NP100 THE MARINER’S HANDBOOK TWELFTH EDITION 2020 IMPORTANT - SEE RELATED ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS Notices to Mariners (Annual, Permanent, Preliminary and Temporary); ADMIRALTY Information Overlay (AiO); Symbols and Abbreviations used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts (NP5011); ADMIRALTY Guide to ENC Symbols used in ECDIS (NP5012); Sailing Directions (Pilots); List of Lights and Fog Signals; List of Radio Signals and Tide Tables (or their digital equivalents), KEEP CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS UP-TO-DATE AND USE THE LARGEST SCALE CHART APPROPRIATE PUBLISHED BY THE UK HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE 2 Crown Copyright 2020 This document is protected by international copyright law. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or ‘otherwise without the prior written permission of the UK Hydrographic Oitice, Admiralty Way, Taunton, Somerset, TAt 2DN, United Kingdom (goy.uklukho)Record of Updates ‘The table below is to record Section Vil Natices to Mariners updat Weekly Notices to Marit fecting this volume, vi) 2020 2021 2023Preface The Twelfth Edition of The Matiner's Handbook. The UK Hydrographic Office has used all reachable endeavours to ensure ‘hat this publication containsall the information obtainedboy and assessed Ly ital the date shown below, Information received or assessed after hat date willbe Included in ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners where appropriate, ‘This edition supersedes the Eleventh Edition (2016), which is cancelled, Information on dimate and currents has been based on data provided by the Met Oice, Exeter. Copyright for some af the material in this publication is owned by the authority named under the item and permission for iis reproduction must be obtained from the owner. The folowing sources of information, other than UKHO Publications and Ministry of Deferce papers, have been consulted Ice Navigation in Canedian Waters, Canadian Coast Guard (1939) ‘Special thenks to Androw MeNeilof tho Merine institute of Memorial University, Newloundlané, forhis consultation for the ice chepter. Ice Seamanstip, Captain G @ Parnell (Nautical Institue) (1986) Svensk Lots del A, Swedish Hydrographic Ofice (1992) Photography: View's of cioud formations and aural forms reprinted courtesy of the Met Ofice, Exeter. Views of sea states reorinted courtesy of the Met Office, Exeter and Envronment Canada. Views ofice formations reprinted courtesy of British Antarctic Survey. Warning, This volume should only be used once fully updated by Section VII Notices to Mariners. ‘This Volume is kept up to date in a ‘Continuous Revision’ cycle. This means that it wil be continuously revised for a period. of approxmately three to five years using information received in the Hydrographic Office, and_ then republished. Publication is announced in Part of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners, and a. isting of all current ecitions ia updated’ ond published quartorly in Part 18 of ADMIRALTY Notices to Merinors and six-monthly in NP23 Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Additionally, this lst ‘s continuously updated and available on the UKHO websiie at wwn.admiralty.co.ukimsl During the life of the book. it is updated as necessary by notices publshed weekly in Secton Vil of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Those in ‘orce at the end of the year are reprinted in the Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Marinors Part 2 (NP247(Q)). A lot of updates in forcs ie published in Section VI of the Wookly Exition quertory Updates may be cut out and pastedichanged directly into the book or altsmatvely itis recommended that updates are kept ina fle wit the latest list of updates in force on top. The ist should then be consulted when using the parent book 10 see # any changes, affecting the area under consideration, are in force. It is not recommended that changes be stuck in the parent book. Sub-paragraph numbers in the margin of the body of the book are to assist the user when updating this volume. ‘Tim Lowe CBE Chief Executive UK Hydrographic Office sth February 2020How to Report New or Suspected Dangers to Navigation or Changes Observed in Aids to Navigation Hydrographic Notes allow you to inform us of any ravigationally significant information. This information coud include new or suspected dangers, changes to navigational aids, amendments to details included in publications and suspicious charts or publications that could be counterfeit. A Hydrographic Note, FormH.102,. with instructions, is contained in the back of the Weeky Edition of ADMIRALTY Notices fo Mariners, which can’ be downloaded from the UKHO. Webste. For emergency information affecting saféty of life at sea, foward to; navwarrings@ukho.gov.uk, Akernatively, contact T.444_ ()1823° 953448 (direct line)/ +44(0)7989 998345 (mobile) or F:+44 (0/1823 922952, Altematively, new dangers can be reported using the ADMIRALTY H-Note app. Available reo for use on the iPhone and Android platforms, the app offers a quick and simple way to report dangers and takes advantage of the mobi device's camera and GPS functions. Feedback “To maintain and improve ine accuracy of information contained within ADMIRALTY publications, The UK Hydrographic Office welcomes general commenis, new or additional, and digital images from mariners and other users. Such information, including the source for the information if this is not based cn personal cbservaticn, can be sent to the UKHO using the contact detalls ‘ound on the rear cover of this publeationContents Record of updates Preface . Reporting new dangers to navigation ’ Feedback Contents Abbreviatons CHAPTER 1 ‘The UK Hydrographic Office, Surveying.and the Theory/f Charting The UKHO (1.1) ‘Survey and Sounding Methods (1.3) ‘Soundings and Wreoks (1.11) ‘The Seabed (1.19) .. ‘Chast Compilation (1.15) Horizontal Daturs (1.17) . ‘The Accuracy and Relabilly of Charing (1.21) Depths and Heights used in Charting (1.23) ‘Charting the Ocean (1.27) ‘Naming Conventions Usedin Charting (1.28) CHAPTER 2 Paper and Digital Chats Data Quality (2.1) Use of the Most Appropriate Scale Chart or ENC (2 9) Paper Charts and Diagrams (2.4) \....4 Chats for Speciic Purposes (27) ‘Supaly and Distribution of Paper Charts (2.10) Digital Navigation (2.11). ADMIRALTY Vector Cart Service (AVCS) (2.12) ADMIRALTY Raster Crart Senvice (ARCS) (2.15) CHAPTER 3. ADMIRALTY Publications ADMIRALTY Digital Publications (ADP) @.1) .. ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions (3.3) : ADMIRALTY List af Lights and Fog Signals (3.5) ADNIRALTY List of Radio Signale (2.6) ADMIRALTY Tidal Publications (3.7) Reference Publications (3.9) Publications Supporting Celestial Navigation (3.11) CHAPTER 4 Information Flow Betwoen the UKHO and Matiners Assessing Data Submitted to the UKHO (4.1) .. World-Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) (4.4) Westher Infomation (4.15) ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners (4,23) Reporting of Information (4.28) Views (4:37) 20 30 32. aa 34 36 36 2 89 240 44 45, 48 53,CHAPTER 5. Meteorology Pressure and Wind (5:1) nm General Climate (5.4) 65... 274 ‘Seasonal Winds and Mensoons G10) g Ag 76 Local Winds (5.11) . y woe, 4 v 7 Cloud Formations (6.13)... o : = wo 78 Depressions (Lous) (6.14) . A 2 N oe 81 Fronts (6.15) 82 Tropical Storms (5.17) 85 Antieyciones (Highs) (5.27). J... of of. “92 Weather Nez the Goast (5.28) ..... 92 Fo9 (531) . 93 ‘Storm Waring Signals (5.97). vey.e.sceessesssee = - -- 96 Weather Routing of Ships (5.58) 97 Weather Related Phenomena (6:39) 97 Magneti¢ anc lonospheric Storms (6.43) ........c4.ssthcseeieeeseessissnsnseeneeeseeees a) CHAPTER 6 ‘The Sea Ocean currents (6.1) .. 101 Tidal streams (6.13) iN : : +106 Tides (6.15) 107 Non-tidal changes in Sea Level (6.16) 107 Waves (6.22)... see : " oo 2-109 Swell 6.24)... ) +109 ‘Tsunamis and Abnormal Waves (6.26) 412 Rollers (6.31) ee : ‘lanes ons Characteristic of he Sea (6.32) 116 The Colour of the Sea (6.35) 17 Bioluminescence (6.38) i. i Me. we MT The Seabed (6.37) 118 ‘Submarine Springs (6.39) . 118 Coral 6.43) \ eee pr ne Kelp (6.48) a Y vee cone rA,... we at ‘Sandwaves (6.49) 4 , ~ta1 ‘CHAPTER 7 oe Sealoe 7.1) csecsevseeosee a - pm... 2133 Ice of Land Origin (7.12) \ f 143 Navigation in lee (7.16) 447 Matatial Preparations ‘or Operations inl (7.28)... : AZ 151 Operations in ice (7.48) f i 160 Effosts on the Body of Exposure to Cold (7.54) - b..- quamee 167 Ice Glossary y es ff nd 2125 Ice Terms arranged by Subject “~ 4 te 125 CHAPTER 8 International Organisations Intemational Maritime Organization (IMO) (8.1) bow 171 Intemational Hydrographic Organization (IHO) (8.3) 172 Intemational Asscciation of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Autherties (ALA) (8.7) 174 Unie Natore Conenion gn i Law othe Sea{UNCLOS) (818)... L..-. 175 National Martime Limis (8.18) 17 Intemational Boundaries (8 20) . \ : 179 viCHAPTER 9 Constraints. on Navigation ‘Ship's routeing (9.1) Intemational Port Traffe Signals (9.13) Minefielés (9.17) Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREN) (9.19) Wind Turbines and Farms (9.22) Offshore Wave and Tidal Energy Installations (9. % ‘Submarine Ppelines and Cables (9.43) Bridges and Overhead Power Cables (9.49) CHAPTER 10 Maritime Pollution (MARPOL) and Conservation Regulations (10.1) MARPOL (10.4) Pollution ofthe Sea (10.13) . ‘Conservation (10.16) Historic and Dangerous Wrecks (10.18) CHAPTER 11 Navigation and Aids to, Navigation Fixing the Position (11.1) ‘Satellite Navigation Systems (11.22) ‘Augmeniation Systems (11.97) : Automatic Identification System (AIS) (11. 41). Long-Range eriaton ane Terns (FT) (1.8) Lights (1.57) Fog Signals (11.61) Buoyage (11.63) Echo Sounders (11.71) 1 Hydrodynamics (Interaction) (11.76) Under Keel Clearance (11.86) CHAPTER 12 Military Operations ‘Warship Navigation Lights (12.1) Firing and Exercise Areas (12.2) ‘Submarines (12.6) Mine Countermeasures (12.21) ‘Other Miltary Activity at Sea (12.23) CHAPTER 13 Commercial, Operations Security (13:1) Piracy (13.2) Intemational Chamber of Commerce ~ International Maritime Bureau au 859) ‘Cyber Securiy (13.59) . Safety (13.60) Distress and Rescue (13.67) - Fishng (19.75) ‘Aquaculture and Fish Havens (19.77) Conventional and Chemical Munitions Encountered or Picked Up at Sea (1 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations (13.87) Vessels RequiringSpecial Consideration (13.103) ..... Helicopter Operations (13.110) Anchoring (13.196). 79) vil 181 183, 186 187 188 191 195 198 199 199 206 207, 209 n2t4 222 226 230 = 232 232 238 236 239 241 pat 242 250 250 251 252 272 1274 = 275 279 201 286 287 291 297 301 303Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used In the text als. ALC. ALP AMVER ARCS ASL ATBA ATLAS aves c CALM CBM coc. cpces cacs cgoc CHA core ovTs, DART DF De paps DMA DPG psc Dw dwt bz E ECDIs EZ EGNos ELSBM ENC ENE EPIRB ESE ESSA ETA ETO ETRS89 EU EUREF-FIN| FAD fou im Automatic Identification System Articulated Leading Columa Aniculated Loading Plattorn ‘Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System ADWIRALTY Raster Chart Service Archipelagic Sea Lane ‘Area to be Avoided ‘Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System ADWIRALTY Vector Chart Service degrees Celsius ‘Catenary Anchor Leg Mocring Conventional Buoy Mooring Certain Dangerous Cargo Canada-wide DGPS correction service China Geodetic €2-ordinale System 2000 Coastguard Operations Centre Competent Harbour Authority ccentimetve(s) Captain of the Port Co-operative Vessel Tratfic System Deep-ooean Assessment and Reporting Tsunamis direction finding dogaussing Differential Giobal Positioning System Dynamic Management Area Dangerous and Polluting Goods Digital Selectve Calling Deop Water deadweight tonnage Danger Zone east (easterly, eastward, eastern, easternmost) Electronic Chart Display and Information System Exclusive Economic Zone European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service Exposed Location Single Buoy Mooring Electronis Navigational Chart east north-east Emergency Fositon indicating Rado Beacon ‘east-south-east Environmentally Sensitive Sea Aroa estimated time of arrival estimated time of departure European Teirestial Reference System 1989 European Union Finland national realisation of ETRS89 Fish Aggregating Device forty foot equivalent unit fathom(s) FPSO FeU FSO gion? GAGAN eas. GNDss Gnss. GPS GRP ort at Har hm Hus: hp hPa HSC HW ALA Ieso HO IMB IMDG. Mo. ISPS. rez ROC kHz km kn LANBY Lat Ho MT una LOA Leg Lw mb MBES cts Floating Production Storage and Ofloacing vessel Floating Production Unit Floating Storage and Offloading vessel foot (feet) {grams per cubic centimetre Indian GPS-Aiced Geo-Augmented Navigation Groung-Based Augmentation System Global Maritime Disiress and Safety System Global Navigation Satelite System Global Postioning System glass reinforces plastic ross register tonnage (obsolete) {gross tonnage Highest Astronemical Tide high frequency hectometre Her (Hs) Majecty’s Ship horse power hectopascal High-Speed Cra high water International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authortioe Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit International Hydrographic Organization International Maritime Bureau International Maritime Dangerous Goods International Maritime Organization International Ship and Port Facility Security Codo Intertropical Convergence Zone Inshore Trafic Zone Joint Rescue Co-ordination Cente kiloherz kilometro(@) knot(s) kilowa(s) Lage Automatic Navigation Buoy Lowest Astronomical Tide low frequency Liquotied Hazardous Gas Local Mean Timo Liguetied Natural Gas. lenath overall Liquefied Petroleum Gas low water imetro(e) cubie metre(s) miliaris) Multi Beam Ecto Sounder Marine Communicatons and Trafic Services CentreMEO MF Mie HH MHLW MW MHWN AWS MLW MLLW mw MUN Mus: mst Reo MRSC mis SAS sar usi MSL MSR uv mw uy NADS3 NATO. Navtex NoGPS NDZ NE NGA NMOc NNE NNW. No(s) NOAA net nt opas OPL ORE! PEC PEL PLEM psc PNT POL, PSSA Pwo. RCC RMS RN, RoRo Medum Eanh Oro medum frequency. megaherz Mean Higher High Water Mean Higher Low Water Moan High Water Mean High Water Neaps Mean High Viater Sprngs Mean Lower High Water Mean Lower Low Wator Moan Low Water Mean Low Water Neaps Mean Low Water Sprngs milimetre(s) Martime Motile Servi leentiy Mariime Rescue Co-ordination Centre Marime Rescue SubCenire metres per second Multfuneional Satelite Augmentation System Multi-functional Satelite Augmentation System Mariime Safety Information Mean Sea Level Mandatory Ship Reporting Motor Vessel megawatts) Motor Yacht north (northotly, northward, northorn, northernmost Norti American’ Batum 1983 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ‘Navigational Telex System Nationwide DGPS No Discharge Zone north-east National Geospatal-Inteligence Agency National Martime Operations Gente north-north-east north-north-west, number(s) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ‘et register tonnage (obsclete) net tonnage north-west Ocean Data Acquisition System off port Imits Offshore Frenewadle Energy Installations Pilotage Exemption Certificate Port Entry Light Pipe Line.End Manifold Port Marine Safely Code, Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Patrol, Oil & Lubricants Particularly Sensitive Sea Area Personal Watercraft Rescue Co-ordination Centre Fooyal Mail Ship Royal Navy Roll-on, Roll-off radio telephony s SAM SALS. SAR Sanav ‘SBAS ‘SBES SBM ‘SDB SE ‘SHA SIRGAS svA 'SNAS ‘SNR ‘SPM 3q ‘SRR ss sss sso SSCEG Sse ssw stl sts sw ‘SWATH teu TRITON ss. UKE UKC UKHO utce UN USA ur ure v-als VOR VHF vice VNRS vie vis vs. Waas wes: WMO, ww wsw south (Sounnerly, southward, soutnern, southemmost) Single Anchor Leg Mooring system Single Anchored Leg Storage system Search and Rescue satelite navigation Setelite-Based Augmentation Systems Single