BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY

A Compilation Paper:
Social Studies Concept
Kenneth Rae A. Quirimo
11/27/2020

Social Studies Concept includes Political Science, Sociology and Economics discusses Social Problems
that have emerged within the Philippines and Internationally. It also discusses the supporting theories
within each concept of study
Brief Introduction of Social Studies

In “When Teachers Talk About Social Studies” by Barr, Barth, and Shermis, they present
an example of a teacher who exemplifies what I think successful civic education looks like. The
character named Connie sets her classroom up “to get [her] students involved in the
controversies that surround [them]…she wants them to think for themselves” (1977). To do this,
she strays away from text books to teach about separation of powers or the Bill of Rights.
Instead, she immerses them into the real political world that students live in. This does not just
make it more interesting and applicable to students, it also helps students realize their own
beliefs and what they think is wrong or right in our political system. It is essential for students to
realize that “part of being an active and knowledgeable citizen is to know that issues are always
arising and changing and in turn, one must know where they stand for those differing issues”
(Damas, 2015). Social studies education provides the start of students understanding of their
role in our democratic society and developing their own political identities .
Civic Education
A major reason why social studies education exists in this country is not just to teach
students about the past, it is about educating future informed and capable civic participants. The
goal of civic education is, in its purist form, “the process of making rational, considered, well
thought out decisions” (Barr, Barth, Shermis, 1977). To make those rational and considered
decisions, our students as future participants in this democracy need to be able to “identify
problems and issues and to make decisions about matters of policy and belief” (Barr, et. al.
1977).
Many social studies teachers are changing the focus of teaching history from a set of known facts
to a process of investigation, modeled on how actual historians work. Students are learning that history is
open to interpretation. Students are being taught to approach history like historians who analyze multiple
primary and secondary sources and artifacts related to a single event, questioning earlier conclusions
drawn from them.
‒ Ogle, Klemp, & McBride, 2007, p. 9
Historical questions, then, demand that students search out relevant accounts; identify what types of
accounts they are; attribute them to authors; assess the authors’ perspectives, language, motives, and
agendas; and judge the reliability of those texts for addressing the questions posed.
‒ National Council for the Social Studies, 2013a, p. 87
Theories supporting the Social Studies Concept

Concept Theories Description

-Identifies power with developmental and
extractive capacities. According to this theory,
power signifies the capacity of an individual that
may either refer to his ability to develop his
liberal-democratic
personality or to extract advantages from the like
theory
abilities of others. In this way, power as a capacity
has both developmental and extractive capacities.
It therefore, carries normative dimension in the
former and empirical in the latter.
1. Political
-Identifies power as the instrument of class
Science
domination. According to this theory, power is an
instrument that connects economics with politics.
In this sense, politics signifies a sphere of social
activity in which two contending classes engage in
Marxian theory
a struggle for the control of the state. Thus,
political power or class power is the pervasive
power which a dominant class exercises in order
to maintain and defend its predominance in the
civil society.
-The key process this theory emphasizes is called
socialization. This term refers to the way in which
human beings learn the kinds of behaviour
expected of them in the social settings in which
they find themselves. From this point of view,
societies differ because the kinds of behavior
Structural-Consensus considered appropriate in them differ. People in
Theory other societies think and behave differently
because they have learned different rules about
how to behave and think. The same goes for
different groups within the same society. The
actions and ideas of one group differ from those of
another because its members have been
socialized into different rules.
2. Sociology -This is one of the dominant theories both in
anthropology and sociology. It is sometimes called
functionalism. The theory tries to explain how the
relationships among the parts of society are
created and how these parts are functional
(meaning having beneficial consequences to the
individual and the society) and dysfunctional
The Structural-
(meaning having negative consequences). It
Functionalist theory
focuses on consensus, social order, structure and
function in society.
-This theory views society as a social order and
attempts to find how it is achieved and perpetuate
in society. It also focuses on how different parts of
social system by performing their specific function,
contribute to the whole structure. In this sense, it
 presents an optimistic picture of society where
every component of the social structure is
perceived to be contributing to the functioning of
the whole.
-As analyzed by Pigou (1933) and Solow (1981),
argues that the labor market consists of demand
and supply of labor. Demand for labor is a derived
demand, obtained from the declining portion of the
marginal product of labor. The demand curve is a
negative function of real wage in that if wages
increase the quantity demand for labor will decline
and the opposite is correct. The supply of labor is
Classical Theory
derived from worker's choice whether to spend
part of time working or not working (leisure).
Supply of hours worked is a positive function of
the real wage, because if the real wage rises,
workers supply more hours of work. In equilibrium,
demand and supply of labor are intersected at a
clearing point that determines the equilibrium real
wage rate and full employment.
-Marxian theory also underscores how capitalist
3. Economics society has produced ideas,
politics, and economic structures that not only
repress knowledge of exploitation
as social theft but also encourage the growth and
spread of capitalism as “economic progress ”
without recognition that this entails more
exploitation. For Marx, capitalism was a mass of
contradictions: mixtures of good and bad, tensions
Marxian Theory between pressures for growth and for decline,
struggles between advocates and critics. For
example, on the one hand, he praised capitalism
for its technological dynamism that promised an
output of wealth on a scale unimaginable to prior
generations. On the other, he criticized capitalism
for simultaneously tearing peasants from the land,
working them ruthlessly in factories, and
generating needless suffering on an equally
massive scale worldwide.
 Philosophy of Social Studies Concept

