CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

Jawaharlal Nehru was a magnificent personality of modern

India. He was a great nationalist, a statesmen a leader, a

revolutionary, a diplomat, a thinker, a historian and a humanitarian

thinker. His thinking transcended all barriers of nationality. He has a

deep concern for the motherland. Nehru was quite active and came

closer to Gandhi. Nehru was a great leader of the Indian

Independence movement and provides us valuable ideas on

nationalism. As a nationalist, Nehru wanted complete freedom for

each and every countryman. He also hoped for the free nations to

live with peace and co-operation. Through nationalism, he desired

to serve the cause of internationalism. Nehru was a man of

imagination, and he had the unique opportunity to translate his

dreams into reality.1

Nehru experiment in his theory of socialism and equal

distribution of property in his father’s laboratory of aristocracy. At

the age of five he once found two fountain pens on his father’s table.

His spirit of socialism revolted. He writes in Autobiography, “I

argued his with myself that father could not require both at the same

1
time and so I helped myself to check one of the them”. 2 His lonely

childhood has sharpen such a makeup and prepared him to speculate

on the web of inequality insecurity and socialism at large. At the age

of ten his interest in the underdogs was evident when the additional

construction was being put up in Anand Bhawan, Jawaharlal Nehru

evinced abiding fancy in watching the labours at work.3

Even during the “Lotus Years” of aristocratic birth and

upbringing and amidst a ‘bourgeois’ education pattern, Nehru had an

attachment to socialist philosophy. Such an undercurrent manifested

itself either in form an under underdogs or expropriation of

expropriations in miniature. “Nehru was a socialist and a communist

even at the age of five believing in the equal distribution of

property”.4 It was during his college days in England that Nehru

came into contact with socialistic and from some reading, and in

course of reading became vaguely attracted to the Fabians and

socialist ideas. At Cambridge he attended lectures of progressive

intellectuals like Bernard Shah, Russel and J.M. Keyness. At a

result he developed, “broadly speaking certain socialistic ideas-party

Fabians socialism, partly some slightly more aggressive socialistic

ideas developed. But it was all very academic. Barnand Shah, Russel

2
and other scientifically minded early socialists attached him like

magnets power was contained in their concept of logical ordering of

society rather than their anti-colonial slogans of course, there was

some connection between their ideology and anti-colonialism in all

about. I do not remember those people ever taking about it much.” 5

Thus, social equality was at the root of Nehru’s appropriation of

Shaw, Russel, Keyness and the socialism of which he now became

conscious was “a kind of utopian socialism not scientific at all

really.

Nehru wrote The Discovery of India6 and An Autobiography7

in jail during the Second World War. When the country became

free, he became the first Prime Minister of independent India, a

position which he held till his death in 1964. He spoke and wrote on

a number of important issues. He played a vital role in the processes

of constitution making and nation building and in laying down the

foundations of a democratic, secular, socialist, society. 8 He also

thought of putting his internationalism on a more practical plans. He

worked for international co-operation and under his leadership India

became member of commonwealth and United Nation

Organizations. He also signed Punchsheel with China and played an

3
active role in the development of non-alignment movement. All

these activities of Nehru reflect his strong desire for reconciling

nationalism and internationalism.

