Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications-Finnemore Franzini 10E (Chua) PDF

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications MCs te E. John Finnemore Joseph B. FranziniChapter 2 Properties of Fluids PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 2.3 Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity x'2.3.1 BG V Easy VShort 1 2.3.2 2.3.2 SI VEasy VShort 1 2.3.1 2.3.3 BG VEasy VShort 1 2.3.4 2.3.4 SIV Easy VShortt 1 2.3.3 2.3.5 SI VEasy VShort 1 P2.2 2.3.6 B VEasy VShort 1 2.3.7 BG Easy VShort 1 P23 P21 SI VEasy VShortt 1 2.2 BG VEasy VShort 1 X2.3.5 2.3 SI Easy VShort 1 X2.3.7 2.4 BG Easy Medium 3 2.5 SI Medium = Short 1 2.5 Compressibility of Liquids X 2.5.1 B Easy V Short 2 2-D interpolation; unit conversions 2.5.2 BG Easy VShort 1 2.5.4 2.5.3 BG Easy V Shortt 1 2.5.4 SI Easy VShort 1 2.5.2 2.5.5 SI Easy Short 1 P27 P 2.6 BG Easy Short 5 2.7 BG Easy Short 1 X2.5.5 2.8 SI Medium Medium 3 Interpolation in 2 directions 2.6 Specific Weight of Liquids X 2.6.1 B V Easy VShortt 2 2.6.2 t 2.6.2 B VEasy VShort 2 2.6.1 t 2.6.3 BG Easy Short 1 2.6.4 SI Easy Short 1 P29 BG Medium Short 1 t Interpolation 2.10 SI Medium Medium 1 /cont... ' For all Exercises (identifed by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are read from graphs. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.2.8 201 Exer/Prob Units Property Relations for Perfect Gases X 2.7.1 SI Easy V Short 2.7.2 BG Easy V Short 2.7.3 BG Easy Short 2.7.4 SI Easy Short 2.7.5 BG Easy Short 2.7.6 BG Easy Short 2.7.7 N Medium — Short P 2.11 SI Easy Short 212 BG Easy Short 2.13 SI Easy Short 2.14 BG Easy Short 2.15 SI Medium Medium 2.16 BG Medium Medium Compressibility of Gases X28.1 BG V Easy _-V Short 2.8.2 SI V Easy V Short SI Easy Short BG Medium — Short P 2.17 BG Easy Short 2.18 SI Easy Short 2.19 SI Medium = Short Viscosity X2A111 B V Easy V Short 2.11.2 BG V Easy _'V Short 2.11.3 BG V Easy ‘VV Short 2.11.4 SI Easy V Short 2.11.5 BG Easy V Short 2.11.6 B Easy Short 2.11.7 B Easy Short 2.11.8 SI Easy Short 2.11.9 B Easy Short 2.11.10 N Easy Short 2.11.11 BG Easy Medium 2.11.12 P 2.20 SI Medium = Short 2.21 BG Medium — Short 2.22 SI Medium = Short 2.23 BG Medium — Short 2.24 BG Hard Medium 2.25 SI Medium — Short 2.26 N Hard Medium 2.27 SI 2.28 SI WWYOWWN Hee eeee eRe Ree Nee eee een BNE Eee ee Difficulty Length Parts Similar 2.7.4 2.7.3 2.13 2.12 2.8.2 2.8.1 P2.19 2.18 2.17 X2.8.4 2.11.5 214 P2.23 2.22 X2.11.9 5 Special features Partial pressures Derivation Partial pressures Partial pressures Partial pressures + Unit conversions (minor) ; Unit conversions + t + Unit conversions Integration Unit conversion (minor) Unit conversion (minor) + + Integration Integration Integration /cont...2.13 Exer/Prob Units _ Difficulty Surface Tension X2.121 BG V Easy 2.12.2 SI Easy 2.12.3. BG V Easy 2.12.4 SI Easy 2.12.5 BG Easy P229 BG Easy 2.30 SI Easy 2.31 SI Medium 2.32 BG Medium Vapor Pressure of Liquids X 2.13.1 SI V Easy 2.13.2 BG Easy P 2.33 BG VV Easy 2.34 SI Easy V Short Short V Short Short Parts Similar 1 2.12.2 1 2.12.1 1 1 i I 1 1 2.32 1 2.31 nf 1 P2.34 1 1 X2.13.2 Special features t Interpolation Interpolation twice Interpolation twiceSec.2.3 7 Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Sec. 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity — Exercises (7) 2.3.1 2.3.3 BG 2.3.4 SI SI 2.3.6 If the specific weight of a liquid is 52 lb/ft’, what is its density? Eq. 2.1: p = 52/32.2 = 1.615 slugs/ft? < If the specific weight of a liquid is 8.1 kN/m’, what is its density? Eq. 2.1: p = 8100/9.81 = 826 kg/m? If the specific volume of a gas is 375 ft/slug, what is its specific weight in lb/ft’? Bqs. 2.1, 2.2: y= pg = £ = 222 fsec!/__b _) _ oogso wig? »v 375 fP/slug\ slug: ft/sec” If the specific volume of a gas is 0.70 mi/kg, what is its specific weight in N/m’? 2 Eqs. 2.1,2.2: y= pg = £ = 28l mi /_N_) i401 nim << v0.70 m/kg\ kg- m/s” A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m’ at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m? Eq. 2.1: p = 16/9.81 = 1.631 kg/m? Eq. 2.2: v = 1/1.631 = 0.613 mikg << s = 16/12 = 1.333 4 The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft. Compute its density and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in KN/m?? Eq. 2.1: p = 78.6/32.2 = 2.44 slugs/f? << Ss = 78.6/62.4 = 1.260 < so p = 1.260 Mg/m’ Eq. 2.1: y = 9.81(1.260) = 12.36 kN/m? 4 Ifa certain gasoline weights 43 lb/ft’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 60°F? Use Appendix A. Eq 2.1: p = 43/32.2 = 1.335 slugs/f? << Eq 2.2: v = 1/1335 = 0.749 fe/slug 9 <4 Table A.1: Pyar at 60°F = 1.938 slugs/ft?; s = 1.335/1.938 = 0.6898 sec. 2.3, Prob. 2.5 Sec 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity -- Problems 2.1-2.5 21 St 2.2 BG 2.3 SI 2.4 BG 25 SI If the specific weight of a gas is 12.40 N/m’, what is its specific volume in m'/kg? 9.81 m/s* .2.2: vee 8-2-2 MK _ grr mig =< i PY ~~ 12,40(kg-m/s*)/m3 : A gas sample weighs 0.108 lb/ft? at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 0.075 lb/ft? Eq. 2.1: p = 0.108/32.2 = 0.00335 slugs/ft? << Eq. 2.2: v = 1/0.00335 = 298 fr/slug 9 s = 0.108/0.075 = 1.440 < If a certain liquid weighs 8600 N/m’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 15°C? Use Appendix A. Eq. 2.1: p = 8600/9.81 = 877 kg/m? <4 Eq. 2.2: v = 1/877 = 0.001 141 mkg << Table A.1: Prater at 15°C = 999.1 kg/m’; s = 877/999.1 = 0.877 < Find the change in volume of 15.00 lb of water at ordinary atmospheric pressure for the following conditions: (a) reducing the temperature by 50°F from 200°F to 150°F, (b) reducing the temperature by 50°F from 150°F to 100°F, and (c) reducing the temperature by 50°F from 100°F to 50°F. Calculate each and note the trend in the changes in volume. W= yV¥, so V = Wy = 12.00/y T y (Table A.1) ¥ = 15.00/y °F Ib/ft? f° 200 60.12 0.249 501 150 61.20 0.245 098 100 62.00 0.241 935 50 62.41 0.240 346 (@) A¥., _ 45 = 9.004 40 ft? decrease in volume 4 () A¥,., _ 199 = 0.003 16 f° decrease in volume (Q 4¥ = 0.001 589 ft} decrease in volume 4 100 - 50 For AT = 50°F, the volume change increases with temperature << Initially when 1000.00 mL of water at 10°C are poured into a glass cylinder the height of the water column is 1000.0 mm. The water and its container are heated to 70°C, Assuming no evaporation, what then will be the depth of the water column if the coefficient of thermal expansion for the glass is 3.8x10~ mm/mm per °C? Table A.1 for water at 10°C: p = 999.7 kg/m’; for water at 70°C: p = 977.8 kg/m’. Figure P2.5 Mass of water = p¥ = pyoh, = Prohig (999.7 kg/m?)(1000.0 mL) = (977.8 kg/m*)¥,,; so %, = 1022.40 mL = 1022 400 mm* Ajo = Foffyo = 1000 000.00 mm7/1000.0 mm = 1000.0 mm? Ajy = Agoll + (70 - 10)3.8 x 10°P = 1000.5 mm?; hy = —* = —~"" = 10219 mm 4Sec, 2.6, Prob. 2.6 9 Sec. 2.5: Compressibility of Liquids ~ Exercises (5) 2.5.1 2.5.3 BG 2.5.4 SI SI To two significant figures what is the bulk modulus of water in MN/n? at 50°C under a pressure of 30 MN/m’? Use Table 2.1. From inside cover: 50°C = 122°F; 30 MN/m? = 4351 psi From Table 2.1, by linear interpolation in two directions: E, ~ 360,400 psi E, * 360,400(6895/10% = 2485 MN/m? = 2500 MN/m? 4 At normal atmospheric conditions, approximately what pressure in psi must be applied to water to reduce its volume by 2% ? Use Table 2.1. Table 2.1: At normal atmospheric conditions, E, ~ 320,000 psi From Eq. 2.34: Avj/v, = -0.02 = -Ap/320,000 ; Ap = 6400 psi 4 Water in a hydraulic press is subjected to a pressure of 4500 psia at 68°F. If the initial pressure is 15 psia, approximately what will be the percentage decrease in specific volume? Use Table 2.1 From Table 2.1: E, = (320,000 + 348,000)/2 = 334,000 psi Av ~(4500 - 15) Eq. 2.3: — = "365,000 * -0.013 43 or 1.34% decrease <4 vy x At normal atmospheric conditions, approximately what pressure in MPa must be applied to water to reduce its volume by 3% ? Table 2.1: At normal atmospheric conditions, E, ~ 320,000 psi E, ~ (320,000 psi)(6895) = 2.21x10° Pa = 2210 MPa Av -Ap Fi 23a: 4% = -0.03 = =42 ; ap =662MPa < sa He oe a 2210 * *? 7 A rigid cylinder, inside diameter 15 mm, contains a column of water 500 mm long. What will the column length be if a force of 2 KN is applied to its end by a frictionless plunger? Assume no leakage. Force 2kN =0; See Pre) Pt” “pzea ~ 740.0075 mm)? = 11320 kN/m? = 11.32 MPa E,, = 320,000 psi(6895) = 2.21 x 10° Pa = 2210 MPa Since the tube is rigid, using Eq. 2.3b: IL-l -@-P) ‘1 E, 1132-0 -05 = -0.5 mil32-0 ~ -o.o0256 s0 1-05 = -05 m9 7 L, = 0.5 - 0.00256 = 0.497 m or 497mm 410 sec. 2.5, Prob. 2.8 Sec, 2.5: Compressibility of Liquids -- Problems 2.6—2.8 2.6 27 2.8 BG BG SI At a depth of 4 miles in the ocean the pressure is 9,520 psi. Assume specific weight at the surface is 64.00 lb/ft? and that the average volume modulus is 320,000 psi for that pressure range. (a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the surface and at that depth? (&) What will be the specific volume at that depth? (c) What will be the specific weight at that depth? (d) What is the percentage change in the specific volume? (e) What is the percentage change in the specific weight? @ % = Mo, = gir, = 32.2/64.00 = 0.503 f/slug Pele Eq. 2.3: Av = ~0:5030520 - 0) . 901497 f/stug 320,000 (® From Eq. 2.3: v, = v, + Av = 0,503 - 0.01497 = 0.488 fi'/slug (© Yq = g/d, = 32.2/0.488 = 66.0 Ib/f? << (d) Av/v, = 0.01497/0.503 = 2.98% decrease <4 (e) Avy, = (66.0 - 64.00)/64.00 = 3.07% increase < Water at 68°F is in a long rigid cylinder of inside diameter 0.600 in. A plunger applies pressure to the water. If, with zero force, the initial length of the column of water is 25.00 in, what will be its length be if a force of 420 lb is applied to the plunger. Assume no leakage and no friction. 0.600 in dia (rigid) P, = 0 psi gage = 14.7 psia 68°F (both) P2 = Force/Area = 420/7(0.300)? = 1485 Ib/in? gage = 1500 psia b—~L, —— Since the tube is rigid, from Eq. 2.3: Avfv = ALL = (L, - L)/L, = -@, - PE, Table 2.1 at 68°F: (E,); = 320,000 psi, (E,). = 330,000 psi, “. average for the range = 325,000 psi. So L, - 25.00 = -25,00(1485 - 0)/325,000 = -0.1143 in; L, = 25.00 - 0.1143 = 24.9 in < Figure P2.7 Find the change in volume of 10.00 m’ of water for the following situations: (a) a temperature increase from 60°C to 70°C with constant atmospheric pressure, (b) a pressure increase from zero to 10 MN/nt with temperature remaining constant at 60°C, and (c) a temperature decrease from 60°C to 50°C combined with a pressure increase from zero to 10 MN/n?. (a) Table A.1 (atmospheric pressure): gq = 9.642 kN/m?, 7) = 9.589 kN/m? W = ¥ = Yo¥, = Yn0% 50 so 9,642(10) = 9.589%, from which ¥%, = 10.0553 m Av, Soe 10.0553 - 10.0000 = 0.0553 m’ increase in volume 4 (0) 10 MN/m? = 10 x 10/6894 = 1450 psi; 60°C = 32 + (9/5)60 = 140°F From Table 2.1, by linear interpolation in 2 directions, for 140°F, 740 psia: E, = 331,400 psi E,, = 331,400(6895) = 2.28 x 10° Pa = 2280 MN/m? Letting the constant mass of water be m, then m = p¥ andso I/p = V/m But from Eq. 2.2: v = I/p so v = ¥/m /cont...Sec. 2.6, Prob. 2.8 11 Using this relation to substitute for v into Eq. 2.3, remembering that m is constant: (uy, - vpfo, = % - HK, = -ApIE, So A¥ = -WAp/E, = -(10.00 m%)10/2280 = -0.0438 m? < The minus sign indicates a reduction in volume. (© Table A.1: Yq = 9.642 KN/m?, Y59 = 9.689 kKN/m’. 55°C = 131°F. Constant weight = Yeo = 150% 60 so 9.642(10) = 9.689V5) from which % = 9.95 m3 So due to temperature decrease, AV, _., = -0.0485 m? (decrease). From Table 2.1, by linear interpolation in 2 directions, for 131°F, 740 psia: E, = 334,100 psi E,, = 334,100(6895) = 2.30 x 10° Pa = 2300 MN/m? From Eq. 2.3: A¥ = -WADIE, = -10(10/2300) = -0.0434 m? (decrease) Summing the changes for both causes: A¥ = 0.0485 + 0.0434 = 0.0919 m’ (decrease) < Sec. 2.6: Specific Weight of Liquids — Exercises (4) 2.6.1 B 2.6.2 BG SI Use Fig. 2.1 to find the approximate specific weight of water in lb/ft’ under the following conditions: (a) at a temperature of 60°C under 101.4 kPa abs pressure; (b) at 60°C under a pressure of 13.79 MPa abs. (@) From Fig. 2.1 at 60°C: At 101.3 kPa abs, y = 61.4 pef <4 ® At 13.79 MPa abs, y = 61.8 pef Use Fig. 2.1 to find the approximate specific weight of water in KN/nt under the following conditions: (a) at @ temperature of 160°F under normal atmospheric pressure; (b) at 160°F under a pressure of 2000 psia. (a) From Fig. 2.1 at 160°F: At 14.7 psia, y ~ 9.59 KN/m’ 4 >) At 2000 psia, y ~ 9.65 kN/m? 4 A vessel contains 5.0 ft? of water at 40°F and atmospheric pressure. If the water is heated to 80°F what will be the percentage change in its volume? What weight of water must be removed to maintain the volume at its original value? Use Appendix A. Table A.1: 49 = 62.43 pef, Yg9 = 62.22 pef Weight of water = 7¥ = yh = Ye0¥ Go 3 62,43(5) = 62.22%, 3 Feo = 5.01688 f° 40°40 A¥ _ 0.01688 _ 9 439% increase < %, 5 Must remove (0.016 88 ft’)(62.22 lb/ft?) = 1.050Ib 4 A cylindrical tank (diameter = 8.00 m and depth = 5.00 m) contains water at 15°C and is brimful. If the water is heated to 60°C, how much water will spill over the edge of the tank? Assume the tank does not expand with the change in temperature. Use Appendix A. Table A.l: ys = 9.798 KN/m?, fg = 9.642 kN/m> Tank vol = ¥, = 14°(5) = 251.33 m* ee Weight of water in tank = 9.798(251.33) = 2463 kN ¥, = 2463/9.642 = 255.39 m; A¥ = 255.39 - 251.33 = 407m12 Sec. 2.7, Prob. 2.10 Sec. 2.6: Specific Weight of Liquids -- Problems 2.9—2.10 2.9 BG 2.10 SI A heavy closed steel chamber is filled with water at 40°F and at atmospheric pressure. If the temperature of the water and the chamber is raised to 80°F, what will be the new pressure of the water? The coefficient of thermal expansion of the steel is 6.6 X 10~° in/in per °F; Assume the chamber is unaffected by the water pressure. Use Table A.1 and Fig. 21. Figure P2.9 ¥% = Holl + (80 - 406.6 x 10°SP = 1.000 792%, Table A.1: Y49 = 62.43 Ib/ft? at p = atmos. Wt of water = y¥ = 40% = Ye0%o 7 62.43%, = Yeo(1.000 792.) 5 Yeo = 62.38 pef Fig. 2.1 for y = 62.38 pcf, by linear interpolation: py) ~ 882 psia 4 Repeat Exer. 2.6.4 for the case where the tank is made of a material which has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 4.6 x 10~° mm/mm per °C. Exer. 2.6.4: A cylindrical tank (diameter = 8.00 m and depth = 5.00 m) contains water at 15°C and is brimful. If the water is heated to 60°C, how much water will spill over the edge of the tank? Use Appendix A. Table A.l: 74s = 9.798 KN/m}, ye = 9.642 kN/m? Gap At 15°C, #, = 14(5) = 251.33 m’; AT = 60 - 15 = 45°C ‘tank h=5m At 60°C, %, = 251.33[1 + (AT)4.6 x 10“ = 251.33(1.000 621) D=8m Avy = 251.33(0.000 621) = 0.1561 m° increase Weight of water = y¥ = nhs = Yq¥%, 3 9.798(251.33) = 9.642%, from which % = 255.39 m? AV tee = 255.39 - 251.33 = 4.07 m? increase; spill A¥ = 4.07- 0.1561 =3.91 m <4 Sec. 2.7: Property Relations for Perfect Gases -- Exercises (7) 271 SI 2.7.2 BG A gas at 60°C under a pressure of 10 000 mb abs has a specific weight of 99 N/m}, What is the value of R for the gas? What gas might this be? Refer to Appendix A, Table A.5. 22.5: R= 82 = 2 = 298 m(s-K) 4 7 vr 99 N/m3(273 +60)K Table A.5: This gas with R = 298 might be carbon monoxide or nitrogen. < A hydrogen-filled balloon of the type used in cosmic-ray studies is to be expanded to its full size, which is a 100-ft-diameter sphere, without stress in the wall at an altitude of 150,000 ft. If the pressure and temperature at this altitude are 0.14 psia and —67°F respectively, find the volume of hydrogen at 14.7 psia and 60°F which should be added on the ground. Neglect the balloon’s weight. Eq. 2.4: pu = RT; v = Vim = ¥g/W; 2. p¥g/W= RT ; ~. p¥/T = constant 147% _ 0.14 x GB)? co 460 + 60 460 - 67 12.7.3 2.7.4 SI BG BG 2.7.7 Sec. 2.7, Prob. 2.10 13 Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of air at 120°F and 50 psia. 2.5: y = $2 = — *—— = 0.233 Ibi Bq. 2.5: 7 RT = 1715(460 + 120) = Eg. 2.1: p = ylg = 0.233/32.2 = 0.00724 slugs/f? << Eq. 2.2: v = Ip = 138.2 fP/slug 4 Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of air at 50°C and 3400 mb abs. 9.813400 x 100) 2.5; y = SB = 22 = 360N/m << ¥4 Y< RT ~~ 287(273 +50) Bg. 2.1: p = rig = 36.09.81 = 3.67 kg/m Eq. 2.2: v = Ifp = 0.273 mikg Af natural gas has a specific gravity of 0.6 relative to air at 14.7 psia and 68°F, what are its specific weight and specific volume at that same pressure and temperature. What is the value of R for the gas? Solve without using Table A.2. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ftlb/(slug-°R). Bq. 2.5: yy, = 82, = 22204-0144 _ 9.0755 tie? Sec. 2.3: Yuga = S(Yai) = 0.6(0.0753) = 0.0452 lb/ft? << Eqs. 2.1 and 2.2: v = Wp = gly = 32.2/0.0452 = 713 fiP/slug < Eq. 2.5: For a given T and p, gp/T is constant oe YR = VuRaie = YagrPogas and Rigs = Rial Yogas) = Ril Seas or Rigs = 1715/0.6 = 2858 ft-Ib/(slug-°R) < Given that a sample of dry air at 40°F and 14.7 psia contains 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen by volume. What is the partial pressure (psia) and specific weight of each gas? Table A.5: R(oxygen) = 1554 ft2(sec-°R); R(nitrogen) = 1773 ft2/(sec-°R). From Dalton’s law, for O,: p = 0.21(14.7) = 3.09 psia < Bq. 2.5 for 21% O,: y= 0.21-622 fisee!)G4.7 x 144 WR) _ ogig4a mit [1554 ft7/(sec? -°R)](460 + 40)°R From Dalton’s law, for Nj: p = 0.78(14.7) = 11.47 psia 4 2.2)(14.7 x 144) _ 9.9600 Ib, | . 2.5 for 78% Ny: y = 0.78 Eq for 78% Naty 1773(500) Prove that Eq (2.7) follows from Eqs (2.4) and (2.6). Eq. 2.4: v= RMp; Eq. 2.6: pv} = p,vy R,T,)" 1,\" Bliminate v: || = p|@=] ; oR, =k, Py Py T" qT" T, a yr-1 T, (a- Lin Thus 2-2 o (2| = {72 Finally 2 = |?2 QED. < Py P, TY, Py T, \Pt14 sec. 2.7, Prob. 2.13 Sec. 2.7: Property Relations for Perfect Gases — Problems 2.11—2.16 2.11 SI 212 BG SI (a) Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of oxygen at 20°C and 50 kN/m? abs. (b) If the oxygen is enclosed in a rigid container of constant volume, what will be the pressure if the temperature is reduced to —100°C? (@ Table A.5 for oxygen: R = 260 m?/(s?-K) 12.5: y= $B, = O81 mis)(50 ENIm) «9,006.44 kNim? = 6.44 Nim? i T° RE (260 m(s=K)\273 + 20K BT Eq. 2.1: p = yig = 6.44/9.81 = 0.656 kg/m? < Eq. 2.2: v = Ip = 1/0.656 = 1.524 mi/kg << (6) Eq. 2.4: pu = RT; v = const, R = const 2 = constant = —92_ = —” _; p,=295kN/m? << pT Constant = 973+ 20 273 - 100° 7 ti (a) If water vapor in the atmosphere has a partial pressure of 0.50 psia and the temperature is 90°F, what is its specific weight? (b) If the barometer reads 14.50 psia, what is the partial pressure of the (dry) air, and what is its specific weight? (c) What is the specific weight of the atmosphere (air plus the water vapor present)? (@) Table A.5 for water vapor: R = 2760 ft?/(sec*°R) 32.20.50 x 144) 2760 (460 +90) Eq. 2.5 for water vapor: y = = 0,001 527 Ib/f? =< © Pa = 14.50 — 0.50 = 14.00 psia << Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft7/(sec?-°R) Eq. 2.5: Air, y = 22-2400 x 144) _ goggg in? << 1715 (460 +90) (©) Atmos, 1 = Tec* Turaper = 0-0688 + 0.001527 = 0.0703 Ib/f? (a) If water vapor in the atmosphere has a partial pressure of 3500 Pa and the temperature is 30°C, what is its specific weight? (b) If the barometer reads 102 kPa abs, what is the partial pressure of the (dry) air, and what is its specific weight? (c) What is the specific weight of the atmosphere (air plus the water vapor present)? (@) Table A.5 for water vapor: R = 462 m?/(s*-K) 9.81 m/s? x 3500 N/m? [462 m?/(s?-K)](273 +30)K (b) Pair = 102 — (3500/1000) = 98.5 kPa abs 4 Table A.5 for air: R = 287 m?/(s?-K) Eq. 2.5: y= = 0.245 Nim? 4 Eq. 2.5: Yj, = $2 = CSEMBICS NM) 2 111 N/m =< (©) Yamon = Ysie + Yuvapor = 1111+ 0.245 = 11.36 N/ém? 42.14 BG 2.15 SI Sec. 2.7, Prob. 2.15 15 If the specific weight of water vapor in the atmosphere is 0.0065 lb/ft? and of the (dry) air is 0.074 lb/ft? when the temperature is 70°F, (a) what are the partial pressures of the water vapor and the dry air in psia, (b) what is the specific weight of the atmosphere (air and water vapor), and (c) what is the barometric Pressure in psia? @ Eq. 2.5: Yewapor = SPIRT ; Table A.5 for water vapor: R = 2760 ft?/(sec?-°R) RT _ (0.00065 Ibjft?)[2760 ft/(sec?-°R)\(460 + 70)°R & 32.2 fifsec? Eq. 2.5: Yq, = SPIRT ; Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft?/(sec-°R) p= = 29.5 psfa = 0.205 psia < 2 gec2+° ° p= TRE. (0.074 Ib/fE)[I715 f2)(sec?R)](460 + 70)°R = 2090 psfa = 14.51 psia 8g 32.2 fifsec? ©) Yeumos = Yai * Yor = 0.0740 + 0.00065 = 0.747 Ib/ft? << (©) Pam = Pait + Poy = 14.51 psia + 0.205 psia = 14.72 psia 4 If an artificial atmosphere consists of 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen by volume, at 101.32 KN/m? abs and 20°C, what are (a) the specific weight and partial pressure of the oxygen, (b) the specific weight and partial pressure of the nitrogen, and (c) the specific weight of the mixture? Table A.5: R(oxygen) = 260 m’/(s*K) ; R(nitrogen) = 297 m?/(s*-K) (9.81 m/s?)(101.32 KNim?) _ 13 95 Nim? [260 m?/(s?-K)](273 + 20)K (9.81 mys?)(101.32_KN/m?) [297 m7/(s?-K)]@73 + 20)K (@) Each m} of mixture contains 0.2 m? of O, and 0.8 m? of N. So for 20% O,: y = 0.20(13.05) = 2.61 N/m < Eq. 2.5: 100% O,: y = 100% Nz: y = = 11.42 N/m? 2.61(260)293 = 20,300 Pa = 20.3 kPa < 9.81 From Eq. 2.5 for 20% 0,: p = ZRF - 8 (b) For 80% Ny: y = 0.80(11.42) = 9.14 N/m? 4 p- UT. 2aeoree8 = 81,060 Pa = 81.1kPa 4 g E (© Mixture: y = 2.61 + 9.14 = 1175 N/m 416 Sec. 2.8, Prob. 2.16 2.16 When the ambient air is at 70°F, 14.7 psia, and contains 21% oxygen by volume, 4.5 lb of air are pumped into a scuba tank, capacity 0.75 ft’. (a) What volume of ambient air was compressed? (b) When the filled tank has cooled to ambient conditions, what is the (gage) pressure of the air in the tank? (c) What is the partial pressure (psia) and specific weight of the ambient oxygen? (d) What weight of oxygen was put in the tank? (e) What is the partial pressure (psia) and specific weight of the oxygen in the tank? BG (@) From Table A.2: , = 0.07495 Ibi’. -. ¥, = % = — 45 = 600f8 < y= B= 451 «600 wi % 0.07495 lb/ft 7 2 one From Section 2.7 n = 1 for isothermal conditions, so from Eq. 2.6: 0.75 2 ny [Bby (Bh, = (SSR her m= ore |" P, = 1177 — 14.7 = 1162 psig 4 (© Table A.5 for oxygen: R = 1554 ft7/(sec?-°R) Bq. 2.5 for 100% O,; y = G22 filsee!)(14.7 Ibfin’)(144 in“/”) _ 9 og98 yy [1554 ft /(sec?-°R)|460+ 70)°R «. for 21% O, by volume: y = 0.21(0.0828) = 0.01738 Ib/fi? < 2, 2,0 0 From Eq. 2.5 with 21% 0,; p = LYRE = (0.017 38 Ib/f)11554 f7/(s0c? °R)G30°R) g 32.2 ft/sec? p = 445 psfa = 3.09 psia 4 @ We, = 1%, = (0.01738 Ib/f?)60 f = 1.043 Ib 0 =H = 108 Lao wee < — RT _ 1,391(1554)530 : rE} = 35,579 psfa = 247 psia 4 Sec. 2.8: Compressibility of Gases ~ Exercises (4) 2.8.1 Methane at 22 psia is compressed isothermally, and nitrogen at 16 psia is compressed isentropically. What is the modulus of elasticity of each gas? Which is the more compressible? BG Methane, isothermal: n = 1; E, = np = (1)22=22psi 4 N,, isentropic: n = k = 1.40; E, = 1.40(16) = 22.4 psi < E,methane) < E,(N,), methane is more compressible < 2.8.2 Methane at 140 kPa abs is compressed isothermally, and nitrogen at 100 kPa abs is compressed isentropically. What is the modulus of elasticity of each gas? Which is the more compressible? SI Methane, isothermal: n = 1; E, = mp = (1)140 = 140 kPa 4 Nz, isentropic: n = k = 1.40; E, = 1.40(100) = 140 kPa 4 E,(methane) = E,(N,), the compressibilities are equal <4SI BG Sec. 2.8, Prob. 2.19 17 (a) If 10 m? of nitrogen at 30°C and 125 kPa are expanded isothermally to 25 m’, what is the resulting pressure? (b) What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic? The adiabatic exponent k for nitrogen is 1.40. (@ Isothermal: p,v, = p,v, = constant; 125(10/mass) = p,(25/mass); p, = 50 kPa abs < (8) Isentropic: Py” = Pv,” 125(10/mass)' = p,(25/mass)'; p, = 125(10/25)' = 34.7 kPaabs 4 Eg. 2.7: T, = (273 +30)(34.7/125)"” = 210.0K = -63.0°C << Helium at 25 psia and 65°F is isentropically compressed to one-fifth of its original volume. What is its final pressure? Isentropic process: n =k; Table A.5 for helium: R = 12,420 ft-Ib/(slug-°R), k = 1.66 Eq. 2.4: v = RF . 12,420(460+65) _ 1911 a3/stug Eq. 2.6: pu'® = constant; 25(1811)' = p,(1811/5)'*; p, = 362 psia << Sec. 2.8: Compressibility of Gases -- Problems 2.17—2.19 2.17 BG 2.18 SI 2.19 SI (a) If 10. ‘ft? of carbon dioxide at 50°F and 15 psia is compressed isothermally to 2 ft, what is the resulting pressure? (b) What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic? The adiabatic exponent k for carbon dioxide is 1.28. (a) Isothermal: n = 1; Eq. 2.6: pv = constant; 15(10/mass) = p,(2/mass); pp = 75.0 psia <4 (© Isentropic: n = k = 1.28; Eq. 2.6: pu" = pu! = constant; 15(10/mass)!78 = p,(2/mass)!78 Pz = 15(10/2)'8 = 117.7 psia ¢ Eq. 2.7: T, = T(p,sp)°%"® = (460 + 50)(117.7/15)°2 = 800°R = 340°F (a) If 350 L of carbon dioxide at 20°C and 120 kN/m? abs is compressed isothermally to 50 L, what is the resulting pressure? (b) What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic? The isentropic exponent k for carbon dioxide is 1.28. (a) Isothermal, Eq. 2.6: pv = constant; 120(0.35/mass) = p,(0.05/mass); p, = 840 kKN/m? abs 4 (®) Isentropic: n =k = 1.28; Eq. 2.6: pu" = pu'* = constant; 120(0.35/mass)!-8 = p,(0.05/mass)!?8; p, = 120(0.35/0.05)'* = 1448 kN/m? abs 4 Eq. 2.7: T, = (273 + 20)(1448/120)°%"" = 505K = 232°C 4 Helium at 180 kN/m? abs and 20°C is isentropically compressed to one-fifth of its original volume. What is its final pressure? Isentropic process: n =k; Table A.5 for helium: R = 2077 N-m/(kg‘K), k = 1.66 Eq. 2.4: v = = = =" = 3.38 miykg Eq. 2.6: 180(3.38)! = p,(3.38/5)'; p, = 2600 kPaabs 418 sec. 2.11, Prob. 2.19 Sec. 2.11: Viscosity — Exercises (12) 2411 B 2.11.2 BG 2.11.3 BG 2.11.4 SI 2.11.5 2.11.6 At 60°F what is the kinematic viscosity of the gasoline in Fig. A.2, the specific gravity of which is 0.680? Give the answer in both BG and SI units. Fig. A.2: 4.8 x 10° f/sec 4 Fig. A.2: 4.5 x 1077 m’/s = 0.0045 cm’/s = 0.45 centistokes To what temperature must the fuel oil with the higher specific gravity in Fig. A.2 be heated in order that its kinematic viscosity may be reduced to three times that of water at 40°F? Table A.1 for water at 40°F: kinematic viscosity y = 16.64 x 10° ft?/sec. Fuel oil: » = 3(16.64.x 10°) = 4.99 10° ft7/sec. Fig. A.2 for fuel oil (s = 0.968) with » = 4.99 x 10°5 ft/sec: T = 375°F << Compare the ratio of the absolute viscosities of air and water at 70°F with the ratio of their kinematic viscosities at the same temperature and at 14.7 psia. Table A.1 for water at 70°F and 14.7 psia: pu = 20.50 x 10° Ib-sec/ft?, » = 10.59 x 1076 ft/sec Table A.2 for air at 70°F and 14.7 psia:_ = 0.382 x 10-6 Ib-sec/ft?, v = 0.164 x 1073 fi?/sec Absolute ratio = i) Myater = 0-382/20.50 = 1:53.7 < Kinematic ratio = v4id/Pyarer = 164/10.59 = 15.5:1 << A flat plate 200 mm x 750 mm slides on oil (4 = 0.85 N:s/m?) over a large plane surface (Fig. X2.11.4). What force F is required to drag the plate at a velocity v of 1.2 m/s, if the thickness t of the separating oil film is 0.6 mm? dv 12 22.9: 2 = wo = 0.85 Fa ree 0.0006 From Eq. 2.9: F = tA = 1700(0.20 x 0.75) =255N 4 = 1700 N/m? Refer to Fig. X2.11.4. A flat plate 2 ft x 3 ft slides on oil (# = 0.024 Ib-sec/ft?) over a large plane surface. What force F is required to drag the plate at a velocity v of 4 fps, if the thickness t of the separating oil film is 0.025 in? Figure X2.11.4 av 4 2.9: 2 = wl¥ = 0.024. = 46.1 Ib Bq. 2.9: = We 0025/12 fe From Eq. 2.9: F = tA = (46.1 Ib/f2)(2 ft x 3 ft) = 276 1b A liquid has an absolute viscosity of 3.2 x 10~* lb-sec/ft”. It weighs 56 lb/ft’. What are its absolute and kinematic viscosities in SI units? : 2 2 b= 32x 104! sec{ ft 6.895 kN/m’ ft? (144 Ibjin? = 15.32 mN-s/m* = 15.32 centipoise B _ 15.32 mN‘s/m? = 15.32, m(kg-m/s”)s/m? P — (56/62.4)g/em? 897 kg/m? 17.07 x 10° m*/s = 0.1707 stokes 4 = 15.32 x 10° KN-s/m? Eq. 2.11: » =Sec. 2.11, Prob. 2.19 19 2.41.7 (a) What is the ratio of the absolute viscosity of water at a temperature of 70°F to that of water at 200°F? (b) What is the ratio of the absolute viscosity of the crude oil in Fig. A.1 (s = 0.925) to that of the gasoline (Ss = 0.680), both being at a temperature of 60°F? (c) In cooling from 300 to 80°F, what is the ratio of the change of the absolute viscosity of the SAE 30 Western oil to that of the SAE 30 Eastern oil? Refer to Appendix A. (a) Table A.1: 20.50 x 1076.37 x10) = 3.21. (b) Fig. Al: 9.0 x 107/G.1x 10) = 290 Le 3 (©) Fig. A: 3.0 x10" - 32x10" _ i799 « 1.7107 - 3.410% Note: Readings from the figure may vary somewhat. 2.11.8 A space 16 mm wide between two large plane surfaces is filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 35°C (Fig. X2.11.8). What force F is required to drag a very thin plate of 0.4-m? area between the surfaces at a speed v = 0.25 m/s (a) if this plate is equally spaced between the two surfaces? (b) If t = 5 mm? Refer to Appendix A. Figure X2.11.8 st Fig. A.1 for SAE Western lubricating oil at 35°C: = 0.18 Nes/m? (@ Eq.2.9: r= o.1a( 05, 5.63 N/m? ; From Eq. 2.9: Force = 5.63(2)0.4=450N < 025 0.25 b) Bq. 2.9: +, = 0.18(—225_) - 900 Nim; ¢, = 0.18(—975_) ~ 4.09 Nim? () Eq 4 (sicoo) min (arispa) From Eq. 2.9: F, = 7A = 9,000.4) = 360N; F, = 1,4 = 4.09(0.4) = 1.636 N .. Force = F,+F,=5.24N <4 2.11.9 A journal bearing consists of an 80-mm shaft in an 80.4- mm sleeve 120 mm long, the clearance space (assumed to be uniform) being filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 40°C (Fig. X2.11.9). Calculate the rate at which heat is generated at the bearing when the Shaft turns at 150 rpm. Express the answer in kN-m/s, J/s, Btufhr, ft-lb/sec, and hp. Refer to Appendix A. B . Fig. A.l: = 1.1x107 = 0.11 N-s/m? 0.2 mm thick dv reo Figure X2.11.9 22.9: 7 = p— = p—— Eq. ro He” ape = 0.11. 40.50_x 27/60) = 346 N/m? 0.4/2 Torque = (tA)r = 346(7 x 0.08 x 0.12)0.04 = 0.417 N-m = 6.55 N-m/s Rate of heat generation = Tw = oar7( 225150) = 6.55 J/s = 0.006 55 KN-m/s = 22.4 Btu/hr = 0.008 78 hp = 4.83 ft-Ib/sec <4 (using conversion factors from inside the back cover).20 sec. 2.11, Prob. 2.20 2.11.10 2.41.11 BG 2.11.12 In using a rotating-cylinder viscometer, a bottom correction must be applied to account for the drag on the Slat bottom of the inner cylinder. Calculate the theoretical amount of this torque correction, neglecting centrifugal effects, for a cylinder of diameter d, rotated at a constant angular velocity «, in a liquid of absolute viscosity 4, with a clearance Ah between the bottom of the inner cylinder and the floor of the outer one. Let r = variable radius. dA = 2xr dr, t = prw/Ah 2p sdr_s TO 4 = dA = —ZHO dr = ZHO Y < Torque fr x te m7 f; r a Assuming a velocity distribution as shown in Fig. X2.11.11, which is a parabola having its vertex 12 in from the boundary, calculate the velocity gradients for y = 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 in. Also calculate the Shear stresses in lb/ft’ at these points if the fluid’s absolute viscosity is 600 cP. Back cover: ps = 600 cP = 6 P = 0.6 N-s/m* H = 0.6(0.020 885) = 0.01253 Ib-sec/ft?. Parabola: Y = aX? Figure X2.11.11 For uw in in/sec and y in inches: 120 - u = a(12 - y)* u=Oaty =0 7 a = 120/12? = 5/6; u = 120 - (5/612 - y)?; dujdy = (5/3)(12 - y) Eq. 2.9: = 0.01253 dujdy See eee eat dufdy (sec“') 20 15 10 5 o << = (b/fi?) 0.251 0.1880 0.1253 0.0627 o. << Air at 50 psia and 60°F is flowing through a pipe. Table A.2 indicates that its kinetic viscosity v is 0.158 x 1073 fPlsec. (a) Why is this v value incorrect? (b) What is the correct value? (@ From Sec. 2.11: This y is incorrect because it varies strongly with pressure (due to p changes). < Table A.2 is for p = 14.7 psia, our sample is at p = 50 psia. (b) Sec, 2.11: yp is virtually pressure independent... psq = 147- Table A.2 for air at 60°F and 14.7 psia: 447 = 0.374 x 107° Ib-sec/ft”, 14.7 = 0.002 374 slug/ft® Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft?/(sec-°R). 2 From Eq. 2.4: py = 25) = —____50 x14 Ib/ft”_ 9.008 07 ib-sec2/ft* (or stug/f*) RT [1715 ft?/(sec?-°R)](460 + 60)°R -6 th-sec/fi2 so Mis7 _ 0.374 X10" Ibvsec/ft? _ 46 3 x 10-6 f2/sec |. ALE D9 = Fz 0.374 x10" tb-secift” es Ps Ps 0.008 07 Ib-sec7/ft® Sec. 2.11: Viscosity -- Problems 2.20—2.28 2.20 SI The absolute viscosity of a certain gas is 0.0234 cP while its kinematic viscosity is 181 cSt, both measured at 1013 mb abs and 100°C. Calculate its approximate molar mass and suggest what gas it may be. . 21: p= A = eS SX NSE = 0.1293 kg/m? 7 v 181 cSt 181 x 10° m4/s elm . From Eqs. 2.1 and 2.5: R= 2. = 101.3 KN/m' —_—_——————__ = 2100 N: ‘K PT — (0.1298 kg/m*)(273 + 100)K pets Sec. 2.7: M = R,/R = 8312/2100 = 396 <4; Table A.5: The gas may behelium <2.21 2.22 SI 2.23 BG Sec. 2.11, Prob. 2.23 21 A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for greasing Fv automobiles consists of a 10.000-in-diameter ram which slides in Ram, 10.000 in dia a 10.006-in-diameter cylinder (Fig. P2.21), the annular space 4 > being filled with oil having a kinematic viscosity of 0.0038 g \ SPisec and specific gravity of 0.83. If the rate of travel of the ram v is 0.5 fps, find the frictional resistance F when 6 ft of the Oil film, 0.003 in thick ram is engaged in the cylinder. Fixed cylinder y = 083 x 62.4 = 518 Ib/ft?, p = 3 = 1.608 slug/ft? Eq. 2.11: = vp = 0.0038(1.608) = 0.006 11 Ib-sec/ft? Figure P2.21 Eq. 2.9: 1 = S = o.006 1p) = 12.22 Ib/f2 From Eq. 2.9: Friction force F = tA = 12.22(6 x m x 10/12) = 1920lb << A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for greasing automobiles consists of a 280.00-mm-diameter ram which slides Ram, 10.000 in dia in a 280.18-mm-diameter cylinder (similar to Fig. P2.21), the E annular space being filled with oil having a kinematic viscosity of 0.000 42 m*/s and specific gravity of 0.86. If the rate of travel of the ram is 0.22 m/s, find the frictional resistance when 2 m of the ram is engaged in the cylinder. Fixed cylinder y = 0,86(9810) = 8440 N/m’, p = 8440/9.81 = 860 kg/m? Eq. 2.11: p = yp = 0.000 42(860) = 0.361 N/m? Figure P2.21 du 0.22 |. 2.9: = p= = 0.361] —“~__| = 883 N/m? * rn hy (casjcoo) va From Eq. 2.9: Friction force = tA = 883(27280/1000) = 1553 N 4 A journal bearing consists of a 8.00-in shaft in a 8.01-in sleeve -—10in—| Rotating shatt, 10 in long, the clearance space (assumed to be uniform) being Fixed 8.00 india filled with SAE 30 Eastern lubricating oil at 10°F. Calculate °° the rate at which heat is generated at the bearing when the Shaft turns at 100 rpm. Refer to Appendix A. Express the answer in Btu/hr. Fig. A.1 at 100°F: = 0.0021 Ib-sec/ft” Oilfim, 0.005 in thick “= ol Be) = 3.49 fps 12}\ 60 Figure P2.23 3.49 .2.9: + = (0.0021) 29 _ - 1759 wie? Ba. 2.9; 5 = 0.0021) oes 10 8 From Eq. 2.9: Friction = tA = 1759( io «5 = 30.7 Ib Per Sample Prob. 2.9: Energy loss rate = Tw = Fu = 30.7(3.49) = 107.2 ft-lb/sec Heat generation rate = 107.2 ft'Tb(__Btu__\ 3600 sec _ 496 Bu/br 4 sec 778 ft-lb br22 Sec. 2.11, Prob, 2.25 2.24 BG 2.25 SI Repeat Prob. 2.23 for the case where the sleeve has a diameter of 8.50 in. Compute as accurately as possible the velocity Fired gfe 10n—+|__Flotating sha, gradient in the fluid at the shaft and sleeve. Prob. 2.23: A journal bearing consists of a 8.00-in shaft in a sleeve 10 in long, the clearance space (assumed to be uniform) being filled with SAE 30 Eastern lubricating oil at 100°F. Calculate the rate at which heat is generated at the bearing when the shaft turns at 100 rpm. Refer to Appendix A. Express the answer in Btu/hr. Oil film, Fig. A.1 at 100°F: ys = 0.0021 Ib-sec/ft? Figure P2.23 Fig. 2.60: u, = (i 8.00 in = 0.667 ft diameter = 0.333 ft radius ; 8.50 in = 0.708 ft diameter = 0.354 ft radius ll ——| = 3.49 60 Ps T = tAr = fearis}- ie, t= wife 12 24r’ T .2.9: + = 0.002144 = -o002144 ei dy dr * S24? _1)0354 HIT -[" du = sosrf dp = soot | 2 7 u -du = 10.333 1 0. 354° 0.333. 3.49 0 + 3.49 = - 9091(-5 355 aan) = 90.9T(0.1765); T = eosit 0.217 ft-lb 0.217 du z, = —0217__ = 0.374 Ib/f? = 0.0021 &) = 178.0 fpsitt 1 5.24% 0.333? [3], (3), si du 0.333}? G4) ~ 178,0/ 9333)" = 157.7 fpsitt << ($I, [sass fosift Rate of energy loss = Tw = (0.217) 100(27/60) = 2.28 ft-Ib/sec Rate of heat generation = 2.28 300 = 10.54 Buuhr A disk spins within an oil-filled enclosure, having 2.4-mm clearance from flat surfaces each side of the disk. The disk surface extends from radius 12 to 86 mm. What torque is required to drive the disk at 660 rpm if the oil’s absolute viscosity is 0.12 N-s/m?? Let r = variable radius. dA = 2ardr, t = wro/Ah 7 _ 4mno@ fr 34, . 4tpolr ~ 1) - nm ras 4 Torque = 2fr x edd = SES] rar = AREoaee ae ry + i 4 19 mm4 nx ora (660 x 2 | nore =—__mi\___60 simin) 10" mnymy 9 504N-m 2.4 mm 1000 mm/m2.26 2.27 SI Sec. 2.11, Prob. 2.27. 23 It is desired to apply the general case of Sample Prob. 2.9 to the extreme cases of a journal bearing (a = 0) and an end bearing (« = 90°). But when « = 0, r = tana = 0, so T = 0; when a = 90°, contact area = 0 due tob, so T = ~, Therefore, devise an alternative general derivation which will also provide solutions to these two extreme cases. Sample Prob. 2.9: Oil of absolute viscosity p fills the gap of thickness Y. Obtain an expression for the torque T required to rotate the truncated cone at constant speed w rad/sec. (Prevent r from going to zero by prescribing Tmin = R (see sketch); (ii) Prevent contact area from becoming infinite by prescribing the sloping dimension c (=b/cos a). Define y to be the distance along the sloping surface to radius 7, with y = 0 at point O (and dispense with @ and b). Then r=R+ysing with (per Fig. $2.9) rotation velocity U = or = o(R + ysina) _,du_ U_ po . : Eq. 2.9: Te wa Hy = Rt sing) ; dA = 2nrdy = 2n(R + ysina)dy ; dF + tdA aT = rdF = redA = QnpolY(R + ysina)dy; T= [aT = Onno [(R + ysin a)>dy Expanding and integrating TT = anole + 3Rtctsin a + Resinta + sit « (@) Journal bearing: «@ = 0, sina = 0, so T= PbO Re < (b) Flat end bearing: @ = 90°, R=0, so sina = 1, let D = 2c, 4 then T= Page (Oy = Seep! (This agrees with the solution to Exer. 2.11.10.) Some free air at standard sea-level pressure (101.33 kPa abs) and 20°C has been compressed. Its pressure is now 200 kPa abs and its temperature is 20°C. Table A.2 indicates that its kinetic viscosity v is 15 x 10~° m/s. (a) Why is this » incorrect? (b) What is the correct value? (a) From Sec. 2.11: This » is incorrect because it varies strongly with pressure (due to p changes). < Table A.2 is for p, = 101.33 kPa abs, but we need a value for p, = 200 kPa abs. (b) Sec. 2.11: y is virtually independent of pressure. .°. pw. = py. Table A.2 for air at 20°C and 101.33 kPa abs: py, = 18.1 x 10-° N-s/m’, p, = 1.205 kg/m>. Table A.5 for air: R = 287 m’/(s?-K). P2 200 x 1000 N/m? 2/en# 3 From Eq. 2.4: p, = — = —— CoE 2,38 N¢'82/m! (or kg/m’) a 2 RT, [287 m6? K)Q73 + 20K e! 6 K.. 2 Bg. 2.11: y= 22 = Bt = 18.1 x10" Nesim? _ 761 x 10-6 mys < P2 Pa 2.38 N-s*/m*24 Sec. 2.12, Prob. 2.28 2.28 SI Some free air at standard sea-level pressure (101.33 kPa abs) and 20°C has been compressed isentropically. dts pressure is now 194.5 kPa abs and its temperature is 80°C. Table A.2 indicates that its kinetic viscosity v is 20.9 x 10~° m/s, (a) Why is this v incorrect? (b) What is the correct value? (c) What would the correct value be if the compression were isothermal instead? (a) From Sec. 2.11: This v is incorrect because it varies strongly with pressure (due to p changes). < Table A.2 is for p; = 101.33 kPa abs, but we need a value for p. = 194.5 kPa abs. (b) Table A.2 for air at 20°C and 101.33 kPa abs: pw, = 18.1 x 10-° N-s/m’, p, = 1.205 kg/m’. Sec. 2.11: is virtually independent of pressure. .. at 80°C (Table A.2), p, = 20.9 X 1076 N-s/m? Table A.5 for air: R = 287 m?/(s?-K). P2 194.5 x 1000 N/m? From Eq. 2.4: p, = = = 1.920 N+s*/m (or kg/m?) BR” pa mye BOK RT, [287 m™(s?-K)\(273 + 8K -6§ Ne 2 Eq. 2.11: », = M2 = 20.9 x10% Nesim* _ 19 89 x 10-6 m/s Po 1.920 N-s?/m* (©) T, = T, = 20°C. p is virtually independent of pressure, so p, = py = 18.1 x 1076 N-s/m? 2 From Eq. 2.4: p, = 22 = —_!945 1000 Nim’ ___ 931 N-s%/mt (or kg/m) RT, [287 m?/(s?-K)](273 + 20)K Mo. Hy _ 18.1 x 10°S Nes/m? = 6 m2, A 2st Nee TOs Eq. 2.11: » = Sec. 2.12: Surface Tension - Exercises (5) 2.12.1 BG 2.12.2 SI 2.12.3 BG 2.12.4 SI Tap water at 68°F stands in a glass tube of 0.32-in diameter at a height of 4.50 in. What is the true static height? Fig. 2.7: Capillary rise = 0.058 in. True static height = 4.50-0.058, say 4.44 in < Distilled water at 20°C stands in a glass tube of 6.0-mm diameter at a height of 18.0 mm. What is the true Static height? 20°C = 68°F; tube dia = 6.0 mm = 0.236 in. Fig. 2.7: Capillary rise ~ 0.162 in = 4.11 mm True static height = 18.00- 4.11 = 1389 mm <4 Use Eq. (2.12) to compute the capillary depression of mercury at 68°F (@ = 140°) to be expected ina 0.05-in-diameter tube. Table A.4 for mercury at 68°F: s = 13.56, o = 0.032 lb/ft. Eq. 2.12; h = 2acos140° _ ___2(0.032)0.766_ = 0.0278 ft = 0.334in <4 yr 13.56 x 62.4(0.025/12) Compute the capillary rise in mm of pure water at 10°C expected in an 0.8-mm-diameter tube. Table A.1 at 10°C: Oyste, = 0.0742 N/m, y = 9.804 kN/m? Eq. 2.12 with 6= 0: h = 22 = 20.0742 Nim) _ _ 99378 m = 37.8mm <2.12.5 Sec, 2.12, Prob. 2.32 25 Use Eq. (2.12) to compute the capillary rise of water to be expected in an 0.28-in-diameter tube. Assume pure water at 68°F. Compare the result with Fig. 2.7. Interpolating from Table A.1 for 68°F: o@ = 0.00499 Ib/ft. wr (62.4 Ib/ft?)(0.14/12 ft) Fig. 2.7 shows a capillary rise of ~ 0.130in <4 Sec. 2.12: Surface Tension — Problems 2.29—2.32 2.29 BG SI 2.31 SI 2.32 SI Pure water at 50°F stands in a glass tube of 0.04 in diameter at a height of 6.78 in. Compute the true Static height. Table A.1 at 50°F: y = 62.41 Ib/ft?, o = 0.00509 lb/ft Eq. 2.12 with @= 0°: h = 2% = 2.00509 lb/ft) g 9979 ff = 1.174 in yr 62.41 Ib/ft? (0.02/12 ft) True static height = 6.78 in - 1.174in =5.61in <4 (a) Derive an expression for capillary rise (or depression) between two vertical parallel plates. (b) How much would you expect 10°C water to rise (in mm) if the clean glass plates are separated by 1.2 mm? (@) (cos@)20Z = ybhZ, so h = 2ocos@(by) < 7 (6) For water, 9 = 0°. Table A.1 at 10°C: y = 9804 N/m, o = 0.0742 N/m YY = —2(0.0742 N/m)cos0° (1.2/1000 m)(9804 N/m*) = 0.01261 m=12.6l1mm <4 ip b By how much does the pressure inside a 2-mm-diameter air bubble in 15°C water exceed the pressure in the surrounding water? Table A.1 at 15°C: o = 0.0735 N/m. o Cut the bubble on a plane through its center, consider force equilibrium. o X circumference = p X area; o(2m7r) = p(aP) 2aro _ 2o _ 2(0.0735 Nim) _ 147 Nim? = 147 Pa Determine the excess pressure inside an 0.5-in-diameter soap bubble floating in air, given the surface tension of the soap solution is 0.0035 lb/ft. Cut the bubble on a plane through its center, and consider force equilibrium, a noting that surface tension acts on both the inside and outside surfaces. o X 2 X circumference = p X area; 2o(2mr) = p(a?r) p = 472. 42, 40.0035 If) _ 9 679 wig? , xr? r 0.25/12 ft p = 0,004 67 psi 426 Sec. 2.13, Prob. 2.34 Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids — Exercises (2) 2.13.1 SI 2.13.2 At what pressure in millibars absolute will 70°C water boil? Table A.1 at 70°C: p, = 31.16 kN/m? abs. Inside cover: 10 mb = 1 kKN/m? The water will boil at 31.16 kKN/m? abs = 311.6 mb abs 4 At approximately what temperature will water boil in Mexico City (elevation 7400 ft)? Refer to Appendix A. Table A.3, by interpolation: p,, = 11.21 psia at 7400 ft elevation Table A.1, by interpolation: p, water = 11.21 psia at about 198.6°F. ~. Water boils at 198.6°F = 4 Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids -- Problems 2.33—2.34 2.33 BG SI Water at 170°F in a beaker is placed within an airtight container. Air is gradually pumped out of the container. What reduction below standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia must be achieved before the water boils? Table A.1 at 170°F: p, = 5.99 psia 14.7 — 5.99 = 8.71 psi; the pressure must be reduced by 8.71 psi 4 At approximately what temperature will water boil on top of Mount Kilimanjaro (elevation 5895 m)? Refer to Appendix A. Table A.3, by interpolation: p,, = 47.934 kPa abs at 5895 m elevation. Table A.1, by interpolation: p, of water = 47.934 kPa abs at about 80.26°C. So water will boil there at about 80.3°C 4g 3.2 3.3 3.4 Exer/Prob Units 27 Chapter 3 Fluid Statics PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid X!3.2.1 BG 3.2.2 SI 3.2.3 BG 3.2.4 BG P 3.1 SI 3.2 BG 3.3 BG V Easy V Easy V Easy V Easy V Easy Medium Hard V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short Medium Medium Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid X 3.3.1 SI V Easy 3.3.2 BG V Easy 3.3.3 SIV Easy P34 BG Easy 3.5 BG Medium Absolute and Gage Pressures X34.1 BG Easy 3.4.2 SI Easy 3.4.3 SI Easy 3.44 BG Easy 3.4.5 SI Easy 3.4.6 BG Easy P36 B Easy 3.7 BG Medium 3.8 SI Medium V Short V Short V Short Short Long V Short V Short Short Short Short Short Medium Medium Medium mR ee Nee eee New P3.1 Uses Sec. 2.3 3.2.3 Uses Sec. 2.3 Differ’n, integr’n. Uses Secs 2.3 & 2.5 3.3.2 3.3.1 Integration Trial & error; uses Secs. 2.3, 2.7, 2.12 3.4.2 3.4.1 3.4.4-5 3.4,3-5 3.4.3-4 Unit conversions 3.8 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 3.7 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) /cont... 'For all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, = Sample Problem.g Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 3.5 Measurement of Pressure X 3.5.1 BG VEasy VShort 1 3.5.2 SIV Easy V Short 1 3.5.3 SI VEasy = Short 1 Unit conversions 3.5.4 BG Easy Short 1 3.5.5 BG Easy Short 1 3.5.6 Uses pv = RT (Sec. 2.7) 3.5.6 SI Easy Short 1 3.5.5 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 3.5.7 BG Easy Short 2 Interpolation 3.5.8 BG Easy Short 1 3.5.9 BG Easy Short 2 3.5.10 BG Easy Short 2 3.5.11 3.5.11 SI Easy Short 2 3.5.10 P39 SI Easy Medium 2 3.10 N Medium — Short 1 Symbols only 3.11 SI Medium Medium 1 3.12 BG Medium Long 1 3.7 Center of Pressure X3.7.1 N Easy V Short 1 3.7.2 N Easy VShort 1 3.7.3 N Medium — Short 1 Optional integration 3.7.4 N Medium Short 1 3.7.5 N Medium Medium 2 Integration 3.7.6 SI Easy Short 1 3.7.7 SI Easy Short 1 3.7.8 BG Easy Short 2 3.7.9 SI Easy Short 2 Moments 3.7.10 BG Easy Medium 1 Moments 3.7.11 BG Medium — Short 1 Moments 3.7.12 SI Easy Medium = 3 3.7.13 BG Easy Medium 1 3.7.14 3.7.14 SI Easy Medium 1 3.7.13 3.7.15 SI Easy Medium 1 3.7.16 BG Easy Medium = 2 P 3.13 N Medium Medium 1 3.14 SI Medium Medium 1 3.15 BG Medium Medium 2 3.16 SI Medium Medium 1 Moments 3.17 BG Medium Medium 2 Moments 3.18 BG Medium Long 3 3.19 BG Medium Long 2 ‘cont...Sec 3.8 3.9 3.10 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Force on Curved Surface X 3.8.1 BG V Easy —_—*V Short 3.8.2 BG Easy Short 3.8.3 SI Easy Short 3.8.4 B Easy Short 3.8.5 BG Medium Medium 3.8.6 BG Easy Medium 3.8.7 BG Medium Medium 3.8.8 SI Medium Medium 3.8.9 SI Medium Medium 3.8.10 BG Medium Medium P 3.20 BG Medium Medium 3.21 SI Medium Medium 3.22 SI Medium Long 3.23 BG Medium Long Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies X 3.9.1 BG V Easy _—_—*V Short 3.9.2 SI. V Easy —V Short 3.9.3 BG Easy Short 3.9.4 SI Easy Short 3.9.5 BG Easy Short 3.9.6 BG Easy Short 3.9.7 SI Easy Short 3.9.8 SI Easy Medium 3.9.9 SI Easy Medium 3.9.10 BG Medium Medium 3.9.11 BG Medium Medium 3.9.12 SI Medium Medium P 3.24 SI Medium Medium 3.25 BG Medium Medium 3.26 BG Medium Medium 3.27 BG Medium = Medium 3.28 BG Medium Medium 3.29 SI Medium = Medium 3.30 BG Medium = Long Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration X3.10.1 BG Easy Short 3.10.2 SI Easy Short 3.10.3. BG Easy Short 3.10.4 SI Easy Short 3.10.5 BG Easy Short 3.10.6 SI Easy Short 3.10.7 BG Easy Medium 3.10.8 SI Easy Medium P 3.31 SI Medium = Medium 3.32 BG Medium Medium Parts Me We WHER Re Hee NNN eRe VENNH NRE Re eee 3.9.12 3.9.11 3.26 3.25 3,29 3.28 3.10.2 3.10.1 3.10.4 3.10.3 3.10.6 3.10.5 3.10.8 3.10.7 $3.10 29 Special features Unit conversions Integration; moments Requires planimetry; moments or cutout Moments or cutout Simultaneous equations Simultaneous equations Differentiation Moments Moments Moments Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Moments Moments Moments Moments Sketch Sketch30 Sec. 3.2, Prob. 3.1 Chapter 3 FLUD STATICS Sec 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid — Exercises (4) 3.2.1 BG BG 3.2.4 Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what is the pressure in pounds per Square inch on the ocean floor at a depth of 15,500 ft? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 64.0 lb/ft. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 64.0(15,500)/144 = 6890 psi 4 Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what is the pressure in kPa at a depth of an instrument 4600 m below the surface of the ocean? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 10.05 kN/m. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 10.05(4600) = 46 700 kKN/m? 4 A pressure gage at elevation 18.0 ft on the side of an industrial tank containing a liquid reads 11.4 psi. Another gauge at elevation 12.0 ft reads 13.7 psi. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. From Eq. 3.3: 4p = y(Ah); (13.7 — 11.4)144 = y(18- 12); y =55.21b/f? 4 55.2 55.2 24: pe La 2 eee ee 32. * 4 2 = 1.714 slugs/f® 4 = 0.885 4 Where an underground oil pipeline crosses under a stream in a gully, it is 68 ft deeper than on either side. When the oil (s = 0.88) is not flowing, what is the oil pressure in the line under the stream, if it is 32 psi at each side of the gully? P, = 32 psi. Using Eq. 3.4: p, = p, + yt = P, + Sy,Jt = 32.0 + 0.88(62.4)68/144 = 57.9 psi 4 Sec. 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid - Problems 3.1—3.3 3.1 SI A pressure gage at elevation 4.8 m on the side of a storage tank containing oil reads 34.7 kPa. Another gage at elevation 2.2 m reads 57.5 kPa. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. Ap _ (57.5 - 34.7 kN/m’) 23.3: y= 5h = See = 8.77 kN From Bq. 3.3: y = 75 (48 - 22 m) Eq.21: p= = 8770 Nim? _ 8770 (kg-m/s*/m = 792 kgm 8 9.81 m/s* 9.81 m/s? ge 12 8 Pr Sec. 2.3: 5 to om 0.8943.2 3.3 Sec. 3.3, Prob. 3.3 31 On a certain day the barometric pressure at sea level is 30.0 inHg and the temperature is 60°F. The pressure gage on an airplane flying overhead indicates that the atmospheric pressure at that point is 9.7 psia and that the temperature is 42°F. Calculate as accurately as you can the height of the airplane above sea level. Assume a linear decrease of temperature with elevation. At sea level: p, = 30.0 inHg(14.696 psia/29.92 inHg) = 14.74 psia Per Sample Prob. 3.1(d) with linear lapse rate b: T = a + bz and so Pz, _ (atbz\si (7) ae 97 42 + 460\ 8! Pe (arbeye™ (TYM™ 97 | } —g/Rb = 030.658 /10g0.965 = 11.87 ?. ( a ) T, 14.74 (+400) ata °, Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 f/(sec™-°R). ”. ~32.2/(1715b) = 11.87; b = -0.001 582°F/ft T=a+ bz: 42 + 460 = 60 + 460 — 0.001582z; z=11,380f < Repeat Exer. 3.2.1, but consider the effects of compressibility (E, = 330,000 psi). Neglect changes in density caused by temperature variations. (Hint: As a starting point, express Eq. (2.3) in terms of y and integrate to determine y as a function of z.) Exer. 3.2.1: Find the pressure (psi) at a depth of 15,500 ft in the ocean (y = 64.0 pef at the surface). Neglect the pressure on the surface. From Eqs. 2.2 and 2.1: v = Ip = gly Differentiating, <“ = 2 = —* or “* = —“F; Also, from Eq. 3.2: dp = -ydz dy ¥ Y v Y . dp __ydz E,dy : ; + fro 2.34: E, = -—2 = -2% ; dz = - 3 inte ides mm Eq. 2.34: E, dujo ayly iz 2 jegrate both si E E E, £ 64 =—te 5 atz=0, 7 = 64, =-t 5 ge t-; = ae at z Y sens toe so 7 But also (Eq. 3.2): y = -dp/dz (Note: p increases as elevation z decreases.) Equating y expressions, separating variables, and integrating: ° 0 E, a& 64, dp = -saf ——— ; 0-p= -«f In] 1 +z f 7 15,500 1+¢ WE, )z : } ( E, Tse 4 pe (15,500 f) __ J = 6960 psi 4 = (330,000 psi)|In 1 - in {1+ a esa (330,000 Tbjin?)(144 in?/ft) Sec 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid -- Exercises (3) 3.3.1 SI An open tank contains 5.0 m of water covered with 2 m of oil (y = 8.0 KN/m'). Find the gage pressure (a) at the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. (@) Eq. 3.4: p = yh = (8 KN/m)2 m = 16 KN/m’ = 16 kPa at interface << (®) py = 16 + (9.81)5 = 65.1 kN/m? = 65.1 kPa at tank bottom32 sec. 3.3, Prob. 3.5 3.3.3 SI An open tank contains 7 ft of water covered with 2.2 ft of oil (s = 0.88). Find the gage pressure (a) at the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. (a) Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 0.88(62.4)2.2/144 = 0.839 psi at interface <4 (b) Pp, = 0.839 + 62.4(7)/144 = 3.87 psi at tank bottom 4 If air had a constant specific weight of 12 Nim? and were incompressible, what would be the height of air surrounding the earth to produce a pressure at the surface of 101.3 kPa abs? Eq. 3.5: A = piy = 101.3/12.00=8.44km <4 Sec. 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid — Problems 3.4-3.5 3.4 3.5 If the specific weight of a sludge can be expressed as y = 64.0 + 0.22h, determine the pressure in psi at a depth of 14 ft below the surface. y is in lb/ft’, and h is in feet below the surface. Eg. 3.2: dp = ydh = (64+0.22h)dh ; integrating both sides: p = 64h + 0.11h? For h = 14 ft: p = 64(14)/144 + 0.11(14)*/144 = 6.37 psi < A bubble 4 in below the water surface contains 2 x 10-7 Ib of air. If the temperature is 60°F and the barometric pressure is 14.7 psia, calculate the diameter of the bubble. Refer to Secs. 2.7 and 2.12, and ignore the partial pressure of water vapor inside the bubble. Appendix A, Table A.1 for water at 60°F: o = 0.005 04 Ib/ft Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft?/(sec**°R). Let bubble radius = r ft. -7 From Eq. 2.5: Inside bubble py, = @ where y= % = 2*10" ag Vo (@3)nr? Pas = 2x 107 x 1715(460 + 60) _ 0.001322 a “@3)ar3 32.2 P Also, inside bubble Pai = Patm + Pwatee + APsurt tension o a Considering eqilibrium of half-bubble (single surface): l 4 Co = AAp, ie., 2nro = mr*Ap, so Ap = 2 _ L/) 20 ee Z So; 9.001322 _ 14.q¢144y + 62.4(4) = 20000504) op re 12 r This can be rearranged into a cubic equation in r. By successive trials, etc. (see Sample Prob. 3.5), we find r = 0.008 52 ft (Using Eq. B.9 we can demonstrate that the other two roots involve imaginary numbers.) Bubble diameter = 2r = 0.017 04 ft = 0.204 in <Sec 3.4: 3.4.1 BG 3.4.2 SI 3.4.3 SI 3.4.4 3.4.5 SI Sec. 3.4, Prob. 3.5 33 Absolute and Gage Pressures -- Exercises (6) A gage is connected to a tank in which the pressure of the fluid is 42 psi above atmospheric (Fig. X3.4.1a). If the absolute pressure of the fluid remains unchanged but the gage is in a chamber where the air pressure is reduced to a vacuum of 25 inHg (Fig. X3.4.1b), what reading in psi will then be observed? From Sec. 3.4: Preading = Pauid — Psurrounding = 42 PSi — Pyure (Normally P,,, = 0 (atmospheric), so py, = 42 psi] 14.696 29.92 Then Pigg = 42 —(-12.28) = 54.3 psi When py, = 25 inHg vacuum = } psi vac = 12.28 psi vac A gage is connected to a tank in which the pressure of the fluid is 305 kPa above atmospheric (Fig. X3.4.1a). If the absolute pressure of the fluid remains unchanged but the gage is in a chamber where the air pressure is reduced to a vacuum of 648 mmHg (Fig. X3.4.1b), what reading in kPa will then be observed? From Sec. 3.4: Preading = Pruid — Psurrounting = 305 kPa ~ Pyure Figure X3.4.15 {Normally Psy = 0 (atmospheric), so Pyyg = 305 kPa] 101.325, 760 Then Prag = 305 —(-86.4) = 391 kPa 4 When Psy, = 648 mmHg vacuum = ons } kPa vac = 86.4 psi vac If the atmospheric pressure is 780 mb abs and a gage attached to a tank reads 330 mmHg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank? Eq. 3.4: Pye = 1h = (13.56 X 9.81 KN/m)(0.33 m) = 43.9 kN/m? vac. = —43.9 kPa Inside front cover: Pym = (780 mb abs)(0.1 kPa/mb) = 78.0 kPa abs Eq. 3.7: Pate = Pum + Pyage = 78.0 - 43.9 = 34.1 kPa 4 If the atmospheric pressure is 14.20 psia and a gage attached to a tank reads 12.5 inHg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank? inHg (actual) _ inHg (standard) -12.5 _ 29.92. _ _6.14 psi pressure within the tank psi (actual) ~ psi (standard) x 14.696 Eq. 3.7: Pass = Pam + Peage = 14.20 - 6.14 = 8.06 psia If the atmospheric pressure is 955 mb abs and a gage attached to a tank reads 190 mmHg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank? 7190 mm _ —760 momlg x = ~25.3 kPa = pressure in tank x 101.325 KN/m? Inside front cover: Pam = (955 mb)(0.1 kPa/mb) = 95.5 kPa Eq. 3.7: Pum = Pam + Pgage = 95.5 — 25.3 = 70.2 kPaabs 434 Sec. 3.4, Prob. 3.8 3.4.6 BG If the atmospheric pressure is 29.92 inHg, what will be the height of water in a water barometer if the temperature of the water is (a) 70°F; (b) 120°F? Be as precise as possible. Standard atmosphere: 29.92 inHg = 14.696 psi (@) At 70°F, from Table A.1: Pyapoe = 0.36 psia, y = 62.30 lb/ft? Water barometer height = (14.696 — 0.36)144/62.30 = 33.14 ft << (b) At 120°F, from Table A.1: Pyayo, = 1.69 psia, y = 61.71 Ib/f? Water barometer height = (14.696 —1.69)144/61.71 = 30.35 ft <4 Sec. 3.4: Absolute and Gage Pressures -- Problems 3.6—-3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 BG SI The absolute pressure on a gas is 41 psia and the atmospheric pressure is 965 mb abs. Find the gage pressure in psi, kPa, and mb. Inside front cover: Pay, = 41 psia(6.894 76 kPa/psi) = 282.7 kPa abs Inside front cover: Pym = 965 mb abs = (965 mb abs)(0.1 kPa/mb) = 96.5 kPa abs Eq. 3.7: Gage pressure = Pays — Pam = 282.7 — 96.5 = 186.2kPa 4 Gage pressure = (186.2 kPa)(10 mb/kPa) = 1862 mb < 186.2 kPa Gage pressure = — 5776 ePalpal =27.0psi The tire of an airplane is inflated at sea level to 60 psi. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the pressure within the tire at elevation 40,000 ft? Assume standard atmosphere. Express the answer in psig and psia. Let subscript 1 indicate sea level, subscript 2 indicate elevation 40,000 ft. Eq. 3.7: Pats = Pat + Peage = 14.696 + 60 = 74.7 psia Table A.3 for standard atmosphere: T, = 59°F = 519°R, 7, = —69.7°F = 390.3°R Puy _ P22 74.7 _ Pr 7 2.4 R= 71%. > yey ; WI m , = 56.2 < i TT, * 7% 3 “Sg ~ agg Pde nm From Table A.3 at 40,000 ft: (P2)sm = 2.73 psia Eq. 3.7: Padgage = Paais — Pdam = 56.2 — 2.73 = 53.4 psi < The tire of an airplane is inflated at sea level to 350 kPa. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the pressure within the tire at elevation (a) 10 000 m and (b) 20 000 m? Assume standard atmosphere. Express answers in both kPa gage and kPa abs. At sea level (subscript 1): Table A.3 for standard atmosphere: (Pj)am = 101.325 kPa, T, = 15°C = 15 + 273 K = 288K Eq. 3.7: Pate = Pram + Pr)gage = 101 + 350 = 451 kPa abs (@ At 10,000 m (subscript 2): Table A.3: (P2)am = 26.499 kPa, T, = —49.898°C = 273 — 49.9 K = 223.1K Pry _ Pads Fq.2.4: R= = 22; y= vy; 1 Ff, 451, Ps 288 = 223.1 5 ©2)ys = 350 kPa abs < (cont...Sec. 3.5, Prob. 3.8 35 Eq. 3.7: r)gage = Paar — Pram = 350 — 26.5 = 323 kPa (6) At 20,000 m (subscript 3): Table A.3: (3)am = 5.529 kPa, T; = —56.5°C = 273 — 56.5 K = 216.5K 451 _ Ps =: ; = 339 kPa < 54.37: gggceeaasat 7 2e8 ~ 2165 * Pam abs Eq, (Ps)gage = 339 — 5.53 = 334 kPa The gage pressure in the tire will gradually decrease with elevation up to about 12,000 m. Above that elevation the gage pressure will increase because of the temperature variation in the atmosphere. Sec 3.5: Measurement of Pressure — Exercises (11) 3.5.1 BG 3.5.2 SI SI 3.5.4 BG If the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 33.40 ft of water, what must be the reading (to 0.01 ft) ona barometer containing an alcohol (s = 0.78) if the vapor pressure of the alcohol at the temperature of observation is 2.09 psia. Sec. 3.5: (33.40 ft of water)(14.696 psia/33.91 ft water) = 14.47 psia . . Paton ~ Poa (14.47 ~ 2.09)144 Fi . 3.8: Barometer reading (Fig. 3.6a) = y = —“*—“pe = Se ecies a sh Ne Y (0.78)62.4 = 3664 ft <4 A Scientist plans to build a water barometer. When the atmospheric pressure is 990 mb abs and the water temperature is 70°C, what would you expect the barometer reading (water rise) to be? Table A.1 at 70°C: -y = 9.589 KN/m’ ; p,/y = 3.25 m; Pam = 990 mb abs = 99 kN/m* abs From Eq. 3.8: Barometer reading (Fig. 3.62) = y = 7am -?2 - 9 395 707m < Y Y 9.589 In Sample Prob. 3.4 suppose the atmospheric pressure is 1028 mb abs. What must be the absolute pressure at A? Express in mb abs and in mig. Sample Prob. 3.4: (P4)gage = 112.0 kPa. Given: Pym = 1028 mb abs; using the inside cover: (P4)page = 112.0 KN/m? = 1120 mb Eq. 3.7: @yabe = Paim + Pyage = 1028 + 1120 = 2148 mb abs < 2 (% = — 714.8 KNim" = 1615 mHg abs |< Viv —:13.56 x 9.81 kN/m? In Fig. X3.5.4, originally the manometer reading R,, = 4 in when h = 5 ft. Atmospheric pressure is 14.70 psia. If the absolute pressure at A is doubled, what will be the manometer reading? aloe 33.91 = 14, = 14.70] ———_] = 33.92 Pum = 14.70 psia (given) ( 146 ms 33.92 ft of water + Wi Eq. 3.9: Py Yag = 33.92 + (4/12)(13.56) — 5 = 33.4 ft s'n oh 4+2x £7) Pee ' | 2 2(32.4) = 66.9 = 33.92 +( : }i3s6 - (+3) 3 x = 15.36 in. 4 | a au So new manometer reading = 4 + 2(15.36) = 34.7 in <36 Sec. 3.5, Prob, 3.8 3.5.5 BG 3.5.6 SI Gas confined in a rigid container exerts a pressure of 25 psi when its temperature is 40°F. What pressure would the gas exert if the temperature were raised to 165°F? Barometric pressure remains constant at 29.0 inHg. Sec. 3.5: Pyeg = CH Pa anced = 290( Sn) = 14.25 psi Eq. 3.7: Pas = Pam + Prage = 14.25 + 25 = 39.2 psia at 40°F 39.20 460 + 40 625 v 7 7 ; = 39.2-— = 49.1 psia tad 300 ” Eq. 2.4: R= 22 = = pi, —? _ 4 T Pre 760 + 165 Pyge = 49-1 — 14.25 = 34.8 psi Gas confined in a rigid container exerts a pressure of 200 kPa when its temperature is 5°C. What pressure would the gas exert if the temperature were raised to 80°C? Barometric pressure remains constant at 29.0 inHg. 29 inHg = 737 mmHg; Sec. 3.5: Py, = 737 mm(101.325 kPa/760 mm) = 98.2 kN/m? Eq. 3.7: Pabs = Pam + Page = 98.2 + 200 = 298.2 kPa od: Re PY = 29820 _ 4) Fa T ” 273+5 ™373+80 Pine = 378.7 KN/m? abs; Pjage = 378.7 — 98.2 = 280kPa < (a) A mercury manometer (Fig. 3.11) is connected to a pipeline carrying water at 150°F and located in a room where the temperature is also 150°F. If the elevation of point B is 6 ft above A and the mercury manometer reading is 48 in, what is the pressure in the pipe in psi? Be as precise as possible, and note the effect of temperature. Note that at 150°F the specific gravity of mercury is 13.45. (b) Repeat, assuming all temperatures are 68°F. (@) Fig. 3.10: Py = Yyuer2* YugY Table A.1 at 150°F: Ywaer = 61.20 Ib/f? Pa = 61.20(6) + (62.4 x 1345S = 3724 psf = 25.9 psi < si (b) Table A.1 at 68°F: water = 62.31 lb/ft? (by interpolation) 48 ; F Pa = 62.31(6) + (62.4 x 13.56) = 3758 psf = 26.1 psi Figure 3.113.5.8 BG 3.5.9 BG Sec. 3.5, Prob. 3.8 37 In Fig. X3.5.8, atmospheric pressure is 14.80 psia; the gage reading at A is 3.7 psi; the vapor pressure of the alcohol is 1.4 psia. Compute x and y. Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, 14044), _ (14.80+3.0104 a 090624) ** ~~ os0@a4) * *~ 38F , 45(13.56) -($ 7 ) _ 14.80+3.7)144 | 1200.9) 0.90(62.4)* 12 y=5.31 fet <4 Figure X3.5.8 Refer to the manometer of Fig. 3.14b. A and B are at the same elevation. Water is contained in A and rises in the tube to a level 52 in above A. Kerosene is contained in B. The inverted U-tube is filled with air at 11 psi and 70°F, Atmospheric pressure is 14.70 psia. (a) Determine the difference in pressure between A and B if the manometer reading is 10 in. Express the answer in psi. (b) What is the absolute pressure in B in inches of mercury, and feet of kerosene? (@) Yair = 9; Table A.4 for kerosene: s = 0.81 Eq. 3.12, modified: p/y — 52/12 + 0.81(52 — 10)/12 = pgly Ply -Paly = 4.33 — 2.84 = +1.498 ft water 14.70(1.498)/33.91 = 0.650 psi (A is at the higher pressure) << (©) (pl Vabe = 29.92 + (29.92)11/14.70 + (52 — 10)0.81/13.56 Sp = 54.8 inHg Figure 3.145 with z, = zp = $48)13.56 _ 76.5 f kerosene (0.81)1238 Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.8 3.5.10 (a) Two vessels are connected to a differential manometer using mercury (s = 13.56), the connecting tubing being filled with water. The higher- pressure vessel is 5 ft lower in elevation than the other. Room temperature prevails, If the mercury reading is 4.0 in, what is the pressure difference in feet of water, and in psi? (b) If carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.59) were used instead of mercury, what would the manometer reading be for the same pressure difference? BG (@ Given z,-z, = 5 ft. Eq. 3.12a: pyly — pay = 5 + (13.56 — 1.04/12 Pal¥ — Pel Y = 5 + 4.19 = 9.19 ft of water < Ap = 9.19(14.696/33.91) = 3.98 psi < (b) Eq. 3.12a: pyly — ppl y = 5 + (1.59 — 1.0)R,/12 9.19 ft of water = 5 + (1.59 — 1.0)R,,/12 R, = 4.19 x 12/0.59 = 85.2inofCCl < 3.5.11 (a) Two vessels are connected to a differential manometer using mercury (s = 13.56), the connecting tubing being filled with water. The higher- pressure vessel is 1.5 m lower in elevation than the other. Room temperature prevails. If the mercury reading is 100 mm, what is the pressure difference in m of water, and in kPa? (b) If carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.59) were used instead of mercury, what would the manometer reading be for the same pressure difference? SI (a) Given z,-z, = 1.5m. Eq. 3.12a: p,ly — Pel ¥ a 1.5 + (13.56 — 1.0)0.100 15+1.256=2.76m < Ap = (2.76 m)(9.81 kN/m’) = 27.0kPa (B) Eq. 3.124: (py ¥ — ppl ¥) = 1.5 + (1.59 — 1.0), 1.2.76 — 1.5 = (0.59)Ry; Ry = 2.13 mofCCl SF Figure 3.14aSec. 3.5, Prob. 3.11 Sec. 3.5: Measurement of Pressure — Problems 3.9~3.12 3.9 3.11 SI SI In Fig. X3.5.8 assume the following: atmospheric pressure = 930 mb abs; vapor pressure of the alcohol = 110 mb abs; x = 3.30 m and y = 1.60 m. Compute the reading (a) on the pressure gage and (b) on the manometer. @ 11 kPa + (0.90)9.81(3.3) = 40.1 KN/m? = (Dp) a5 Eq. 3.7: dpage = Palas — Pam = 40.1 — 93 = —52.9 kPa < 760 mmH; = 52.9 kPa vac| > mms 7 vac 101.325 ae = 397 mmHg vac 4 Figure X3.5.8 (6) 0+R, 1358 pp -16=|78] ; however, [72] - 40! __ . 455 m 0.50 1 Nate Yue 090x981 (15.07)Ry — Ry = 1.6 + 4.55m; Ry = 0.437m = 437mm 4 The diameter of tube C in Fig. 3.11 is d,, and that of tube B is d,. Let 2 be the elevation of the mercury above A when both mercury columns are at the same level. R is the distance the right-hand column of mercury rises above Z when the fluid in A is under pressure. Let y’ be the specific weight of the mercury (or any other measuring fluid), while y is the specific weight of the fluid in A and the connecting tubing. Prove that Py = ¥%y+*[r'+ (y’- yG,/d,71R = M+ NR where M and Nare constants. Note that this equation involves only one variable, which is the reading R on the scale for column C. It also shows the significance of having d, large compared with d,. Let x = depression of Hg in tube B below equilibrium level z) From 0 to A: 0+ (R+x)7 + (% —X)Y = Since Hg is incompressible, Rd; (1/4) = xdz(n/4) 3 x = R(dy/d,)? op, = TR + RGIdP ly + ex — yRG@/dP = ott +(/-n@jdyIR QED. < What would be the manometer reading in Sample Prob. 3.4 if pg — p4 = 145 kPa? Sample Prob. 3.4: Manometer fluid = Hg. y, = 8.4 kNIm?, Yy = :12.4 KN|m3, Pz = 207 kPa, find p,. Express all pressure heads in terms of liquid B. 2 Pa _Pa . JA5KNIm” _ 11.69 m (of liquid B) Ye Ya 124KN/m? Pa 8.4 13.56(9.81) _ Pp “4 _ 44 + (2x + 0.4) 45-2) = 2 Y ear 12.4 — » 12.4 a Y —1,626 — 0.677x + 21.46x + 4.29 + 5.0 —x = 11.69; x =0.204m Manometer reading = 0.4 + 2x = 0.807 mHg 4 3940 Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.12 3.12 At a certain point the gage pressure in a pipeline containing gas (y = 0.05 lb/ft) is 5.6 in of water. The gas is not flowing, and all temperatures are 60°F. What is the gage pressure in inches of water at another point in the line whose elevation is 650 ft greater than the first point? Make and state clearly any necessary assumptions. BG Assume Y= 0.05 Ib/ft? = constant Note that the change in pressure in the atmosphere must be considered. Assume 7,, = 0.076 Ib/ft® = constant ; Let A be the lower point. al Y)avs = Pa! Yam + 5.6/12 ft of water (1) (5! Y)aos = Pa! Yum + X/12 ft of water (2) (4! Yam — Pa! Ym = 650 ft of air = 650(0.076/62.4) = 0.792 ft of water @a/ Y)abs ~ Pa! Y)avs = 950 ft of gas = 650(0.05/62.4) = 0.521 ft of water Subtract (2) from (1) and substitute the other relationships. al Yavs — Pa! Y)avs = Pa! Yam — Pp! Yam + (56/12) — (x/12) 0.521 = 0.792 + (5.6/12) — (x/12); x = 8.85 inches of water < Sec 3.7: Center of Pressure - Exercises (16) 3.7.1 A circular area of diameter d is vertical and submerged in a liquid. Its upper edge is coincident with the liquid surface. Derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. Eq. 3.18: h, = d/2 + at, dj2+dj8=S5dgs <4 (d/2) nd?/4 b a N 3.7.2 If a triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in a liquid with its base at the liquid surface, derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. bd3/36 |. 3.18: A, = d[3+—_—__ = dj3 +6 = < 7 = a (d3)(bdj2) feet 3.7.3 If a triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in liquid with its vertex at the liquid surface, derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. N Eq. 3.14: F = {pda = [yhda = fyhxdh b da But x = A(bid) so F = ref dh 0 b da As hF = [hdF = val Wdh 3 2h wil 3g P [ivan Ay lo 4 . 2 (1/36)bd? 2 d ly, Eq. 3.18: hy = h, + —— = Sd + ON _ = Ag + 2 = 3/4) < Alternatively, Eq. by Ie iA 3 @/3)d (bd 3 iz (3/4)d3.7.5 3.7.6 SI Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.12 41 Repeat Exer. 3.7.3 for the same triangle but with its vertex a distance a below the liquid surface. Exer. 3.7.3: The submerged triangle of height d and base b is vertical. Derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. —7— sg. G18): = @ + 2073) + —2FB6_ = @argpys_@ ‘ (@+2d/3)(bd/2) (a +2d/3)18 _ 18a? + 4adj3+4d%9)+d? _ 6a?+8ad+3d? 18(a + 24/3) 6a+4d A vertical right-triangle of height d and base b submerged in liquid has its vertex at the liquid surface. Find the distance from the vertical side to the center of pressure by (a) inspection; (b) calculus. (@) By inspection: h, = (3/4)d from Exer. 3.7.3 On median: x, = (3/4)(b/2) = (3/8)b 4 (& By caloulus: with x = 128 2 ta center of each strip) and dA = an # hbayhh ay 22 aa a hb dh wt faa [GOR a f° OF oy P d 3 8 fras— f* yl 2h" dn eat dJy A plane surface is circular with a diameter of 2 m. If it is vertical and the top edge is 0.5 m below the water surface, find the magnitude of the force on one side and the depth to the center of pressure. h, = 05 + d2 = 1.50 m; Eq. 3.16: F = yh,A = 9.81(1.50)n (1.00)? = 46.2 kN < From Eq. 3.18 and Table A.7: y,-y, = jnd? 16h, 16(1.50) = h, + Qp-y) = 150+0.1667 = 1.667 m Find the magnitude and depth of the point of application of the force on the circular gate shown in Fig. X3.7.7 if h = 5 ft and D = 4 ft dia. Eg. 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(5 +2sin60°)n(2) = 5280 Ib 4 te 2 __ GIO _- o.1086 yA (Sfcos30° +2)n(2)? I. : Eq. 3.18: y, = yey (slope distance) e! y= 5/cos30° +2 + 0.1286 = 7.90 ft hy = Y,cos30° = 7.90cos30° = 6.84 ft42 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.12 3.7.8 BG SI 3.7.10 BG A rectangular plate 5 ft by 4 ft is at an angle of 30° with the horizontal, and the 5-ft side is horizontal. Find the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth of its center of pressure when the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (b) 1 ft below the water surface. (a) h, = 0+2sin30° = 1.0 ft; Eq. 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(1.00)(5x4) = 1248 Ib bd2f12 a e OOP ay, + =2+—"_ - 2678 ylbd) "Wy, ~~” 120) hy = Ypsin30° = 2.678in30° = 1.333 ft yo = 42 =2 ft; Eg. 3.18: y, = y, + (b) h, = 1+2sin30° = 2.0 ft; F = 62.42.05 x4) = 2500 1b Per Fig. 3.16: y, = h,/sin30° = 2/sin30° = 4 ft a # 13.18: y,=y,+ 2-44 - ast Bq Ye "Ye * oy * * Taeay A, = y,sin30° = 4.33sin30° = 2.17f In Fig. X3.7.9 the rectangular flashboard MN shown in cross-section (a = 5.4 m) is pivoted at B. (a) What must be the maximum height of B above N if the flashboard is on the verge of tipping when the water surface rises to M? (6) If the flashboard is pivoted at the location determined in (a) and the water surface is 1 m below M, what are the reactions at B and N per m length of board perpendicular to the figure? (a) For critical stability, center of pressure must be at B. Thus B will be 5.4/3 = 1.800 maboveN. (6) For 4.4 m depth of water, Eq. 3.16: F = 9.81(4.4/2)4.4 Figure X3.7.9 = 95.0 kN/m EM, = 0 = 95.0(1.8 -4.4)-1.8N,; N, = 17.59 kNim 4 ©. B, = 95.0 - 17.59 = 77.4 KN/m 0, the dam is safe against overturning, assuming water does not get under the block. <4 A rectangular plate submerged in water is 5 by 4 m, the 5-m side being horizontal and the 4-m side being vertical. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth to its center of Pressure if the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (b) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. Eq. 3.16: F = yh,A = (9.81)h(4 x 5m) = 196.2h, (@) h,=2m; F = 196.2(2)=392kKN 4 (® h,=3m; F = 196.23) =589kN < (© h, = 102m; F = 196.2(102) = 20000kn 4 1, 3 2 Bq, 318: A, = 943 Yet aye 7 YT @) y= 2m; A= 2474 2267 m < ©) y= 3m; A= 3+ 2 3dd m < © y, = 102m; h, = 102+ =1020m 4 The right-triangular plate shown in Fig. X3.7.13 is submerged in a vertical plane with its base horizontal. Determine the depth and horizontal position of the center of pressure when a = I ft, b = 3 ft, and d = 4.5 ft. bh? I, Eq. 3.18: y, = Xa 3 TableA.7: I, = ise] 3 where A = 365) - 675 8% y, = Bat =25 1, = a = 7.59 ft* c 7.59 “ sy+— = i? _ -295f < Ye = Ye* yA 2.5(6.75) Below P: y= 1+45-y, = 2.55 ft Figure X3.7.13 i: a 3 CL To median, x, = are = 0.850 ft <444 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.12 3.7.14 SI 3.7.15 SI 3.7.16 Repeat Exer. 3.7.13, but with a = 0.2 m, b = 1.0 m, and d = 2.0m. Exercise 3.7.13: For the submerged, vertical right triangular plate of Fig. X3.7.13, find the depth and horizontal position of the center of Pressure. I, 3 . 3.18: = y,+—& 3 TableA7: I, = ——; Eq. Mp = Ye y,A 7 e356 A = (1.0)2.0/2 = 1.000 m? y= t+02 = 0.867 m; I c 3 1G" = 0.222 m‘; . 0.222 + p= 0.867 =1123m < + 0.867(1.000) Figure X3.7.13 Below P: y/ = 0.2+2.0-y, = 1.077 m ; to median, x, = 0.5(1.077)1.0/2.0 = 0269m A rectangular area is 5 by 6 m, with the 5 m side horizontal. It is placed with its centroid 4 m below a water surface and rotated about a horizontal axis in the plane area and through its centroid. Find the magnitude of the force on one side and the distance between the center of pressure and the centroid of the plane when the angle with the horizontal, 8 = 90, 60, 30, and 0°. Eq. 3.16: F = yh,A = (9.81)4(5x6) = 1177 KN for any angle @ 04 I _ bdfi2_ sd? = oF 38 | Bin _ 3. sin From Eq. 3.18: y,-y, = —— = — = —— = —— = > = —— = =sind pus yA y(bd iy, Iy, y 4 From which @ yp - Ye OR 60° 0.650m 30° 0375m 4 0° Om < Figure X3.7.16 shows a cylindrical tank with 0.25-in-thick walls, containing 42india water. What is the force on the bottom? What is the force on the annular surface MM? What is the weight of the water? Find the longitudinal (vertical) T tensile stress in the sidewalls BB if (a) the tank is suspended from the top; (b) it is supported from the bottom. Neglect the weight of the tank. Eq. 3.16: Force on bottom Fz = yh,A = 62.4(2)m = 392 Ib < Force on surface MM, Fs = yh,A = 62.4(1)(x/4)(2? - 1?) = 147.0 Ib < Weight of water = 62.4 m[l? + (1/2)7] = 245 Ib < Fa 392 392 (a) Suspended from top, o = 7 = wD = Ti? -aspA = 392/18.65 = 21.0 lb/in® 4 (®) Supported from bottom, o = F,/A = 147/18.65 = 7.88 Ibfin? < -— 24 in dia —-+| Figure X3.7.16Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.14 45 Sec. 3.7: Center of Pressure -- Problems 3.13-3.19 3.13 A vertical semicircular area has its diameter in a liquid surface. Derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. N I, I, Bq. 3.18 and Table A.7: hb, = 42 += __ = 40 5 s_ ECE e 3m Gr[3ny(nr?[2) 3% 2r%/3 d* Qn xr* art L = 0/22 = er) a2 2 FO I, = CUR) = (m2 an 3 Let 4g 2f4rY _ art _l6r* _ fe 8) _ 9x? -64 oe anmyare( $2 8 ise "(8 on) "\ 72% 4On?- a, = 40 HOW -O/T2n _ Ar , 3,( 25) « oarar + 0.1659 = 0.590r ? 3x (2/3)F3 3x 226 3.14 The Utah-shaped plate shown in Fig. P3.14 is submerged in oil (s = 0.94) Oil surface 0 and lies in a vertical plane. Find the magnitude and location of the a = hydrostatic force acting on one side of the plate. SI Eq. 3.16: F = yh,A F, = (9.81 x0.94)(1.5 + 2.3)(2.3%4.6) = 371 KN I, Bg. 3.18: hy = ¥, + 5 (hy); F, = (9.81x0.94)(1.5 +2 + 1.3)(1.5%2.6) = 173 KN Oh), = 48+ (1/12)1.5%2.6° _ 499 mm e 4.8(1.5 x2.6) 1.5m F = F+F, = 543 KN < 46m 2.6m Fh ) = Fh), + Fh), ; t, = (371 x4.26 + 173 x4,92)/543 = 4.47 m below oil surface. <46 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.16 3.15 The commom type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig. P3.15 is a plate that slides over the opening to a culvert. The coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is 0.6. Find the force required to slide open this 600-Ib gate if it is set (a) vertically; (b) on a 2:1 slope (n = 2), as is common. Culvert BG (a) Gate vertical: Eq. 3.16: h, = 12 +4/2 = 14; F, = yh,A = 62.4(14)4 = 13,980 Ib Let T = force parallel to gate required to open gate: ZE,=0; T-600-0.6(13,980) = 0; T = 8990 Ib < (b) On 2:1 slope: Eq. 3.16: h, = [12 +(4/2)sin@] F = yh,A = 62.4[12 + (4/2)sin 6]4? = 12,870 Ib BE =0; N= F+Weosé ZF, =0; T= pN+Wsiné = p(F+Weos8) + Wsind 600 T = 0.6] 12,870 +6002. + = 8310 lb ¥5 3.16 In the drainage of irrigated lands it is frequently desirable to install automatic Slap gates to prevent a flood from backing up into the lateral drains from a river. Suppose a square flap gate, of side b = 1.5 m and weight 8 KN, is hinged I m above its center (a = 0.25 m), as shown in Fig. P3.16, and the face is sloped 4° from the vertical. To what depth will water rise behind the gate before it will open? SI Closing moment of gate about hinge = 8000(1.0)sin4° = 558 N-m Find the depth h which produces an opening moment of 558 N-m h) 15h 2 . 3.16; F = yh,A = 9810)—|—~— = 7380h Fa 16 me (3) cos4° Moment arm = (1.5+0.25) - ee 1.75 - 0.334h i es 3cos4° Figure P3.16 Then 7380h7(1.75 - 0.334h) = 558; h?-5.24h?+0.226 = 0 This cubic equation may be solved by trial and error, etc. (see Sample Prob. 3.5), yielding = 0.212 m or 5.23 m (impossible) or —0.204 m (meaningless). So h=0.212m <4BG SI Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.18 47 Find the minimum value of z for which the gate in Fig. P3.17 will rotate counterclockwise if the gate is (a) rectangular, 5 ft high by 4 ft wide; (b) triangular, 4 ft base as axis, height 5 ft. Neglect friction in bearings. (a) Closing moment due to gas: (5 x4)(3 x 144)2.5 = 21,600 ft-lb Opening moment due to water: Flh, -(2- ere = (¢-25)+—&, 1, = HH ‘vat, -@-5)], wi tp = (2-2.5) ga ea re = 62.4(2-2.5)(5 wae -2.5) + ee -@- s| 25 12(z-2.5) Equate moments and solve for z: 3120z-5200 = 21,600; z= 8.59 ft < (b) Moment due to water: = raawce-2.5f25+ | = 1040z-50) = 3120z-5200 I 3 Exualh,~(@-5)l, where h, -(-42) co ne = eaale -20\ 5x4 /,_ 10), CBOE) _ cafe - OVS ( >) (2 @-5) 3 ~l0YS, 25. -25) = 7 = oof, +13 wes 624(5/3)(2-2.5) = 10402-2600 Moment due to gas: (3x 144)(2 x5)(5/3) = 7200 ft-Ib ; equating moments, z = 9.42 ft < Repeat Exer. 3.7.12 for the case where a 2-m-thick layer of oil (s = 0.8) is resting on the water, and replace "water surface" by "oil surface." Exer. 3.7.13: A rectangular plate, 5 m H by 4 m V, is submerged in water. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the location of its center of pressure if the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (b) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. bRy2 _ , bh? y-(bh) ° Wy, I, Eq. 3.18: yp = y.+ yA =y.+ @ ThA = 08(9.81)12x5) = 785 kN at y, = 1.333 m Sm 0.8(9.81)2(2 x5) = 157.0 kN 4m A at ypt2=2+2=3m below the oil surface Als | Fo = 9.81(1/2 x2)(2 x5) = 98.1 KN at yt2 = 22) +2 = 3.33 m F = 78.5 + 157.0 + 98.1 = 334 kN < 334h, = 78.5(1.333) + 157.0(3) + 98.1(3.33) ; tp = 2.71 m << (See alternate solution below) ol 048 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.19 (6) F, = 0.89.81)1.5(1 x5) = 58.9 KN at y, = 15+ as = 1.556 m Fy = 0.8(9.81)2(3x5) = 235 KN at y,+2 = $+2 = 3.50 m Fe = 9.81(0.5 x3)(3x5) = 221 KN at y,+2 = 2@)+2 = 4.00 ft BF = 58.9+235+221 =SISKN 515h, = 58.9(1.556) + 235(3.50) +221(4.00) ; 4, = 349m © h&=0 F, = 0,8(9.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y,+2 = 100+2 = 102m Fe = 9.81(4 + 98)(4x5) = 19620 KN at y, +2 = 100+ +2 = 102.01 m BF = 0+314+19620 = 19930 kN 19930h, = 0 + 314(102) + 19 620(102.01) ; #, = 1020m Alternate solution (a): Fog = 0.80.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y, = 2(4) = 267 m Femicr-ott = 0-2(9.81)1(2x5) = 19.62 KN at y, +2 = 202) +2 = 3.33 m UF = 314+19.62 = 334kN 4 334h, = 3142.67) + 19.62G.33); h,= 271m 3.19 Refer to Sample Problem 3.7. If the oil depth were 2 ft rather than 1.5 ft, (a) compute the total force and (b) determine the depth of its center of pressure. Sample Prob. 3.7 (refer to it): For component D, h, = y, = 0.424 ft below the water top surface; for the semicircular end, D = 2 ft, I = 0.393 fit, I, = 0.1098 ft’. (a) For A (oil): h, = y, = 0.5(2 ft) = 1.00 ft below the free oil surface, so F4 = YoiltAgy = (0.8 X 62.4)1.00(2 x 2) = 199.7 Ib For B: Fx = pA = yhA = (0.8 X 62.4)2(w17/2) = 156.8 Ib For D: h, = y, = 0.424 ft below the water top surface (as before) Fy = yhA = 62.4(0.424)x17/2 = 41.6 lb (as before) Total force = F, + Fp + Fp = 398 1b 4 (®) For semicircular end: D = 2 fi, J = 0.393 ft*, J, = 0.1098 ft* Below the oil surface: (y,), = 3(2.00) = 1.333 ft; (pp = 2 + 0.424 = 2.42 ft; 0.1098 (0.424) 21772 Finally: Fy, = F,Qp)4 + Fa0p)e + FoOp) 398y, = 199.7(1.333) + 156.8(2.42) + 41.6(2.59); yp = 1.894 ft Eq. 3.18: (¥))p = 2.00 + 0.424 + = 2.59 ftSec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 49 Sec 3.8: Force on a Curved Surface ~ Exercises (10) 3.8.1 BG 3.8.3 SI 3.8.4 A vertical-thrust bearing for a large hydraulic gate consists of a 9-in-radius bronze hemisphere mating into a steel hemispherical shell in the gate bottom. What minimum oil pressure will maintain a complete oil film if the vertical thrust on the bearing is 600,000 Ib? Projected area = nr® = 817 in? ; p = FIA = 600,000/(817) = 2360 psi < The cross section of a tank is as shown in Fig. X3.8.2. BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft, andh = 10 ft. If the tank contains gas at a pressure of 8 psi, determine the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eq. 3.14: F, = pA = (8x144)10 = 11,520 Ibjft << located 5 ft below the top. < F, = (8x144)6 = 6910 Ib/ft << located 3.0 ftto the leftofA4B <4 Find the answers called for in Exer. 3.8.2 if r = 2m, h = 3.5 m, and the tank contains gas at a pressure of 50 kPa. Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. F, = 50(3.5) = 175 kN/m <<) at 1.75 m below the top < F, = 50(2) = 100 kN/m Ss 4 at 1.0 mtotheleftof AB A spherical steel tank of 15-m diameter contains gas under a pressure of 350 kPa. The tank consists of two half-spheres joined together with a weld. What will be the tensile force across the weld in kN/m? If the steel is 20.0 mm thick, what is the tensile stress in the steel? Express in kPa and in psi. Neglect the effects of cross-bracing and stiffeners. Eq. 3.14: Force pulling on weld = pA = (350 kN/m?)(7157/4 m?) = 61900 kN Force/length = 61 900/(xD) = 61 900/157) = 1313 kN/m 4 o = Forceflength _ 1313 KNim _ ¢scqg up, thickness 0.022 m From inside back cover: (65 600 kPa)(1000 Pa/kPa)(0.000 1450 psi/Pa) = 9520 psi <450 Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 3.8.5 Determine the force F required to hold the cone in the position shown in Fig. X3.8.5. Assume the cone is weightless. Sketch shows vertical projection of 1/2 cone above opening. Opening r = 4tan15° = 1.072 ft Peg = 9-5 psi ~ 0.8(62.4)6/144 = 0.5 psi — 2.08 psi = —1.58 psi ——— 1.58(144)(1.072)* = 821 Ib 62.4(0.8) 1(1.072)710 = 1802 Ib | (62.4)0.8(7/3)1.0727(4) = 240 Ib 3.5 ft t UE, = 821 - 1802 +240+F =0 F=740lb < Figure X3.8.5 3.8.6 The hemispherical body shown in Fig. X3.8.6 (r = 2 ft) projects into a tank. Find the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the hemispherical projection for the following cases: (a) the tank is full of water with the free surface 5 ft above A; (b) the tank contains CCl, (s = 1.59) to the level of A overlain with water having its free surface 5 ft above A; (c) the tank is closed and contains only gas at a pressure of 6 psi; (d) the tank is closed and contains water to the level of A overlain with gas at a pressure of 2 psi. Assume the gas weighs 0.075 Ib/ft’. BG Projected area on vertical plane = mr? = 12? = 12.57 ft? Table A.8: Volume of hemisphere = Zar? - 2av = 16.76 f° Figure X3.8.6 (@ Eq. 3.16: F, = yh,A = 62.4(5)(12.57) = 3920 1b 4_F, = 62.4(16.76) = 1046 lb 4 4x2 30 046 7046 1.59) =13541b 4 6(144)12.57 = 10,860 Ib 9 <4 F, = 0.075(1/2)(4/3) 22? = 1.2571b 4x2) 12.57 _ 3950 th 3n}) 2 EF, = (1046/2) + (16.76/2)0.075 = 523 Ib 4 ®) F = 3920 + €1.39-1.00)60.4 }esr =41201b aa u © @ F, = 2(144)12.57 +624 wa " 3.8.7 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 10 ft. Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. BG Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(1/2x10)10 = 3120Ib/ft 4 * F, acts at: y, = (2/3)10 = 6.67 ft below surface < (a/4)@ = 28.3 ft? ; 10(6) - 28.3 = 31.7 ft? Table A.7: x, = 4r/(3x) = 2.55 ft Eq. 3.21: FE, = W = 62.4(31.7) = 1980 lb/ft < Moments of areas about AB: GL7Dx, + (28.3)2.55 = (10x6)3 F, acts at: x, = 3.40 ft toleftofAB 43.8.8 SI 3.8.9 SI Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 51 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where r = 2 m, and the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 3.5 m. Exer. 3.8.7: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = yh,A = 9.81(1/2 x3.5)3.5 = 60.1 kN/m < F, acts at: Y= (2/3)3.5 = 2.33 m below surface (x/4)2 = mm? ; 3.5(2)- 2 = 3.86 m? Table A.7: x, = 4r/(32) = 0.849 m Eq. 3.21: FE = W = 9.81(3.86) = 37.9 kN/m < Moments of areas about AB: G.86)x, + (7)0.849 = (3.5 x2)1 E acts at: x, = 1.123 mto the leftof AB << 53.14 nF A tank with vertical ends contains water and is 6 m long normal to the plane of Fig. X3.8.9. The sketch shows a portion of its cross-section where MN is one- quarter of an ellipse with semiaxes b and d. If a = 1.0 m, b = 2.5 m, and d = 4 m, find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction relative to the horizontal. @ h,=a+d2=1+42=3.00m N Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = (9.81)3.00(4x6) = 706 KN 4 Acts at: Figure X3.8.9 h fe os # _ . 3.44 m below surf < = + = + = 3. + = 3. m LOW face eA Dy, 126.0) (b) Using Table A.7:; Ag = 2Snt =7.85m?; Ay =1.0%2.5 = 2.5 m? Eq. 3.21: K = W = 6(7.85 +2.5)9.81 = 609 KN 4b | 425m) _ For (E), quarter ellipse (Table A.7): x, = 3 3 1.061 m to right of N ca For (5), water above b: x, = b/2 = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m ~ Ade* Ards _ 7.85(1.061) + 2.5(1.25) = 1.107 Az *As 7.85425 nn For both together: x, ~. Vertical component acts at 1.107 mto the rightofN <4 (O R= yFP+F? = (707 +609? = 933kN << Acts through intersection of F, and F,, << 6 = tan!(R/F) = tan™!(609/706) = 40.8° 452 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.20 3.8.10 Find the answers called for in Exer. 3.8.9 if a = 2 ft, b = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, the tank is 12 ft long, and MN represents a parabola with vertex at N. Exer. 3.8.9: The tank length is perpendicular to Fig. X3.8.9, it has vertical ends, and contains water. Find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction with the horizontal. BG (@ h, =a + di2 =2 + 9/2 = 6.50 ft Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: FE = yh.A = (62.4)6.50(9x 12) = 43,800 Ib 4 +? 6501S _ 12y, 12(6.50) [, Acts at: A, = y,+—— = p Ye 7,4 (®) Using Table A.7: Ag = 200 X6) = 36 ft? ; Ap = 2x6 = 12 ft? Bq. 3.21: F, = W = 1236+ 12)62.4 = 35,900 Ib Ve = 7.54 ft below surface <4 For (E), semi-parabola (Table A.7): x, = 2b = FO) = 2.25 ft to right of N For (S), water above b: x, = b/2 = 6/2 = 3.00 ft Arde+ Ards _ 36(2.25) + 12(3.00) _ Aptds SO S~C*~«S at «. Vertical component acts at 2.44 ft to the rightofN <4 ( R= [+R = 743,800? +35,900° = 56,700Ib Acts through intersection of F,and F,, <4 6 = tan"(F,/F,) = tan™(35,900/43,800) = 39.4° 4 For both together: x, = Sec. 3.8: Force on Curved Surface -- Problems 3.20—3.23 3.20 (a) Find the horizontal and vertical forces per foot of width acting on the Tainter gate shown in Fig. P3.20. (b) Locate the horizontal force and indicate the line of action of the vertical force without actually computing its location. (c) Locate the vertical force (hint: consider the resultant). BG Figure P3.20 (a) Eq. 3.16: F, = yh,A = 62.4(18/2)18 = 10,110 lb/ft << Eq. 3.21: 5 = W = y(Area ABCD - Area ACD) = 62.4(Area of segment ABC) = 62.44 n(18y?-00_ - 18*18e0830° 7 360 2 (b) h, = (2/3)18 = 12 ft < F, acts through the centroid of segment ABC < = 1831 lb/ft =< (©) Since all forces are normal to the circular arc, the resultant R must pass through O, and x, may be determined from similarity of force and space triangles. Thus 4p . 2-182). , { 1010) -1656% 4 E a ? 18313.21 SI SI Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.22 53 The cross-section of a gate is shown in Fig. P3.21. Its dimension normal to the plane of the paper is 8 m, and its shape is such that x = 0.2y’. The gate is pivoted about O. Develop analytic expressions in terms of the water depth y upstream of the gate for the following: (a) horizontal force; (b) vertical force; (c) clockwise moment acting on the gate. Compute (a), (b), and (c) for the case where the water depth is 2.5 m. (a) For 8-m width: F, = yh,A = yQ/2)10y = 4yy? Figure P3.21 Fory = 2.5m, F, = 49.8125? = 245kN 4 (b) F, = W= (side area)8 = orf "xdy = 8rf? 70.2y%dy = y(0.2y33)8 = 0.533yy? Fory =2.5m, F, = 0.533(9.81)2.5 = 818kN << (©) Clockwise M = 4ry*UBy + 8rf x(x/2)dy = (4/3)vy? + 4y(0.04y°/5) = (4/3)yy? +0.0320vy° For y = 2.5m, M = (4/3)(9.81)2.5° + 0.0320(9.81)2.5° = 235 KN-m clockwise <4 A tank has an irregular cross section as shown in Fig. P3.22, Determine as accurately as possible the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components on a one-meter length of the wall ABCD when the tank contains water to a depth of 2 m. To determine areas, use a planimeter or count squares (0.25 m grid); make a cardboard cutout, or take approximate moments of the squares, to locate the centroid. Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = 9.81(1/2x2)2 = 19.62 kN/fm 4 F, acts at: y= (2/3)2. = 1.333 m below the surface < Planimeter or count squares to determine water column area A, above BCD. A, = 26.1 squares = 1.630 m? (by calculation!). Eq. 3.21: F, = W = yA, = 9.81(1.630) = 15.99 kN/m < Make a cardboard cutout or take moments of squares to locate the centroid of A,: xy = 0.690 m (by calculation!) F, acts about 0.690 m to left of AB <54 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.23 BG Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where the tank contains 4 ft of water overlain with a gas that is under a pressure of 0.8 psi. Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 h = 10 ft and BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Effect of gas pressure is transmitted throughout the water. Fy, = Fayg + Fyatee = (0.8% 144)10 + 62.4(1/2 x4)4 Figure X3.8.2 = 1152 +499 = 1651Ib/ft =< Moments about the top: (1152 +499)z, = 1152(S) + 499(10-4/2) ; z, = 5.91 ft below top of tank 4 sin@ = 4/6; 6 = 41.8° A, = 76(41.8/360) = 13.14 ft? ; A, = 0.5(4)V20 = 8.94 ft? A, +4, +4, =A; A, +13.14+8.94 = 6(4) A, = 1.921 ft? = water area vertically above curved surface. F, = (0.8 144)6 + 62.4(1.921) = 691+119.8 = 811 Ib/ft < Take moments about AB (or use cardboard cutouts) to find centroid of F,: Using Table A.7: x2 = a cos 418° 1.921x,, + 13.14(3.65) + 8.94(1.491) = 24(3) ; from which x,, = 5.55 ft from AB (691 + 119.8)x, = (691)3 + (119.8)5.55 ; x, = 3.38 ft fromAB = 3.65, xq = 28 ~ 1491 fe from AB Sec 3.9: Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Exercises (12) 3.9.1 BG 3.9.2 SI A balloon weighs 160 lb and has a volume of 7200 ft’. It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112 Ib/ft* at the temperature and pressure of the air, which in turn weighs 0.0807 Ib/fi?. What load will the balloon support, or what force in a cable would be required to keep it from rising? (Buoyant force) (Wt of helium) (Balloon) ZF, = 0; 7200(0.0807) - 7200000112) - 160 - T= 0 Required force in the cable, T = 340 Ib < For the conditions shown in Figure X3.9.2, find the force F required to lift the concrete-block gate if the concrete weighs 23.6 KN/m?. Neglect friction. ZF, = 0; F + (saltw.) - (freshw.) - (conc. block) = 0 F + 9.81(1.025)1.82(0.3)* - 9.81(3) 70.3? - 23.6(0.3) 70.3? = 0 F +512 -832-2.00=0; F=521kN <4BG 3.9.4 SI 3.9.5 BG Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 55 An iceberg in the ocean floats with one-eighth of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity relative to ocean water, which weight 64 lb/ft’. What portion of its volume would be above the surface if the ice were floating in pure water? Let ¥ = total volume of iceberg ; volume submerged = A = (7/8)¥ W=B; yY¥=(18)y¥; -. 5s’ =(y/y) = 7/8 = 0.875 relative to ocean water 4 and y/ = (7/8)64 = 56.0 Ib/ft?, ss = 56.0/62.4 = 0.897, and so (1 — 0.897)100% = 10.26% of its volume would be above the water surface in fresh water. < Determine the volume of an object that weighs 200 N in water and 300 N in oil (s = 0.88). What is the specific weight of the object? W — ¥(9810) = 200N ql) W — ¥(0.88 x 9810) = 300N (2) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously to find W = 1033N and ¥ = 0.0849m> <4 Specific weight = 1033/0.0849 = 12160 N/m? 4 An 8-in diameter solid cylinder 3 in high weighing 3.4 lb is immersed in liquid (y = 52 Ib/ft3) contained in a tall, upright metal cylinder of 9 in diameter (Fig. X3.9.5). Before immersion, the liquid was 3 in deep (= x +z). At what level will the solid cylinder float? Find the distance z between the bottoms of the two cylinders. Volume A = Volume B ; so 42x = n(4.5*-4%)y; 16x = 4.25y or x = 0.266y Weight = Fy ic. 3.4 = 52n(4/12°(x+y/12 so x+y = 2.25 in Figure X3.9.5 Solving, y = 1.776 in, x = O472in, © 2=3-x=2.53in << A metal block 1.5 ft square and 1 ft deep is floated on a body of liquid which consists of a 10-in layer of water above a layer of mercury. The block metal weighs 120 lb/ft?. (a) What is the position of the bottom of the block? (b) If a downward vertical force of 600 lb now acts on the center of this block, what is the new position of the bottom of the block? Assume that the tank containing the fluid is of infinite dimensions. (@) Block weighs (1x 1.5%)120 = 270 Ib 270 = [(x/12)(13.6 x 62.4) + (10/12)62.4]1.5? ; x = 0.962 inches into the mercury <4 (6) In this case the top of the block is below the water surface. 