostatic pressure drop DIRECTLY. The conversion from API Gravity (field units) to Stock Tank Oil Density (metric units) is Stock Tank Density (kg/m”3) = 1000 * (141.5/ (API + 131.5) ‘The API Gravity must be between 16 °API and 58 °API to be within the range of the correlations. When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a waming that the entered value is outside the range. UNITS: °API (kgim?3 ) DEFAULT: None LIMITS: 16 °API < G < 58 “API Gravity, Condensate ‘AP! Gravity is the specific gravity (density) of condensate at stock tank conditions. It ranges from 60 “API to 40, “API, The API Gravity is readily obtained from any laboratory oil analysis, It is a fixed property of the condensate, ‘The conversion from API Gravity (field units) to Stock Tank Oil Density (metric units) is Stock Tank Density (kg/m*3) = 1000 * (141.5 / (API + 131.5) In F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™, this variable is used to calculate the Recombined Gas Gravity and the Recombined Gas Rate which are then used in single-phase pressure drop calculations. UNITS: °API (kgim’3 ) DEFAULT: None Gravity, Gas Gas Gravity is the molar mass (molecular weight) of the natural gas divided by the molar mass of air (28.94).sei Glossary (mostly methane) to approximately 1.5 for wet, sour gas (includes CO and HyS concentration). When the parameter name is displayed in yellow this a waming that the entered value is outside the range, ‘The following table shows some gas gravities of some common gasses. IGas type Molar Mass Gas Gravity of Pure Gas (g/mol) lair 28.97 4.00 Methane 16.04 0.55 INitrogen (N2) 28.01 0.97 ICarbon Dioxide (C02) 44.01 1.52 lHydrogen Sullide (H2S) 34.08 1.18 InF.A.S.T. VirtuWell™, Gas Gravity affects three variables namely compressibility (z-factor), Gas viscosity and gas density. The effects on supercompressibility and viscosity are not very significant. However, the effect on density is significant in two ways: It affects the friction pressure drop to some extent, but it affects the hydrostatic pressure drop directly — i.e. doubling the Gas Gravity doubles the density and therefore doubles the hydrostatic, pressure drop UNITS: Unitless DEFAULT: None LIMITS: 0.5 0 (the wellbore contains water). The in-situ volume fraction is defined as follows: Ay, A E where: ‘A. = cross-sectional area occupied by the liquid phase A= total cross-sectional area of the pipe UNITS: Unitless DEFAULT: None Interfacial/Surface Tension Measure of the imbalance of molecular forces between two different fluids at their zone of contact (interface). Commonly, the term interfacial tension is used for quidiquid mixtures while surface tension is used in gas-liquid UNITS: dynes/cm DEFAULT: None Interfacial Tension, Dead Oil The dead oil interfacial tension at temperatures of 68 F and 100 F is given by: eq = 39- 0.257 (API) interfacial tension at 68 F (dynes/om) interfacial tension at 100 F (dynes/em) gravity of stock tank oll (AP!) API Ifthe temperature is greater than 100 F, the value at 100 F is used. If the temperature is less than 68 F, the value at 68 F is used. For intermediate temperatures, linear interpolation is used As pressure is increased and gas goes into solution, the gas/oil interfacial tension is reduced. The dead oil interfacial tension is corrected for this by multiplying by a correction factor. C=10-0.024p°" where:siesita Glossary greater than about 5000 psia. Once the correction factor becomes zero (at about 3977 psia), 1 dyne/cm is used for calculations. UNITS: dynes/em DEFAULT: None Joule-Thomson Coefficient The Joule-Thomson coefficient relates, at constant enthalpy, the change in temperature per unit of change in pressure. (ar y = (22) =” ery \@PJy Cy where: Har = Joule-Thomson coefficient (ar ) = Partial derivative of temperature with respect to pressure at constant enthalpy \ePJy V = Volume Cp = Heat capacity at constant pressure = Thermal expansion coefficient T= Temperature which can be expressed in differences (considering isenthalpic conditions) as: hange in temperature change in pressure UNITS: Fipsia (C/kPa) DEFAULT: None Kick Off Point (KOP) This is the depth from the wellhead to the Kick Off Point of the horizontal well (e.: where the well begins to deviate away from vertical) UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: 0 Liquid Holdup Effect ‘When two or more phases are present in a pipe, they tend to flow at different in-situ velocities. These in-situ velocities depend on the density and viscosity of the phase. Usually the phase that is less dense will fow faster than the other. This causes a "slip" or holdup effect, which means that the in-situ volume fractions of each phase (under flowing conditions) will differ from the input volume fractions of the pipe.sei Glossary ‘This is the user-defined measured depth (MD) in a well. The MD is a scalar quantity that represents the sum of all horizontal, vertical and deviated lengths. To demonstrate the difference between measured depth and Total Vertical Depth (TVD) see the picture below. a a UNITS: Feet (m) DEFAULT: None Multiphase Flow Multiphase flow is the simultaneous flow of two or more phases through a pipe. Due to the difference in density and viscosity between the phases, the resulting flow is more complex than single phase flow. The phases present different configurations depending on the flowing conditions, fluid properties and pipe inclination. These configurations are known as flow pattems and the pressure gradient can change significantly from one to another. Pipe Pipe ID Pipe ID is the Inside Diameter of the pipe. This value is used to calculate the area of flow through the pipe. In the petroleum industry the nominal pipe size refers to the average diameter of the pipe. The inside diameter (ID) and the outside diameter (OD) depend on the weight (linear density) of the pipe. UNITS: in (mm) DEFAULT: None Pipe OD Pipe OD is the Outside Diameter of the pipe. The area of the annuli can be calculated using the tubing OD and the casing ID UNITS: in (mm) DEFAULT: Nonesei Glossary ‘This is the length of the pipe over which the pressure drop is calculated. A length equal to the elevation represents a vertical pipe UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Plugged Back Total Depth (PBTD) Plugged Back Total Depth (PBTD) defines the total vertical well depth, relative to the wellhead. This depth is not used for any calculations but may be entered for completeness of presentation. UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Perforations, Bottom This is the bottom of a perforated zone. This is measured from the wellhead to the perforation by measured depth. UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Perforations, Mid Point (MPP) A perforation is a method of making holes through the casing opposite a producing formation to allow the oil or {gas to flow into a well MPP is the depth from the wellhead to the Mid-Point of the Perforated intenval. F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ treats all flow within the vertical wellbore as originating from this depth. When a “wellhead pressure" is converted to a "sandface pressure" calculations are in fact done from the wellhead to MPP. The reverse is also true, when a "sandface pressure” is converted to a "wellhead pressure” calculations are done from MPP to the wellhead. Ina horizontal well, the total flow is divided so that it enters at ten (10) equally spaced points in the horizontal portion of the wellbore, The pressure drop is calculated from the specified datum to the Wellhead. UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Perforations, Top ‘Top - This is the top of a perforated zone, This is measured from the wellhead to the perforation by measured depth, UNITS: ft (m) DEFAULT: None Pressure, Inlet This is the pressure at the inlet to the pipe. It can be measured directly and used to calculate an outlet pressure, orit can be calculated from a known outlet pressure. All pressures are in absolute (not gauge) NOTE: If all necessary information has been entered and no inlet pressure has been calculated, parts of the information may be invalid. For example, the outlet pressure may be too low to compensate for the pressure drop in the pipe and may cause the inlet pressure to be less than 0 — which is physically impossible, For such a situation the inlet pressure will be left blanksiesita Glossary Pressure, Liquid Lift This is the pressure at which the minimum gas rate to lift water or condensate calculated. All pressures are in absolute (not gauge). HINT: As pressure increases, so does the minimum gas rate to lif water or condensate. Therefore, to determine the minimum gas rate to lift water or condensate in a wellbore, it is recommended that the highest pressure in the wellbore be used. This is typically the flowing sandface pressure. In his original work, Tuer (1969) recommends