Nehru had a long span of public life lasting more than forty

five years. There were many distinct phases in the evolution of his

political ideas. After, about seven years of his education in England,

Nehru returned to India in 1912, when the national political scene

was on a low profile. His education in England, the contact with

liberal politicians and philosophers and the depressing contrast

between conditions in India and England had produced a deep

format in his mind. The background for a patriotic role had been

prepared already, when time came, he jumped into politics.9

Barley six years after joining the Allahabad Bar, he became

the secretary of the Home Rule League, Allahabad branch. But this

did not satisfy him and sought a more active, countrywide role in for

the freedom movement of the country. 10 Gandhiji started non-

cooperation movement in 1920, Jawaharlal took part in it. He

admired the non-violent side of the movement, because he thought

that this suited cultural heritage of the Indians. He was jailed for

participating in the movement.11 He became General Secretary of the

4
All India Congress Committee in 1923. He visited Russia in 1927.

In the year 1929, he became President of the Indian National

Congress at the A.I.C.C. session held at Lahore, it was here that a

resolution demanding complete independence was passed. During

the civil disobedience movement in early 1930’s he was again

imprisoned. In 1942, during the quit India Movement again he was

arrested and jailed till to 1946. Nehru was again elected President of

the Indian National Congress in 1946.12

Nehru he was aware that in contrast to many of his associates

in the nationalist movement, he was a modern intellectual, “one who

road widely could be a burden and even a bar to decisive action.” 13

Nehru’s early nationalism had been relatively simple in its

conceptualization. He opposed foreign rule and noted the arrogance

of its representatives. By the early 1940’s, when he wrote ‘The

Discovery of India’ he had developed a vision of the nature of

India’s past which had paved the way for imperial rule. He believed

that India’s once great and creative society and culture had fallen

into decay long before the arrival of British traders. Unlike some

Hindus who did blame Muslim influence and rule over India for this,

he identification the fall in India’s creative spirit, even earlier. “He

5
said, But what was clear was that by the nineteenth century or even

earlier Europe had outstripped India in technical expertise, which

was the outer sign of a greater inner vitality.”14

During the war years, Nehru participated and took up a

leadership role in a wide range of protests and linked himself to the

cause of nationalism. These included the peasant movements in his

own united provinces in 1921 and 1931 against local landlords, and

the dramatic expressions of hostility to the parliamentary

commission of 1928, under Sir John Simon who toured India to

investigate the working of the constitution, but was opposed by wide

range of Indians because it included no Indian representatives. 15

Nehru was also widely in demand as a speaker at a range of radical

and sectional group gatherings. He never ran for election to the

legislatures, when congress as a body permitted or encouraged its

members to cooperate institutions of government h e accepted it as a

worker Indeed, although he was deeply concerned that India should

gain political power, he was suspicious of taking responsibility

within Government at this stage, without real power. 16 In the year

1936, before the subjects committees, he argued that Congress

should postpone the issue of whether they would take office, if they

6
were successful in the elections, for office acceptance would

encourage, reformism. In his presidential speech to congress the

following day he said, “It is always dangerous to assume

responsibility without power, even in democratic countries, it will be

for worse with this undemocratic constitution, hedged with

safeguards and reserved powers and mortgaged funds, where we

have to follow the rules and regulations of our opponents are

making.”17

His own experience of formal Government at this stage was a

spell in local administration as chairman of the Allahabad Municipal

Board 1923-25. Which he took very seriously and began to find both

interesting and enjoyable, though he had feared, it might be a

deflection from the struggle for freedom. Despite, his unease of

constitutional politics and their effects on congressman. Nehru

recognized at that his political base had to be in congress.18

After Second World War, the new British leaders realized that

transfer of power to India was inevitable and sent out in 1946, a

Cabinet Mission for talks with Indian leaders. On behalf of the

nationalists (Congress Party) Jawaharlal Nehru conducted

negotiations with British and the Muslim league for bringing

7
freedom to India. In interim government he was sworn in as Vice-

Chairman and member of External Affairs and Commonwealth

relations.19

He fought desperately to preserve the country’s unity, pleading

with the Muslim league and the British and appealing to the good

sense of masses. But all his efforts failed to avert the tragic partition

of India. In 1946 Jawaharlal had the unique distinction of being

called upon to address the United Nations Assembly in Paris,

Jawaharlal love for his country and its integrity was unbounded.

When China invaded India in October 1962, as a real man of the

action, organized defence and inspired the soldiers.20

To look at Nehru, as one of the most popular and unforgettable

political figures of recent history is not enough. One has to go

further and make an earnest endeavour to understand the mind of

this extraordinary man, who, while ceaselessly striving for India’s

freedom gave a deep thought to the problems of the independent

India and might have to face and tried to seek solutions to them.

Nehru firmly believed that India could overcome her social

and economic backwardness only in an atmosphere of inner unity

8
and international peace. Nehru was a staunch Champion of peace

and peaceful co-existence, coming out resolutely against the

aggressive policy of the imperialist powers, waging a constant

struggle for disarmament and the relaxation of the world tension.

