Writing and Language Test 1 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS um to Section 2 of your answer sheet t Each of the following, passages is accompanied by approximately 11 questions, Some questions will rule you to revise the passages in order to improve coherence and clarity. Other questions will Fequire you fo correct grammatical errors, Passages may be accompanied by graphs, chars, or ta- wer the questions in thi section, bles that you must consider when making revisions. For most questions, you may select the “NO CHANGE" option if you believe that portion of the passage is clear, concise, and grammatically Roe SMR eset Te wlerlined text indicate which part ofthe text corresponds with each question. Bracketed numbers [1] indicate sentence number, These bracketed numbers are only relevant to problems that require you to add or rearrange sentences in a paragraph. Refer to the passage below to answer questions 1-11. ¢ 1 Carpenters } Carre ng Hi carpenty sone ofthe Fost resourceul construction ccupations Unlike electricians or ONS Stinck plumbers, carpenters participate in ll phases {8} hand ‘of building construction, Some insulate office BJ {C) most versatile buildings: wile others install drywall or kitchen (©) most layered cabinets in homes. Carpenters who help construct a buildings or bridges often install the concrete forms 3, (A) NOCHANGE forcement footings or pillars. Some carpenters erect 8) baldings— others ‘temporary shoring and scafolding for buildings. {Gating ox others Because they are involved in many types of onstruction: from building highways to framing 5 both indoors and outdoors 4. (A) NO CHANGE ose cargenins ji Doms hides and tka (®) construction, from building highways to Carpenters may work in eramped spaces in which framing doors, carpenters frequent lifting, standing, and kneeling canbe tiring (© constriction. Fromt Building highways to Those who work outdoors are subject to variable framing doors, carpente : (©) construction, from building highways to ‘weather conditions framing doors; carpenters sss >>>>scien Biintact, carpenters have higher rates of injury and ilness than national averages. Ef Most carpenters earn fa high school diploma and then learn their trade through 3-or 4-year apprenticeships. For each year ofthe program, apprentices complete both technical and on-the-job training, In ther echnical raining, apprentices learn carpentry basics, blueprint reading, mathematics, building code requirements, and safety practices : {s considered a journeyman and may perform tasks on his or her own, Several groups including unions and contractor associations, sponsor apprenticeship programs, and some contractors have their own ‘arpenter-training programs. EX Becoming an independent contractor affords greater flexibility and the potential to raise income General construction supervisors plan, coordinate budget, and supervise construction projects from development to completion. Carpenters seeking ‘advancement often undergo additional taining provided by associations, unions, or employers, ‘The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) fl] projects a growth in carpentry positions of 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average forall occupations. FM It predicts that population growth will result in new-home construction the largest segment employing carpenters—which drives the need for more workers. Home remodeling needs should also spur demand. Construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, though dependent on government spending, is another factor that is expected to ‘contribute to job growth. Median Number of Days Spent Recuperting ig Ang urpuion i bet ene ot ie no nd ne BB) Es ST TLELTTEAL ae, s 3 ooo 2 er eet OO Sues: US Deparment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Sur= 18) oF Occupational fares ond leases, 1994, a 9. 10. 1 (A) NO CHANGE (B) However, (C) Ultimately, (D) Asaresult Which cole mot eftivey conde the paragraph with relevant and accurate information based onthe graph? (A) In act carpenters are eight times more likely tobecome sick or injured while working than theratonal average (®) Carpenters miss more workdays due to au inh and nes anny thr pete, Surprisingly, working ass cook or cashier cansalso be quite hazardous (©) Even among high-risk professions, the average recovery periog foram injired Sarpenterie matched ony by hoa truck (&) NOCHANGE (B) adiploma (©) diplomas (D) high schoo! diplomas (NOCHANGE ) After an apprenticeship is finished by the Carpenter, hear she is” (© After hnishing an apprenticeship, carpenter (D) The apprenticeship being finished, a 8 carpenter is Which ofthe following sentences most effectively introduces the topic of paragraph 4? BB cine hac eset on (0 somes a ce 2 eae warns pepe esky sera at Serer tented aera ae GET Ella tn Se aeeee Ce oy ey earnest a lperne nas ih (A) NO CHANGE 2) poet will proj (D) projected (A) NO CHANGE (B) They predict (C) This predicts (O) We predict >>>>[Refer tothe passage below to answer questions 12-22. Antikythera Mechanism ‘The FEI cyclical motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets determined many aspects of FEY ‘rma everyday life in ancient civilizations. Solar and lunar cycles often regulated communal activities, such as festivals and religious ceremonies; religious authorities Bf expresed certain astronomical ever, suchas solar and lunar eclipses, as harbingers of either doom or good fortune. Asa result, nearly ‘every ancient culture developed remarkably accurate methods for tracking the motions of celestial bodies. Possibly he est fins Gn te ma ‘ruzzling) astronomical measurement device rom the ancient world comes to us frm the Greeks, {1} From 1900 to 1901, FE artifacts wore recovered from a shipwreck off the coast of the Grek island of Antikythera [2] Among the ruins, they discovered £82 bronze fragments that once made up a single device. (3} For more than hal a century, the fragments remained ite more than an archaeological curiosity. Ld] Appropriately the device that the fragments once belonged to was named the “Antikythera Mechanism.” [5] When they were discovered the fragments were too corroded fr researchers to decipher any of their details. [6] However beginning inthe 1970s, researchers returned to the perplexing fragments armed with xray technology, [7] Xray scans ofthe fragments revealed that they once belonged to an astronomical measurement device [8 Essentially, the device measured the movements of a number of noteworthy heavenly bodies. Bd 278 12, (A) NO CHANGE @) oynical (©) seismic (©) sinister 13. (A) NO CHANGE (8) yourlife (©) daily life () how people normally lived 14. (A) NOCHANGE (®) discovered (©) deduced {(D) interpreted 15.(A) NOCHANGE (B) impressive—and the most puzzling astronomical (©) impressive: and the most puzzling astronomical (0) impressive and the mos puzzling 16.(A) NOCHANGE (@) archaeologists, nding artifacts, recovered them (C) archacologists recovered artifacts (D) archaeologists were finding artifacts and recovering them 17 or the sake ofthe cohesion of paragraph 2, where should sentence 3 placed? (4) Where ts now @) Aftersentence {© After sentence 5 {B) Aer sentence 6 >>>>oe ees sd ray tees a ca, teaveda a ont Medel Poraal ovine seer neta treat Bln 4200 wate stacy eat men oar Stee aan pee panies Aguisuouy Owner lear nanhot ine hears Negeri bagel Anite oor a Me ierane ct ae aeanead srigins ofthe elusive device es Sa aero ostiel anny, hayes Mechenam otal borg recgnled sill amazing ne selog Combes The eather Meh wap ut the size ofa jewelry box snd probably BB Looks Parana ncbenee nel sey face accommodated at least FM seven hands, they_ Be aie di eerte mary te Remonrraern cs ame any Kip and ear) Tray coh hd coated Nene aod yeaa teal Shes eee pus neaetiae Se eieibe roman, whuaereel Paya One iongra arth seas Cee ciel etapa eee parives aivier ann, nema bet See eit nscead nia ale: Se daca abst bend saci Fel 18, (A) NOCHANGE (8) unclear: inscriptions (C) unclear, inscriptions (D) unclear, despite tha, inscriptions 19, To maintain the cohesion of paragraph 3, where should the following sentence be placed? Consequently, most researchers chose fo ignore fhe dovic rater than stoop to speculation and guesswork (a) After sentence 1 {B) After sentence? 1G, Aber sentence 3 {B) Aftersentence4 20, (A) NO CHANGE (B) a complex (C) an incredibl (D) aremarkable 2 (a) NOCHANGE (8) had looked {C) was loo (D) looked ae 22.