Beam Echo Sounder Single Buoy Mooring Satelite Derived Bathmetry south-east Statutory Harbour Authority Sistema De Re'erencia Geocenttico Pera Las Americas Seasonal Management Area Satelite Navigation Augmentation System. signal-to-noise ratio Single Poirt Mooring square Search and Rescue Region Steamship Side Scan Sonar Ship Sanitation Conirol Certicate Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificate south-south-east south-south-west ‘Submerged Turret Loading ship 0 ship south-west ‘Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull Ship twenty foot equivalent unit Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network Traffic Separation Scheme Ulta high frequeney Under-Keel Clearance UK Hydrographic Ottice Uta Large Crue Carrer Urited Nations Urited States of America Universal Time Cc-ordinated Universal Time Virtual Automat Identifstion System Voyage Data Recorder vary high frequency Very Large Grule Carrer Vessel Movernent Repoting System Vessel Trafic Centre Vessel Trafic Information Service Vessel Trac Management System Vessel Trac Service west (westerly, westward, western, ‘westernmost) Woe Area Augmentation System World Geodetic System World Meteorological Organization west-north-westa CHAPTER 1 The UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO), Surveying and the Theory of Charting The UKHO History uw Origins oF the UK Hydrographic Office Captein James Cook RN First Hydrographer appointed Expansion of UKHO. Before the establishment of a dedicated hydrographic service in Great Britan in 1795, the surveying and charing of home waters was shared between corporations, the Admialty, the private chart trade, and organisations such as the Corgoraton of Trinity House of Deptiord Strona, Possibly the eaties! government or royal appointment, wes made by King Henry the Eighth \who appointed Jean Rotz, a Dieppe pilot, as his Hydrographerin 1542. Rolz probably (ook par in an expedition from Dieppe fo Sumatra in 1529-30, andin 1539 traveled to Guinea ‘and Brazil Pilots who primarly held the hydrographc knowledge of British home waters included 69 French pilots at the time cf King Henry's death in 1547, Outside of Great Britain, many countries in northern Europe and the Mediterranean had an acive hydrographic capability. Subsequently, the Netherlands dominated the market for the supply of printed charts of Brtish home waters unti King Charles the Second appointed Capiain Greenvile Colins AN to underteke a ‘survey of the sea coast of the Kingdom ty measuring athe see coast wih a chain and taking all he bearings with their ‘exact latitude’. His resuting charts and views were published in full in 1633 in London under the title Great Britain's Coasting Pitt, which stayed in print for at least the next 100 years. Colins suggested thatall reports of te contents of navigational charts be sent to Trinity House for the ‘great Improvement of Navigation’ During the first halt of the 18th century Britain was involved in sporadic hydrographic projects, and itwas France who were frstto establish ther own governmentoffice in 1720, ‘Attempts to establish such an office in Briain failed, but in 1751 the office of Admiralty ‘Surveyor was created and given jo.a civilian, Professor Murdoch Mackenzie, Overseas, Britain embarked on major surveys of the east coast of Ametica, which proved to be the starting point for a professionally organised hydrographic surveying service. With the rivalry over colonialexpansion between Briain, France, and Spain, more opportunities for hydrographic surveying were created. The expertise of Captain James Cook RN and his cficers in the fisld cf navigation, sided by the Use of chronometers, and their discoveries i the Pacific raised the profil of British hydrography and charting Following the establishment ef the Hydragraphical Oficeby anOrderin Coureil under King George the Third in 1795, Alexander Dalrymple FRS was appointed as its first Hydrographer to the Admiralty Board, After five years of sorting and cataloguing the ‘enormous accumulation of charts and surveys he found inthe Admiralty, the first Admralty Chart was printed in 1800. Dalrymple ssued the first saling directions in 1798 and soon estabistied the Hyd ographical Offce and the post ofHydiographer to the Admiralty Board as a centre of expertise for all matters relating to navigation, surveying, and charting, Following Dalrymple's ceparture in 1808, Captain Thomas Hurd RN was appointed to replace him, Hurd had vast experience of hydrographic surveying and was the frstof along line of24 naval officers toholc the post During his tenure, Hurd took over theresponsibilty for suoplying naval ships with allcfthe charts and navigational publications they needed, drew up a plan for surveying and charting the world, developed a specific identity for hydrographic specialists wihin the navy, established a bilateral arrangement with Denrrark in 1819 and, in 1821, instigated the sale of Admiralty chars to the public. These five acts dofined the future of the Hyérographie Service and clearly influenced Britain's position within world hydrography. Following Hurc's death in offce in 1823, there were plans to close the chart production ‘operation, but, fortunately, under Captain W E Parry RN, the Hydrographic Service ‘expanded on all fronts. By the time Captain Francis Beaufort RN took over fiom Parry, the foundations for the Hydrographic Sonvicols main activitos had boon ostablichod. Thic alowed Beaufort to develop his scientific interests, which also improved international relations. During his torm as Hydograoher tide tablos wore published for the fist time in 1833 and he formalised the publication of Notices to Mariners through the Nautical Magazine. He presided over an age of expansion that saw the creation of 2 chronometer office, compass branch, and harbour branch, aswell as the Hydrographer taking responsibilty for the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, the Cape Observatory, and the Nautical Almarac Office.Gobal coverage ‘Technological development International Hydrographic Organization ‘Taunton site In 1855 Beaufort was replaced by Captain John Washinaten RN. The number of new Charts produced by the cffice had risenfrom 19 in 1830 to 180 n 1855, and there werenow 2000 charts in the catalogue that required maintaining. The supply of charts to support rnavaloperatiors in the Baltic, Black Sea, and Chinese waters and the increase in taffand responsibiities meant the office had vastly outgrown its premises. In 1862 some 140,000 charts wore printod In the following decades, mainly due to the telegraph system, oceanographical work expanded. International colaboration and overseas. surveys continued, as did the ‘expansion of activites the Hydronrapher found hirrself involved with, such as pilotage, deck watches, a transit of Verus, the Suez Canal, magnetism, recruitment othydrographic specialists, and invasion planning, to name but a few. Up unt Werld War One, the Hydrographic Service played a key role in supporting Britain's averseas expansion by Lndonaking new surveys andproviding charts o!aroas with poor chart coverage. Thistype cf actvity brought significant socio-economic developments to numerous states, ‘The first international hydrographic conference tookplace in London in 1919, and it fll to the Hydrographer and his staffto makethe arrangements. The Intemational Hydrogrephic Crgarization was established in 1921 to support safely of navigation and the protection ‘ofthe marine environment 1n1922 His Majesty's Staiionery Office took overresponsibilty for printing Acmiraty charts and the Admiralty Chart Establishment was formed at Cricklawood, The Hydrographer took over responsibiliy for the operation of Crieklevood in 1929. Around ths time the echo sounder had been introduced into service and many ‘new ships were brought into commission for surveying purposes. ‘At the outbreak of Viorld War Two the compilation staff were moved from London to Bath, ‘along with the department's ever-growing archive. A new purpose-built chart factory, {designed by the Chief Draughtsman, Mr Jowsey was opened in June 1841 in Taunton and staff vere relocated from Cricklewood and Exeter, Including the work for the invasion of Europe, some 6,897,736 charts and 1,617,777 correctons wore mado in 1944 albno. During the war the department produced 30,727,000 charis and diagrams that were supplied to 4,969.vessele from 14allod countries. After the warthe staff basedin Bath wore relocated to Cricklewood. twas nct unfl 1968 that Crcklewood was closed and operaions were concentrated at the Taunton site ‘The first ADMIRALTY Chart, published in 1800Recent developments 12 Satelites and sonar Knowledge shared Continued advance ‘Advances in technology have improved the accuracy and quality of navigational Information provided by ihe UKHO. In particular, the development of echo sounders in the 4930s, Side Scan Sonar (SSS) in the 1960s, the use of sateltes for precise navigation from the 1970s, and multi-beam sonar in the 2000s have given surveyors and bbydrographers the capability to provide charting of unprecedented accuracy. International shating of hyérographic information has ledito accurate and detailed hydrographic formation. The establishment of international bodes such as the Intemational Mariime Organization (MO) and the International. Hydrographic ‘Organization (IHO), and the globalisation of maritime trade since World War Two, nas encouraged and facilitated international co-operaton and the sharing of hydrographic information to an unprecedented extent, enabling compilation of charts and nautical publications to a level of accuracy and detail nt possible in previous eras, ‘The UKHO is at the forefront of technological advances. With electronic navigation estapishing itsell 2s the norm and hncreasingly busy shipping routes worldwide, the maritime world is constantly developing and evolving. The UKHO works tirelessly to ensure that the ADMIRALTY product range is at the forefront of technologecal advances ‘while stil being able to reflect on 200 years of experience to bring considered information tothe busy mariner Survey and Sounding Methods Lead tine 13 Oldest method, used widely ‘unt 1935 Accurate, but large gaps ‘between soundings ‘Objects may be mises Pastioning method Alead weight attached to a graduated line is lowered to the sea tor, The depth is read (off the line when the lead is fatto touch the seabed ‘Depths measured inthis way are normally accurate. The lead.line only measures the depth in the spot that the lead was lowered and gives no other information about the depths ‘ound this point. Due tothe slow, manual nature of cbtaining leadline depths, the density (of soundings is usually sparse. ‘Due to the distance between soundings, the method only gives an indication of tre shape ofthe sea foor, and arge, potentially dangerous, undetected features should be expected, Inthe past visual fixng with a sextant (11.8) was used and the majority of charted lead line Vata has beer postioned using this method. Honever, itis possible to use Global "Navigation Satelite Sysiems to position a lead line depth obtained in te modein day. Single Beam Echo Sounder (SBES) 14 Used from 1995 to tho present day Improved accuracy Potential weaknesses Postioning mathod ‘A puleo of acoustic |aound) energy is tanemitied vorically down from the survay ship. By timing how long the eche takes to retum and knowing the speed of sound in seawater, the depth below the ship can be determined, ‘This method provides a continuous profile of the depth along the ship's track. The depths can be very accurate, but they give no information about the depth either side ofthe track, Undetected dangerous features can exist between successive vessel tracks. Surveys carried out with SBES usually have a spacing between paralal tracks thatis linked to the scale of the chart the data is intended for. The larger the scale, the closer the lines. This ‘method of survey anly gives an indication of the shape of tha Sea floor and urdetacted features should be expected, Early SES surveys were positioned visually using the sextant (11.8). As technology developed, Electronic Fixing Systems (11.18) were used and today Global Navigation Satelite Systems (11.22, 11.31) are used to position the majority of SBES surveys.‘Side Scan Sonar (SSS) object detection 15 1 Picture of the seafloor SSS is generally towed undenwater behind a sutvey vessel and emits aswathe otacoustic (Gouns) energy that is narrow in the along-track (fore/at) direction, but vory wide ‘across-track (port/starboard).Itgenerates a picture of the seatlooreither side of he ship's wack Strengths and weaknésses) SSS does not measure depths butis normally used in conjunction with an SBES to detect features either side of the ships track. The surveyor must then return to any significant featuree and run extra eounding Ines in order to obtain a minimum depth using the echo sounder. Used effectively, the combination of SBES and SSS can significantly reduce the possibily of undetected features existing within the surveyed area, 3 Postioning method Positioning of tewed SSS is generally achieved using an offsetdistance froma known point ‘on the towing ship based on the amount of towing cable deployed. SSS can also be positioned moro accurately using underwater acoustic} positioning eystems. Tho ship 'tself wll have been posttioned using Electionic Postion Fixing Systems (11.18) for early surveys through to today, where Global Navigation Satelite Systoms (11.22, 11.31] are being used for the majotity of SSS surveys. Swathe Echo Sounder or Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) 16 , Widely used since 2009 Emits a fan of acoustic (sound) energy, known as a swathe, which is narrow along-Wrack. (fore/at, but wide across-track (port/starboarc). By timing how long te echoes take to return and knowing the speed of sound in seawater, the system can compute muttiple depths through diferent angles and ranges across the swaths, This allows each pulse to ‘generate hundreds of depth measurements. 2 Accuracy Swathe systems are capable of providing highly detalled measurements of the seafloor ‘and features that lie upen It 2 ‘Advantages As long as ewathos from adjacent survey lines overlap by @ reasonable amount, there: should be no caps in the data, and itis likely that all significant features will have been 100m) have a 20m +10% of depth positional uncersainty.