Review of Literature

There is a vest literature on Nehru’s ideas of nationalism or

internationalism as well as on his social, political & economic

thought. However, it is not possible to take not of each and every

book or article. Therefore, only those works have been exlisted here

which through light on his life, on this political thinking or on his

views on nationalism or internationalism.

Donald Smith’s book, Nehru and Democracy: The political

thoughts of an Asian Democrat21 deals with democracy, secular

socialism, economic, fundamental rights. This book has been

divided into 8 chapters. The introductory chapter deals with in India

as a secular state. He also points out that being mature and far-

sighted statesman, Nehru visualized that if, India was to remain

strong and united secularism was the first requirement. He argues

that Nehru’s secularism was proceeded from his scientific

9
agnosticism and as well as from a sense of political prudence and

was an appropriate philosophy for a country where adherents of

different religious creeds lived. The author has also discussed, as to

how, Nehru concretized secularism in India by giving it a legal and

constitutional dimension through the various provisions of the Indian

constitution and attributes full credit to Nehru for including the

concept of secularism in the Constitution of India. The work helps

us to understand Nehru’s political ideas.

Vincent Sheern in his book, Nehru: The Years of Powers22

deals with principles followed by Nehru at home and abroad. In this

book the author has discussed Nehru’s life, his emergence to power,

his struggle for freedom, his efforts to solve socio-economic

problems, his work as politician and the impact of the critic,

colleagues on Nehru’s life and policy formation. In this one of the

chapter dealt with international peace. The author has discussed

Nehru’s approach of friendly relation with all countries. The author

has also dealt with Nehru’s efforts to make India a member of

British Commonwealth, his principles of punchsheel and his policy

of non-alignment. The work helps us to understand Nehru’s

practical consideration to internationalism politics.

10
 M. Balasubramanium in his book, Nehru: A study in

Secularism23, has discussed the various interpretation of the concept

of secularism and traced the roots of these concepts in human

history. After this he has divided his subject to study into three

major aspects of secularism, religious minorities and secular state

and discussed the various points of view expressed by Nehru on the

subjects. In Chapter-II, ‘Nehru on Religion’, he has analysed

different aspects of religion as viewed by Nehru. The author

observes that Nehru had no attraction for the external form of

religion, but he understood religion in a deeper and broader sense.

In Chapter-III, ‘Nehru on Minorities’, he has discussed Nehru’s

views and his guarantee to protect the minority rights regarding is

their culture, language and other social and political interests. Next

in Chapter IV, the author has examined Nehru’s concept of secular

state. He has also analysed the secular approaches of the Indian

Constitution. In his analysis he comes out, a clear with the fact that

Nehru’s concept of secularism is minority oriented, and rather

adhering strictly, either to the wall or separatism or the process of

the nationalism. The work helps us to understand Nehru’s political

ideas. Social ideas particularly his treatment & religion.

11
 M.N. Das in this book, The Political Philosophy of Jawaharlal

Nehru24, has gathered political ideas of Nehru primary from his basic

writings. Mention may be made of Glimpses of world history, The

Discovery of India and the Autobiography which is a narration of

Nehru’s thoughts, Author has tried to present political views on

philosophy, revolution, nationalism and internationalism. The work

provides us with textual ideas only and lack of analytical study.

T.K. Dutt in his book, Nehru and World Peace25, has thrown

light on Nehru’s views particularly on world peace. This book has

been divided into five parts. The part first deals with Nehru’s

strategy of world peace. The author has highlighted non-violence,

non-alignment and co-existence as the three strategies adopted by

Nehru in order to bring peace at global level. In the second part the

author has discussed about world peace, and world problem.