(&) NO CHANGE (8) seven hands; marking (C) seven hands, which marked (©) seven hands, that marked >>>>Refer to the passage below to answer questions 23-33 Leitmotifs An audience has certain expectations when watching a film. A rousing brass fanfare should accompany a hero's arzival, and sinister stings shoutd FE underscore avian’ speech, These recurrent musical themes, commonly called “leitmoifs,” have pervade film since is infancy. Leitmotifs are miniature “theme songs’ that pay whenever a particular character, object, oF situation is present on BMY screen, Leitmotifs can provide an audience with information not conveyed ditectiy through dialogue. Ifan audience wants to know ‘whether a characteris good or evil, BB they need only listen to that character’ letmoti The use of leltmotits begins with 19th century German opera, and one ofthe most extensive uses of leitmotifs is foun! in BJ German composer Richard, Wagner's The Ring Cycle. Bll] Composed over the ‘course of 2 years, The Ring Cycle actually consist of four connected operas meant tobe performed back- to-back over the course of four days. In total, The Ring | Cycle takes approximately 15 hours to perform. As the title suggests, the story of The Rig Cyle conters ‘on a magical ring that gives its owners the power to dominate the world. Influenced heavily by Norse ‘mythology, the plot Bf includes three generations in ‘which gods, mortals, and mythical creatures vie for possession ofthe ring, At the center of he struggle is Wotan, Filer and leader ofthe gos in The Ring tle, who tres to retrieve the ing from two giants. Ger the course oft Sshour runing time, The Rig 35 Cucie introduces a huge cast of characters, many of EXD them have teitmotits. 24 2. (a) NOCHANGE (8) undermine (C) undercut (D) understand Which choice most effectively combines the sentences atthe underlined portion? (a) screen, so they (B) screen; however, leitmotifs (C) screen, and consequently they (©) screen, meaning that these leitmotifs (a) NOCHANGE (B) a person (it (B) someone (a) NOCHANGE (D) German composer, Richard Wagner's The Ring Cyc, (© German composer, Richard Wagner's, The Ring Cw, (D) German composer Richard Wagner's The Ring Cycle () NOCHANGE {8) Being compos : {G) Having been composed {6} Composing (a) NOCHANGE (B) traverses (©) encloses (D) spans (a) NO CHANGE {B) ruler of the gods, {C) who rules over the rest ofthe gods, (5) who leads the other gods as their ruler, 1 (A) NO CHANGE, (B) which (©) who (D) whom >»>>>‘As one would expect, Wagner uses litrotifs to suggest characters’ allegiances, A soaring horn Teitmotfinsoduces Siegfried, Wotan’ grandson and ‘Amajorhero in The Ring Cycle, while alambering percussive litmoti announces the presence ofthe ‘evil giants, J Moreover, Wagner occasionally uses. ‘the beginning of Te Ring Cyl triumphant sourcing emo ntodues the wise and powertl fo Wotan. However, by the midpoint ofthe opera, ‘when his fortunes have tumed fr the worse Wotan’s letmotf switches toa minor ke, giving ita aournfal sound that matcheshis own despot, From these examples, ore can conclude that Wagner letmotif serve two concurrent functions Supercily,letmots provide musta cues that help audiences orient themselves othe evens ofthe opera; aulences know which characters to expect ‘onstagebased onthe leitmotis that precede thet avival Bl Consequently Temots add emotional ‘weight othe events of The ing Cycle, Wota’s despaies eighened by the melancholy reflected in hisetmot. Thus, it should come as no surprise that theuse of itmotifs has endured for neatly a cent and a half: iP ios az espeialy prominent in astionand adventure fs, 281 31. Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows? (a) NOCHANGE (8) Mostcomponers agree that etm Meta introduce import ems Shoacers (9 Howcr tify uncommon fer 9 (O eecter to have afeitmot (o) thermore diferent inate my ‘uot exch time i epets. 