| Further improvements will undoubiedly be made as a result of technological developments, but at presentthere has to be a balance between the cost ofa survey and the quality and quantity ofthe results achieved 144 WGS84 and charted accuracy Ishould be noted that where a chart carres the magenta legend ‘WGS84’ or 'WGS84 positions can be plotted directly on this chart’, it means only that the graduation is consistent with the WGS84 datum. It does not mean necessarily that any part ofthe area ‘covered by the chart has been rosurvoyod to tho came accuracy as used by GNSS and ‘equivalent systems, nor does it mean thet the source data has been re-computed to remove errors derived from earlier survey methods (which would not be possible in any ‘case without conducting a resurvey). Therefore, while GNSS positions may be plotted rectly onto chars hat are referred te WGS84 datum, theltIkely relationship to charted ‘objects must be assessed with reference to the source statement or source diagram carried by the chartwhere ths is available. Depths and Heights Used in Charting Chart Datum 123 Chart dati Vertical clearances 124 HAT (Highest astonomical tide) National vertical clearance: datums Datums in use on charts 125 CD isusualy bwest astronomical tide LATis being adopted worldwide Offshore soundings ‘The CD must be the same as those for Tide Tables: GD and lang survey datums Chartdatum (CD) is the plane of raference to which all charted depths and drying heights are related. In tdal areas CD is chosento show the least depth of water found in any place undernormal meteorological conditions. CD wil vary from place te place in relation to the land survey datum, or mean sea level, due tothe fact that itis directly related to the range of tide, which itself varies from place to place, Highest astronomical tide (HAT) is the datum used for vetical clearance. Alternatively the ference between HAT and the national datum for vertical clearance may be specified on nautical documents. Datum for vertical clearances may be acapted if high water levels in a specific area frequently deviate from HAT. In nontidal waters a high water datum should be used. 6D is usually lowest astronomical tide (LAT) but selection is dependent on tidal range, Where the tidal range is less than about 0:8 m, GD may be mean sea level (MSL). Whore the tidal range je approciable, LAT, or as oloso to this lovel as is practically ‘acceptable, should be adopted as CD. If low water levels in a speciic area frequently deviate trem LAT, CD may be adapted accordingly. ‘Since LATis the recommended CD with worldwide application, andhas the additional merit ‘of removing all negative values from tide tables it is being gradualy adopted worldwide. In offsnore areas co-tidal charts and atlases may be availableto reduce soundings toCD, such as co-tidal charts ‘or the North Sea, compiled under the auspices of the North Sea Hydrographic Commission. More recent developments now make use of Vertical Reference Frames [VRF'). allowing soundings referred to one surface be transiormed to ‘another reference surface. For example, using the UX Vertical Offshore Reference Frame (VORP). In depths greater than 200 m a reduction for tide is not necessary Whatever CD is used, itis essential thatt is the same as the datum adopted for the predictions given. in authoriiative Tice Tables. Where, over time, datums are under adjustment to LAT or take into accountchanges to sea levels, the changes to Tide Tables ‘and charts should be co-ordinated as far as possibie, “The connection of GD and land survey datums are not usually quoted on charts, They should, however, be readily available for the use of surveyors and engineers in national Tide Tables. Other factors affecting chart accuracy 1.26 Graduations inserted on all plans Paper charts may have minor distortion (On old plans these graduations ere olten based on imperfect information, whenever an accurate geographical position is quoted itisnecessary toquole the charticel number‘rom \which thas been derived ‘The paperon whichchatts are printed is subjectto distortion; however, he efectis seldom suffciont to affect navigation. it should not be expected that accurata series ofangles taken todiflrent poirts willexactly agree, especially ifthe ines are lo objectsat some distance, 15Charting the Ocean Ocean charting 127 Groator dopths rolabity Uncharted dangers Dangerous pinnacles Very Iitlo systomatie survey work has been eared out boyend tho 200 m dopth contour. ‘though ocean charts are available, they representa ‘best guess'in their portrayal ofthe depths and shape of the ocean floor. They are ususlly based on sparse and inadequate sounding data, and many significant bathymetric features, including shoals, have ‘doubtiess stil be found and chartec ‘Seamounts and dangers canlie undetected. Even iftrafic is regularin an area, large swell can cause a vesselto strike an uncharted obstruction. Care should be taken when in the Vicinity of charted coamounts and dangors ac vory fow ef them wil have boon surveyed to modem standards. Dangerous pinnacles can be unavoidable. Lite or nowamningis given te soundings intheir approach. A dangerous pinnacle in ocean depts could possbly exist 2 cables io depths ‘f 1000 m, 5 cables from 2000 m, and 2 miles from 3000 m, Naming Conventions Used in Charting system 4.28 ‘Naming conventions For mere information: Definitions. 1.29 Toponym Exonyn Generic term State General principles 1.30 ‘Adopted names Accepted topeayms Roman letters in topenyms Romanisation acceptable 19 PCGN ‘The UKHO follow standard naming conventions for charts and publications as directed by tho Pormanont Commitfoo on Geographical Namas for Biitich Offcial Uso (PCGN). Geographical rames rendered in UKHO publications are in accordance with the general rules followed by the PCGN, and with the Techrical Resclutions and Cart Specifications of the IHO. ‘The principal function of the PCGN isto advise the Britsh Government on polcies and procedures for the proper writing of geographical names for places oulside the UK, excluding the Antarctic. eae! Be www pcan.org.uk @: ‘Aword or group of words constituting a proper name designating a natural or artificial topographic feature, for example, London, Deuische Bucht, Southsea Castle, ‘A toponym used by one countvy fo designate a geographical feature that lies wholy or partly outside the bounds of ts national sovereignty, and that may be situated in tertory Under the jurisdiction of another state that uses a differant form, for example, Londres, Copenhagen, Finland, Atlantic Ocean, The term in a legend or toponym that describes the type of geographic feature, {for example, Channel, Bank, Castle. ‘The term includes an independent country or colonial teritory, or protectorate, protected state, or trust tortor. ‘The approved name of any administratve division ofa stato, or federation ofstates, or any natural or artical geographical feature or any place lying wholy within one siate, or federation of states, is that adopted by the supreme administrative authorty concerned vith that siate or federation cf states; ‘or example, Kaliningrad not Konigsberg, Where states offcialy use vavieties ofthe Roman alphabet, toponyms are accepted intheir official speling Where states use partly Roman alphabets, the non-Roman letters in toponyms may be transiterated into Roman letters in accordance with the conventions of the respective partly Roman alphabets, for example, Icelandic 3=dh, p=th, Maltese Nh, Ymhere the oficial alphabet cf the administering authotly Is not Roman, the spelling of ‘names is to be in accordance with the current offcial Romanisation acceptable to PCGN. {no oficial Romanisation exists, but a system of Roman transiteraiion has been accepted bby PCGN, the official forms of names are to be transliterated in accordance with it. 16Exonyms 4.31 Obsolete or alternative nams 1.82 English conventional names Names of siates on charts, Exonyms from third nation On charts lh Salling Directions ‘and other publications, Water areas extending beyond the terrorial limts of recognised governments, for ‘examplo, Gulf of Mexico, Notth Spa, Bay of Biscay, Geographical regions orfeatures extending over more then ona state, orthatare in dispute ‘between natiors, for example, Europe, Sanara Desert Boundary features that havo difforont national namos, for example, Tho Alps, Fiver Danube, Pyrenees. Saling Directions give the varicus national oraltemative names as wel Names of places where more than one offciallanauage is in use, and names of places fer, for examole, Antwerp (not Anvers or Antwerpen). National forms are alse given in ADMIRALTY Salling Directions. {the name of a foreign state is shown in the tite of a chart, the English exonym is used, In the body of the char, the exenym is also used and the national form is gven in a subordinate style below it, for example, FINLAND with Suomi subordinate. However, on Charts of the small-scale international series, the form SUOMI with Finland subordivate is retained, In either ease the national form may be iransiterated. Exonyms of a third nation are used when that nation has held sovereignty inthe pastover the area in question and oftcial names in the national language cannot be obiained. In ‘general, the change to the national language is made only when an oficial gazettesr or ‘mapping in that language is available. For certain important and well-known places, and where confusion eould occur, former names are retainadin a subordinate style, n brackets, adjacent othe national name until the new name is accepted internationally. Whena new name is accepted, the oldname is shown in brackets untilthe new name has been adopted cn allchars of he area concerned. Both namesare indexed in ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. vmhenanew orrevised edition of avolume is being prepared, however, names arenormally revised throughout. When an old rame is well known but has been superseded by a new name or form, consideration ie given toretaining both amas in Sailing Diroctone for aconciderablotime, ‘for exampie, Canakkale Bogazi, formerly known as The Dardaneles. 7CHAPTER 2 Paper and Digital Charts Data Quality Source ciagrame 24 1 Source diagrams ‘Survey information “The source diagrams on ADMIRALTY paper charts and ARCS (ADMIRALTY raster chart service) are scalec replicas of the chart, showing the coverage, dates, scales, and authority for the various types of source material, since these can give an indicaton ofthe ualy ofthe surveys) usedtio.comoie the chat and hence fe elebity cf hadenited sea floor ‘The source diagram may alse show areas of shallowbanks or outeing measures to assist in relating the sources to the chart. Where insuficient information is available to include a source diagram, details of the scurce material used for the chart are given in a watten summary. ‘As technology evolved, the quality of surveys improved, from using lead lines and visual ‘xing to Swathe echo Scunders aid Global Navigaton Satelite Systems (NSS). For a descrption of survey methods through the years, see 1. Example of source diagrams 19Category of Zones of Confidence (CATZOC) 22 Desciiption Zones of Confidence (ZOC) are used in Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) and on ‘Some ADMIRALTY paper charts (c ‘example source diagrams) toshowtheaccuracyand ‘coverage of the sea floor information depicted on the chart. Categories of Zones of Confidence are used in the source diagram and on the ENG feature Quality of data (W_QUAL| to indicate areas of diferent levels of accuracy and coverage. oes assessed; therefore, jescertain survey quality Position | >». | accuracy Depth a floor CATZOC ot bottom | accuracy coverage features, a1 [25m 05 m+ 1%aepth | Fullarea search Gemaccuscyst | undertaken, All 90 migeptn) significant seafloor features detected and depths > ~ |measured. | 20m | 1-0m42% depth | Full area search [ivemascuacyat- | underaker. Ail '90,m depth) significant seafloor features detected | and depths | measured. B [250m | -Om- 2% depth | Fullarcasearch not \ emaccuacyt | achieved: Sy | J uncharted features; \> hazardous to 7 surface navigation ~ are not expected but may exst. € |2s00m | 20m~5% aepin | Ful area search riot Vsmaccvacyst | achieved, depth ee 39m depth) anomalies maybe - Zz - expected | D | Worsethan | Worse than Full area search not , 2066 | z066 achieved, large ED depth anomalies may be expected U | Unassessed - the quality of the data has yet to be other means are required to Notes + The categorisation of hyoregraphic data is based fon three. factors (positon accuracy, depth accuracy, and sea floor coverage). + TheCATZOC attbuteis the mechariom by which an ENC gives an estimate ofthe reiabilty ofthe Source dala. Thisis designed to give the mariner the same degree of understanding as the Source | Diagram on an equivalent paper chart. 200 At and A2 require very high accuracy standards which were rarely, if ever, achieved belore the advent of satelite positioning in the 1980s. Therefore, many sea. lanes that have been regarded as adequatoy surveyed or many years may carry a ZOCB classification + TheZOC classification attainedby a survey is for the survey althe date t was conducted. In areas of mobile seabed the actual seabed may difler ‘markedly from what has bean charted, even ithe’) survey is only a few months old (see 1.14). + More information is available in_.NP2S1, including detailed notes regarcing this ciagram. | Use of the Most Appropriate Scale Chart or ENC 23 Scale choice The mariner should always use the lergest scale chart appropriate for their purpose. In closing the land or ¢angsrous banks, regard must aways be had to the scale ofthe chart used. A small eorin laying downa position may mean only a ew metres onalarge-scale Charl, whereas on a.small scale the same amount of displacement on the paper chart or ENC may mean ral cables. For the same reason, bearings to near objects should be sed n preference io objects farner of, altioush the latter may be more prominent, as a small errorin bearing or in laying itdown onthe charthas a greater effect in misplacing the position the longer the line tobe crawn. more detail ‘The largerthe scale ofthe char, the greater the detail that can be shown onit. Each chart, © series of charts, is designed for a particular purpose. Large-scale charts are intended {a be used for entering harbours or anchorages or for passing close to navigatonal hazards. Medium-scale charts are usually published as series of charts intended for navigation along coasts, while small-scale chars are intended for offshore navigationand passege planning 20Appropriate scale for use Medium-scale charts are suitable for passage along a coast. The mariner using the ‘medium-scalechars forpassagealong a coastnee¢ notiransfer to alarge-scale for short stances, except where this depicts more clearly intricate navigational hazards close to his intended route. Although the largar-seale chart depicts information in more detail those on the next smaller scale show adequately all the dangers, trafic separation Scale and ECDIS | Understandingscale is especiallyimportant when using ECDIS. Athough itean eppear as though thechattis hghlyaccurate.itisstil dependenton the underi/ingscale ofthe source data. A type-approved ECDIS wil display a warning if the mariner attempts to use ENCs at scalas larger than thal of the source char, Paper Charts and Diagrams Symbols and abbreviations 24 P6011 Symbols and NP5011 Symbols and Abbreviations Used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts, is a complete Abbraviatiors used on guide to undorstancing the way inwhich information ie praeerted on ADMIRALTY charts. ADMIRALTY Paper Charts Metric charts Most new charts and new editions are published with depths shown in metres, except in US waters, where new charts may show depths in fathoms and/or feet. However, a number ‘of charts showing depths in fathoms andlor feet exis! outside US waters due to the age of the iniormation avaiable, Besides a legend in the ttle area, metric and non-metric charts are easily distinguished by the colour of the land areas. In metic charts the land is yelow; in non-metrcit is grey. ‘Syimbolegy based on Chart Names and othar legends refering to fied (ie above water ané land) festures arenormally ‘Speciications of the INO in upright text and those relating to floating and water feaiures are normally in forward-sioping tex. For features that are diffcult io define as either land or water, such as locks or docks, the text will be according to the principal characteristic of the feature. The same principle applies to many symbols for example, buoys slope and beacons are upright. For soundings, ifthe tex is Upright, it indicates an unreliable sounding (see NPSO11, | | No won fang at depth shown, ‘Seandings which are urvellabe ge taken ‘romol or smaller scale sources) shown, = inuprighthaitine figues Non-Metric Drying heights ard contours abore char atm Natural watedouse(ininteial area) Extract from P5011 at3 other Government charts 25 Other Government chart coverage thor Govornmont chart availabilty UKHO modified reproductions of other Government charts In areas not covered in detail by ADIMIRALTY charts, other Hycrographie Offices may publish charts of the country concerned, gving larger-scale coverage. ‘The international use of standard chart symbols and abbreviations enables the