According to the author Nehru believed that poverty, over-

population, ignorance, diseases, narrow-nationalism, ideological

differences, ornaments etc. sometimes hinder world peace. In the

third part the author has highlighted the suggestions given by Nehru

to bring peace and harmony. According to the author Nehru was of

the opinion that democracy and democratic socialism could lead to

12
world peace. In the fourth and fifth part the author has dealt with

Nehru’s efforts and contribution to international peace. He has

argued that Nehru made India and persuaded other smaller and

bigger countries of East and West to become the members of United

Nations, common wealth of nations and also of Afro-Asian

associations.

B.R. Nanda’s book, Nehru and the Modern World,26 is a

collection of views expressed by outstanding thinkers, philosophers,

scientist’s educationalists, writers at the round table sponsored by

UNESCO in 1966. This book includes four main themes which

were selected for exchange of views on Nehru’s ideas and

philosophy. The paper, “Nehru: The Fight for National

Independence and International Peace” by Ramesh Thakur deals

with Nehru as a freedom fighter and as an exponent of international

peace. The author is of the view that Nehru not only fought for

national freedom, but also for the furthering the cause of his country

to be an integral part of the international community.

G.S. Jolly’s book, The Image of Nehru27 different scholars

have highlighted different aspects of Nehru’s life. V.K. Krishna

Menon has expressed his view about Nehru and Internationalism.

13
He believes that Nehru’s internationalism has come about from his

nationalism. That nationalism has come largely from his humanism

and the unquenchable and insatiable thirst of the human soul, liberty

for expression and for being conscious of his fellow beings all

round. Dr. S. Abid Hussain has discussed Nehru as a humanist. He

argues that the humanist according to Nehru was one who

maintained that every community should have perfect freedom

within its people sphere of activity and so showed every individual

within his sphere. According to Dr. S. Abid Hussain this principle

of co-existence is Nehru’s gift to humanity. Mr. Chalapathi Das has

discussed about that the Nehru applied Gandhi to the needs of a

modern nation state. In that something of Gandhi was touched out.

Frank Moraees has examined that meaningless unless along with

freedom from political bondage come freedom from economic

slavery which meant the welfare of the state.

M.N. Jha in his book, Modern Indian Political Thought28, has

made an attempt to examine Nehru’s political ideas. The author has

analysis various aspects of Nehru’s political, thoughts mainly, his

genuine humanism, his burning patriotism, his liberal international

and his rational and scientific approach to problems, his solicitude

14
for the minorities, the author has also taken into consideration

Nehru’s tolerance of other men’s ideas, his respect for the

opposition and his understanding of incipient nationalism in many

parts of Asia and Africa, Jha also appreciates Nehru for his

fearlessness, his attempt to synthesis of the old and the new, the

material with the spiritual are the qualities of Nehru which need to

be admired. Author also draws attention, to some of the

shortcomings of Nehru. However, he argues that in Nehru’s it is

necessary to examine as a product of his times.

B.R. Nanda in his book, Indian’s Foreign Policy29 his

presented Indian Foreign Policy from the view point of Indian

authors as well as from foreign authors. This book divided into four

parts. In first part, the background foundation and the structural

aspect of Indian Foreign Policy are discussed 2nd part policy under

Nehru and in 3rd part policy after Nehru is described. In the last part

Indian’s liberal relations with Pakistan, China, U.S.A. and U.SSR

is presented. No doubt the book is great contribution in the literature

of Indian’s Foreign Policy but it lacks the analysis of underneath

idea of Nehru, imparting impact on Nehru’s action.

15
 V.T. Patil in his book Nehru and the Freedom Movement30,

has discussed the role of Nehru in national movement for freedom

and his differences with Gandhi during national movement. The

author has argued that it was natural that two such fiercely

individualistic personalities in their political economic and social

ideas, when they were during the course of the national movement.

The author has divided his book into eight chapters. The first two

chapters of the book deal with Nehru’s early years especially his

childhood education and his association with Gandhi. Here the

author contents that emergence of Nehru’s early familiarity with

Gandhi, which was to nature and later into a deep bond of affection

and understanding, influenced the later acutely. In the third chapter

author has made an attempt to assess Nehru’s role as a true

nationalist and a fighter for freedom and as an ardent socialist.