32. (A) NO CHANGE @) Additionally, (©) Conversely, (©) Quizzieally, | 33. Which choice most effectively concludes the passage? (a) NO CHANGE (@) leitmotifs are also employed in literature where recrent pases replace musi themes. eat (© ot convey a wat of noratinn using nothing more than a mesic! pise (0) i omponer John Wiliams has eeated sore ofthe most ecogatzable letmots >»>>>Planetary Formation {1}Since the Big Bang the universe has produced an incredible numberof stars and planes [2] Sclenss estimate that in the Milky Wey lene, hundreds of bilions of planets orbit spproninetely one hundred bilion stats. [3] Although no veo these heavenly bodies ae dential they all sere atleast one common EY {4} T0 determine why this thelp foundered fe stars and planes form, ES Most solr systems, sling oud of nebul’s gravity ‘including our own, form ina articles called a nebula, The as oher nearby porte, causing he nbula opr Grades gern cluster in the middle of the nebula, drawn together by their mutual gravtatonl secon ‘Atmore patie gravilatetoward eect the nebula, ebopins to sin BB maze faster Ti the same process hat causes an lentes accloes hen she brings he arms an eect ther ely while spinning The cent of hence concn 2 spin, accelerating os Rf asad ove ove ‘The ener ofthe nebula becomer sar hone cluster spinning partes smassve aegis and Eis roiational elds song enough to undergo mucear son 282 Referto the passage below to answer questions 34 ~ 44. pa 36, a7 be. (A) NO CHANGE (8) feature, their shape! (C) feature (their shape) (D) feature—their shape. To maintain the cohesion of paragraph 1, where should the following sentence be placed? Even the largest known star, which smilins of times larger than the Sun, his he same spherical Shapes arth (A) After sentence 1 (B) After sentence 2 (C) After sentence 3 (0) After sentence 4 (a) NOCHANGE ) capvates (G) evokes 5) lures (A) NOCHANGE (®) rally (C) convene (0) assemble (A) NOCHANGE (®) rapid, (C) more fast, (0) faster, (&) NOCHANGE (8) sequin actual (D) aequires 1. (A) NO CHANGE @) Ws om () itis >>>>‘The newly formed star sits at the center ofthe GAY nebula being suzxounded by a spinning cloud of Particles that includes gases and space debris. Because they havea greater gravitational pul the heavier particles inthis cloud cluster together, heating up 88 they form the molten cores of rocky planet, Gas iants,on the other hand, form much ike stars Ultimately, gravity isthe key player in the formation of nebule, stars, and planets. Gravity ensues that, during formation, every particle tes to get as close tothe center as possible, evenly distributing gravitational pull. The only three- ‘fimensional shape that allows for this configuration is BY schere. All points on the outside of o sphere are ‘equidistant, afterall. Celestial abject smaller than 100 miles in diameter generally lack sufficient mass, and fore sufficient gravity, to compress into spheres, 283 41. (A) NO CHANGE ® ebula, surrounded (©) nebula, surrounding itself (D) nebula, the star is surrounded 42. (A) NOCHANGE (8) but gas giants never become massive enough toundergo fision, (©) Yet. terms of mass, gas glants never have enough to go through fusion, (D) but gos giants can never begin the process of fusion because they are not massive enough 48, Which ofthe following most effectively combines the sentences atthe underlined portion? (2) sphere, hiss because al points {®) sphere indicating that the poms {) sphere yet every point (0) sphere: al pons 44. Which sentence est concides the al Paragraph of te passa? (9 Tse ny comets ang asters have (® Hiomever force othecegr ena grit tothe formation opto to, (©) The strength ofan opauts grace ea i: Proportional othe sect mat (© RAE be Net a ach vate nature of ravi a ie een might rem« rown ‘unknown even today.33, The author of Passage 1, Sun Tzu, and the author of Passage 2, Machiavelli, could both accurately be described as, - sdvocates trying to start wars, 3) ritics of war and ruthless leadership, allies devising batle plans for a leader {D) pragmatists concemed with longevity 34, The lack of examples or explanations in Passage 1 primarily serves to (A) create an impersonal and axiomatic tone. {B®} undermine the passage s central claim, (©) draw attention tothe svriters high status and authority /@y emphasire the emotional toughness thats 35, Asused in line 11, “feign” most nearly means J (2) exaggerate ) (8 cos 110 preven 1B fore 36, How would Sun Tzu mos likely respond to Machuavell's claim that great lea ‘circumvent the intellect of men By rat” (lines onary (A) With dispassionate concurrence (8) With some misgivings (©) Wah fain praise {B) With cordltional assent 37. Which choice provides the best evidence forthe answer tothe previous question? (A) Lines 1-2 ("The art. State”) {®) Line Al warfare. deception”) (©) Lines 13-14 ("the -evade him) {D) Lines 