that the wellhead pressure be used, In our research also supported by Lea Jr. (1983) we have found that generally, the sandface pressure and not the wellhead pressure should be used to calculate the minimum gas rate to lift liquids UNITS: psia (kPa) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Outlet This is the pressure at the outlet of the pipe. it can be measured directly and used to calculate the pressure at the inlet to the pipe, or it can be calculated from a known inlet pressure. All pressures are in absolute (not gauge). NOTE: If all necessary information has been entered and no outlet pressure has been calculated, parts of the information may be invalid. For example, the inlet pressure may be too low to support the pressure drop in the pipe and may cause the outlet pressure to be less than 0 — which is physically impossible. For such a situation the outlet pressure will be left blank. UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Reservoir The stabilized shut-in pressure in the resenoir. This pressure is used to construct the Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) in the case of an oil well and the Absolute Open Flow (AOF) in the case of a gas well. On both ‘cunes, the reservoir pressure corresponds to a flow rate of zero. For a well that is recently on production, the ‘current resenoir pressure may be taken to equal the initial pressure of the reservoir. For a well that has been on production for a long time, the current resenoir pressure is less than the initial reservoir pressure. it may be determined from a buildup test by extrapolating the shut-in pressures and taking into account the resenwir shape. UNITS: psia (KPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Sandface ‘This is the pressure at the sandface (MPP) for a vertical well or at the Datum for a horizontal well. It is a flowing pressure if the well is flowing and a shut-in pressure if the well is not flowing. It can be measured directly and used to calculate a wellhead pressure, or it can be calculated from a known wellhead pressure. Alll pressures are. in absolute (not gauge). UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Separatorsei Glossary UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 100 psia UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Shut In ‘This is the shut-in pressure at the wellhead or the sandface. This corresponds to the pressure when there is no flow through the wellhead. UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Test Often, an AOF is not available for a well. However, test flow rates and the corresponding flowing pressures are easily obtainable, The SF/WH AOF page in F.A.S.T. Virtuwell” will calculate an AOF given a test rate and pressure (either at sandface or at the wellhead). Also necessary is the shut-in pressure of the well (fom a Static, Gradient) and a value for n. The flowing test pressure must be in absolute (not gauge). UNITS: psia (kPaA) DEFAULT: 0 Pressure, Wellhead This is the pressure at the wellhead. It is flowing pressure if the well is flowing and a shut-in pressure if the well is not flowing. It is typically known from direct measurements or can be calculated from sandface. If known, itis, used to calculate the sandface pressure as well as to construct tubing performance cunes. All pressures are in absolute (not gauge). NOTE: fall necessary information has been entered and no wellhead pressure has been calculated, parts of the information may be invalid, For example, the sandface pressure may be too low to support the pressure drop in the well and may cause the wellhead pressure to be less than 0— which is physically impossible, For such a situation the wellhead pressure will be left blank UNITS: psia (kPa) DEFAULT: 0 Productivity Index (Pl) ‘The Productivity Index is the flow rate per unit pressure drop. For example, if a well flows at 1000 STBD with a flowing Sandface Pressure of 1500 psi, and the average resenoir pressure is 2000 psi, then the productivity index is given by: P.L. = 1000 / (2000 - 1500) = 2 STBD/psi ‘The productivity index serves as an indication of the production potential of a well. For a well in an under- saturated resenoir, the flow rate of the well can be estimated very simply from the productivity index as follows: Flow Rate (STBD) = P.L. * Drawdown where Drawdown = Resenoir Pressure — Flowing Sandface Pressure For wells in saturated reservoirs or for gas wells, the rel