charts of many different courtries to be used with litle dificuly by the mariner ef any nation, Most ther Government charts express depths and heights in metres, but the unt is invarably slated below the ttl of the chart ‘The vertical chart datum of the chert shouldbe carefully noted as some use a datum below which the tide sometimes falls, for example, in heir own waters, USA uses Mean Lower Low Water (ther Government charts may not always be referted to the same horizontal datum as ADMIRALTY charts, and if this is the case, positions should be trarsferted by bearingand stance rom common charted objects, and not by latiude and longitude. Each Hydrographic Office has a system similar io ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners (4.23) for keeping their charts and pubications updated. Thoy aro usually available only fiom national agencies at tho largor ports and from the appropriate national Hydrographe Office. Hydrographic Ofices have their addresses listed in NP131 Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications. ‘Although large-scale national charts may be availabe for their own waters, they may not be readily available before arrivalin the area and updates may also be hard to abla on aregular basis, In accordance with Intemational Char Regulations and bilateral arrangements between the UK and many other Hydrographe Offices, facsimile or modified reproductions of selected national charts are published by the UKHO and form part of the ADMIRALTY series of charts, ‘Al modified reproductions of chasts that have been adopted ito the ADMIRALTY series are listed in the Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications under their ADMIRALTY, AUS, NZ, and JP chart numbers, and are Updated by ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners in he usual way. ‘Any foreign national (non-UK) maritime limit, baseline orintematicnal maritime boundary ‘shown en a UKHO modified reproduction of anothor Governments charts is not s UK Government endorsement oracceptance of said limt, baseline or boundary For coastal State's current declaration of maritime Iimits, baselines and Intemational martime ‘boundaries please refero the appropriate coastal State'snational charts, orother national officia statement of baselines, limits and bouncaries, ‘Australian, Japanese, New Zealand, Canadian, and United States charts 26 Se) aus é Bare nz BEI ee : Canadian and Unted States ccharts required in certain areas Selected charts of Australian, Japanese and New Zealand waters are reproduced in the ADMIRALTY series with their chart numbers prefixed by AUS, JP, and NZ respectively Tho full ange of Australian and New Zealand charts is given in their raspectve chart catalogues which are availatle on the following websites: ‘Australia: yoww hydro. gov.au New Zealand: wwva.inz. govt.nz, Canadian Charts and Publications Regulations and US Navigation Safety Regulations require ships in Canadian and US waters to use end maintain appropriate charts and navigational publications. In certain areas, only Canadian or US charts and publications will suffice, Summaries of these Reguiations are given in NP247(1) Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners Part 1 (427). 22Charts for Specific Purposes Planning charts 27 , ‘Routoing Charts ADMIRALTY Routeing Charts are ossentialwhen planning obean passages. They include routes and distances between major ports, ocean currents, je limits, oad Ines and wind rosesshowing expected meteorological and oceanographic condiions for each month of the year. 2 ‘Mariners’ Routeing Guides ADMIRALTY Mariners’ Routeing Guides provide the user with detailed passage planning Information through areas wth reetricted coa room, They include infermaon on Tratlic ‘Separation Schemes and routeing measures along with relevant local regulations. 3 Pott Approach Guides ADMIRALTY Port Approach Guides each cover a single port and contain important Information required when planning port approach and ertry. They complement the ‘equivalent coverage ENC or papernavigational chart to make passage planning quicker, redugo orrors and improve situational awaronoss. 4 Maritme Security Charts “ADMIRALTY Maritime Securty Charts are a reference quide to known security dangers ‘and established reporting procedures, They also act as a repository for mariners’ notes ‘concerning security reports and emerging risks. They are designed to improve planning to avoid risks to the socurity of navigation and to improve situatonal awareness when ‘navigating through high-risk areas, Reference and plotting charts 28 , Woild Tme Zone chatt This chartallows the marinerin any part of he world to relate theit local time to Standard Greenwich Mean Time, including when crossing the International Date Line. 2 ~~ Load Line Regulations chart Load Line regulations cover the craucht to which vesse's may be loaded in designated zones around the world. The Load Line Regulations chart snows the latest designated zones and seasonal periods. 3 Gnomonic charts These charts ate used inpassageplanning to plat great circle routes as straight ines. They allow a Series of rhumb line courses to be devised for routes across the Aliantic, Pactc, ‘and Indian Oceans. ‘ ‘Magnetic variaion charts These charts show the magnetic variation and rate of change at the worldwide level on a series of eight sheets. More localised information is shown on Standard Nautical Charts, 5 Ships’ Boats’ charts The onears of the world are coveted by a set of Ships’ Boats’ charts printed on waterproof paper. Each chart shows the coastine, the approximate strengths and directions of prevailing winds and curronts, limts ofiee, and sogenic Ines, On the rovergo of each aro ‘elementary directions forthe use of the chart and remarks on the management of boats, zad on wind, weather, and currents. They are avalable as a set in polythene wallet, together with paper, a pencil, an eraser, a protractor, anc tables of sunset and sunrise. Miscellaneous charts and diagrams 29 , Azimuth diagrams Azimuth diagrame aro published to enable the true bearing of « heavenly body to be ‘tained graphically from its local hour angle and dectination. 2 Other series of charts avellable + Star charts and diagrams + Practice and Exercise Area (PEXA) charts (United Kingdom area only) + Instructional Charts 23Supply and Distribution of Paper Charts ADMIRALTY chart agents: 2.10 Chart agenis supply any of the charts listed in the Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications NP131 Cetalogue of ADMIRALTY Chars and Publications Chart update services avsilable Chart folios Chart updates i The range and quantity of charts and publications stocked by chart agenis varies considerably. Chartagents inmajor ports keep fully updated stocks to meet all reasonable day-to-day requirements of vessels. These distributors are identified as internatonal ADMIRALTY chart agente in NP137 Catalegue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publieatone, ‘Agents at smalr ports and small-craft saling centies may keep only resticted stocks. Chartagents are spreadthroughout the world: their addresses arellisted in the Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications. NP131 Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications gives the limits and details, Including the dates of publication and the dates of current editions, of all ADMIRALTY charts, plotting sheets, and diagrams, and of Austalian, New Zealand, and Japanese Charts reprinted in the ADMIRALTY series, Usts of countries with established Hydrographic Offices publishing charts oftheirnational waters, places where ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners are published, and the addresses Of ADMIRALTY distibutors are also contained n it Certain chart agents have the facility to check and bring up-to-date complete folios oF outfits of charts, placing obsolete charts as necessary, and supplying, unprompted, New Ezitions of charts required for a ship's out. Charts can be supplied indivdualy or made up into folios. Standard ADMIRALTY Chart Folios have their limits shown in the Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications. “Those folios ara arranged goographically and togethor proviee caver for the world, Each folio contains al relevant navigational charts for the area concemed. ‘Oncea charts published itis kep! updated by Notices to Mariners and NewEditons. The chart suppied willinvariably be the latest edition and up-to-date forall Permanent Notices to Mayiners, but not for Temporary or Preliminary Notices. To confrm that the chart is the latestedition and has been updated, the latest Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners (4,27) and subsequent Weekly Editions can be consulted, cena cD is ipl Examoles ot ADMIRALTY products 24Digital Navigation Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) af : ED'S provi 2 ora rar 3 pyle PainasBline Organization's (IMO’s) sceton of oD : COIS ype app 3. os ctton star ENE 6 ECDIS updates 7 ECDIS treining and fariliarisation ‘Almost alliarge merchant and passenger ships over 500 gross tonnage arenow required touse an ECDIS for primary navigation. (SOLAS Chapter 5 Regulation 19) ‘An up-to-date list of all the relevant IHO standards relating to ECDIS equipment is ‘maintained on the IHO webste: woruieint| ‘ElectonieChat Display and information System (ECDIS| means anavigation information system which with adequate back-up arrangements is also accepted as compiying with the up-to-date chart required by regulations V/19 end Vi27 of the 1974. SOLAS Convention, as amended, by disalaying selecied information from a system electronic ‘navigational chart (SENO) wih positional information from navigation sensorsto assistthe mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and if required display additional navigation-felated information’ SOLAS Chapter V, Regulation 18 roquitos that ECDIS shall bo of a type aporoved by the vessels flag Slate administration, Type approval is the certification process that ECDIS. ‘equipment must undergo 1o demonstrate that it complies with the IMO performance standards for ECDIS. ‘The testing prosessis conducted by recognised Notfied Bodies against the standarélEC 61174 — ECDIS operational and performance requirements, methods cf testing and required test results, The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the authority responsible for derving the testing standard from the requirements in the IMO ECDIS. performance slandards and associated IHO ECDIS and ENC standards. Whenan ECDIS meets the erterlaof the relevant intemational standards, the notfied body involved will issue a type-examination cerrficate to the ECDIS manufacturer. “Electronic Navigatianal Chart (ENC) means the databese, standardized as to content, structure and format, issued for use wrin ECDIS by or on tne authonty of a Government, authorizec Hycrographic Office or other relevant government institution, and conform to IHO standards, The ENC contains all he chart information necessary for safe navigation ‘and may contain supplementary information in addition tothatcontained in the paper chart (for example, Sailing Directions) which may be considered necessary for safe navigation,’ ENCs can only be issued by Government-authorised organisations and ECDIS canonly ‘meet carriage requirements when being Used with ENCs. ECDIS hardware and sottware must beupdatedto work within he performance standards, {a with all electronic systems, ECDIS must be maintained to eneure the hardware and ‘software are up-to-date. It is Important for the safety of navigation that the application software within the ECDIS works fully in accordance with the performance standards and 's capable of displaying all the relevant digital information contained within ENC. IMO MSC.1/Cire.1803 siates: “ECDIS that ie not updated for the atest version of IHO Standards may nat meetthe chart carriage requirements as set out n SOLAS regulation V/19.2.1.4 International regulations require that when ECDIS is being used as the means of navigation, the Master and all bridge watch keeping officers have undertaken generic ECDIS traning and famiiarisation with the model of ECDIS in use. The ISM code implies thal these officers Should be tnoroughly familar with the use of the sspeciic makes andmodels of ECDIS equipment onboardthe ships they willbe navigating, ‘More information and guidance is available in ADMIRALTY products. 25, ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service (AVCS) ENCs avai 242 ble from UKHO. Worldwide ENC coverage ‘Supplied on. GD, DVD, ana online, arid updated weekly ENCs purchased asia seties of ingividual chart, oF ia managed folios, Transit folios Regionaliélios, Porttolids Pay As You Sail ‘Support information ‘AVS brings together ENCs from national Hydrographic Ofices around the world and those produced by UKHO to provide the most extensive wordiwice ENC coverage available. t comprises only ENCs that conformto the defniton ofa nautical chart set out in SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 22, which means that they can be used wil a ‘ype-appraved ECDIS for navigation. Data's Supplied on DVD or over te internet fom a ange of onine Services, Updates are issued weekiy ether on disc or online ‘The ENCs in AVCS are avaiable as individual chars, A range of digital catalogues and ‘management systems can be used to order now ENCs and maintain an invontory of holdings. ENCs may be licensed for periods of 3,6, 9, or 12 months depending on the customer requirement ‘Atenatively AVCS is avaliable in geooraptically based folio giving worldwide coverage. ‘There are three types cf folio avaiabe, designed to maximse uliily and minmise the carriage of redundant data, & nix ofall three foo types i required for most voyages. Forthe purposes of AVCS, the worlds divided into ant areas’ representing Ganvenient ‘and well-understood ocean regions. They are intended to Save mariners the expense of purchasing detailed coverage for regions that they are just passing through, while Including more coverage to negotiate choke points. Lerger-seale ENCs are avalable esther in the aparopriate regional or port foto (see below). or ndividualy ‘These folios cover'a much smallar geographical area than Wanstfolos and include all coastal and some approach ENGS, where coastal coverage is nol available. Regional folios are designed for local end coastal trade, where more detailed coverage of complex coastal waters is required. They do nctincude port approaches ar entry. Coverage of tho world’s ports is schomed into a sot of pot folos. Each contains the coverage necessary to enter he por, with epproach, harbour and berthing ENCs grouped (0 @ single ‘oli. In very complex areas where a rumber of ports share a singe por folio provides the coverage for al the ports nthe area. AVCS is also avaliable in Pay As You Sail (PAYS) services from some chartagents and is inckided in some ECDIS system-speciic SENG services, ‘A wide range of suppor information, including system-speciic instalation guides and videos, Is avaliable ftom the UKHO webstee at www. admiral. cOuK/AVGS. The Suppor vdeos are also published on the ADMIRALTY TV YouTube channel ADMIRALTY Information Overlay (AIO) 243 Satoty laformation README file 244 ‘Al AVCS CDs/DVDs contain a README file containing important safaty information ‘The ADMIRALTY. Information Overlay is:an aid to navigaters for uso. during passage planning and is supplied as part of AVCS. It contains all ADMIRALTY Temporary and Preliminary Notices to Mariners (T&P NIMs) where the local nation have not enceded temporary information into their ENCs and highlights navigationally significant dferences between ENCs and ADMIRALTY paper charts. T&PNMs cary the same numbers that are used inthe ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners Bulletin. ENC Pretminary (EP) NMs highlight navigationally significant differences bbotween ENCé and ADMIRALTY paper charle ang each ie allocated a unique EP NM number, ‘The Overlay canbedisplayedon compatible ECDIS equipment and some back-of-bridge ‘software solutions, Please see the UKHO website at www.admialty.co.uK/AVCS for an p=to- date list of compatible equipment, or consult your ECDIS supple. ‘The TSP Nis natace shownin he Overlay relate specifically to ADMIRALTY paper charts ‘and are overlaid on ENGs to alert users tothe availabilty ofthis information vhen passage planning. Many ENC providers incude some or allof ineir '&PNMsin their ENCsandcare ‘should be taken to understand what has alteady been included in the ENCs in use. A list (of ENG producers whose poiicy is to nelude T&P NM information in their ENCs can be found at wawadmiralty co uk/AVCS and in the \INFO folderon all AVCS discs, Pleasenate that oficial ENCs remain the primary source ofinformation for navigaton at all imes. The fle is located in the ENC_ROOT folder and contains information that may be Significant for navigation. It should be reviewed for changes each time the ECDIS is updated 26ADMIRALTY Raster Chart Service (ARCS) 245 Digital reproduction of “ARCS charts are digital reproductions of ADMIRALTY paper charts for use ina wide range ‘paper charts of systemsat sea and in shore-based epplications. They retain the same presentationand 2 Comprehensive updating service 2. Worldnide coverage in regions clarity as their paper equivalents. ‘ARCS charts are provided on CD-ROM allowing their use in a wide range of equipment. Worldwide coveraga is held on 10 regianal CDs and one CD for small-scale charts. ‘ARCS is supported by a comprehensive updating service which mitrors tre Notices to ‘Mariners used to update ADMIRALTY paper charts, Weekly Notices to Mariners updates ae supplied ov an update CD-ROM. The updates are applied automateally and the updating information is cumulative so only the latest update CD-ROM needs to be used, ‘These updates are also avalable by emal and over the internet from a renge of online services, [ARCS charts can be purchased individually in 10 regional folios and one worldwide {ello containing planning chars, cr in a singlo worldwide folio that contains all availaslo charts 3 fin iGa “3 ft — 3 - es. »> : eS 2 ha, |. 