Chapter four analyses Nehru’s views on the war and its impact on

the freedom movement in India. According to the author Nehru was

undoubtedly most knowledgeable and sensitive to the moving

currents of world politics and their impact on the freedom struggle.

Chapter five discusses the factors and forces that shaped the final

phase of British rule in India. In the sixth chapter an assessment of

16
Hindu-Muslim relationship and case for the partition of India are

examined along with Nehru’s view on the communal problem and

the issues of partition the seventh chapter of the book the author has

discussed Nehru’s relations with Gandhi and their frequent dialogue

on the strategy and tactics to achieve the goal of the freedom

movement. National movement the differences between Nehru and

Gandhi could not be avoided. As they were normally and

emotionally quite apart there were so many issues on which Gandhi

and Nehru had different ideas just like non-violence religion and

politics just like non-violence, religion and political the concept of

Sarvodya and industrialization etc.

Appadorai in his book, Indian Political Thinking in the

Twentieth Century form Naroji to Nehru 31, survey the history of

political thought in India from 1857 to 1964, from the assumption of

direct rule over India by the British Crown to the death of Jawaharlal

Nehru. The author deals with the ideas of Nehru on democratic in

Chapter-X. No doubt the author has included a discussion on

Nehru’s ideas on democratic ideals in comparison to. Still, the work

is not able to interrelate nationalism and internationalism.

17
 B.R. Nanda in his book, Gokhale Gandhi, and Nehru’s Studies

in Indian Nationalism32, has discussed Gandhi Gokhale and Nehru’s

views on Indian Nationalism. The author has discussed as well his

Nehru as a writer as attitude & role during the partition of India. He

has not discussed Nehru’s nationalism separately. He has discussed

Nehru’s nationalism with Gandhi and Gokhale. The work provides

the comparative account of Nehru with his contemporaries.

Yuri, Naseenko in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru and India’s

Foreign Policy,33 has described the foreign policy of India during

Nehru era from 1947 to 1964. This book has covered early aspects

of India’s foreign policy in general and non-alignment, one of the

basic aspects of India’s foreign policy in particular. In first chapter

he has given a brief description of India’s foreign relations and

policies in pre-independence period. Another chapter, in while

discussing. Kashmir problem relations with China, struggle against

colonialism and peaceful existence is emphasized non-alignment and

how India’s. Observes that the last chapter the author has presented

that Nehru’s policy of non-alignment was a success even after the

defeat in 1962 war.

18
 K.P. Karunakaran in his book, “The Phenomenon of Nehru”34,

has made an examined analyses some of the important concepts in

the Nehru’s thought. He has tried to discuss Nehru’s views on

social, political and economic aspects in an objective manner. The

author has also discussed the Nehru legacy versus De-Nehruization.

He argue that if the Nehruian model is to be replaced by another

model, it can only be the one which is gradually evolved by a new

national concerns. This has not so far evolved. According to the

author, in its evolution a very careful and close examination of the

Nehru phenomenon is called for.

V.N. Chhibber in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Man of

Letters.35, Jawaharlal Nehru is widely known as a statesman and a

man of peace. However, too little attention has been paid to Nehru,

the writer, Chhibber in his book has tried to fill a long standing gap

in the literature on Nehru. He has made a study of Nehru and

Nehru’s achievements as a man of letters. This book gives a detailed

account of Nehru’s major and minor works and presents a

comparison between the Autobiographies, written by great souls like

Churchill, Russell and others, Chapter four five and six deal with

Nehru’s major works, Glimpses of World History, An

19
Autobiography and The Discovery of India. This book expounds

an analysis of Nehru’s writings and in conclusion attempts to

present a comparative estimate of other great nationalist and Nehru.

K.T. Narasimha Char in his book, Profile of Jawaharlal

Nehru36, has tried to throw light on the pattern of society Nehru

aspired for and struggled to build after independence. In other part

of the book Nehru’s philosophy of ends and means, rightful means

for rightful ends by mutual cooperation and love and by eradicating

hatred from human minds has been highlighted. Besides this,

Nehru’s views on peaceful co-existence, not only among individuals,

but among nations of the world also finds place. Char has

elaborately discussed Nehru’s policy of non-alignment in Chapter-

III, The author devoted a full chapter to elaborate Nehru’s views on

individual freedom Nehru always upheld the dignity of human

being. The chapter powerfully illustrate, the Nehru’s achievements

after independence when he became the first Prime Minister of

India. The work provides us with the underline ideas behind

Nehru’s internationalism.