ionship is not as straight forward, and the simplesei Glossary UNITS: stbd/psi (sm*3/kPa) DEFAULT: 0 Rate, Oil This is the daily oil or condensate rate. It is typically known from direct measurements. If the Gas-Oil Ratio or condensate-gas ratio is available, it must be multiplied by the known daily gas rate to calculate the daily oil or condensate rate. The oil rate is at stock tank conditions F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ treats all flow within the vertical wellbore as originating from the MPP (Mid Point Perforations). In a horizontal well, the total flow is divided so that it enters at ten (10) equally spaced points in the horizontal portion of the wellbore. UNITS: bbi/d (m*3 /d) DEFAULT: 0 Rate, Recombined Gas This is the Gas Rate used for pressure drop calculations in gas-condensate systems. It is a function of Condensate-Gas Ratio, Condensate Gravity, Gas Gravity, Separator Temperature and Separator Pressure, Rate, Test Often, an AOF is not available for a well. However, test flow rates and the corresponding flowing pressures are easily obtainable. The SF/WH AOF page in F.A.S.T. Virtuwell™ will calculate an AOF given a test rate and pressure (either at sandface or at the wellhead). Also necessary is the shut-in pressure of the well (from a Static Gradient) and a value for n, The gas rate must be at standard conditions (14.65 psia, 60 F / 101.325 Pa, 15 C). In order to enter a test rate and pressure on the SF/WH AOF page, the Test Rate/Pressure radio button must be selected. Recombination Most gas-condensate wells are in reality single-phase in the reserwir and in the majority of the wellbore, The ‘condensation of condensate from the gas takes place either at the separator or very near the wellhead. The recombination is a calculation procedure which takes the volume of condensate, vapourizes it, adds it to the gas, volume to obtain the raw gas as it existed in the reservoir and the wellbore, For calculation purposes, this program treats the wellbore calculations as single-phase calculations using the recombined gas gravity and the recombined gas rate 10°*G —~" + 46087, + O,4 Gy = LE fee 10° +V,, where: Gree = Specific gravity of resenoir gas (recombined gas gravity) G = specific gravity of separator gas (measured) CGR = stock-tank-condensate/separator gas ratio, STB/MMscf Yo = oil specific gravity (not API gravity)siesita Glossary Onn = 1.4599(p-14.65 ye 3394 a7. 0943, yep 0.93446 where: P= separator pressure (wellhead pressure), psia T= separator temperature (wellhead temperature), F Yeo = oll API gravity, API V,, 4 = 635 5340. 36182 y 10544 (75.0831, yer 0.79130 ‘The total wellstream gas flow rate, representing all gas and liquid produced at the surface can be calculated as follows: ( VigCGR Pec = Ineas| 1+ —=]G— c (cas 10° total wellstream gas flow rate (recombined gas rate), MMsofd ‘leas = Measured gas flow rate from separator, MMscfd Reference: Lee, John and Wattenbarger, Robert A.: Gas Resenwir Engineering, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc., Richardson, TX 1996, 11-15. Recombined Rate Factor This is the Recombined Gas Rate divided by the original gas rate. It can be found on the printouts when a gas- condensate system is being modeled. Roughness This is defined as the distance from the peaks to the valleys in pipe wall irregularities. Roughness is used in the calculation of pressure drop due to ftiction. For clean, new pipe the roughness is determined by the method of manufacture and is usually between 0.00055 to 0.0019 inches (0.01397mm to 0,04826mm)(Cullender and Binckley, 1950, Smith et al. 1954, Smith et al. 1956). For new pipe or tubing used in gas wells the roughness has been found to be in the order of 0.00060 or 0.00065 inches (0.01524 mm to 0.01651 mm) Roughness must be between 0 and 0.01 inches (0.254 mm) Roughness can be used to tune the correlations to measured conditions in a similar way to the Flow Efficiency. Changes in roughness only affect the friction component of the calculations while the Flow Efficiency is applied to the friction and hydrostatic components of pressure loss. Roughness does not affect the calculations for static conditions. In this case, a match between measured and calculated pressures may be obtained by adjusting the fluid gravity or temperatures, as appropriate. UNITS: in (mm) DEFAULT: 0.0006 in (0.01524 mm) Solution Gas-Oil Ratio This is the amount of gas dissolved in the oil