9 193 . By 5- t P : io. ARCS Worldwide coverage in regions 27CHAPTER 3 ADMIRALTY Publications ADMIRALTY Digital Publications (ADP) Digital versions of the UKHO's nautical publications 34 ADMIRALTY Digital List of Lights (DLL) ADMIRALTY Digital Radio Signals (ADRS) ADMIRALTY TotalTide (ATT) ADMIRALTY e-Neuti¢al Publications (AENP) Advantages of using ADP. 32 ‘Greater efficiency and flexibility Notices to Marners (NM) applied quickly ‘Small wockly update files Single Weekly update DVD Individually licensed, installed, used, and updated ‘Assists in digital navigation ‘transformation ‘Approved by most tag States Global coverage Cariiage compliant ‘An advanced source of navigational light and fog signal information, covering over 85,000 light structures worldwide. Includes lignthouses, fixed lignts end fog signals. Volumes 1, 3, Cover Maritime Radio Stations, Marlime Safety Information ands Service, Meteoroiogical Observation Stations and Martime, Diotioae and Safely System, Volume 2 ‘A range of compliant, digital positional and. timekeeping references to help ensure ships are atthe right place al the right, time, Volume 6 Essential maritime radio Communications informaton for nearly 4000 service locations worldwide, including plot services, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) and port operations. ‘The world’s most comprehensive tidal prediction program, bringing global tidal heightand stream data together Italows the userto make tidal eight predictions for mare than 7,000 pports and 3,000 tidal stream stations worldwide. See area diagram below. ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions and Reference publications in a more convenient, ‘lectronie format. ADP products are quicker and easer to use than paper pudlications, and allow information to be exportad for inclusion within passage plans. 'NMs can be quickly applied each week, requiring less time and effort compared io paper pabiications Updates are provic ‘All ADP products can be updated from a single Update DVD published each week, Users can make a working copy of each licensed ADP produc, allowing each to be used ‘on two separate compulers cnboard while satisfying SOLAS requirements ‘The ADP portfolio helps bridge crews transition from paper-based nautical publeations: to improved digital alternatives ADP provides tne same level of compliance to the majority of shipstrading internationally as traditional paper publications, ‘All ADP products provide global coverage, divided into regions to provide flexible coverage. ADP products ¢ontain the same oficialinformation as thoir equivalent paporpublications. Most flag States have approved them as SOLAS carriage compliant and they aid ingpectors by clearly showing when the publication was last updated. Refer to ‘admiralty.co.ukflag-state- approval for more information. lod in small les that can bo downloaded waekyy via the intemet. 29ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions Essential information for the mariner 33 cuebal govorage Often referred to as Pilot Books: Provide essential ‘navigational information ‘avallable a8 ADMIRALTY e-Nautical Publications (AENP], Use of paper Salling Directions a4 Before using the paper versions ‘of ADMIRALTY Sailing Difections, the mariner shoul conduct a check to ensure the Volume io up-to-dato ‘Amendments areimade by Notices to Mariners ‘Amendments canbe cut out and pasted or ated in the margin Recent editions can be obtained from chatt agents or the UKHO website Thors aro 76 volumes covering all tho navigable costal Waters ef the world (200 coverage diagram below). ADMIRALTY Saiing Directions are complementary to ADMIRALTY charts and other ADMIRALTY Nautical Publicatons ‘They are designed for use by mariners on all classes of ocean-going vessels. Each publication contains quality colour photography and graphics in an easy-to-read couple column format ADMIRALTY Sailing Drection provide comprehensive information on navigational hazards, buoyage systems, pilotage, reguiations, general country notes, port facilites, seasonal currents, ice and’ climatic conditions. All volimes are updated by weekly ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners for matters of navigational significance. All ADMIRALTY Salling Directions are avallable as e-Nautical Publications within the ‘AENP service, providing faster updating and easier access to the information mariners need. Check: ‘+ Tho most recent edition of the volume is hold ‘+ Amendments in Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners (oat) have been applied + Amendments published in gection IV of Weekly Editions of NMe have been appliod ‘Section IV of Weekly Editions of Notices to Narinars (NMs) contains amendments to Salling Directions that cannot wait until the next new edition. These wil normally be restricted to those thought to be navigationally signficant Itis usually recommended that amendments are cut out and pasted into the parent book arinars may, however, preterto keep amendmentsin a separate fie and annotalethe text ‘of he book n the margin to indicate the existence ofan amendment. The laiter is valid for volumes with supplements or where significant rumbers of amendments make the ‘cut-and-paste method unwieldy \mhere itisfound that the most up-to-date information is not held, the mostrecent edifons cf all publications can be obtained from ADMIRALTY chart agents or the UKHO website: wanw.gov.ukiukno New Editions ate published on 2, 3 or 5-year cycles. This is shown in NP1S1 The Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and. Pubications 30)4,5 and ADRS 2 data sets are both splitinto the same areasADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals Comprehensive light and fog signal information 35 Published in 14 volumes ALL is published in 14 regional volumes (A-P). ‘Comprehensive worldwide » They contain worldwide coverage of alfixed lights, fog signals, and some it foating marks. information Some non-charted minar lights are also included, Dipping distances and light A geographical range table for detemining dipping distances and a luminous range \sibilty range tables @agram for obtaining the range at which ight can be seen, allowing forts power and the prevailing visibity, are contaned in each volume, WGS84_ Positions are obtained from the best sources available. Where datum shits are known, they are applied to cbtain theWVGS84 position. fin doubt tre largest-scale reference chart should be usec for positonalinformaton on lights. ‘Amendments For al the volumes, changes to lights or fog signals of any navigational significance are included in section V of tho fest Wook’y Eaition of NUs publishod attr tho information is received. New edifons pubished annually They include all light changes accumulated over the previous year. Amendments made after a volume has goneto print are published insection V ofthe same NM that announces the new edition, therefore ensuring the volume can be corrected on arival F ee H . C en "2 otty » le a Bo| obo @, | ar om s os wh 2 p |:wornle % a Me. s oy CH ¢ a 2 K ont ° ot i om “6 wen Limits of ADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals 32,6 ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Comprehensive maritime communications Information 36 Publichedin Sievolumes, ‘Amended trom section Vi Ot NMs ‘Summary of changes pubished quartedy in section VI \Volume:t: Maritme Radio Stations is published in wo parts Volume 2: Radio Aids to * Navigation, Differential GPS (DGPS), Leoal Tme, Radio Time Signals and Electronic Postion Fixing System, published in two parts, Volume 3: Maritime Safety Information Services 's published in two parts Volume 4: Mateorolagies! Observation Stations Volume 5: Global Maritime Distess and Safety System (Gwinss) Volume 6: Pilot Services. VTS. ‘and Port Operations is spilt into, sight parts Alleigh! pars contain the samo) key information A new edition of each volume is published annually. Together they provide a ‘comprehensive source of information on al aspects of mantime communications, \Wnen a newly published volume Is received It should. be amended trom section VI of Notices to Mariners, Cumulative List of Amendments is issued quarterly in section VI which lists stations that have been amended + Patt 1 covers Europe, Attica, and Asia (excluding the Far East) + Patt2 covers the Americas, Far East, and Oceania Both parts contain the same key information. Gicbal communication services Maritime radio stations Coastguard radio stations Medical advice by radio Quarantine and Pollution Reporting Locust and pollution reports Maritime satelite services Piracy and armed robbery reperts Radio in terntorial waters International Rracio Regulations. Part 1 covers Europe, Attica, and Asia (excluding the Far East) art 2 covers the Americas, Fer East, and Oceania Both rams contain the same key information. VHF Radio direciion-finding stations (RG) Radar beacons (Racons and Ramzrks) ‘Automatic Icentifcation System (AIS) Satelite Navigaton Syeteme (including a lcting of radio beacons worldwide that transmit DGPS corrections) + Legal time + Radio time signals, + Electronic position fixng system. Part 1 covers Europe, Attica and Asia (excluding the Far East) Part 2.covers the Americas, Far East and Oceania Both parts contain the same Key information, + Radio facsimile broadcasts + Radio woathar servicas Radio navigational warnings EGC Satelite Broadcasts NAVTEX Broadcasts Firing Practise Area Contact information MSI website links ‘Space weather Marine meteorological services Meteorological codes for shipping ‘Weather ‘Apps’ Contains full isting of all meteorological observation stations werldwide Contains particulars ofthe system with asscciated information and diagrams, andincludes extracts from the relevant International Telecommunications Union Rado Regulations and services available to assist vessels using of paricipeting in the GSS, relevant exacts from SOLAS Regulations, comprehensive Ists of Global Coast Station DSC acilties, MSI and SAR contact details EGO Satelite Broadcast and NAVTEX Staton information art 1 United Kingdom anc Europe (excluding Arcic, Balticand Mediterranean Coasts) Part 2 Europe, Arctic and Baltic Coasts, including leeland and Faroe Islands Part 3 Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Suez Canal Part 4 Indian sub-continent, SE Asia and Australasia Part § North America, Canada and Greenlara Part 6 North Easi Asia and Russia |Pactic Coast) Part 7 Central and South America and the Caribbean Part 8 Africa (excluding Mediterranean Coast), Red Sea and the Persian Gul. Each part contains the maritime radio procedures essential to assist vessels requiring plots and/or entering ports. Also included is information on ship reporting systems, vessel {raffc services (VTS) and port operations. The textis supplemented with many associated diagrams and ilustrations showing the key elements of the many individual procedures. 33)ADMIRALTY Tidal Publications ADMIRALTY Tide Table 37 Published annually in’ nine volumes: Each volume is divided inta three parts Data quality for Secondary Ports canvary Local tide tables should be consulted where appropriate Non-UK tide iables are available ‘rom the relevant HO ‘Amended in seation Vil of NMs + Vol‘A:UK English Channel to River Humber (including Isles of Scilly, Channel Islands and European Channel Ports) + Vol 1B: UK and Ireland (excluding Isles of Scilly, English Chennel to River Humber, ‘Channel lelande and Eurepoan Channel Ports) Vol2: North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Regions Vo!8: indian Ocean Vol 4: South Pacific Ocean vVoi5: South Gnina Sea and Indonesia Vo! 6: North Pacfic Ocean + Vol7: South West Allantic Ocean and South America + Vol@: South East Atlantic Ocean, West Attica and Mediterranean Part | gives daily predictions of the times and heights ot high and low water ‘or a selection (of Staidard Ports. In addition, Part la of Volume 1 contains hourly height predictions at a selection cf Standard Ports, and inVolumes3, 4,5, and 6, Part la contains dally predictions (ofthe times and rates of a number of tidal stream stators. Part IIconiains the te and height differences that ere to be applied tothe Standard Port predictions in erderto derive predictions at a much larger number of Secondary Ports. Part Il lists the prinelpal harmonic constants for all those ports where they are known, intended for usa with the simplified harmonic method (SHM).in addition, in Volumes 2, 3, 4,5, 6 and 8, Part Ila centains similar information for a rumter ol tidal stream stations. Data for the Secondary Ports vary considerably in completeness and accuracy. In general, \where full datas given, canbe assumed that predictions willsatisty the normal demands ‘of navigation. Where incomplete data is given, itis prudent to regard the information ‘obtained es approxmate. Relevant symbols, footnctes, and other notes are provided to ‘alert the User where incomplate data ie givan. utside the Briish Isles, the general principe is to publish only a selection ofthe Standard Fort predictions published in foreign tide tables, and those foreign tables, should be cconstited where appropriate, Foreign tice tables are obtainable from the appropriate national Hydrographic Ofice, and usually from national agencies atthe larger ports. A note of those places for which dally. Predictions are given in oreign tablesiis included in Part ofallrine volumes. Latest additions and any amencments to ADMIRALTY Tice Tables are published in section Vil f the weekly Notces 'o Mariners. Information in ADMIRALTY Tide Tables on subjects such as tidal levels. harmonic constants, chart datum, otc is subject to continual revision