1. Political Science

Political science is the systematic study of state and government.

The word “political” is derived from Greek word “Polis” which means
“city” and „science” from Latin word “scire” which means “to know”.
The `power theory‟ finds an appropriate manifestation in the political philosophy of
Thomas Hobbes. According to Hobbes, the quest for power is the principal cause of competition
among individuals. In the race to acquire more and more riches, honors and commands, their
interests collide. In order to achieve their goals, the competitors resort to killings, subduing and
repelling their opponents. Despite the struggle for power, men like to live under a common
power.
The concept of power in relation to national and international politics is regarded as the
most significant area of basic research in political science. The idea of power has recently
acquired importance in a special way in the realm of political theory. The meaning of politics has
changed from one of being `study of state and government‟ to that of being a `study of power‟.
Curtis rightly says, `the study of politics is concerned with the description and analysis of the
manner in which power is obtained, exercised and controlled, the purpose for which it is used,
the manner in which decisions are made, the factors which influence the making of those
decisions, and the context in which those decisions take place. In the words of O. P. Gauba,
`power transcends the realm of formal institutions to focus on the real motives and objectives of
human beings which lie behind all political activity and institution building.‟

Social Problems on Politics and Governance

Political Dynasty

Political clans have been an enduring feature of Philippine state-society dynamics. They
have comprised an average of 70.4 percent of district legislators elected to the House of
Representatives from 1987 to 2016. They are essentially composed of “a family and its
extended relations or network, whose members have controlled for over a long period … the
formal elective posts in a locality or political subdivision” (Gutierrez et al. 1992, p. 8). Generally
considered as a grouping within the elites of Philippine society, political clans frequently
discharge a wide array of economic, social, and political functions (McCoy 1994).
A political dynasty can be defined as a “family that has successfully retained political
power through maintaining control over at least one elective position over successive
generations” (Albert et al., 2015, p. 1). On the contrary, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
states in its Article II Section 26 that "the State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for
public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law." This gives the
legislators of the country the basis to propose an anti-political dynasty law. Senator Miriam
Defensor Santiago proposed Senate Bill No. 2649 or the Anti-Political Dynasty Bill joint with the
House Bill No. 3413 of Rep. Teodoro Casiño. Both are currently in pending status subject for
discussion and debate. The failure of the Constitution, rests mainly on its insufficiency. Lores
posited that while the Constitution acknowledges the problem, it leaves the solution to
Congress.