at any pressure It increases approximately linearly with pressure Itsiesita Glossary oil ratio increases with pressure until the bubble point pressure is reached, after which it is a constant, and the oil is said to be under-saturated ‘The solution gas-cil ratio has a significant influence on the oil formation volume factor and the oil viscosity. When a mixture of gas and oil is flowing in a pipe or wellbore, the actual quantity of "free gas” that is flowing increases as the pressure of the gas-oil system decreases. This is due to gas "coming out of solution from the oil" and becoming free gas, thus increasing the gas flow rate, and decreasing the oil fow rate. In the F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ program, the solution gas-oil ratio is used for accounting for the changes in the in-situ gas rate along the pipe or wellbore. The solution gas-cil ratio is readily obtained from laboratory PVT measurements, or as is done in the F.A.S.T. Virtuwell™ program, it may be calculated from correlations such as "Vasquez and Beggs". UNITS: SCF/BbI (m’3 /m*3 ) DEFAULT: "Vasquez and Beggs" correlations Static Conditions Under single-phase conditions, pressures calculated for static (no flow) cases will be dependent only on the fluid's gravity and temperature. Multi-phase systems at static conditions make the assumption that only one fluid is present. Ifthe system contains gas, at static conditions it is assumed that the only fluid present is gas. Thus a multi-phase static system containing gas will give the same results as a single-phase gas system. In an oil/water system at static conditions (zero flow rates), the program will not calculate a pressure drop. In order to simulate static conditions in this case, one fluid must be chosen preferentially over the other and modeled in a single- phase system. ‘The Flow Efficiency and Roughness are not applied to static conditions. In this case, a match between measured and calculated pressures may be obtained by adjusting the dominant fluid gravity or temperatures for the case being considered. Surface Tension ‘The surface tension (interfacial tension) between the gas and liquid phases has very litle effect on two-phase pressure drop calculations, However a value is required for use in calculating certain dimensionless numbers Used in some of the pressure drop correlations. Empirical relationships for estimating the gas/cil interfacial tension and the gas/water interfacial tension were presented by Baker and Swerdloff, Hough and by Beggs. Surface Tension, Gas/Water ‘The gas/water interfacial tension at temperatures of 74 F and 280 F is given by: ~1.108p°*? a7a) = interfacial tension at 74 F (dynesicm) ‘Su 280) = interfacial tension at 280 F (dynes/cm) Pp = pressure (psia) Hth t t it th 20F th | t280Fi diftht toil th 74Fth 4sree Glossary UNITS: dynesicm DEFAULT: None Temperature Gradient A straight line temperature gradient is assumed for all calculations. This is considered to be a very reasonable assumption in most circumstances. Temperature, Inlet This is the temperature at the inlet to the pipe. It is used in conjunction with the outlet temperature to calculate the average temperature within the pipe. This has an effect on fluid density and viscosity, however the calculated pressure drops are not very sensitive to small changes of this parameter. No distinction is made between flowing and shut in temperatures. UNITS: "F (°C) DEFAULT: None Temperature, Liquid Lift This is the fluid temperature used when the minimum gas rate to lift water or condensate is being calculated, UNITS: °F (°C) DEFAULT: None Temperature, Outlet ‘This is the temperature at the outlet of the pipe. It is used in conjunction with the Inlet Temperature to calculate the average temperature within the pipe. This has an effect on fluid density and viscosity, however the calculated pressure drops are not very sensitive to small changes of this parameter. No distinction is made between flowing ‘and shut in temperatures. UNITS: °F (°C) DEFAULT: None Temperature, Reservoir ‘The resenwir temperature (sometimes referred to as the formation temperature) it Locations around the world have different geothermal gradients. ir depth, ‘Along with oil gravity, the reservoir temperature is probably the most significant variable in characterizing the PVT. and fluid properties of oil (surprisingly, the Hanafy et al correlation is independent of reservoir temperature) UNITS: °F (°C) DEFAULT: None Temperature, Sandface This is the temperature at the sandface, and is used to calculate the temperature gradient within the wellbore. This has an effect on fluid density and viscosity, however the calculated pressure drops are not very sensitive to small changes in temperature, A reasonable estimate of reservoir temperature is sufficient in most cases. No distinction is made between flowing and shut in temperaturessiesita Glossary Temperature, Separator ‘The separator temperature is the temperature in the separator or at wellhead. It is used in the recombination calculations to calculate the vapour equivalent of the condensate, the recombined gas rate and the recombined gas gravity. UNITS: F (C) DEFAULT: 100 F Temperature, Wellhead This is the temperature at the wellhead, and is used to calculate the temperature gradient within the wellbore. ‘This has an effect on fluid density and viscosity, however the calculated pressure drops are not very sensitive to ‘small changes of this parameter. NOTE: The wellhead temperature can be very different during flow or shut in, Usually the wellhead temperature will be higher during flow than during shut in, due to the flow of warmer fluids from the reservoir. A reasonable ‘estimate of flowing wellhead temperature is sufficient in most cases, however care must be taken when specifying the wellhead temperature during shut in. Measured wellhead temperatures can vary significantly depending on the time of day (or night) or time of year (summer or winter). These potentially large swings in temperature (150°F is not unusual) only affect the wellhead and approximately 10 feet (3 m) into the ground, Below this depth, the ground and wellbore fluids are virtually unaffected Rather than using a wellhead temperature, it is better to use the mean ground temperature for static calculations. UNITS: °F (°C) DEFAULT: None Toe (MD) This is the measured depth from the wellhead to the toe (end) of the horizontal well. The length of the horizontal portion of the wellbore is the difference between the measured depth of the toe and the measured depth of the heel. UNITS: Feet (m) DEFAULT: 0 Tubing Depth (EOT) Tubing Depth defines the End of Tubing (EOT), relative to the wellhead. Tubing depth is required for flow through the tubing, annulus or ‘both’ options, It is ignored when flow is defined through the casing, As the F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ Wellbore module assumes wellbore flow originates at the Mid-Point of Perforations (MPP), flow from MPP to EOT will be through the casing if Tubing Depth is < MPP, and through the annulus if Tubing Depth > MPP. In a horizontal well, the total flow is divided so that it enters at ten (10) equally spaced points in the horizontal portion of the wellbore. As a result, where the tubing depth and the datum are positioned will affect the flow path of the fluid to the wellhead, UNITS: Feet (m) DEFAULT: None Tubing ID This is the inside diameter of the tubing used in the wellbore. This value is used to calculate the area of flow when production is directed through the tubing. Complex tubing can be entered in the common wellbore problem tab.sree Glossary For Example 2-3/8" tubing, (grade J-55, weight 4,70 Ib/ft) has 1.995" ID and 2.375" OD. 2-7/8" tubing, (grade J-55, weight 6.40 Ib/ft) has 2.441" ID and 2.875" OD. 3-4/2" tubing, (grade J-55, weight 9.30 lb/ft) has 2.992" ID and 3.500" OD. UNITS: Inches (mm) — DEFAULT: None Tubing Length Length of individual pieces of tubing in the wellbore. Tubing OD ‘The Tubing OD is the Outer Diameter of the tubing used in the wellbore. This value is used along with the Casing ID to calculate the area of flow when production is directed through the annulus. Complex tubing can be entered in the common wellbore problem tab NOTE: In the petroleum industry, the nominal tubing size refers to the outside diameter of the tubing. The Tubing ID (inside diameter) depends on the OD and the weight (linear density) of the tubing, UNITS: Inches (mm) — DEFAULT: None Tubing Performance Curve For a given set of conditions (tubing size and flowing wellhead pressure), a Tubing Performance Curve (TPC) is a plot of the flowing sandface pressure, required to sustain flow up the tubing, as a function of flow rate. This cune will not change through the life of the well. itis not at all dependent upon well performance; it depends only upon the gas-liquid ratio, tubular