15 = 16(°f your. deitate him”) 38, In Passage 1, Sun Tzu's advice to “Keep your senyonniny eaten sd dlc “nfathomble plane” (ines 2°28) most lar ‘implies that F m %, (A) one’s troops wil succeed ony if they remain intop physical condition, SY (®) one pans for proceeding shouldbe Physitaly and mentally allenging. (©) fne's trogps wil be more motivated to follow py bet eae bam plane expan, (0) even one's own troops shouldbe surprised by one's tactics in wa. ce ara 39, Asused inline 46, “observe” most nearly means (3 commemorate (8) pronounce. (©) mani, (0) notice 40. In paragraph 3 of Passage 2 (lines 54-68), “Machiavelli identifies which ofthe following as a reason that people are prone to believing lies? (4) They want to solve immediate problems {8} they end obese certre {€) They focus on deta rather than seeing the big picture (D) They are unsophisticated 41, Sun Tzu's advice in lines 22=23 (“In war. Sucoeed”) most closely resembles Machiavelli's advice to (4) actlike Alexander VI (8) discem people's motivations. (©) heed advice from elders. (©) cultivate a exible mind. 42, Which choice provides the best evidence fo the ansurerto the previous question? (A) Lines 43 — 46 ("If men were..them”) (B) Lines 63 ~67 (for there never. wishes”) (©) Lines 69-74 (And you.-religion”) (0) Lines 74-79 ("Therefore about it”) 48, On which ofthe following points would the futhors of Both passages mos likely agree? (A) Most people are good on a fundamental (A) Most people ate good on a fundamental (®) Aleader must always keepin mind the Security of fata generations (©) Leaders must demonstrate courage in oder meeps anny noblest le government is not always >>>Refer othe passage below to answer questions 33-43. Passage 1is adapted from Sun Tzu, The Artof Wor, nritten sound 300 BCE and translated in 1610 by Lionel Gites Passage 2 is adapted from Niccolo Machiavelli The Ponce, ‘tanslated in 1908 by Williem K Marciot, Passage 1 The art of wa is of vital importance othe Sate isa mater ofc and death» road eer {osafety oro run Hence isa sujet of ingeiy ‘which can on no account be neglected §Allwarfazeis based on deception Hence, then able toatack we must sec unable when using our forces, we must seem inactive hen Jse afenear, we must make the nen Feline we ie far vey; when faraway, we must make his 10 believe eae nea ‘Hold out bist entice the enemy. Fein disordet and eas him ‘hela seare atl points, be prepared for him, he aupnn Seng rade am 1s ifyour opponent i of elec temper ack toimiatehin Pretend tobe weak. athe ap oie taking his ease, pve him no ret. tis fores ar united, separate them Attack him 20 where he is unprepared appear where You are Totexpected in'warpraticedssimulation, and you will suced line Rapidity isthe essence of wor take advantage 2 of theenem'sunreadiness make your way ieeteced ete etic unre op Keep your army contincaly onthe move devise unfathomable plans Forestal aur opponent by seizing what he 50 holds dear and sub contrive ome his ara on the ground. Walcin the path defined by rl, an accommodate yourself tothe enemy until you can fight a decsive bate Passage 2 38 Every one admits how praiseworthy itis in a prince to keep faith and ove with negiy aie not with cat, Neverheles cur experience fas ben that those princes who have dane gest things have held good fio lie account and 4 have known how fo crunen the Intell of men by craft andi theend have overcome those ‘hho have relied on their word men were entirely good this precept ” s ould rato ht because hey re bad and trllnot keep faith with you, you too are rot bound to observe with hen: Nor wil there ever be wanting toa prince legitimate reasons foexcuse this non-observance Of this endless modem eamples could be given, showing how ‘many teatis and engngemens have bees mace old and of na effect through te faithless i princes and he who has known best how to employ te fox has succeeded est. Butitisnecesarytoknow well how to disguise this characteristic ant be ret pretender and discembler and men ares simple 8nd so subject to proent necessities oat he who Seeks to deceive il always find someone who willallow himselt tobe dectved. One recent example I cannot pass over silence. Alexander ‘heath id mots eo but Gece mo. nok ever thought of doing otherwise and he lays {ound victims for there never