Graft and Corruption

Taking the News from JC Ansis of CNN Philippines (February 12, 2016), Secretary Mar
Roxas‟ priority is to continue Daang Matuwid banking on the three freedoms: freedom from
hunger, freedom from fear and freedom from dream. Sen. Grace Poe speaks of “putting heart in
governance”. Vice President Jejomar Binay would focus on higher economic growth; Mayor
Rodrigo Duterte centers on his fight against crime and corruption. Sen. Miriam Defensor
Santiago will prioritize job creation, poverty reduction, electoral and political reforms and fighting
corruption. She also advocates the proper enforcement of Laws while recognizing the due
process.
Hutchroft (1999: 227) endorse a definition by Nye (1997) as a behavior which deviates
from the formal duties of a public role because of private-regarding (personal, close, family,
private clique) pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of
private-regardinginfluence.
Rose Ackerman (1998) defines petty corruption and grand corruption as substantial
expenditure of funds with a major impact on a government budget and growth prospect. Grand
corruption occurs especially when large asset or transactions are involved, as in the massive
privatization that have occurred in the liberalization episodes in many country. Petty or retail
corruption tends to exist in closed and routine bureaucrats contexts such as in the internal
revenue and customs collection agencies and among the police where bribery and extortion are
predominant forms.

Terrorism

Terrorism in the modern sense is violence or other harmful acts committed against
civilians for political or other ideological goals. As a form of unconventional warfare, it is
sometimes used when attempting to force political change by convincing a government or
population to agree to demands to avoid future harms or fear of harm. It also includes
destabilizing government, motivating a disgruntled population to join an uprising, escalating a
conflict in the hopes of disrupting the status quo, expressing a grievance or drawing attention to
a cause.
An International Round Table on Constructing Peace, Deconstructing terror (2004)
hosted by State Foresight Group recommended that a distinction should be made between
terrorism acts of terror. While acts of terror are criminal acts as per the United Nations Security
Council Resolution 1373 and domestic jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world,
terrorism refers to a phenomenon including the actual acts, the perpetrators of acts of terror
themselves and their motives.

Aftermath of the September 11 2001 terrorist attack on the Pentagon, Washington D.C.
 In November 2004, a United Nations Security Council report described terrorism as any act
“intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose
of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or
abstain from doing any act.

2. Sociology
Sociology as an academic discipline arose in the first half of 19 th century (in 1837, to
mention the exact year) as a special science dedicated to unravel the fundamental laws
governing the societal phenomena and human social relationship with primary interest in
analyzing the problems and societies of the modern, western world. It has, thus, conventionally
been accepted to associate sociology with the study of the modern, industrialized societies of
western world.
The first social scientist to use the term sociology was a Frenchman by the name of
Auguste Comte who lived from 1798-1857. As coined by Comte, the term sociology is a
combination of two words. The first part of the term is a Latin, socius- that may variously mean
society, association, togetherness or companionship. The other word, logos, is of Greek origin.
It literally means to speak about or word. However, the term is generally understood as study or
science (Indrani1998). Thus, the etymological, literal definition of sociology is that it is the word
or speaking about society. A simple definition here is that it is the study of society and culture
The development of sociology and its current contexts have to be grasped in the
contexts of the major changes that have created the modern world (Giddens, 1986). Further,
sociology originated in 18th century philosophy, political economy and cultural history
(Swingwood, 1991).

Sociological Social Problem

Teenage Pregnancy
Teen pregnancy is a social problem not resolved in developing and some developed
countries. Adolescent fecundity has become the most exact bio-demographic and health
indicator of development. In developing countries that are expected to follow the sexual
behaviour patterns of developed countries, without offering the levels of education and services
for adolescents, the consequences will be adolescent fecundity and STI prevalence increase.
The ignorance about sexuality and reproduction both in parents, teachers and adolescents
increases the early initiation of coital relations and of unwanted pregnancies. Extreme poverty
and being the son or daughter of an adolescent mother are risk factors of repeating the early
pregnancy model.