and infornation tom obsolete edtions should never be used. ADMIRALTY Tidal stream atlases, 38 22 iidal stream atlases covering NW Europe Roferenced tO HW at Standard Ports Presented diagrammatically Tidal prediction mathod Calculations of Predictions A serias of 22 tidal stream atlases show the direction and strength of tidal streams in parts (of NW Europe at hourly intervals in diagrammatic form. Each diagram is roforenced to the time of HW ata epecifiod Standard Port, and a method is included for assessing the rate of stream depending on the range of the specific tide in queston. The data is the same as that glven on large-scale charts, but the diagrammatic resentation is advantageous when planning and executing a passage through the area {26 it provides interpolated eetimatos ostream movernts between the observed points, ‘SHM is a Windows-based tidal prediction method using the simpitied harmonic method (of prediction, publsned in all Volumes of ADMIRALTY Tide Tables. Following input of the harmonic constants forthe pot in question, obtzinabie by the user from ADMIRALTY Tide Tables, the method allows the user to manually compute Tidal redictions for any date and timein the year for which the Tide Tables are valid 34)Limits of volumes of ADMIRALTY Tide Tables Tidal stream atlases - English Channel Tidal stream atlases of NW Europe 35Reference Publications NP196 Oc: 39 ‘Suppots deep-sea navigation n Pe Comprehensive planning information Includes the world’s busiest routes Laid outin an eazy-to-use format two-part series: 108 for the World (Ocean Passages for the World (NP135) supports the planning of deep-sea voyages on ‘most major routes, with detais of weather, currents, ice hazards and ¢istances between ‘major ports. Individual chapters covering each of the world’s oceans, with details of weather, climate, winds, currents, swoll, seasonal factors and ice hazards. Coverage of the world’s busiest and emerging traderoutes to help bridge crew and shore side staff with route planning and the calculation of arival times. ‘Numerous routs diagrams ard tabulated route data io help Users find information quick ‘a5 well as charlets clearly demonstrating the effects of climate, wave heights and|oad line Volume 1: Alantic Ocean Volume 2: Indian and Pacific Oseans NP350 ADMIRALTY Distance Tables 3.10 Give the shortest navigable distances between two Important positions A three part series ‘Those distances may differ from those used in Ocoan Passages for the Werld whose longer routes take advantage of favourable climatic conditions and currents, Volume 1: Atantie Ocean Volume 2: Indian Ocean Volume 3: Pacific Ocean Publications Supporting Celestial Navigation HM Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO) 311 HINAO products NP314 The Nautical Almanac 3.12 Information for use.in Sun and star sight calculations Acs in he planting of observations Interpolation and correction tables Sight reduction tables HMINAO produzes astronomical data in a number of publications and services suitable for wide range of uses. HMINAO is jointy responsible with the US Nautical Amarac Otice for producing the annual volumes of The Astronomical Almanac, The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Phenomena, HMINAO 's also responsible for a variety of procucts including The Star Almanac for Land Surveyors and he UK Air Almanac as wellas those highlighted below. ‘A nos of information and furher readng Is available at the HMINAO website: hitpy/astro.ukho.gov.uk ‘The mariner has ready reference to tabulations of the Sun, Moon, navigational planets, and stars, Contains the times of sunrise, sunset, twifghts, meonrise and roonset, phases of the ‘moon and eclipses of the Sun and Mcon. ‘Atituce correction tables, pole star tables and diagrams, and notes for identication of slars and planets are included, ‘A concise set cf sight reduction tables and a sight reduction form are included. 36(NP303 Rapid Sight Reduction Tables for Navigation 3.13 Purpose Volume 1! Contents Volumes 2 and 3. Gontonts Designed for the rapid reduction of astronomcal sights. The tabulated altitudes, true bearings end methods allow the Marcq StHilaie (intercept) method of sight reduction to 'be used ina quick and straightforward manner. Contains selected stars fora given epoch. Ittabulatesthe calculated altiudeio 1 arcminute ‘and true bearing to 1° for the seven stare most suitable for obtaining a positon by eextant ‘observations, forthe complete range oflatitudes andLHA Aries. This volume can be used without reterénce to an almanac. I is ideally sulted to te navigator wishing to get the optimum selection of stars fora three-star fix, Iis intended foruse for 2 years either side (of the epoch for whch itis published, Provides values of attudo ard truo bearing, providing for sights net includod in Volume 1 Calouiated altitude is to 1 arcminute, true bearing to 1° for declination ranges trom 29° ‘North to 23° Scuth. Volume 2 covers latitudes 0° to 40", Yolume 3 covers laltudes 33° to 89°, The Nautical Amanac is requited to provide the position of the observed body. ‘DP330 NavPac and Compact Data 344 Provides fast and reliable ‘astronomical data to ‘etermine a position NavPac PC software P3923 Star Finder and Identitier 3.15 Disgrame for plotting stare from ‘the Nautical Almanac Elevation and tue bearing of ‘tars ean be obtained ‘0P330 contains methods and astronomical data wth PC-based software (NavPac) for sight reduction. Provides navigators and astronomers with data covering five years along with simple and efficient metheds ‘or calculating the positions of the sun, moon, navigational planets, the 57 bright stars, and the pole stars to navigational precsion, NavPac PC sofware provides fast and reliable astronorical data to determine a position from sextant observations, NavPac uses the data and methods in the book to enable navigatorsto compute their position atsea usingobservations made with a marine sextant. Italsa incdes a variety of functions such as times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise and ‘moonset, checting compass bearings, sight planning and rhumb ine/great circle sailings. ‘Tho 67 stare listed on tho daily pages of Tho Nautical Almanac can be plotted and tho positions ofthe planets and other stars can be added. For agiven LHA Aries and latitude, the elevation andtrue bearing ofa star can be obtained by inspection @P100 The Astronomical Almanac 3.16 Technical and general astronomical information The phenomena and positions of solar system cbjects and stars for a given year: The book is a worldwide resource, jointly the flagship publicaton of the Nautical Almanac Offices in the UK and USA. Itprovides date in a variety of ¢o-ordinate systems tabulated at intervals (¢.¢. daly) appropriate to the type of celestial object. It tabulates the geocentric positions of the Sun, Moon and planets at very high (up to nillaresecond) precision a8 well as providng positional data for selected miner planets and planetary satelites. Physical quanities such as magritudes and orientaiionsforthese ‘objects are alec tabulated. Phenomons found inthe corresponding edition ofAstronomical Phenomena (see below) andthe tmes of civil, nautical and astronomical twilights together With data and methods relating to earth orientation, iimescales and co-ordinate systems are also given. GP200 Astronomical Phenomena 317 Contents ‘GP209 Astronomical Phenomena contains a summary of future astronomical events taking place several years ahead of those inthe current Astronomeal Almanac, including the prases of ne Moon, eclipses ofthe Sun and Moon, principal occultations, planetary prenemena, elongations and magnitudes of the plarets, times of sunrse\set, and ‘moorvse/set, in acdition to the equetion of time, the decination of the Sun and the Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA) of the pole stars, 37,CHAPTER 4 Information Flow Between the UKHO and Mariners Assessing Data Submitted to the UKHO Navigationally significant information 44 Selection of material Information selection Derved chars Hydrographic information, both temporary and permanert, is an important aid to rravigation, but the volume of such information workiwide is considerable. If all the data available were published immediately to update UKHO products, the quantty would ‘overload most users and fmt the uselulness of those products, ‘Strict contol is therefore exercised in selecting that which is necessary for immediate or relatively rapid publication. That which is considered desirable but not essential for safe ‘ravigationis usually ncludedin the next fullnew edition ofthe product when tis published Each itom of new data received in the UKHO is assassed on a scale of poiential danger or significance to tne mariner (le now navigationally signiicant) taking nto consideration the wide variely of users of UKHO productsin the area affected anc the different emphasis that those users place on the information contained in the products. “Types of information deemed to be navigationally signiicant promul Mariners or a New Edition of a chart: + Reports of new dangers significantto surfacenavigation,forexample, shoal depthsand obstructions with loss than 31 m of water over tham and wrecks with a dopth of 31 m. crless. Nete: citeria for non-dangerous wrecks’ can vary, se2 1.12 ‘+ Changes in general charted depths significant to submarines, fishing vessels and cther commercial operations (depths to about 800 m) including reports of new dangers, sub-sea stuctures and changes to least depths of wellheads, manifolds and templates. pipelines and permanent platform anchors in ol exploraiion areas + Changes to the significant characteristics (character, peried, colour of alight or range I change is generally over 5 miles) of important elds to navigation ‘+ Now oramended routing measures + Works in progress * Changes in regulated areas, for example, restricted areas, anchoreges + Changes in radio alds to navigation ‘+ Additions or deletions of conspicuous landmarks ‘+ Inharbour areas, changes to wharves, reclaimed areas, updated date of dredging if previous dale more than 5 years old, works in progress. Also new ports and port developments, + In UK home waters, all cables and pipelines, both overhead (with clearances) and seabed to a depth of 200m, Oulside UK home waters, all overhead cables and pipelines (wth clearances), seabedtelecommunication catles toa depthof 200 m.and ‘Seabed power cables and pipelines to a depth of 200 m + Offshore structures, for example, production platiorms, wind turbines, marine farms + Pilotage services + Vertical and horizontal clearancés of bridges. ‘Areas where there Is anctnernational charting authonty are termed derived charting areas; in some of these areas there is en obligation to follow the national charting authorty in promulgating navigationally significant information. This is particularly relevant for counties where there are statutory regulations in force that gover the carriage of authorised charts and publications, ted by Notice to 39)2 Promulgating new Information for paper charts. 42 Methods ised Information nét navigationally signficant Sources of information 43 Information sources Mariners are encouraged te notiy the UKHO of dangers, ethds usedto promulgate new formation forupdatingpaper chars and Port Approach Guides + Navigational waming + Preliminary Notice to Mariners (P)NM) + Temporary Notice to Mariners (NM) + Permanent chart-updatina Notice Mariners (NW) + An NM is issued for the promot dsseninaton of textual, permanent, navigationally sipfilicantinforTaton thats not ofa carplex naure. A Nobeginay bo aceompenied by an NM Block where there is a significant amount of new, complex, navigationally Siniicant data in relatively small aree or mere the volume ef change would cuter the chart unacceptably if amended by hand + New Eston (NE} + Now Chart (NC). Information that is assessed. as being not navoationaly signfcant or is judged inappropriate for promulgation by navigational warming, NM (permanent, block, preliminary o-tomporary), or NE Because of fe natures rerorded to awa thenexroutna update BY Ne orNG. Information Is reéeived by the UKHO trom a vaviety of sources: ‘+The Royal Navy and other surveying organisations + Overseas hydrographic offices andior national charting authorties ‘+ Other functional authorities, for example, lighthouse authorities and port authorities + Commercial organisations, for example, communications companies, oll and gas operators, + Vessels andlor shipping companies + Private individua's, for example, leisure sailors. Marinors are encouraged te notify the UKHO when new or suspected dangers to navigation are discovered, changes are cbserved in aids to navigation, or updates to charts or publications are seen to be necessary. Information on how information shoud be reported is given at 4.28 and subsequent paragraphs. Worldwide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) Introduction 44 Information for mariners, gel Boe Warnings should be read immediately on receipt ‘Transmitted in English Further Infomation ‘The Worldwide Navigational Waring Service (WWNWS), under the aegis of the Intemational Hydrographic Organization (HO) and the bntemational Martime Organization (IMO). is a co-ordinated global service for the promulgation cf navigational Warnings which carries timely information regarding new hazards to safe navigation. For furthe’ information en this service, see wwwiho.int and the jointMO/IHO/WMO Manual on Maritime Safety Information (8-53) ‘The attention of Mastersis called o the necessity for making arrangementsio ensurethat allnavigationalwamings or other matters relating to safety of fe at seaare brought totheir notice, or that ofthenavigating offcer at sea on watch athe tine, mmediataly on receipt. The regulations relating o the oficial lg provide for an entry tothe effect that the Master's aitention has been called to all sgnals of mportance or interest and observance of the ‘requirement should ensure that this important matter is not overlooked ‘Masters shoulé arrange, for the navigational warning broadcast to be monitored prior to sailing, ‘The language used in both NAVAREA and coastal warnings is English on international assigned tequancies. Warnings may additonaly be transmitted in a local language on rational assigned frequencies, ‘See NP283 and NP285. 