ws aman who ‘nnd preater poner in asorting oF who wi greater onthe would efirm a hing yet would heer it fess nevertheless his dees alweys succeeded according to his wishes, because he Well understood this se of mankind “And you have to urdrsand ths that a prince especial new one cannot observe all {hose things for which men are esteemed, being ‘often forced inorder to maintain the ste tot Contrary to deity, rendship many and Feligion. Therefore ts necessary for hse i have Aimind ready totum itself accordingly the iin and erat offre a fave sid above not avenge tom the good i he can avoid doing so, but, ifcompelled hen to Know how to set about “er te sf cn ers22. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that the author views dreams as (A) highly metaphorice and dependent on poetical language (B) dependent on the dreamers cultural and historical environment (C) experiences unique to every individual {D) phenomena that canbe attributed to rational 23, As used in line 7, “people” most nearly means @ crowd 2) populate Indi (D) humanize. 24. The authors stance on Maury's and d’Hervey's work —outlined in paragraph Tis best Sescribed as, (a) plainly critical postive. (C) deeply intrigued. (D) highly skepucal 25, According to paragraph 2 (lines 10~ 35), Professor Ladd's main contention about dreams fs that (A) dreams develop from the colors that we discern during sleep, (8) dreams consist of muted hues with shining spots. (©) taining can help people remember dreams on awakening, (©) se tsuallze ater in dreams that are 26, Which choice provides the best evidence forthe answer tothe previous question? (9) Lines 13 ~18 (1 consist in...memory") (B) Line 18-22 (Them one sees. closed”) {G) Lines 22-26{One ends realy’) {©) ines 31 32,The spo vere there") 27. As used in line 34, the word “dust” most nearly means (A) feather. (6) dross, (©) mist. (0) trickle, an 28, Which choice most clearly states the author's ‘own proposal in the passage about dreams and light? (A) Dreams are about ight-eated events that trate our eel «@) Feople's dreams nthe author's ra were ite frequently about ire () Batena light can combine with memories fo create dreams. (©) Sudden flashes of fre cause nightmares moonlight i preferable. 29, Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? (A) Lines 42~ 44 ("These sensations. .dreams”) (B) Lines 52-57 (“All of a sudden...fire™) (C) Lines 64~ 65 (""He sees lightning...cannon”) (D) Lines 73 — 76 (“A. Krauss tells...gil”) | 30, In paragraph 4 (lines 50~70), the author quotes descriptions of (0) the etfcts of night nurses onto patients. {@) the terrible memories that two muitary Seterans relive. (©) Realy iginaces involving real wort (©) two hospital patients’ nightmares in setings ” tha ave amir to tree ce £31, The main rhetorical effect of the phrase “it isa curious thing’ (line 78) i to (A) convey a sense of wonder. {@) communiate confisn, ‘express disapproval (D) encourage future thinkers 32. The author refers to the fable of Endymion (lines 82-85) primarily to oat (A) celebrate a pair of famous lovers (8) distinguish Between dreams arising from brightand dim ign. (©) gemonsrate hat deans represen our lepest longings (D) suggest that some dreams may have inspire mythology De ee >»>>>Refer tothe passage below to answer questions 22 - 32, This pasage adapted from Hens Bereson, Dreams xighally publishes in 1918 Bergson i desedng studies tha atempt to acover he physilogil processes behind ening Jie Thirty or forty years ago, M,Alfed Mau ard, abou thes tine Maeve oot Bans ad bseried hat lhe moment of ling asleep these colored spats and moving forms 5 Conslidate fx themetives take on deste ‘outlines, the outlines ofthe abjects and ofthe Persons which people out dreams, But his an Sbseration to Be tsp with atin set temanates from psychologist already hel 10° More recently an Anercanpaychologis Profesor Ladd fale ha deve me rigorous method, but of dificult apetiation, ‘because i requires a sor of training lt cont in Acquiring the habiton avakening the moring 1s of heping te eyes closed and reining frome ‘minotes the dream thats fading fom the fe Of vision and soon wold doubles have faded {rom tat of memory Then one sees te igures ard objects of the dream melt aay lite fy ite 20 into phosphenes, identifying themselves with