Saravapalli Gopal in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru an

Anthology37, describes about the struggle for freedom and the

20
congress organization contribution of Nehru Gandhi. The author has

appreciated the planning and socialism. Five years plans, the

socialism pattern of society and democratic socialism in India and

role of Nehru in this conception. The book deal with the idea of

socialism and philosophical postulates of Nehru’s views on

nationalism and internationalism.

Veena Chaudhary in his book, Indian Nationalism and

External Forces38, has examined the evaluation of Indian nationalism

during the period 1920-47 in the context of external forces. The

western ideological currents and as well as the international relations

during the period which is the most crucial period in the history of

the Indian nationhood. It is during at the close of this period that

Gandhi and Nehru Subash and J.P. appeared at the scene and led the

freedom struggle. IV chapter deals with Jawaharlal Nehru on period

reactions in the Indian national movement to the emergence of

fascism in Europe and Japanese militarism in Asia.

M.G. Rajurkur and Shri Narhar Kurundbar Jawaharlal Nehru:

A Thinker and Statesman,39 in his book, have given expression to

their views on Nehru’s life. In this book the authors have traced the

evolution of Nehru’s ideas during the period of India’s struggle for

21
freedom and complete independence for country, democratic

socialism, secularism, humanism, and international This book refers

to people who had links with Gandhi, Moti Lal Nehru, Sardar Patel

and Subhash Chandra Bose. The authors has given a remarkable

touch to the relationship between Nehru and Gandhi in Chapter-II of

the book. They have also highlighted Nehru’s foreign policy. In

author’s opinion Nehru had the vision and farsightedness to

formulate the foreign policy as it provides us with the textual as well

as contextual analysis.

R.C. Pillai in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru and his Critics 1923-

194740, has attempted to analyse the political ideas of Nehru and his

critics covering a period from 1923-1947. The evolution of his

political ideas during the pre-independence period has been

analysed in the larger context of the freedom movement. Though his

ideas were subjected to adverse comments and criticism by many the

present study is confined to his clash of ideas with those of Gandhi,

Subhas Chandra Boss, M.N. Roy and the communists. The study is

limited to its scope of enquiry into the interaction of these nationalist

with reference to their thinking on Nehru’s ideas and the letters

reactions to them. Despite, their divergent ideas, outlooks and

22
approaches, they were all functioning mostly within the broad

framework of Indian National Congress and its programme of

action. The author makes an attempt to assess Nehru’s contribution

to growth and development of Nationalist Movement. The objective

of the study is to highlight those issues and problem on nationalism

which Nehru frequently clashed with his contemporaries.

Akhileshwar Singh in his book, Political Leadership of

Jawaharlal Nehru41, has presented before us the picture of Nehru’s

work both at national as well as international level. In this book the

author has discussed the style of leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru

during the fateful period of years of power as the first Prime

Minister of the largest democracy of world from 1947 to 1964. In

this book Nehru’s leadership has been analysed and assessed. The

book has been divided into seven chapters. The author deals with

international arena, the various international issues have been

examined with which Nehru was himself associated. In this chapter

Nehru’s views regarding non-alignment and commonwealth have

been discussed. That author has argued that Nehru dreamed of a

world free from fear of war that is why he favoured non-alignment.

It reflected that India should have its own independent foreign policy

23
in regard to establishing relations with countries of the world. The

book is helpful to understand Nehru views on international affairs.

Hiren Mukherjee book, The Gentle Colossus: A Study of

Jawaharlal Nehru42, was written soon after the death of Nehru.