40.NAVAREAS 45 21 geographical NAVAREAs For the purposes of the WWNWS, the world is divided into 21 geographical sea areas, known as NAVAREAS, end icentifed by the roman numerals | to XI, and one sub-area (he Baltic Sea). The autnoriy charged with collating and issuing long-range navigational warnings withn a NAVAREA is called the NAVAREA (or Sub-Area) Coordinator. Coordinators contact details and website addresses are avalable fro + NP2es & NP285 + wrwmiho.intintg_docs/com_wa/CPRNW/CPRNW_Misc/ANW_on_the_web.him ‘Types of navigational warnings (NWs) 46 Four typos of ‘Thore are four types of navigational warnings: ravigational warning NAVAREA warnings az NAVAREA warnings information required for safe navigation + NAVAREA wamings + Sub-area warnings + Coastal wamings + Local wamings. ‘Many navigational wamings are of a temporary nature, but others reman in force for several weeks and may be superseeded by Notices to Mariners. Details of ellnavigattonal warnings systems are given in ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Volumes 3 and. ‘They are prepared in/a numbered series for each calendar year Each NAVAREA ‘coordinater promulgates a weekiy list f those warnings that remain in force, 1m patticular, they include new navigational hazards and failures of important aids to navigationas well as information that may require changes to planned navigational routes. a2 ‘Typical navigational wamings Sub-area warnings 48 Sub-area wamings Coastal warnings 49 Broadcast infomation for, ‘seaward of the fairway buoy or pilot station This lst is not exhaustive, and should be regarded only as a guide, Furthemore, it ‘esunpases that sufficient precise information has nat been previously disseminated by Notices to Mariners: + Casualties 10 lights; fog signals, buoys and other aids ta nayigaton affecting main shioping lanes + Tha presence of dangerous wrecks in ornearmain shipping anes, and, irelevant,their marking ‘+ Tho establishment of major new aids to navigation or significant changes to existing ‘ones, when such establishment or change might be misleading to mariners + The presence oflarge or u + Dritinghnazards including derelict vessels, ca, mines. containers and other large items ‘over 6 m in length) ‘+ ‘Areas wnere SAR ang ant-polution operations are beng carried out forine avoidance of such areas) + The presence ofnewy discovered rocks, shoals, reefs and wrecks likely to consitute ‘a dangor to shipping, and, ifreievant, their marking ‘+ Unexpected alteration, or suspension, of established routes + Cable or pipe-laying activty, seismic surveys; the towing of large items of submerged ‘equipment for research oF exploration purposes, the employment ct manned or unmanned submersibles or other underwater operations that constitute a potential {danger in or near shipping lanes ‘+ Tho establishment of research or scientific instrumen's in or near shipping lanes ‘+ The establishment of offshore structures in or near shipping lanes + Significant malfunctioning of radio-navigation services or shore-based maritime safety Information radio or satelite services + Information concerning special operations that might affsct the safely of shipping, sometimes over wide areas, for example, naval exercises, missile tings, space missions, nuclear tests, ordnance cumping zones ete + Operating anomalies identified with ECDIS inclusing ENCissuss + Acts of piracy and armed robbery against shipping + Tsunamis and other natural phenomena, such as abrormal changes in sea level + World Health Organization (WHO) health advisory information ‘+ Seourty-related information. jeldy lows in congested waters ‘Sub-area warrings broadcast information that s necessary for safe navigation within a sub-2rea, They will normally include all the subject matter listed for NAVAREA warnings, but will usually affect only the sub-area. Coastal warnings broadcast information that is necessary for safe navigation within areas ta seaward of the fairway buoy oF pile station, and are not restricted to shipping lanes. Whore the aroa is corved by NAVTEX (4.12), they provide navigational warnings for tho entire NAVTEX service area, Where the area is not servec by NAVTEX, all warrings relevant to Coastal wate’s Out to 250 nautical miles irom shore should be Incluced in the international SafetyNET senice (4.13) broadcast for the NAVAREA. Some areas of the World have established national SafelyNET coastal wemning areas in lieu of NAVTEX service areas, Coastal warnings are numbered in a continuous sequence, and in the UK are prefixed by the letters WZ. 42.Local warnings 4.10 Broadcast informatign for inshore waters Language 4 English used to broadcast wamings NAVTEX 442 Broadcast of maritme safety information (MS). International SafetyNET Service 443 ‘Satellte-based MSI system Localwamings supplement the coastal waming service by giving detaled information on localised hazards te Safe navigation. They usuelly refer particulafy to inshore waters and ‘ae ofen criginated by coastguard, port or pilotage authorities. Local warnings issued in por naygational warning service wil concem events inshere of the pilot staton which {do not affect coastal navigation of the port. UK port authorities often provide navigatonal information as part oftheir pott radio service; details are gven n ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Volume 6. In the UK those inshore areas which lie between the limits of one port or harbour and the next ate included in the local waming service operated by HM Coastguard whe compile and broadcast local radio navigational warnings relating to hazards which may affectcraft In nsnore waters outside portandharbour authority lmits. They wil be on an ad noc basis ie there will not be any numerical sequence and there wil be no spectic broadcast schecuules. The incdence of repetition of the broadcast willbe at the discretion of the originating coastauard station; details are given in ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Volume 3, The Channal Navigation Information Service (CNIS) provides frequent ‘broadcasts of navigational and other in’ormation for te Dovor Strat, Ful details ofthisand the associated Shp Movement Reporting System (CALDOVFEP) are contained in ADMIRALTY Lit of Radio Signale Volume 6. Local warnings may be issued in the natonal language orly. Particulars are given in Volumes 3and6 of ADMIRALTY List ofRadio Signals, where limes, requencies, andther relevant information will be found. All NAVAREA, cub-area and coastal warnings are broadoaet in English only on the international NAVTEX and intemational SafelyNET services. National NAVTEX. and ‘SafetyNET services which transmit navigational watnings in local languages areavallable in certain areas. Warnings may also be broadcast by other means such as VHF RIT. NAVTEX is the system for the broadcast and automatic reception of MSI by means of narrow-band directprirting telegraphy. The intemational NAVTEX sevice uses a ‘single-frequency 518 kH2 transmission in English. National NAVTEX services may be estabished by maritime authorites o meet particular natonal requirements. These broadcasts may be on 490 kHz, 42005 kHz or a nationally alocated frequency andmay ’bp in either English or the appropriate national language. For celal, see Volumes Sarid 5 (of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. ‘The intetnational SafetyNET service is an automatic direct-printing satellite-based service forthe promulgation of MSI. Itorms part of the Inarsat-C Enhanced Group Call (EGO) system io provide a simple and automated means of receiving MSI onboard ships ‘al 66a. For promulgation of MSI and for details of the incorporation of other eatalite services into the GMDSS, see volumes 3 and § of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signas. Updating cherts for navigational warnings 4a How to.uss) Information received by navigational wamings should be noted in pencil on the relevant paper charts and erased when the relevant messages are cancelled or superseded by ‘Notices to Mariners. Charts quoted in messagesare only the mostconvenient charts; ther charts may be affected. For EGDIS systems a methed for noting the navigational warning thet is temporary, for ‘example a layer set or manual correction set, can be used in accordance with standard ‘operating procedures. This way the updates can be kept up-to-date and removed as necessary. The nayigatonal waming number or reference should be noted within the ‘correction set in ordar to easily find the warning o edit or remove itas necessary, andalso asa quick referenceto be able to tellthat the ECDIS Is up-to-date with the latest warnings, 43Weather Information World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 445, SafetyNET weather warnings in The WMO has established a global service for the transmission of high seas weather 21 worldwide areas warnings and routine weather busts, through the Enhanced Group Calling intemnatonal ‘SafelyNET Service, Meteorolagical service areas (METAREAS) are almastidentical tothe 21 NAVAREAs (4.5) within the WWNWS. Each METAREA has a designated natonal ‘motoorological service rosponsiblo forissting high seas weathor warnings and bulletins. ‘The cesignated authoriies are not necessarily in the same country as the NAVAREA Coordinators. For ful details of SatetyNET METAREA services see Volumes 3 and § of ADMIRALTY List of Ragio Signais. The information given at 4.16 to 4.20 is valid wihin METAREA | only, United Kingdom offshore shipping forecast 446 Weather warming bulletins for offshore shipping UK gale warnings 4a7 When broadcast and general information ‘The UK offshore shipping forecast comprises a summary of gale wamings, pain-language syropsis of general weather condiions and forecas's for 24 hours. In ion, an ornanced eutlock ie provided to cever tho poriod from daye threo 10 fvo Tor the ofshote shipping forecast areas on the 518 kHz NAVTEX sence. Cshore Shipping Forecasts are broadcast through + RT (MF andior VHF) by HM Coastguard CGOOS inthe United Kngdom and also on the Intematonal NAVTEX Service (S18 KHz) (4.12). Broadcast times vary. For full broadcast details See Volume 3 of ADMIRALTY Uist of Radio Signals + Satelite Enhanced Group Calling Service. METAREA|| ony (earea outside NAVTEX coverage). For fullbreadeast details see volumes3 and 5 of ADMIRALTY List of Ragio Signals, + BBC Ratio 4. For full broadcast details see ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Vouume3. The enhanced extended three to five day) outlook is provided on the intermatona! NAVTEX Service (518 kHz) covering the shipping forecast areas of the NAVTEXtransmiters, Porpatrck, Cullercoats, and Nitan - North Sea, English Channel and SW Approaches, West Coast, and Aarti. Gale warnings are issued when mean winds o at least Force 8 or gusts reaching 43 to 51 knare oxposted. Gale wamings romainin fotee until amonded or cancolied. However, if the gale persists for more than 24 hours afer the time of orign, the warning wil be reissued. The torm Severe Gale implies a mean wind of atleast Farce 9 or guste reaching $520 60 kn. The term Storm implies a mean wind of atleast Force 10 orgusis reaching 61 1068 kn. The erm Volent Stom implies a mean windof atleast Force 1! or gustsreaching 69 knots or more. The term Hurricane imples amean wind speed of 64 kn or greater. ‘The term Imminent implies within 6 hours of the time of issue of the gale warning; Soon limplios botwoon 6 and 12 hours; Later implios more than 12 hours. Betas of gale waming ‘orecasts canbe foundin the ADMIRALTY Lis of Ralo Signals flume High seas - Atlantic weather bulletins and storm warnings 418 Detail and content High seas ~ Atianticweather bulletins and siormwarringsare broadcastin plain language, ‘commencing with storm warnings, if any, followed by a piain-language synopsis of weather conditions, an¢ also forecasts valid for 24 hours. Storm warnings are issued whenever winds of Storm Force 10 or more are expected during the next 24 hours inany of the areas of responsibilty High seas ~ Alantio Weather Bulletins and Storm Warnings are broadcast on Satelite Enhanced Group Calling Services, METAREA lonly (le area cutside NAVTEX coverage). Forful broadcast details see volumes 3 and 5 of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, 44UK coasial Inshore waters forecast 449 Content and transmission information Coastal strong wind warnings 420 Description Ships’ weathor roporte 421 General information Coastal inshore walers forecasts are broadcastfor the benefit of coastal shipping, fishing vessels, and leisure craf, and cover the coastal waters of the UK eut to 12 nautical miles, ‘They provide @ brief synopsis, 24-hour forecast and a 24-hour outlook for 19 coastal ‘The Shetland Isles inshore forecast covers a 60-mile range of Lerwick and consists of a 42-hour forecast and a 12-hour outlook, Coastal inshore waters forecasts are broadcas! through: + VHE by HM Coastguard CGOCs inthe United Kingdem + National NAVTEX service (490 kHz) + BBC Radio 4 For full broadcast details See Volume 3 of ADMIRALTY Uist of Radio Signals. Coastal strong wind warnings illonly be issuedif thewind speed inan inshore waters area Js forecast at Force 6 or mere and was not identified in the previous inshore waters forecast. These willbe broadcaston receipt and included in the repetition broadcast and ‘ae valid until the next new inshore waters forecast. The abbreviation ‘SWW" wil be included in the inshore forecast if winds are forecasted at Force 6 or more to indicate that ‘strong wind warning isin operation for the time covered by the forecast For broadcast details in the UK se0 Volume 3 of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. ‘Ships’ weather reports are made from vessels that have been recruited by national meteorolagicalservcesta paticipate in the WMO Veluntary Observing Ship Scheme Full dolails are given in Volume 3 of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. UK Meteorological Office website 422 asi Latest matine observations, shipping forecasts, gale wamings, inshore waters forecasts ‘and sirong wind wamings can all be found on the Met Orfice website: wr. metolice gov.uk ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners How Notices to Mariners are promulgated 423 Purpose and content Numbering conventions 424 Weekly Edtion numbering ‘Types of Notices to Mariners 425 Permanent, preliminary ‘and temporary ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners coniain information that enables the mariner to keep ADMIRALTY products up-to-date forthe latestreports received. The Notices toMarners (Ms) are published in Daily and Weekly Editions available on the ADMIRALTY website, For details of the chart series see the Catalogue of ADMIRALTY Charts and Publications (NP131) 0° the ADMIRALTY website. ‘ADMIRALTY aigitalpubications data is managedby the data updatng wizard which alows vpdatas automatically via the intemet, via emailor manually va the ADMIRALTY website, ADMIRALTY e-Nautical Publications corrections are easly obtained by clicking the ‘get ‘updates’ button to connect te ADMIRALTY to download the latest updates. Al standard ADMIRALTY NM products are available through the ADMIRALTY website www admralty.co.uk, ‘ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners are also numbered weekly end consecutively starting at the beginning efthe year, noting that Annual Neticos to Marinors will always have the frst ‘numbers in each yearly series, ‘The majorty ofinformation designed for use in correcting paper charts is promulgated by the UKHO in the form of permanent, chart-correcting notices. Under certain orcumstances, however, alternative ferms of Notices fo Mariners are utlised 452 Preliminary Notice to Mariners A (P)NM is used when early promulgation to the marineris needed, and: (NM petontwor wi ser be aking place (or example, habour development), o: Inforration has boenrecelved, but Ms too corplexor extensive o be promuigatedby a permanentchart updating Mi pecis ofthe verllcnangestogetne wih ravgatonaly Egniicantdetaled rformatin is given in the (NM. Pul deal ae included inthe nont ‘ew Ghar'or New Eaton, or Further centration of details 6 needed. A permanent chartupcating NM wit be promulgated or NE Issued when fhe oetals have been confimed. oF For ongoing end changeatle sivatons. such as bridge constructon across major welomays A porfanert chet-updatng Mf wilbepromulgatedor'NE eased when the woke Seiad (P)NMSs are also used to promulgate corrections for Port Approach Guides. 3 Temporary Notes to Mariners A(T)NM suse wher the infometion wilraman vata onl fo intecpered but wi not (NM) normally be initated when the information will be valid forless than 3 to 6 months. In such Creumstances. the infomation may te avalale 25 2 navigatonal warning ot may be promulgated by means ofa Loca Notes to Mariners Structure of the Weekly Edition of Notices to Mariners a2 : Section! Contsns explanatary hetes and publeatons Is. This sein i pubished wéekly and contans ‘Notes and advice on the use, update and amendment of charts and publications: Lists of new charts, new editions and navigational publications published, and any charts withdrawn, durng the week. Publication of new charts of new editions, of wehdrawals, scheduled to take place in the near future. 