12-x ro) 62.4|1.5? ; x = 4.95 inches into the mercury <4 Thus, 600 +270 = jy 03.6 x62.4) +56 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.9.7 SI 3.9.8 SI SI Two spheres, each of 1.5 m diameter, weigh 8 and 24 KN respectively. They are connected with a short rope and placed in water. (a) What is the tension in the rope and what portion of the lighter sphere’s volume portrudes from the water? (b) What should be the weight of the heavier sphere in order for the lighter sphere to float halfway out of the water? Assume that the sphere volumes remain constant. (a) Lower sphere: F, = y(vol. displaced) = 9.81(1/6) 1.5? = 17.34 kN T = 24-1734 = 666kKN < Upper sphere: F, = 8kKN+T = 14.66 kN % above water = (17.34 — 14.66)/17.34 = 15.41% of volume < () Upper sphere: F, = (1/2) y(vol. sphere) = (1/2)9.81(7/6)1.5° = 8.67 KN W=B; W,+8 = 1734+867; W,=1800KN < A hydrometer (Fig. 3.22a) consists of a 6-mm-diameter cylinder of length 180 mm attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has @ mass of 0.6 g and the mass of the sphere is 6.4 g. At what level will this device float in liquids having specific gravities 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the scale spacing on the cylindrical stem uniform? Why or why not? Vol of sphere = (2/6)(20)? = 4190 mm? Volume of submerged cylinder = 13y = 28.3y mm?, where y is the Figure 3.22(a) submerged length of the cylinder in mm. Mass of hydrometer = 7 grams = s(4190 + 28.3y)/1000 grams ;_ y = [(7000/s) — 4190]/28.3 mm Ifs=0.8, y= 161.3mm < Ifs=1.0, y=994mm <4 Ifs = 1.2, y = 58.2 mm < diff = 61.9 mm diff = 41.2 mm Scale spacing is not uniform because submergence is not directly proportional to specific gravity, as from the above equation: y = 7000/(28.3s) — 4180/28.3 and dy/ds = -7000/(28.3s*) < A ojlindrical bucket of 250 mm diameter and 400 mm high weighing 20.0 N contains oil (s = 0.80) toa depth of 180 mm. (a) When placed to float in water, what will be the immersion depth to the the bottom of the bucket? (b) What is the maximum volume of oil that the bucket can hold and still float? (@) EF, = Wy + Wor Yonech7? = 0; 0.020 KN + (0.8)9.81 1(0.125)°0.18 - 9.81h (0.125)? = 0 0.020 + 0.0693 -0.482h = 0; A = 0,893/0.482 = 0.1855 m = 1855mm <4 (6) When immersed 400 mm, the oil depth h is given by 0.020 + (0.8)9.81 x (0.125)h - 9.81(0.40) 2(0.125)? = 0 0.020 + 0.385h - 0.1926 = 0; h = 0.1726/0.385 = 0.448 m = 448 mm 448 mm > 400 mm, therefore the bucket will float when full of oil Max vol = 7(0.125)°0.40 = 0.01963m> = 19.63L <43.9.10 BG 3.9.11 Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 57 End D of an 8-ft-long, uniformly thin wooden rod (s = 0.7) is held 1 ft below the surface of still water. (a) How much of the rod remains above the water surface? (b) If the rod diameter is 1 inch, what force at D is required to hold it in place? (a) Let A = cross-sectional area of rod. Let y = specific weight of water. W = A(x +y)0.77 5 Fy = Any eis) noe Re 7 Ae Mey) 7 otter x? =O.71e+y%; x = 0.7 +y) = 0.718 ft = 6.69 ft y =8-x=8-6.69=1307f < (b) A = (w/4)l? = 0.785 in? = 0.0654 fi? F, = y¥ = yAx = 62.4(0.0654)6.69 = 27.3 Ib W = O.7y¥/ = 0.7(62.4)0.0654(8) = 22.9 Ib IF, =0: P=Fy-W=273-229=447Ib < A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 1.50 ft radius and 10 ft long, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) If the draft (immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.90 ft, what is the uniform specific weight of the log? (b) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 23°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 20° (right side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any Figure X3.9.11 moment that results? @ x71 = od 3s xr? - ff ps/is-0F 7 cosa = 0.6/1.5 = 0.4; a = 66.4° 2. -¥ = 62.4(2.61 -0.825)/3.53 = 31.5Ib/ft? << (6) When the body tilts per the sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves to the left. So W and F, create a righting moment. Therefore, yes the log is in stable equilibrium. < : ese Nee ‘| 1.5 ft © (©) From sketch (6) above and Table A.7: OG = 4r/3x) = 4(1.5)/(32) = 0.637 ft Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 20°) = 31.5 (107 1.5/2)(0.637sin20°) = 242 ft-lb counterclockwise <458 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.24 3.9.12 SI A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 0.48 m radius and 2.5m long, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) If the draft (immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.30 m, what is the uniform specific weight of the log? (b) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 22°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 18° (left side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any Figure X3.9.11 moment that results? @ yar?lj2 = 2a 1 B10 N/m} —— wr? - 2 — }0.18/0.487 -0.18? |L onion} 35 =~ cosa = 0.18/0.48 = 0.375, « = 68.0° 2. = 9810(0.273 -0.0801)/0.3619 = 5240N/m? 4 (@) (6) As the body tilts as per sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves to the right. So W and Fy create a righting moment. .. Yes, the log is in stable equilibrium. < (c) From sketch (b) above and Table A.7: OG = 47/32) = 0.204 m Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 18°) = 5240(2.570.487/2)(0.204sin 18°) = 298 N-mclockwise <4 Sec. 3.9: Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies —- Problems 3.24—3.30 3.24 SI Find the approximate value of the maximum specific gravity of liquid for which the device of Exer. 3.9.8 will be stable. Exer. 3.9.8: The hydrometer in Fig. 3.22a consists of a 6-mm- diameter cylinder 180 mm long attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has a mass of 0.6 g and mass of the sphere is 6.4 g. The device is stable if its center of buoyancy is above its center of gravity. The critical point of stability occurs when the line of action of the weight and the buoyancy forces are coincident when the device is tilted. Figure 3.22(a) This critical stability occurs when the center of gravity = the center of buoyancy, i.e., y, = ds Use the center of the sphere as the point of reference. = _ 6.4(0) +0.6(10 +90) _ a, o—eanose 8.57 mm above center of sphere 3 ¥ displaced by sphere = 2 = 4190 mm? , ¥ displaced by cylinder = (Ge = 28.3y mm? <= _ 4190(0) +28.3y(10 +y/2) % 4190 + 28.3y So for critical stability: 8.57 = 28-3y(10 + y/2) “F190 + 28.3 From this quadratic equation, y = 49.0 mm or —51.8 mm (meaningless). .. y = 49.0 mm Also, mass of hydrometer = mass of fluid displaced, i.e., 6.4 + 0.6 = s(4190 + 28.3y)/1000 Thus for y = 49.0 mm, the maximum measurable specific gravity, s = 1.256 <43.25 BG 3.26 BG 3.27 BG Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.27 59 A 2.0-ft' object weighing 650 lb is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y = 64 lb/ft’). The balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 lb of air to a pressure of 20 psi. To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft?/(sec?-°R) (14.7 + 20)144(32.2) a . 3 |. 2.5: = = = 0.1840 pef. Thus 5 Ib of : = 27. =F, Eq. Y 1715(460 + 50) pef. us of air occupies 5/0.1840 = 27.2 ft 1 At equilibrium depth: OF, = B-W = 0 = 64(2.0+ ¥) - (650 + 5) so new volume of balloon, ¥, = 8.23 ft? From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥/m and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. PY, = PY, (14.7 + 20)144(27.2) = (14.7 + p,)144(8.23) ; pz = 99.8 psi Depth A = p2/y = (99.8)144/64 = 225 ft << Work Prob, 3.25 with all data the same except assume the balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 lb of air to a pressure of 10 psi. In this latter case the balloon is more elastic because a lower pressure is obtained with the same amount of air. Prob. 3.25: A 2.0-ft' object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y = 64 lb/ft’). To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft?/(sec?-°R) uy = (14.7 + 10)144G2.2) _ ; . . - ta ¥ Eq. 2.5: 7 1715460 + 50) +50) 0.1309 pef. This 5 Ib of air occupies 5/0.1309 = 38.2 ft 1 At equilibrium depth: ZF, = B-W = 0 = 642+ ¥) - (650 +5) so new volume of balloon, ¥, = 8.23 ft? From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pv = const = p¥/m and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. PY, = PY, (14.7 + 10)144(38.2) = (14.7 + p,)144(8.23) ;_p, = 99.8 psi Depth h = p/y = (99.8)144/64 = 225 ft A wooden pole weighing 2 lb/ft has a cross-sectional area of 6.7 in’ and is supported as shown in Fig. P3.27. The hinge is frictionless. TP Find 6. ft L * W = 2(10) = 20 Ib at (1/2)10sin@ = Ssin@ from hinge Mp = (20)5sin@ = 100siné ft-lb clockwise Let x = immersed length of pole. Fy = YoyAx = 52(6.7/144)x = 2.42x at (10 - x/2)sind M = 2.42x(10 — x/2)sin@ counterclockwise aft Since 3M = 0, we have 100 = 2.42x(10 - x/2) = 24.2x - 1.210x? Solving quadratic equation, x = 14.16 ft (impossible) or 5.84 ft Figure P3.27 (10x) ft Y = 52 pct cos = —4_ = _* _-0961; 0=1612° <60 Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.29 3.28 BG 3.29 SI A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 3 ft, width b = 1.25 ft, and depth d = 0.20 ft, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 1.30 lb/ft is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (b) If the load is suddenly removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.) OP = v1.25" +0.20? = 1.266 ft; BK = (2/3)d/2 = df3 BK, = BKsina = (0.2/3)(0.2/1.266) = 0.01053 ft GB, = GK ~ BK, = 1.266/6 - 0.01053 = a = 0.200 ft BP, = KP + BK, = 1.266/3 + 0.01053 = 0.432 ft (a) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 1.3(3)BP, W(0.200) = 3.9(0.432); W=841lb <4 @) BF: Fy=W+39; 2. W< Fy Fig 3.19 for W < Fy: Wa = 8.41(0.200) 1.687 Ib-ft counterclockwise <4 Righting Moment A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 800 mm, width b = 300 mm, and depth d = 50 mm, is floating ina liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 20 N/m is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (b) If the load is suddenly removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.). OP = 7300? +50? = 304 mm ;_—- BK = (2/3)d/2 = dj3 BK, = BKsine = (50/3)(50/304) = 2.74 mm GB, = GK - BK, = 304/6 - 2.74 = 47.9 mm =a BP, = KP + BK, = 304/3 + 2.74 = 104.1 mm (@ Moments about B: W(GB,) = 20(0.8)BP, W(47.9) = 16(104.1); W=34.7N <4 () BF,: Fy = W+i6N, AW < Cc If the tank of Exer 3.10.6 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of 8.0 KN/mt and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand corner. Exer. 3.10.6: The rectangular tank is 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m deep. Eq. 3.23: dp/dx = -pa, = -(y/g)a,= ~(8.0/9.81)0.3(9.81) = -2.4 kPa per m P4-Pg = 4p = (Gp/ax)Ax = 2.4(15) = 36.0 kPa < Eq. 3.24 with a, = 0: dp/dz = -pg = -y = -8.0 kPa per m Pc ~Pp, = 4p = (Gp/az)Az = 8.0(4) = 32.0 kPa A B Lines of equal pressure are as follows: [SS @ < Sec. 3.10: Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration -- Problems 3.31—3.32 3.31 SI Refer to Sample Prob. 3.10. Suppose the velocity of the airplane is 225 m/s, with all other data unchanged. What then would be the slope of the liquid surface in the tank? Sample Prob 3.10: At a particular instant an airplane is travelling upward at 40° to the horizontal, and losing speed at 4 m/s*. Also it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 2600 m. a, = vr = 2257/2600 = 19.47 m/s? z a, = -4 ms? (given) | a, = -4cos40° - 19.47sin40° = -15.58 m/s? a, = ~4sin40° + 19.47cos40° = +12,34 m/s? Eq. 3.26: Surface slope = tand or 6 = tan ‘0,703 = 35.1° from the horizontal. <4 All units are m/s?64 Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.32 3.32 At a particular instant an airplane is traveling upward at a velocity of 180 mph in a direction that makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. At this instant the airplane is losing speed at the rate of 3.6 mph/sec. Also, it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 5000 ft. Determine the slope of the free liquid surface in the airplane’s fuel tank. BG 180 mph = 180(5280 ft/mi)/(3600 sec/hr) = 264 fps; 3.6 mph = 5.28 fps a, = v'fr = 2647/5000 = 13.94 fi/sec?; a, = -5.28 fi/sec”. a, = -5.28c0s30° - 13.94sin30° = -11.54 fi/sec* a, = -5.28sin30° + 13.94c0s30° = +9.43 fijsec” All units are ft/sec Liquid surface is perpendicular to net force, i.e., to net acceleration. & (-11.54) . 3.26: Surface slope = tang = & = -_CULS) _ sa iene d& ~~ 9.43 + 32.2) or @ = tan%0.277 = 15.50° from the horizontal = 0277 4Chaptes 4 Basics of Fieid Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE 43 Steady Flow and Uniform Flow X'4.3.1 N VShort 6 g 45 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity X45.1 N Easy Short 1 Integration 4.5.2 BG VEasy VShort 1 4.5.3 SI Easy Short 1 P41 4.5.4 BG Easy Short 1 45.5 45.5 SI Easy Short 1 45.4 P41 BG Easy Short 1 4.5.3 4.2 BG Easy Short 1 43 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 43 SI Easy Short 1 4.2, $4.1 Uses py = RT (Sec. 2.7) 44 BG Medium = Long 1 45 Graphical solution 45 SI Medium Long 1 4.4 Graphical solution 47 Equation of Continuity X4.7.1 BG VEay VShort 1 4.7.2 4.7.2 SI VEasy VShortt 1 4.7.1 4.7.3 BG Easy Short 1 P46 SI Easy Shot 2 47 BG Medium Medium 1 Numerical differentiation 4.10 Use and Limitations of Flow Net XK 4.10.1 SI Medium Short 1 4.10.2 SI Easy Short 1 t+ Measure Fig X4.10.2 4.10.3 BG Easy Medium 2 t Measure Fig 4.10 4.10.4 SI Easy Medium = 2 + Measure Fig 4.12 P48 BG Medium Medium 1 4.9 + Measure Fig X4.10.2 49 SI Medium Medium 1 4.8 t Measure Fig X4.10.2 4.10 N Medium Medium 1 + Mcasure Fig 4.10; plot 4.11 BG Hard Long 1 Sketch flow net; plot /cont... TFor all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given i Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from fagures. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.66 4.12 Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow XK 4.12.1 N VEasy VShort 1 4.12.2 N Medium = Short 1 Differentiation 4.12.3 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.4 Partial differentiation 4.12.4 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.3 Partial differentiation 4.12.5 N Medium Medium 1 Partial differentiation 4.12.6 BG VEasy VShort 1 4.12.7 4.12.7 SI VEasy VShort 1 4.12.6 4.12.8 BG Medium Medium 1 P4.12 Differentiation P 4.12 SI Medium Short 1 4.12.8 Differentiation 4.13 N Medium Medium 1 Partial differentiation 4.14 N Medium Medium 1 Sketch flow field 4.15 N Medium Medium 1 Sketch flow field 4.16 N Medium Long 1 + Sketch flow field; numerical differ’n 417 BG Medium Medium 1 Numerical differentiation 4.18 SI Medium Medium 1 + Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ’n 4.13 Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow X 4.13.1 N Medium Short 1 Differentiation 4.13.2 N Medium Short 1 Partial differentiation 4.13.3 BG Easy Short 1 4.13.4 Differentiation 4.13.4 SI Easy Short 1 4.13.3 Differentiation P 4.19 BG Medium Medium 1 4.20 Partial differentiation 4.20 SI Medium Medium 1 4.19 Partial differentiation 4.21 SI Medium Medium 1 + Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ’n Ch.4 Miscellaneous P 4.22 N Medium Medium 1 Plot 4.23 BG Medium Medium 1 Plot 4.24 SI Medium Long 3 PlotSec. 