The rate of teenage pregnancies is steadily increasing, with the pregnancy rate very
likely to be above 10 percent by 2016, an indication that the National Objectives for Health
(NOH) target of four percent will not be achieved. This finding was repeatedly validated by the
field interviews conducted where most local health personnel cited the rising incidence of
teenage pregnancies. The passage of the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
(RPRH) Act of 2012 (RA 10354) and its full implementation is thus very timely.
The application of predictive risk criteria in pregnant adolescents to facilitate the rational
use of Health Services to diminish the maternal and perinatal mortality is discussed as well as
the social factors associated with adolescent pregnancy as socioeconomic levels, structure –
types and characteristics of the family, early leaving school, schooling after delivery, female
employment, lack of sexual education, parental and family attitudes in different periods of
adolescent pregnancy, adolescent decisions on pregnancy and children, unstable partner
relationship and adoption as an option. Social consequences are analyzed as: incomplete
education, more numerous families, difficulties in maternal role, abandonment by the partner,
fewer possibilities of having a stable, qualified and well-paid job, greater difficulty in improving
their socioeconomic level and less probability of social advancement, lack of protection of the
recognition of the child.
Social Media Misuse
Social networking or social media has become an integral part of modern society. Social
networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to
socialise and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to
pages, to pursue common interests and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing
acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people (Wikipedia, 2013b).
However, social networking and online profiles contribute to this: giving potential intruders a
plethora of sensitive information. Insafe reports that more than a quarter of children in Europe
have online networking profiles, which can be exposed (Parris-Long, 2012). Thus, those
children who use social networking sites like Facebook, Hyves, Tuenti, Nasza-Klasa
SchuelerVZ, Hi5, Iwiw or Myvip, however say that their profile is set to “public”, meaning that
everyone can see it and many of these display their address and/or phone number (European
Union, 2011).
The uses and gratification perspective proposes that individuals use media to fulfill their
various needs (Blumler & Katz, 1974). The underlying principle of the perspective is that people
will choose media according to their expectations and their drive to attain a gratifying
experience. The perspective assumes that people are active consumers of media (Katz et al.,
1973) and they make choices about where to go, and what to pay attention to. This assumption
of an active audience seems particularly well suited to studying a medium designed for active
use and known for its interactivity (Morris & Ogan, 1996). Through the use of SNS like MySpace
and Facebook, members are now able to satisfy their various needs in one central location
within the context of a large network composed of a diverse body of individuals (Urista et al.,
2009).
 The social media penetration in the Philippines was at 49 percent in 2017, amounting to about 54 million
people using a social network in the Philippines as of 2018. Considering that the number of internet users in the
Philippines was at just under 70 million in that year, the social media penetration was projected to increase to 55
percent of the population by 2023.

Violence against Women

The United Nation Decade for Women (1976-1985) brought to the fore the issue of
Gender-based violence particularly violence against women. This phenomenon which was
previously regarded as a rare or non-existent was given focal attention as its incidence all over
the world became very alarming.
We referred to as “sexual violence” or violence against women, this age-old issue and
reality have gained urgently only recently because of the significant work of women advocates
and survivors in naming the problem. It includes domestic violence, rape, trafficking in women
and girls, forced prostitution and violence in armed conflict such as murder, sexual slavery and
forced pregnancy. It also includes honor killings, dowry-related violence, female infanticide and
pre-natal sex selection for male babies, female genital mutilation and other harm practices and
traditions.
Women has become more vulnerable especially in conflict areas and have become
displaced persons in some parts of the Philippines, India and Pakistan as well as Burma and
Asylum seekers in transit and receiving countries. The increased militarization in many Asian
countries has been supported by increased allocations in national budgets for military purpose
and subsequent reduction in budgets for expenditures on health and education for women.
Abused women are more likely to suffer depression, anxiety, psychosomatic symptom,
eating problems, sexual dysfunction, and reproductive health complication. Violence may affect
the reproductive health of women through the transmission of Sexually transmitted disease
(STI) and HIV/AIDS, unplanned pregnancies may sometimes become risk factors and lead to
more aggression and abuse. Effects of violence are maybe fatal as a result of nerve injury,
homicide or suicide.
In the Philippines, all forms of VAW has yet to be reported and it is also a perverse
social problem due to sensitivity and impacts on their families. Such cases often are unreported.
3. Economics
Economic problems were addressed by analyzing the macro-problems facing the
economy and the relations it establishes. Economic knowledge is thus hybrid or „impure‟ (Reis
2009), marked by the analysis of policies, the role of actors, the understanding of structural and
cultural barriers, the presence of specific sectoral logics and the scrutiny of the substantive
problems of collective life. This is quite a different framework from the rationale that would follow
in which problems were segmented and methodology formalized.
Economics may appear to be the study of complicated tables and charts, statistics and
numbers, but more specifically, it is the study of what constitutes rational human behavior in the
endeavor to fulfill needs and wants. Economics come from Greek word “oikanomia” meaning
“household management”.
Samuelson states that economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to
produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
Economics covers all topics, but at the core, it is devoted to understanding how society
allocates its scarce resources. Any country has limited resources. Since resources are generally
scarce and human wants tends to be unlimited, economics encounter big problems. The biggest
is that these resources are bot freely available. At the very core, lies the fact of scarcity. Goods
are limited, while wants seem infinite. Because resources are scarce, we need to study how
society choose the menu of possible goods and services, how different commodities are
produced and priced and who gets to consume the goods that society produce.