Although, the author has admitted in the foreword that the book was

no more than an essay towards the biography of Nehru, it has, infact,

become one of the classics of Indian biography. The author has tried

to examine Nehru’s distinctive qualities which made him a gem of a

man, and has made an attempt to show as how Nehru helped to give

a new dimension to the national and international politics of his

time. This book has highlighted Nehru’s relationship. The author has

also presented Nehru’s views on important aspects of democracy,

socialism and planning while examining. Nehru’s views on

nationalism, Hiren Mukerjee has argued that Nehru played a

significant and important role in the construction and consolidation

of nationalism in India. However, since this book is mainly a

biography, a detailed discussion on Nehru’s views on nationalism

has not been made.

V.T. Patil in his book, Statements on Nehru43, sought

involvement of scholars and specialists Nehru in a creative academic

24
endeavour to highlight the impact of Nehru’s leadership and political

philosophy on modern India. The research papers presented in this

volume look into many aspects of Nehru’s contribution before and

after independence. Distinguished Indian and foreign scholars throw

light on many significant areas in which Nehru’s played a crucial

role as a freedom fighter and as the Prime Minister of independent

India. Some of the papers deals with Nehru’s ideas from the

standpoint of developing of conceptual categories or theoretical

formulations, while others use a different analytical framework to

bring out boldly to the inherent soundness of his ideas of the

contractions, in his thought process. Broadly speaking, the scholars

have contributed articles on Nehru’s economic ideas his views on

political, on foreign policy of non-alignment, on Gandhi secularism,

science, history, administration, and on Indian politics system. This

book contributes to the undertaken Jawaharlal Nehru in relation to

the nationalism and internationalisms.

Bimal Prasad in his book, Gandhi, Nehru and J.P. Studies44, in

leadership has presented before us the salient features of leadership

of Mahatma Gandhi; Jawaharlal Nehru and Jaya Prakash Narayan.

The author has highlighted both strong and weak points of these

25
three leaders. The author has mentioned the role of these three

leaders in Indian freedom movement in serving people and in lying

down foundations of a socially just and politically free society. The

book has been divided into four chapters. The second chapter of the

book is dedicated to the life and works of Jawaharlal Nehru. In this

chapter the author has discussed the role played by Jawaharlal Nehru

in the history of struggle for freedom and also the nature of Nehru’s

leadership as the Prime Minister of India. Nehru’s views regarding

socialism, democracy, economic planning industrialization,

modernization etc., have been discussed. The author has also

dealt with Nehru’s views regarding world peace. According to the

author Nehru strengthened world peace by adopting a rational

foreign policy based upon the principle of non-alignment, peaceful

co-existence and international cooperation. The author is of the

view, the Nehru wished to make India, a member of commonwealth

and his strong support to a world federation highlighted his strong

desire for peace. According to him Nehru, Gandhi, JP, together

provide a rich corpus of ideas which can serve as a potent instrument

for the building up of a new society in India, marked by both

26
equality and freedom and for developing peace and harmony among

nations of the world.

K.S. Bharathi in his book, Gandhi and Nehru45, has made an

attempt to bring about a comparison between Gandhi and Nehru.

The life and work of Nehru have been discussed in the first chapter

and Nehru in his historical retrospect has been covered in the second

chapter. Economic ideas, religious, ideas, socialism and leadership

of Gandhi and Nehru have been analyzed in the next four chapters.

Nehru in totality has been discussed in the last chapters. The author

has argued that despite deep ideological differences between Nehru

and Gandhi, the two men did not view themselves as antagonists.

Despite differences of thought, temperament and style, Gandhi and

Nehru stood together for more than a quarter of a century. It was

one of the longest, most intriguing and fruitful partnership in the

history of nationalism. According to the author Nehru needed

Gandhi as must as Gandhi needed Nehru and the political calculation

which no less than emotional affinity kept them together during

these days.

Tandra Patnaik, in her book, Nehru’s Concept of Scientific

Humanism46, has tried to assess and evaluate Nehru’s social

27
philosophy, especially his doctrine of scientific humanism in the

context of the multiple conceptual facts associated with it.