the ‘oloved spots tha the eye relly peeves when the lids ae closed, One reads, resample ‘newspaper that isthe dream. One awakens and there remains ofthe newspaper, whose defaite 25 outlines are eased only a white spot th Back marks here and there hat isthe really. rou dream takes us upen the open sea round about "us the ocean spreads ts waves of yellowish gay With ete an there crown of whe foam, Gt so Sheng tna na peat spot all yon and half gay, sown with brillant pots The spot start pnts wer thee The ‘was really presented to our perception, in step, 2 visual dust and twas thi ust which served 45 Forte fabrication of our dreams "Wil this alone sufce? Sil considering the sensation of sight we ought to 48a to these sal Sensations which ie ay cll ineral al hase whl continue cne os ra xt 4 source: The eyes, when closed sil dstingush light from shade, and even toa cetain exten, diferent lights fom one another. These Sensations of light, emanating from without are tthe botom of many of sr dreams A candle 45 abruptly lighted in the room wil for example, 270 suggest tothe sleeper, i his slumber is nt too deep, a dream dominsted by the image offi, the {dea ofa burning building, Permit met cite to you to observations of fi Tissi¢ on this subject: 5 neon dreams thatthe theater of Aleandsia ion fie: the flame lights up the whole place. Alloa sudden he finds himself transporte tothe mist ofthe fountain in the public square; in offre runs along the chains «+ hich connect the great poss placed aroun the margin. Then he finds himeeifin Paris at the exposition, which ison Gre, He takes part interblseech e Hewakes what his tyes eatch the rays of light preted by the da 6o Kaen hich he ign ashes vend hs bed in passing M= = Bertrand dreams tat hes ithe marine ivaniry where ne formerly served. He goes to Fortdeetance fo Toulon fo Lovet, Cie, to Constantinople le sees ighining. he 4s hear thunder he takes patna combat in hich he sees ire leap from the mouths of cannon, He Wakes witha start Like By he was wakened by 2 flash of ight project fom the dash anern tthe night ube” Such ave fen the came 70 provoked by bright and sudden it Peay diferente those whic suggested by mild and continuous ight ike ht ofthe ‘oon, A, Krauss els ove one day on awakening he perceived that he waz extending hs aan 75 toad what ia hie drean appeared oh to berth image ofa young git Life by ite tis mage meted nt tha ofthe fll moon whee dave its ays upon him, is cursus thing hat one mightsite ober examples of dears where 4 the ays ofthe moon, caren the eyes of the fleper evoked bolore him vena appa ay we nat suppose that suchimght ave ben the ovgin nantly ofthe ble Endynson— Endymion the shepherd, lapped in perp 4s slumber, for whom the godess Selle tat, the ‘oon, is sien with ave wile he sleeppith 1988 Blow to answer quaions dtp Smoking Gun or ulsion Laborstary logy, putlished i 03 tine F Itis hard to imagine Beers on Earth, 10 lone ES Hrsg 90 meters Goo renee Ue mes disappear fom sight ooo located on Mexiet that one of the largest Yucatan Fenty led Setanta iLwashidden (an at he son genes beneath a kilometer of yc roa ie ‘Ounger rocks and only thing that makes 0 causing the extinction the living specs os planet linosaurs, Ths iea as ¥St proposed by the father and son tear ch ae and Walter Alvarez in 1980 Though the Buried giant can't be sen, the impact crates has et subtle cues of eerie 20 on'the surface, “When talk to school agar {describe it ike this" says Dr. Gary Kins a Aaeology professor a the Univesity of Coston at Lafayette who has been doing researc Ghicwulub since 994. "Puta bowtonyoncped, 25 then throw the sheets and blankets ower oa youl probably sce of the bowl now ies suka Sepression. : “Theres nota big hole anymore,” he continise "but tiyer ook a best che 40 depression on your be youl see at sti in the same position as the rim of we bow! beneath, at's how surface expresion allows see tepid someting ovr tee Genel Sire sisprmsaest oe 38 of Chicwalub’s surtace feature that steno seal % So cbvious hom the rem Sache showing a necklace of sinkholes called cesies, cron the Vucatan'snowthern ip sn hor ie ugh ation of NASA ics Or 40 Kevin Pope, Adriana Osamposnd Cherie Daler in 1990. They were among the hes propose Chiwulu a te impact she shed to Es eeninton ft acral st eer othe