Economical Social Problems

Unemployment
In a country with almost 100 million people living in it like the Philippines, having a 9.1
million unemployed citizens is a huge problem. According to the latest Social Weather Station
(SWS) survey, 21.4% of the population declares themselves as unemployed. The unemployed
Filipinos are considered unemployed based on two criteria, either they don‟t have a job or they
are currently looking for a job, except for housewives, students, retired workers and disabled
person who are considered to be not part of the labor force.
Despite of the fact that employment in the Philippines has been growing fast for the past
decade, still, many Filipinos are jobless. Employment growth rate was recorded to be almost
50% at the beginning of the twentieth century mainly on industrial, agricultural and service
sectors. However, as 2000 enters, the country‟s population was quickly rising as it reached 76
million. It proves that employment growth is not enough to decrease the number of
unemployment due to the rapid growth in population, a rise in the labor force participation and
the slow formation of jobs.
 The country‟s uneven employment market has traditionally led millions of Filipinos to
seek better paying jobs overseas. As year 2000 enters, overseas Filipino workers almost
reached 2.9 million, about 9% of the labor force. One out of every ten Filipinos works abroad,
sending billions of dollars in remittance home, helping to drive the country‟s consumption-driven
domestic economy but doing little to promote employment. The Philippines has long been a
labor exporting market. About 2,500 Filipinos leave the country on daily basis to seek greater
opportunities abroad and better for the needs of the family.
Monopoly
Many network industries have been predominantly provided by a vertically integrated,
often public, monopoly. However, since the early 1980s the paradigm of public monopoly has
been losing ground with the steady breakup of the activities traditionally regarded as natural
monopolies (demonopolization) due to globalization of markets and technological progress. At
the same time, growing dissatisfaction with public enterprise performance, ever-tightening
government budgets, and the explosion of investment needs in utility and other network
industries worldwide have caused policymakers to turn increasingly to private sector
participation
A monopolist fosters scarcity of the monopolized good in order to increase its profit.
Consumers (buyers) are economically disadvantaged as a result. Economists have traditionally
argued that economic scarcity will be greater under monopoly than if greater market competition
is present. More specifically, it is often argued that monopoly will result in greater economic
scarcity than if perfect competition prevails. Monopoly may be superior to perfect competition in
stimulating economic growth and thereby reducing scarcity. Also a monopoly may be
advantageous when decreasing costs of production occur. In this case, demand for the product
could be met at least cost by one supplier. Monopoly in a market can result in an economy not
achieving a Paretian optimum. A Kaldor-Hicks loss occurs because in order to maximize its
profit a monopolist raises the price of its product above its marginal cost of production.
A natural monopoly exists when economies of scale are so substantial that a single firm
can produce total business output at a lower unit cost, and thus more efficiently than two or
more firms (Sherer 1980). In effect, the long-run average costs are falling over such a wide
range of production rates (relative to demand) that only one firm can survive in such an industry.
A more specific criterion is the subadditivity of the cost function. Natural monopoly gives rise to
a potential conflict between cost efficiency and competition, with an increased number of
competitors leading to some loss of scale efficiencies. The typically quoted examples of natural
monopoly are utilities (electricity, telecommunication, water, gas, and oil), transport (railways),
with natural monopoly elements being centred on networks (Yarrow 1994).