4.5 67 Chapter 4 BASICS OF FLUID@LOW Sec 4.3: Steady Flow and Uniform Flow — Exercise (/) 4.3.1 Classify the following cases of flow as to whether they are steady or unsteady, uniform of nonuniform: (a) water flowing from a tilted pail; (b) flow from a rotatieg lawn sprikler; (c) flow through the hose leading to the sprinkler; (d) a natural stream during dry-weather flow; (e) a natural stream during flood; (f) flow ina city water-distribution main through a straight section of constant diameter with no side connections. (Note: There is room for legitimate argument in some of the @bove cases, which should stimulate independent thought.) (@) Unsteady, nonuniform; (b) Unsteady (although steagly with respect to rotating frame of reference), nonuniform; © Steady, uniform; (d) Almost steady, nenuniform; (e) Unsteady, nonuniform; (f) Unsteady, Sec 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Exercises (4) 4.5.1 N 4.5.2 4.5.3 SI In the laminar flow of a fluid through a pipe of circulap cross section the velocity profile is exactly a true parabola. The volume of the paraboloid represents the rate of discharge. Prove that for this case the ratio Of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5. For paraboloid, # = Ue! — (r/r,)"} Bg. 4.3: O = fudd = 2xthage {"* [1 — (rir yr dr Maa) Maas r, =4“ —; V, =vy=@2. si A ey 2 V, Tous "= =05 QED < onus, A gas (y = 0.05 lb/ft’) flows at a rate of 0.8 lb/sec pest section A through a long rectangular duct of uniform cross section 1.2 by 1.8 ft. At section B some distance along the duct the gas weighs 0.08 lb/ft’. What is the average velocity of flow at sections A and 8? G 08 From Bg. 4.5: %= 2 =—_98 _ . 741 < rom Eq. 4.5: = a” Oo5ax18) fe 08 « — 98 __ ng, < % Soaaaxia ~ *% The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.4) in a 150-mm pipeling is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in L/s, m’/s, kg/s, and KN/s. Eq. 4.3: Q = AV= #(0.075"x08 = 0.01414 ms 4 = 0.014 14 (m/s) x 10° Lim’) = 14.14L/s From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: mt = pQ = (1.4 x 1000)0.084 14 = 19.79 ke/s From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = yQ = (1.4 X 9.81)0.0id 14 = 0.1M2KN/s4.5.5 SI Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = $aD? = daer? = 2nr? (Table A.8) Q = 4 gal/min x (0.1337 ft°/g)/(60 sec/min) = 0.00891 cfs r (in) AG) Af) V=QIA 2 25.1 0.1745 0.0511 4 100.5 0.698 0.012 77 8 402.1 2.793 0.003 19 A Water flows at 0.25 L/s through a small circular hole in she bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velocity in the tank at 50, 100, and 200 mm from the hole? Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = xD? = ar? = 2nr? (Table A.8) OQ = 0.25 Lis = 0.000 25 m’/s ram) =A (m) V=QIA 50 0.01571 0.015 92 100 0.062 83 0.003 98 200 0.25133 0.000 995 a Sec 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity - Problems 4./-45 4.1 42 BG The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.26) in a 3-in pipeline is 44 fps. Calculate the rate of flow in cfs, gal/min, slugs/sec, and lb/sec. Eq. 4.3: Q=AV= n(1.5/12)?x2.4 = 0.1178 cis = 0.1178(448.8 gpm/cfs) = 52.9 gpm @ From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: mi = pQ = (1.26 x 1.940)0.1478 = 0.288 slug/sec 4 From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = yQ = (1.26 x 62.4)0.1178 = 9.26 Ib/sec 4 Carbon dioxide flows in a 2-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 46 psi and a temperature of 80°F. If the atmospheric pressure is 13.8 psia and the flow velocity ig 10 fps, calculate the weight flow rate. Table A.5 for carbon dioxide: R = 1123 ftib/(slug-R*) ye BB 3226+ 138144 _ gg Ba2.5: 7 = Re = “Trs@eo+en) 0457 wE Eq. 4.5: G = yAV = 0.457(2/12)(3/12)10 = 0.1908 Ib/sec 443 44 SI Sec. 4.5, Prob. 4.4 69 Nitrogen at 40°C and under a pressure of 3000 mb obs flows in a 350-mm-diameter conduit at a mean velocity of 8 m/s. Find the mass flow rate. Table A.5 for nitrogen: R = 297 m?/(s?K) Fi (24: p = B= 3000 mb x (1 KNjm7/10 mb x (1000 kg-m/s*YEN _ 3 95 9 jon ee e* 3 297 ms 7K -1(273+40) K 3.23 From Eq. 4.4: m = pAV= 3.23(#x 0.17598 = 2.48 kg/s 4 Velocities in an 8-in-diameter circular conduit, measgred at radii of 0, 1.44, 2.60, and 3.48 in, were 20.3, 19.7, 17.7, and 14.5 fps respectively. Find approximate values (graphically) of the volume flow rate and the mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solution. Bq. 4.3: Q = fudd = udA, + wd, + ... Plot the velocity profile and divide the area into a nugiber of equal (annular) parts. ite 14.5 fps at r = 3.48 inches 17.7 fps at r = 2.60 inches ——— 19.7 fps at r = 1.44 inches —— 20.3 fps at r= 0 For four equal parts (say), 2 2 4 = = = ar? = appr?) = a(rp-12); dd = = = = = 4x it 7 = 4 inches, so 7) = 0, 7, = V4 = 2.00 inches, 7, = /8 = 2.83 inches, 7, = y12 =3.46 inches From the sketched profile,.z, = 7.8 fps, w, = 15.4 fps, uy = 17.7 fps, u, = 19.4 fps Q = E(e,dd) « (7.8 + 15.4 +17.7 +19.4)dA = (60.3 fps)(4x/144 R) = 5.26 cfs Q~53cis <4 V = Q/A = 5.26/(16%/144) = 15.075 fps Ve 15.1 fps < Wax * 15.075/20.3 = 0.743 WV * 0.74 4 If we had broken down the area into more parts, the eccuracy would have been improved.70 sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.5 45 Velocities in a 200-mm-diameter circular conduit, measured at radii of 0, 36, 65, and 87 mm, were 7.0, 6.8, 6.1, and 5.0 m/s respectively. Find approximate valges (graphically) of the volume flow rate and the mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velogity to the maximum velocity. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solugon. Eq. 4.3: Q = fudA = uydd, + uydA, +... Plot the velocity profile and divide the area into a number of equal (annular) parts. —S— 5.0 m/s a7 = 87 mm Va 6.1 m/s at = 65 mm 6.8 m/s at 7 = 36 mm —— 7.0 ms ar =0 For four equal parts (say). Als = wr I4 = ar) = mp-r) = r-1Y) dA = Al4 = r100°/4 = 25002 mm? r = 100 mm, 80 7 = 0, 7, = 50.0 mm, r, = 5000 = 70.7 mm, 7, = 77500 =86.6 mm From the sketched profile, u, = 6.7 m/s, u, ~ 6.1 m/s, uy © 5.3 m/s, uy = 2.7 m/s Q = Lud) = (6.7 + 6.1 + 5.3 + 2.7)dd = 20.8(25002) = 163 400 m(mm?/s) = 0.1633 m/s Q=0.163 m/s V = QA * 163 400/(4 x 2500) = 5.20 m/s Va52ms <4 Vaux * 5.20/7.0 = 0.743 We = 0.74 4 If the area had been broken down into more parts, the accaracy would have been improved. Sec 4.7: Equation of Continuity — Exercises (3) 471 BG 4.7.2 4.73 Water flows in a river. At 8 A.M. the flow past bridge 1 ig 2150 cfs. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 1800 cfs. ‘At what rate is water being stored im the river between the two bridges at this instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation. Eq. 4.18: Q, — Q, = d¥/dt ; (2150 — 1800) fi?/sec = dH /dt ; d¥/dt = 350 ft/sec Water flows in a river. At 9 A.M. the flow past bridge 1 ig 37.2 m’/s. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 26.9 m’/s. At what rate is water being stored in the river between the two bridges at this instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation. Eq. 4.18: Q, — Q, = d¥/dt ; (37.2 — 26.9) m'/s = d/dt ; d¥/dt = 10.30 m/sec Gas is flowing in a long 9-in-diameter pipe from A to B. At section A the flow is 0.65 lb/sec while at the same instant at section B the flow is 0.72 Ib/sec. The digjance between A and B is 800 ft. Find the mean value of the time rate of change of the specific weight of the gas between sections A and B at that instant. Bg. 4.15 xg: r,AV, — %eA.V, = (r/d) x ¥; Eq 4.16b: rAV = G Substituting: G, — G, = (dy/é) x ¥ (0.65 — 0.72) Ib/sec = Ay/de x 800 x(4.5/12) f°; dy/at = —0.000 1981 Ib/ft? per sec 4Sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.7 71 Sec 4.7: Equation of Continuity — Problems #6~4.7 4.6 47 SI Gas flows at a steady rate in a 120-mm-diameter pipe that enlarges to a 180-mm-diameter pipe. (a) At a certain section of the 120-mm pipe the density of the gas is 165 kg/m’ and the velocity is 15 m/s. At a certain section of the 180-mm pipe the velocity is 10 m/s. What must be the density of the gas at that same section? (b) If these same data were given for the case of unsteady flow at a certain instant, could the problem be solved? Discuss. (@) Eq. 4.162: p,A,V, = ppA,V, ; a8 A (diam)?, we therefore obtain p,diV, = p,ds¥, 165(120)715 = p,(180)?10 from which p, = 110.0kg/m? (6) If the flow were unsteady, the problem could not be solved because no information is given on dp/ar. Also, the volume between the two sections is unkupwn. <4 A compressible fluid flows in a 20-in-diameter leaky pipe. Measurements are made simultaneously at two points A and B along the pipe that are 32,000 ft apart. Two sets of measurements are taken with an interval of exactly 45 min between them. The data are as follows: Time —_p, (slugift?) V, (fils) Pa (slugif’) Va fils) 0 0.520 65 0.608 54 45min 0.616 51 0.727 4 Assuming p varies linearly with respect to time and digtance, compute the approximate average mass rate of leakage between A and B. Modifying Eq. 4.15 to include for leakage, at any instant PAW, ~ PrA,¥, — leakage rate = (plat) x ¥ 4 : plat at Section 1 = FP! ~ 9616-0520 _ 3 56 x 10-5 stug/(ft? sec) At 45x60 Ap, 0.727 - 0.608 - we et we SOO 244 5 Op/oe at Section 2 ae 7 1 x 1075 slug/(ft? sec) During this time interval, and through the 32,000-ft leggth AB, average Opfdr ~ 14(3.56 + 4.41) x 10-5 = 3.98 x 1075 slug/(ft*-sec) During any time interval, P,A\V, — p,4,V, — avg legk rate ~ @p/o) x ¥ zs 2(20P 47 — 7 5 2(20)| ‘58 — (0.675) +(Byer avg leak rate = 3.98 x 10 {2.0% z(20}| 71.873 — 68.444 — avg leak rate ~ 2.780 slug/sec; Avg leakage rate ~ 0.649 slug/sec 472 Sec. 4.10, Prob, 4.7 Sec 4.10: Use and Limitations of Flow New — Exercises (4) 4.10.1 SI 4.10.2 SI An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 12 L/s through a circular 160-mm-diameter pipe into a conically converging nozzle like that of Sample Prob. 4.4 (diameter at B is 80 mm). Determine the average velocity of flow at sections D and B. Consider the sketched flow net of Sample Prob 4.4. At sestion D the streamlines are parallel, so the area normal to the velocity vectors is a plane circle. Thus, % = 2 = 12x10? ms _ > Ap (n/4)(0.16 mm}? At section B, however, the area normal to the streamlines is best approximated by the portion of the surface of a sphere of radius 40 mm which is inside the nozzle and passes through B (see right-hand solution figure of Sample Prob. 4.4). By table lookup, by integration, or fom Sample Prob 4.4, A, = 2arh h = 40 — 40cos45° = 11.72 mm 1-3 3, a Q a 12x 10° m/s = 4.08 m/s < 2nrh —_2.n(0.040)0.011 72 m? 0.597 m/s 4 Q ba a Figure X4.10.2 shows the flow net for two- dimensional flow from a rounded, long- slotted exit from a tank. If Uy = 1.8 m/s, what is the approximate flow velocity at A? AtB: An, = 12.05/6 = 2.01 mm ¢ _ =D 2 An = te 7 12 12 (85:3) 2 493 77 1o 3 mm An, . 4.19: VY, = —U, From Eq. 4.19: Yj Zn Ve 2.01 as = m3t® = 0.1619 U =0.16ms <4 Figure X4.10.2 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.4.10.3 BG Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 73 Given that Ug in Fig. 4.10 is 6.0 fps, find approximately (a) the maximum velocity in the bend, and (6) the uniform velocity in the downstream section. Figure 4.10 (All values approximate) An, mm An, /An V = (An, /An)U, In uniform entrance: 38.8/4 = 9.70 1.00 6.00 fps (given) (a) In bend (smallest square) 3.50 2.77 16.6 fps < (6) In uniform exit: 18.7/4 = 4.68 2.07 12.4 fps <4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.74 sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 4.10.4 Given that Up in Fig. 4.12 is 4 m/s, find approximately (a) the maximum and (b) the minimum velocity on the body surface. Stagnation point, 0 Figure 4.12 SI (a) Measuring four of the small squares, on average: At uniform entrance: An, = At the smallest square, about 0.6b or 3.8a downstream of the stagnation point: 1(L 1/26+3.0 On = 22+) = =[£2°""}] =0.7 in Aj + 4 5 7 ) 0.700 mm An, 0.962 Vou = yo = 74 = 55ms 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. (6) At stagnation point, V,,, =O <4Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.8 75 Sec 4.10: Use and Limitations of Flow Net -- Problems 4.8--4.// 4.8 BG Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. If a is 3 in and Ug is 10 fps, approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A to point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) U Figure X4.10.2 U, = 10 fps and a=3in. . dss=2=1in= 1p ° 6 2 py Se =_ 10 1 As = Equipotential AsiAs, V= ds= 245 at = ag¥ space : ‘As/Asy 24 As, 12 15 1.33 fps 0.31 ft 0.23 sec 23 5.5 1.82 fps 0.23 ft 0.13 sec 34 34 2.94 fps 0.14 ft 0.048 sec and similarly on through space 11 - 12, yields LAr = 0.47sec <4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.76 Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.9 4.9 SI Repeat Prob. 4.8 using the following data: a = 150 mm and Up = 0.5 m/s. Find also the approximate velocity where the flow crosses equipotential line 3. Prob. 4.8: Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. Approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A to point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) Uy =0.5mis and a=0.15m. . ds, = 2 = oun = 0.025 m Equipotential Asias, V=—5_ as =o00248 at = asiv space As/Asy As, 1-2 15 0.067 m/s 0.188 m 2.80 sec 23 55 0.091 m/s 0.138 m 1.52 sec 3-4 34 0.147 m/s 0.085 m 0.58 sec and similarly on through space 11 - 12, yields LAt = 5.7 sec < * sal ti 34 7 jal line 3: Jength = |—_]0.150}_] = 0. . Area at equipotential line 3: arc lengt! [ 73.05 0 [ 3] 0.665 m. .V,~ 8 _=o11ms < 0.665/0.15 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.10 77 4.10 Make an approximate plot of the frictionless velocity (relative to U,) along both the inner and the outer boundaries of Fig. 4.10. By what percent is the ideal maximum inner velocity greater than the ideal minimum outer velocity? Equipotential lines Approximate square Figure 4.10 N In stream tube, q = const = AV = AsV = As, so 1 U, asldsp Inner boundary 2.0 Max inner Vel 27 mm _ 977 (Wy = 2.7704) 3.50 mm v/u, | ~ Outer boundary 1.0 9.7 mm = 0.746 | 13.0 mm 7 1 3 5 7 9 il Equipotential space (square) # 2.77, vel. _ 271%. 3.74, of V, is about 274% greater than ¥, min, outer vel. V, ~ O764U, — 9°" % % is abou 274% 0 ° Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.78 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.11 4.11 Consider the two-dimensional flow about a 2-in-diameter cylinder. Sketch the flow net for the ideal flow around one quarter of the cylinder. Start with a uniform net of %4-in squares, and fill in with 4-in squares where desirable. (Note: We can prove by classical hydrodynamics that the velocity tangent to the cylinder at a point 90° from the stagnation point is twice the uniform velocity.) From the flow net, determine the velocities (relative to Ug) along the center streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is uniform to the stagnation point, and then along the boundary of the cylinder from the stagnation point to the 90° point; plot them vs distance. By plotting a second curve on the same graph, compare the result thus obtained with the values given by the equation V = 2U,sin®, where Uy is the undisturbed stream velocity and 6 is the angle subtended by the arc from the stagnation point to any point on the cylinder where V is desired. BG < V from equation = 2U,sin 8 = 2, sin® ds U rom flow net = —%—2 < ; v ; f as Stagnation point =0° 6=90° Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow ~ Exercises (8) 4.12.1 A flow field is defined by u = 2, v = 3, w = 4. What is the velocity of flow? Specify units in terms of L and T. N Sec. 4.12; V=(2?4+374+4)'27=5.39L/T << 4.12.2 The velocity along a streamline lying on the x axis is given by u = 6 + x°*. What is the convective acceleration at x = 5? Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fluid is incompressible, is the flow converging or diverging? u=6 +x -, duf&x = 0.4x°°% Eq. 4.23a: Convective accel. = u(dujax) = 2.4x-°% + 0 4x70? Atx = 5: Convective accel. = 2.4(5)~° + 0.4(5)~°? = 1.204L/T? 4 If the fluid is incompressible, because the velocity increases the flow must be converging. <

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