‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬

‫‪sh.mahmoudi1972@yahoo.com‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )‪(FDC‬ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﮕﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻤــﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑــﻪ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺳــﻨﮓﻫــﺎﻱ ﺑــﺎ ﭼﮕــﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑــﻪ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﭼــﭗ ﻣﻴــﻞ ﻣــﻲﻛﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ)‪ (CNL‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻞ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﮕـﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﭼﭗ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻻﮒ ﺗﺨﻠﺨـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕﮐﻠﻴﺪﯼ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻻﮒﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪FDC ،‬‬

‫‪CNL‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻛﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳـﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺨـﺰﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻘـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﭼـﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﻤـﺎﻳﻲ)ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴـﻴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱‬ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪API UNIT‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۳‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﮒ ‪SGR‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪API UNIT‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۴‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﮒ ‪SGR‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ۴‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺁﻫﻜﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ‪ CGR‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻞ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ۵‬ﻭ ‪۶‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻞ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ ‪ -‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﮒ ‪ CGR‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺗﻮﺭﻳـﻮﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﮒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪API UNIT‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۵‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﮒ ‪SGR‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪API UNIT‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۶‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﮒ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ‪) CGR‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ‪( CGR‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪API UNIT‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪Glauconite‬‬

‫‪Phosphate‬‬
‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬
‫‪Organic matter‬‬

‫‪Algae‬‬
‫‪Th/K‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪Fracture‬‬
‫‪Stratigraphic traps‬‬
‫‪Stylolite‬‬
‫‪Hiatus‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۷‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ‪CGR‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ۷‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻛـﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۸‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﮒ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ)‪ :(CNL‬ﻻﮒ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺎ ‪ Compensated Neoutron Log‬ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺧـﻮﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﮒ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ)‪ :(FDC‬ﻻﮒ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ‪. Formation Density Compensated‬ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻻﮒ ﺍﺯ ﭼـﭗ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ‪1.95‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2.95‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺍﺵ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴـﻴﺘﻪ ﻛـﺎﻧﻲﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ (۱‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺝ‬

‫‪Mineral‬‬ ‫)‪Density(gr/cc‬‬ ‫‪Fluid‬‬ ‫)‪Denssity(gr/cc‬‬

‫‪Quartz‬‬ ‫‪2.65‬‬ ‫‪Fresh Water‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Calcite‬‬ ‫‪2.71‬‬ ‫‪Salt Water‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪Dolomite‬‬ ‫‪2.87‬‬ ‫‪Oil‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪Anhydrite‬‬ ‫‪2.96‬‬

‫‪Primary‬‬
‫‪Dolomite‬‬

‫‪Secondary‬‬
‫‪Dolomite‬‬

‫‪DolomiticLimestone‬‬

‫‪ArgillaceousLimestone‬‬

‫‪Limestone‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۹‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ )ﻓﻠﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ(‬

‫‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۰‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۱‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۲‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ‪ CGR‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ‪ CGR :‬ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ = ۲۰‬ﺷﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﻥ‬

‫‪ PEF = 1.9‬ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﺁﺭﻧﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ‪Free Qz‬‬
‫‪ PEF = 2‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺁﻫﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ PEF = 2.3‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ PEF = 3.1‬ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ PEF = 3.5‬ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫‪ PEF = 5.08‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻚ‬
‫‪ PEF = 5.05‬ﺍﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ PEF = 3.5-4‬ﮊﻳﭙﺲ‬
‫‪ PEF = 4.8‬ﺁﻫﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ PEF = 4.8‬ﺁﻫﻚ ﺭﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﻥ‬
‫‪ PEF = 6‬ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪/‬ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۳‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ PEF‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۴‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ‪ PEF‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۵‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ‪ PEF‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۶‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ‪ PEF‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻻﮒ ﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۷‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ‪ PEF‬ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۸‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻻﮒ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ‪ CGR ،PEF ،‬ﻭ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۱۹‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻻﮒ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ‪ CGR ،PEF ،‬ﻭ ‪ SGR‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲۰‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ ‪) NGT‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ(‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ NGT‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﺷﻌﻪﻫﺎﻱ‪) A‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ(‪) B ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﹲﺍ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ) ﺑﺎﺭﺧﻨﺜﻲ(‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﻫﺎﻱ ‪ K 40 ،K 41 ،K 39‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﹲﺍ ‪ K40‬ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Th 230 ،Th 232‬و ‪ Th 234‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ Th 232‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲﺗـﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ‪ ۲۳۵ ،۲۳۴‬ﻭ ‪ ۲۳۸‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ U 235‬ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ U234‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ NGT‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۰/۵‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‪ ۲/۵‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪ K‬ﻭ‪ Th‬ﻭ‪ U‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ۵/۸‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ FDC/CNL‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ۲۰۰۰۰‬ﭘﻮﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻓﻮﺕ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪ ۳۰۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪ ۵‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ -۱ .‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﭼﺎﻩ ‪ -۲‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻔـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ‪-۳‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ‪-۴‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﺗـﻮ ﮔﺎﻣـﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺯﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫـﺮ ﭼـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺯﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﺳﻴﻠﻮﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ‪ KCL‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺸﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪NGS‬‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ )‪(Source Rocks‬‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
 ‫‪ -۵‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻲ‬

‫‪ -۶‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫‪ -۷‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺷﻴﻞ‬

‫‪ -۸‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ -۹‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ -۱۰‬ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪) Lithification‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ( ﻭ ﺩﻳﺎﮊﻧﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ‪ Th/K‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ U‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﻚ ‪ U‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺗﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻮﻻﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻜﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻻﻳﻪﻫـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺩﺭﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺒﻚﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ NGS‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹲﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﻖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹲ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺱ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺘﺎﺋﺪﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺋﺪﺭﻱ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻻﻳﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ ـ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﺎﺋﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺏ ـ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﻳﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ ـ ﺷﻜﺒﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺱﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫‪( A‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺖ ‪ -‬ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫‪( B‬ﻭﺭﻣﻴﻜﻴﻮﻟﻴﺖ ‪-‬ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻧﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺖ ‪ -‬ﺳﺎﭘﻮﻧﻴﺖ ‪ -‬ﻫﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻳﻠﻴﺖ‬

‫‪ -‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪-۳‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻻﻳﻪﺍﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺗﺎﭘﻮﻟﮋﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪-۴‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﺱﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻪ ﺁﺑﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﻴﻠﻮﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﮊﻳﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪،‬ﺭﺱ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺭﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻠﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴـﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ﹰﺎ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﺋﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﭘﻴﺮﻭﮊﻧﻲ‬
‫)ﺧﺸﻜﻲﺯﺍﺋﻲ( ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮕﻬـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻧـﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﻮﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺭﺱﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۲۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺁﺑﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻠﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺭﻣﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻳﺰﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛـﺎﻧﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﺳﺮﻳﺴﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴـﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﺭﻳـﺰﺩﺍﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛـﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۲۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺁﺑﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺒﺴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﺎﺱﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ )‪(Expandation & shrinkag‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺭﺱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺭﺱ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺭﺱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﺱ ﺍﻧـﺪﻛﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻫـﻴﭻ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲۱‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺱ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻢ‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲۲‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲۳‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‪ /‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪/‬ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (۲۴‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻻﮒ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬

‫ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺴﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ )ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ(‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼـﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺮﺳـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺯﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﺧﺴﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺭﺳﻮﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﻳﺎﮊﻧﺰ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭼﺎﻩ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ )ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ(‬

‫‪ -‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺫﺧﻴﺰﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ )ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ(‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ )ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ(‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ )ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ(‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ‪ VG‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞﻫﺎ ‪ VP‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪VB = VG + VP‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PHI= Vp/Vt‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)‪PHI=( Vb-Vg)/Vb , PHI= Vp/(Vg+Vp‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪SW = V w / Vp‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪K = Q × µ × L /∆P*A‬‬

‫‪ : K‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ )ﻣﻴﻠﻲﺩﺍﺭﺳﻲ(‬

‫‪ : Q‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ )ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(‬

‫‪ : µ‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﭘﻮﺯ(‬

‫‪ : L‬ﻃﻮﻝ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ(‬

‫‪ : ∆P‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ(‬

‫‪ : A‬ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻣﺘﻪ )‪(DST‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ )‪ (RFT‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ )‪(build up Drawdown‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻐﺰﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫〉 ‪ΝetH .C. = PHI 〈1 − SW‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΣPHI .h‬‬
‫= ‪NetPHI‬‬
‫‪Σh‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪∑ PHI .h.SW‬‬

‫= ‪SW‬‬
‫‪ΣPHI .h‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻻﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺤﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻻﮒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑﺮﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪1 - Schlumberger, Log Interpretation Chaarts, Houston,TX , 1995‬‬
‫‪2 - SPE Textbook Series, vol. 4, 1994, Theory, measurement and Interpretation Of Well‬‬
‫‪Logs.‬‬
‫‪3- Toby Daarling, 2005,Well logging And Formation Evaluation.‬‬

‫‪ -۴‬ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺑﻬﺮﺍﻡ‪ ، ۱۳۶۴ ،‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ )‪ (NGT‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

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