Poverty
For several thousand years, the world has been experiencing increased urbanization. In
2008, the UN Population Fund announced that the world now has more urban than rural
inhabitants, and this trend is far from slowing down.(1)It is projected that between 2007 and
2050, the population of the world will increase by 2.5 billion, at which point two-thirds of the
Global South will reside in urban areas.(2) About 27% of the world‟s population will reside in
cities with at least 1 million inhabitants by 2030.(3) Cities offer many health benefits, including
large markets with a reliable food supply, economies of scale, stable public services, and a
collection of educated individuals that contribute to enterprise, education, and innovation.(4)

However, while urbanization has helped improve development and health in the long
run, it has produced some negative consequences as well. As populations increase at
unprecedented rates, communities are overwhelming cities that lack adequate infrastructure
and municipal organization to handle the rising challenges. This situation is most problematic in
the Global South, where urban slums and other areas with concentrated populations have
grown, and thereby increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Further, these countries face an
elevated risk of disease, while health care systems struggle to catch up and are unable to
respond effectively.(5)

It‟s clear that the one continent with the most extreme levels of poverty is Africa. There
are only five countries on the entire landmass where less than 5% of the population lives in
abject poverty, and in fact most places have levels well over 25%. The only group of green
countries is clustered to the north along the Mediterranean, notably the ones closest to Europe
and furthest from the heart of Africa. The Democratic Republic of Congo (77.1%) and
Madagascar (77.6%) are at the epicenter of global extreme poverty. They are the 2 poorest
countries on the planet, where it‟s far more common to find someone living on less than $2/day
than not.
There‟s no better continent to illustrate the differences between the global North and
South than Asia, but the 2 countries deserving special consideration here are China (0.7%) and
India (21.2%). China has pursued an aggressive modernization effort under authoritarianism
and one-party rule. By contrast, India is a democratic republic also undergoing a massive
transformation. And according to PwC both countries will have economies larger than that of the
United State by the year 2050. We‟ll have to wait and see how the ongoing trade spat with
President Trump changes these dynamics (or not).
The situation in Venezuela has rapidly deteriorated over the last few years with about 2
million people fleeing the country and inflation hitting 200,000%. Surinam (23.4%) and
Honduras (16.0%) also stand out as pockets of deep poverty in the Western Hemisphere, and in
fact many of the people in the caravan of migrants heading to the United States through
Mexico originated from Honduras.

The Relationship between Social Studies and History

Social studies education is not just history; it is “the integrated study of the social
sciences and humanities to promote civic competence…[and] to help young people make
informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse,
democratic society in an interdependent world” (NCSS, 2010). To achieve this, social studies
should comprise of a variety of disciplines such as “anthropology, archaeology, economics,
geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as
well as appropriate content from the humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences” (NCSS,
2010). All of these are used in the classroom to enhance the overall understanding of the world
around us. The NCSS provides themes that are a strong foundation for a social studies class.
These are culture; time, continuity, and change; people, places, and environments; individual
development and identity; individuals, groups, and institutions; power, authority, and
governance; production, distribution, and consumption; science, technology, and society; global
connections; civic ideals and practices (NCSS,2010). As one can see, these are not themes that
are centered in the history of our nation, but the understanding of all humanities and social
sciences to identify and apply concepts to today and tomorrow‟s issues. Many of our nations
issues like immigration, foreign affairs, and civil rights require an excellent understanding of
those topics. Social studies is the one subject where those questions and opinions can be
formed. Social studies has the power to create well rounded, civically intelligent participants in
our democracy and indirectly our world. As a teacher, it is my responsibility to not give my
students a bland history lesson, but provide a curriculum that ties all of these subjects together
to create an enriching education that has purpose to my students outside of the classroom.
Aristotle, the first Western political theorist, clearly argued that "The citizens of a state
should always be educated to suit the constitution of the state ... the oligarchical type creates
and sustains oligarchy" (1962, p. 332). By "constitution" Aristotle meant more than political
structures; he included the general way of life in a state-it5 social, political, economic and
ideological context.
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