2 Section IA This section is published monthly and contains a list of (7) and (P) NMs cancelled during the previous month and a listo TAP Notices previously published and stillin force, Full text published in Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners Part 1 (NP247(1)) each year. 3 Secton IB This section is published quartery atthe end of March, June, Sepiember, and December each year. I ists the current editions of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions ADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals ADMIRALTY List of Racio Signals ADMIRALTY Tidal publications ADMIRALTY Digital publications 4 Section | Contains updates to Standard Navigational Charts. ‘Section Il contains the permanent ADMIRALTY chart-updating NMS, the fist of which are ‘always Notices containing Miscelaneous Updates io Charts, Nolices based on original information, as opposed to those that republish information from anather country, have their consecutive numbers suttixed by an asterisk. Ary Temporary and Preliminary Notices ‘@ included at the end of the Section. They have their consecutive numbers suffixed (T) and (P) respecively. These Notices are preceded by a Geographical Index, an Index of Notices and Chart Folios, and an Index of Charts Affected. ‘Blocks, notes, depth tables and diagrams to accompany any of hese Notices willbe found atthe éndof the section. ‘A Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners is published in Week 1 (NP234(A)) and Week 26 (NP234(6}) each year, see 4.27. 5 ‘Section ll Contains reprints of navigational warnings. Lote the eerial numbers of allNAVAREA | moseages in force with roprints o! thaee ieeued during the week. The ful text of al NAVAREA | warnings in force is reproduced in Weekly Ezitions 1, 13, 26 and 39 each year. 6 Seoton IV Contains updates te ADMIRALTY Saiing Directions published during the week Note. Thetulltext ofall extantsecton V Noticesis published annually inJanuary Annual ‘Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners Part 2 - Amendments to Saitng Direciions and Miscellaneous Nautical Publications (NP247(2) 7 Secion Y Contains updates to ADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals. These amendments may not be published in the same Weekly Edition as those gving chart updating information in Section I 46Secton VI Section Vil Section Vit Maintenance of NM Data 427 Retention of back copies Inforce lists ‘Anmual Summary of ADMIRALTY. Notices to Mariners NP247(1)8 (2) (Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners Gontains updates to ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. “These amendments may notbe inthe same Weekly Edition as those giving chartupdating information in Section I, Note. A Cumulative Listof Amendments tothe current editions ofthe ADMIRALTY List of Radia Signals is published in Section VI quarterly in March, June, Septombor and December, Contains updates to miscellaneous ADMIRALTY nautical publications This includes NPY00 - The Mariner's Handbook and NP136 ~ Ocean Passages for the World formerly corrected by Section IV Noiices Note. The full ext ofall extant Section VII Notices is published annually in January in NP247(2) Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners Part 2 - Amendments to Sailing Directons and Miscellaneous Nautical Publications. Contains updates to ADMIRALTY digtal products and services. This includes general information and warnings as well as some guidance on the latest findings related to ADMIRALTY digital products and senices, Week Ecitions should be retained to maintain an effective set of NM data. Archived NMS ae available via NMWebsearch. ‘These should date back to the eatiest publication cate of the current volumes of ADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals and ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. In the case of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions, correcions are reprinted in ful in January each year in Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners Part 2 (see below) Published every three months, This is Ist of all ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners currenty in force that is useful for ‘ensuring that the correct NMs have been applied to a chart or publication, The Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners is published arnualy in Janusry intiwo parts, These volumes are obtainable in thesame way ae other ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Part t: ‘Section | Contains AnnualINotices to Mariners 1-26. TheseNMs cover importanttopies which ere likely to remain valid for some time and may be the same or very similar to these published in previous years. and when it becomes apparent that the information has become more enduring than was. originally ‘envisaged, Kwillbe transferredinto the most appropriate parent publication, Section Il. Temporary and Preliminary Notices. Contains reprints of all ADMIRALTY (DNMs and (P)NMs that are in force on 1 January Part 2: Section | Lists the current editions of all volumes of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions ‘Section Il Contains reprints of all extant amendments te ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions Which have been published in section IV of Weekly Editions of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners and are in force on 1 January. ‘Section Ill Lists the curent editions ofall ADMIRALTY publications and their mostrecent updates. ‘Section IV Contains reprints ofal'extant amendments to ADMIRALTY publications which have been published n section VIl of Weekly Editions of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners and are in force on 1st January. (Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices fo Marmers Is published six-monthly in January and July. Itlists the publication dates of the current edition of each ADMIRALTY chart, those Australian (AUS), Panama Canal Authority (CP), German (DE) indian (IN), Italian (7), Japanese (JP), New Zeeland NZ) Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Solomon islands (SLB) ‘charts republised in the ADMIRALTY series, and lists all permanent Nis affeciing tem issued in the previous two years. The quoted publication date may be that of a new chart, ‘new edition or a large correcton. The relevant date s given in thebottom outsice margin of the chart 47.Reporting of Information Observing and reporting hydrographic information 428 General remarks Oppartunties foe reporting Obigatory reports, ver since man vertured on he sea, mariners have depended upon the experience and report of hose who eaied before. inthis way, through be yoare. an increasing amount Of information has been accumulated trom seafarers and explorers so that t has become possible to set down the detalls in corvenient form on charts andin Saling Directions. itmaybe true to saythatihere are nowno undiscovered lands orseas and that most coasts have, to a greater o lesser dagres, been surveyed and mapped: yet its equally tue that the atcuracy of chads and their acsocated;publicaions depend jist az mush at ever on reporis from sea, and from others who are responsible forinshore surveys, ichts, and other ‘ads to navigation. Without ¢ supply of information from these seuress, wotsd not bo possible tc Keep the cherts and publications corected fer new and changed conditions. Whenever a ship is making good a track over 2 porion ofthe chert where no soundings: ‘2 shown. of ever an atea of suspected shoal depihs, itis advisable o take scundings. ifthe ship is fited witha suitable echo sounder, such soundings, itproperiy recorded and reported, wil bs of much value forthe subsequent improvernant cf the chat The planning of surveys can be considerably assisted by reports fom ships on the adequacy or ethemise of existing charts, paricularly n the ight of new or intended Govelopments a a port. In this connection the views of harbour authorities and plots can be of value. ‘Subject to compliance with the provisions of Intemational lax concerning Innocent passage, orto national laws where appropriate, every mariner should endeavour to note ‘where charts and publications disagree wit fact and should repo any differences to the UKHO. Statements confirming chated and published information that may be ol, but is nevertheless correct, are of considerable value and can be used to reassure ther mariners visiting the area itis hoped thatthe mariner, by folowing the points mentioned below, willbe able make best use ojthe opportunties win which he is often presented to repor information, though itis realised that al ships do not carry the same facies and equpment. Fepots that cannotbe confirmed. or ae lacking n certain details, should nct be withheld Shortzomings ahould be stressed, and any fm expectation of boing able 9 chock the information on a succeeding voyage should be mentioned, ‘The International Convention for the Safely of Lite at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, requires the aster of avery vessel which meets with any o! the folloning to make a report Dangerous ice, or air temperatures below freozing associated with gale-force winds causing severe icing. See 7.38 for deta ot the requires content ot ine report. ‘A dangercus derelict. The report should include the nature of the derelict or danger, its position when last cbserved, and the date and iime when itwas last observed, using UT (own, ‘Any other dancer to navigation. These may include shoal soundings, uncharted dangers ‘and navigational aids out of order. Such dangers should also be reported to the Navigational Warnings office at UKHO. by telephone (+44(0)1823 353448), or em: rnavwamings @ukho.gov.uk. Qutsde of UK Coastal Waters/Navarea I suchreports are to bo forwardod tthe relovant National/Navaroa Coorcinater. Fer contactdotais seo NP283 and NP265. The draught of modern tankers is such that any uncherted depth ofless than 591m may be of sulfcient importance to justify such action, ‘Atropical storm, or winds of force 10 and above of which there has been no waming. See 5.26 for details ofthe required content ofthe report ‘The reports tobe madeby al means availabe to vesselsin the vicnity,andio the nearest coast radio station or signal station, it should be sent, preferably in English, or by The International Code of Signals. I sent by VHF or Mf, all safety communications should consist ofan amouncement known asa Safety Call Format, transmitted using DSC o RT, followed by the safety message transmitted using RT. The message should be preceded bythe safely signal SECURITE (fr safety) or PAN PAN (or urgency) and repeated in each case three times. Full details can be found in Volume 5 of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals 48.Standard reporting format and procedures 429 , Reporting format 2 Hydrographic Note (Form H102) a 4 UKHO forme aro used for speci, reporting purposes: 5 HeNote apo) 6 Information requiring confirmation IMO Resolution A. 851 (20) inrroducesa standard reporting formatand procedures. These ‘@ designed 19 assist Masters making reports in accordance wih the nallonel oF local requirements of different Ship Reporting Systems. \Vessel movernents are reported through a Sailing Pan, sent priorto departure: Deviation Reports, where the vessol's position varies significantly from that predicted and a Final Report on arrival at destination of when leaving a Reporting Area. Three atherstandard reports give the detailed requirements for reporting incidents involving dangerous goods, harmful substances, and marine pollution The existing procedure for making the obligatory reports described in 4.28 rerrains unaltered ‘The Hydrographic Note (Form H102) is the preferred formfor submission of information to the USHO. Ths form is reproduced at the end of this chapter, and inclides detailed guidance on its completion. Additonally, blank copies of he form are printed atthe back ‘ofeach Weekly Editon of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. They can alsobe obtainedtree ff charge from any ADMIRALTY distributor, and can be dewnloaded from the UKHO website: www.admiralty.co.ukmaritime-salety-information In addition, the following UKHO forms are used for spectic purposes: Form H102A._ Hydrographic Note for Por Informaton chould be used to render roparts ‘on port and harbour information. Itis reproduced atthe end ofthis chapter, land may also be obtained in exactly the same way as the H102 above. FormH1028 HydrographicNote for NSS Oaservations against Corresponding Chart Positions should be used for rendering reports in accordance with the inetuctions bolow. Itisalsoroproduced athe and of thie chapter, andmay, be downloaded from the UKHO wetsite. FormH634 Ornithological Log (4.35) FormH636 Marine Bioluminescence Observations Reporting Form (4.36) FormH637 —Maiine Life/Fishing Activity Reporting Form (4.35) ‘Mariners should not be deterred fiom reporting if any of the above forms are not to hand, ‘Manuscript or emailis just as acceptable. Inespective of format, eorts ehould be forwarded to the UKHO, Admiralty Way, Taunton, ‘Somerset, TA1 2DN, United Kingdom (email: sdr@ukho gov.k). In additionto the foregoha, mariners can assist the UKHO to provide the latest details of maritime radio services by supplying new, additional or ccrroborative information for ADMIRALTY List of Racio Signals, using the report form in the front of each volume, or Form H102, Such information can be forwarded, either in manuscript or by email Information can be submitted using the H-Note agp. The ADMIRALTY H=Nole app is, available on the iPhone and Andéoid platforms and acts as an easy way to submit vital information to the UKHO. See wuwaémiralty.co.ukimariime-safety-information Download on the @ AppStore ‘Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone, iPad and iPed touch are tradomarks of Apple Inc. registaredin the USA and other countries, App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Androi ‘and Google Play are trademarks of Google Ine. ‘Some informatan, depending on its source and completeness. will require confirmation from an authortative source (for example, primary chartng authority or a port authority) before being acted upon, However, if confemation js being sought, but the nature of the information is such that t needs to be promulgated urgently, an NM may be issued. 49)Using charts to send positon information Geographical postions - Latitude an¢ longitude ‘Astronomical positions Visual fixes: Fixes from GPS - 1028 reporting of GNSS generated positions Channels and passages The largest-scale ehart avalable, a ploting sheet prepared to a sutable scale, oF, for ‘oceanic soundings, an ocean ploting sheet. should be used to lot the ship's position uring observations. A cutting from a chart, with the alterations or addtions shown inred, ic often the bost way of forwarding doval required, a replacement for a chart used for forwarding informaton will be Supplies for tee. itis prferredto show the amendments on a tracing ofthe chart, rather than onthe chart itself, they should be shownin red, but adequate detall tom the chart must be traced in black to enable the racing to be fied correctly Latitude and ionghtuse shoule only be used specticaly to postion detats when tney nave been fixed by astronomical ebservations or by a postion-xing system thet reads cut in latitude and longitude. Obsewations should bo accompanied by the names and atudes afthe heavenly bodies, and the times of the observations. A note of any corrections not already applied, and an estimate ct any probable error due to cordltions prevaling at the time, should also be included. A tix defined by horizontal sextant angles, compass bearings (rue or magnetic being ‘specifed), or ranges should consist of more then two observations ‘The observations should be taken as neatly as possible simultaneously, end should be carefuly recorded atthe time andiisted in he report with any corrections that have been soplied to ther ‘The report should incluce information on whether the GNSS recewver was set tc WGS84

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