configuration (depth, diameter), wellhead pressures, etc. Tubing Performance Curves are applicable for both oil and gas wells, for both vertical and horizontal wellbores, F.A.S.T. Virtuwell™ allows the plotting of Tubing Performance Cures in conjunction with both Absolute Open Flow (AOF) curves and Oil inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves. The intersection of the AOF or IPR ‘une with a TPC signifies the operating point of the particular wellbore/reservoir combination. Since both the Gas AOFITPC and the Oil IPR/TPC pages allow up to four (4) TPCs to be plotted at any one time, itis quite simple to investigate the effect of various tubing diameters, gas-liquid ratios and flowing wellhead pressures on the operating point of a particular wellbore/resenoir combination. On the Gas AOF/TPC page, the minimum gas rate required to lf iquids is calculated in conjunction with each ‘Tubing Performance Cure. It is represented on the tubing performance cure by a circle listing the number identifying the tubing performance curve. To the right of the liquid lift rate, the tubing performance curve is a solid green line. To the lef, it is a dotted red line. The solid green line represents stable flow, i.e, the wellbore wil lift liquids continuously. The dotted red line represents unstable flow. ifthe Tubing Performance Cune is a dotted red line over the entire range of flow rates represented, the circled number is placed in the middle of the cure solely for identification. The calculated liquid lift rates for each tubing performance curve are tabulated under Liquid Lif. v2 This is the square of the velocity (V). The velocity is obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate by the pipe ‘cross-sectional area. In multi-phase flow this is termed the “superficial velocity” For a single phase liquid, V equals the liquid velocity. Foith voi ith dth lit tbd fini out ttsei Glossary of each individual phase in the ratio of the “input" volume fraction and NOT of the “in-situ” volume fraction Velocity, Mixture Mixture Velocity is another parameter often used in multiphase flow correlations. The mixture velocity is given by: V,,=Vy tV 5g where: Vin = mixture velocity Voi = Superficial liquid velocity Veg = Superficial gas velocity Velocity, Superficial ‘The superficial velocity of each phase is defined as the volumetric flow rate of the phase divided by the cross- sectional area of the pipe (as though that phase alone was flowing through the pipe). Therefore: inside diameter of pipe measured gas flow rate (at standard conditions) iquid flow rate (at prevailing pressure and temperature) Veg = Superficial gas velo« Vaq = superficial liquid velocity Since the liquid phase accounts for both oil and water: (0, =O,B, +(O,, -WC*Oq)B,,) nd the gas phase accounts for the solution gas going in and out ofthe ol as a function of prssur: @ =0¢-O,R, ) the superficial velocities can be rewritten as:siesita Glossary 25By + (Oy -WC*Oq By 7% D° (Qc- OLR, )By og ~%D? where: Qg = oil flow rate (at stock tank conditions) Q,,= water flow rate in (at stock tank conditions) Qg = gas flow rate (at standard conditions of 14.65psia and 60F) Q, = liquid flow rate (oil and water at prevailing pressure and temperature) B= oil formation volume factor By, = water formation volume factor Bg = gas formation volume factor R, = solution gas/oil ratio WC = water of condensation (water content of natural gas, Bb/MMscf) Vz = sl ‘The oil, water and gas formation volume factors (Bo, By, and Bg) are used to convert the flow rates from standard (or stock tank) conditions to the prevailing pressure and temperature conditions in the pipe. Since the actual cross-sectional area occupied by each phase is less than the cross-sectional area of the entire pipe the superficial velocity is always less than the true in-situ velocity of each phase. Vertical Flow Performance (VFP) Table ‘The vertical flow performance table of a well contains a set of tubing performance curves at different flowing ‘conditions. The curves are calculated based on specified ranges of flow rates, pressures, water fractions and gas fractions. The available parameters that can be selected are summarized in the following table: FLOW RATE PRESSURE. WATER FRACTION GAS FRACTION [oi [Tubing Head (THP) __||Water-Oil Ratio (WOR) _|[Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) [Gas [Bottomhole (BHP) __|Water Cut (WCT) [Gas-Liquid Ratio (GLR) [Water \Water-Gas Ratio (WGR) __|[Oil-Gas Ratio (OGR) In order to create a vertical flow performance table, one of the pressures (either THP or BHP) needs to be selected and the other pressure is solved covering all the possible combinations of the specified parameters. The resulting file(s) can be used in simulation models to perform forecastings by doing interpolations on the generated data Viscosity, Gas ‘The viscosity of a fluid refers to the resistance to flow. It causes the pressure to drop in the direction of flow. It is Used in the calculation of the “friction pressure drop". For gas, the viscosity varies with gas gravity, temperature and pressure. Usually itis not measured, but is obtained from the Carr, Kobayashi and Burrows correlations, which include corrections for HaS, COz and Np. For sour gases, this correlation is preferred to the Lee, Gonzalez and Eakin formulation (which does NOT account for HS, CO2 and Nz). Viscosity enters into the definition of Reynold's Number, which is used to obtain the friction factor from the Fanning friction factor charts. Typically, gas wscosity is in the range of 0.015 to 0.03 centipoise (op).siesita Glossary Viscosity, Mixture The mixture viscosity is a measure of the in-situ viscosity of the mixture and can be defined in several diferent ways. In general, unless otherwise specified, Hm is defined as follows. Mm = rE, + Mek = ME, + Ug(1- £,) where: situ liquid volume fraction (liquid holdup) Eg = insitu gas volume fraction Hm = mixture wscosity LIL = liquid viscosity Hg = gas viscosity NOTE: The mixture viscosity is defined in terms of in-situ volume fractions (E.), whereas the no-slip viscosity is defined in terms of input volume fractions (Ci). UNITS: cp (mPa.s)_ DEFAULT: None Viscosity, No-Slip Mixture ‘The “no-slip" viscosity is the viscosity that is calculated with the assumption that both phases are moving at the same in-situ velocity. There are several definitions of "no-slip" viscosity. in general, unless otherwise specified, £ ns is defined as follows. Hyg = HrC1 + MeCe = MzCy+ Mgll-C;) where: put liquid volume fraction Cg = input gas volume fraction Hyg =no-slip viscosity LIL = liquid viscosity Hg = gas viscosity UNITS: cp (mPa.s) DEFAULT: None Viscosity, Oil This is the value of the oil viscosity at in-situ conditions. It is a very strong function of temperature, API Gravity (Stock Tank Oil Density) and Solution Gas-Cil Ratio, Below the bubble point pressure, the amount of gas dissolved in the oil increases as the pressure is increased. This causes the in-situ oil viscosity to decrease significantly. Above the bubble point pressure, oil viscositysiesita Glossary F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ program it is calculated from the correlation of "Beggs and Robinson” at the appropriate pressure and temperature. These correlations are very sensitive to solution gas-oil ratio and to oil gravity. The oil Viscosity can vary from 10 000 cp for a heavy oil to less than 1 cp for a light oil ‘The oil viscosity has a very strong effect on the friction pressure loss, but no effect on the hydrostatic pressure loss. UNITS: cp (mPa.s) DEFAULT: "Beggs and Robinson" correlation Water Cut This is the water produced at surface as a percentage of the total liquids produced at surface. It is typically known from direct measurements. If the daily water rate is known, it must be divided by the daily total liquid rate (0il + water) to obtain the water cut IPR information has been given, the water cut is calculated from the instantaneous (and varying) oillwater rates obtained from their respective IPR’s to construct the Tubing Performance Cures. UNITS: % © DEFAULT: 0 Water Rate This is the daily water rate. It is typically known from direct measurements. If the water cut or Water-gas ratio is known, it must be multiplied with the daily total liquid or gas rate to calculate the daily water rate. The water rate is at stock tank conditions. F.A.S.T. VirtuWelltm treats all ow within the vertical wellbore as originating from the MPP (Mid Point Perforations). In a horizontal well, the total flow is divided so that it enters at ten (10) equally spaced points in the horizontal portion of the wellbore. References Carr, N. L., R. Kobayashi and D. B. Burrows (1954). Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases under Pressure, Tans., AIME, 201, 264-272 UNITS: Bbi/d (m*3 /d) DEFAULT: 0 Copyright © 2011 Fekete Associates ine