Cretaceous and begins 91 he Retry 48 Geological age, called the RIT Sounder cheer het fa sya” says Pope, now an independent glo "We were working ona projet arene and Mayan atchatology whcn ee sae th °° gee ctr ngs om he Unndbat® Thematic Mapper We weneiacceemes and got the magnetic an gravity data horn wee area collected earierby the Menten peters Sompany; who had bee ook 4 data showed sarge, remanta o cress hey fad ented sac fete Pope anc hi colleagues a Pa Eats resid Homecare ee et fuer rim and tat the are tanya 60 tng correspon ed with the crater Further studies by other. a 18 for oil. Their ens continue to comb though the clues the impact has let hind some ofc 70 up best fom space "The cea ath Srmoptic* view,” says Pope avabar tere to see a large structre life ive Maen region's wetlands, produced by et spaceborne Jmaging radar-c (HRC) mason Boe 2 identified aones of groundwater doce that correlate with the fters structure Now researchers re going ti frst lok a detaled he dimensional trogen ok {fom the Shale Radar Topostariy Mists 8 “This new image pivesus beth voreas eae, of what we expected and also shone, ehavent sen before snys Keno Ne be working tas much ute eda posable Anything we leat the surface ls us fs more about the bused Gate {Php pence “CHEE sa “Len sie aon tre eof kan "BMI tanger b «o 'eep-Sea Sediment Layers . iene “Teay* microns @ ‘Line of iment sion Bike Nos apt off cot of Ftd, ‘fsa by cre spi en fn fecrbcon de et 1997 te lobe Ocemorghic san Dep Fah Sate {Hames shay cendemazin from apne rack Tears fs mammal” pred ‘ra.smoraed cooing Fs of my bar ts page iia ara >»>>>444. Which choice best summarizes the passage? (A) A fatersom cent team amassed evidence ‘tathuge asteroid clision with Earth (0) Salt imags of Earth helped esenchers ous ane ne (© ‘Anasterld or comet was tesponsibie for extinction of the dinosaurs. oe (©) Rengrchers have found a iarge hole that they had not noticed before 45. The author's central claim thatthe Chicxulub Crater isa "smoking gun” means that itis (A) a seaming physical remnant of one ofthe Aiggeteovane imagieable. (oy BeBsieting discovery yet extremely aor song ang (©) persuasive evidence similar toa use & in found on a murder suspect. ‘ (0) oaks be pyscal trae of valent event, tee arake Felt benind ata shooting, 446, What function does paragraph 2 (lines 5-17) Serve in the passage as 2 Whole? (a) explain the strange fact that ie inteoduced inthe fist paragrapl {(B) Itplaces NASA's later findings in a context of L Lt eatlier discoveries. {€) Ttdescribes Chiexulub’s historical background. (©) Weinkfoduces Chicxulub and explains its significance to science. 447. As used inline 32, “expression” most nearly means & form, (B) face (C) iteration. (D) narrative. a Lnotoraed copy or ese of ay oat cf is pa ea 48 2, 28 tn paragraph 3 (lines 18-27) the crater is In parear Wankel covered bow! primarily 1 (a) mimic the way ie formed over and obscured the rater. (B) model the object that formed the crater using Simple household objects (©) demonstrate how some ofthe features of the rater were recognized. (0) provide an exereise the reader can perform Woetter understand the scenario. In the context of the passage, the author's use of the Bguretive phrase “a necklace of sinkholes” ine 37) describes (A) intricate connections among caverns. (8) the presence of a string of sparkling ponds. {C) natural wells occurring in an ar. {b) a ving of land that encircles @ lower area ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the ‘answer tothe previous question? (A) Lines 48 ~51 (“We were...Mapper”) {B) Lines 51 = 54 (“We were...for oll”) {G) Lines 97-60 Pope and his. oor) {D) Lines 70~ 72 ("The classic. like tis”) ‘According to the author, space technol thas supported the Chicxufub hypothesis recording the (A) orbits of comets and asteroids. (8) number of wetlands in the Yucatan, {C) flow of water underground. {D) composition of the soil in the region. Does the diagram provide support for the [hypothesis tat a meteorite struck at Chicculub? (A) Yes, because its layers of debris indicate a super-massive impact. (B) Yeo, because it adds to the fossil record on dinossurera extinction. (C) No, because it does not describe sediment composition precisely. (0) No, because t does not indicate the source for the debris.