According to the author the most fundamental basis of Nehruvian

humanism is his robust sense of optimism. This optimism gives the

humanity of all times a hope to overcome the odds, conflict and

decadence. Author adds that dynamism is another fundamental

concept of Nehru’s social philosophy. She argues that Nehru again

warns it not to live in the past, but to book to the future of Nehru’s

social philosophy is his pragmatic approach towards life and its

various problems. Nehru’s social philosophy is based on practical

attitude towards society. There is no place for theoretical

speculation, find faith or dogmas in Nehru’s social philosophy.

However Nehru this does not argues that Nehru is emphasis on

practically also implies the emphasis on morality. The author has

contended that these foundation concept as well as Nehru’s

conception of scientific humanism and living philosophy has an

universal appeal.

I.P. Massy in his book, Nehruvian Constitution Vision47, has

highlighted Nehru’s contribution to the making of the Indian

Constitution which structured our dominant institutions and

28
governance to further the concepts of liberty equality, and fraternity

in the Indian polity and society. This book contains papers of legal

experts on Nehru’s vision of the Indian constitution, vision as

reflected in the objective resolution and identifies the extent of

nationalism and internationalism of this vision in the pages of the

constitution of India. This book also analyses the legislative

executive and judicial role perception and performance in the

operationalization of Nehru’s constitution vision.

A.P. Sharma in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru: Indian

Administration48, has dealt with Nehru’s views on Public

Administration. He has observed that when Jawaharlal Nehru and

his colleague assumed the reins of power they inherited an

administrative system and structure which was devised entirely for a

structure which was devised entire responsibility of transforming an

administrative structure which was autocratic and irresponsible in

nature to that of democratic structure suited to the needs and genius

of the Indians and their aspirations. However, he was, unable to

bring about the basic changes in the system of administration which

he believed to be necessary for the successful and effective

functioning of the post-independence and democratic government.

29
The author maintains that the post-independence government not

only mainlined the privileges of the former imperial services, but

every guaranteed them with a constitutional provision.

Sanker Ghose in the book, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Bigraphy49,

presents/touches various aspects of Nehru’s life. The book

entrenches with the knowledge of the reader by highlighting various

activities. The whole book is divided into twenty two chapters. The

author has discussed education, democracy, socialism, and

nationalism in all chapters. A few references are also made in this

book on Nehru’s views on nationalism and internationalism, but a

detailed analysis of the same has not been done.

P. Sharma in his book, Nehru and The People’s Movement50,

has made an attempt to analyse Nehru’s ideology about the issues of

women. He covers in his book among others issue like, prostitution

and the purdah system, the issues of economic independence and

education, the position of women in politics and issues relating to

introduction to Hindu Code Bill. The author argues that Nehru

always remained critical of the double standards of morality

regarding men and women in India. On social evils, particularly on

prostitution, Nehru blamed men more than women. He always

30
believed in equality and liberty of women. He was convinced that

women could not be brought, but of the shackles of traditions, unless

they were made economically independent. In Nehru’s conviction,

education would definitely enable of women’s to perform their role

better. He was appreciative to women’s involvement in politics

including the struggle for freedom. However, emphasized and

advised women to organize themselves and struggle for their own

emancipation without bothering about the activities of men around

them.

S.J.R. Bilgrami in his book, Nehru, Indian Policy and World

Affairs51, deals with the various aspects of Nehru’s world affairs.

The whole book has been divided into fifteen chapters which some

of the best writings on socialism, humanism, political, and world

peace. IInd Chapters’ deals with Nehru’s and his views on

internationalism. The reference of the views of nationalism and

internationalism in various chapters of the book.

M.T. Desai in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ravinder Nath

Tagore Aurobindo Ghosh, A Comparative Study in their

Internationalism52, Nehru’s concept of internationalism has analysed

and discussed in Chapter-II. The concluding chapter discussed the

31
factors behind the internationalism of Nehru. The author feels that

has been nationalism had to the harmoniously blended with

internationalism by Nehru. This book helps to understand the ideas

of Nehru’s vis-à-vis his contemporaries on the issues of

internationalism.

Nalin, Anadbat in his book, International Political Thoughts of

Gandhi, Nehru and Lohia53, has tried to demonstrate that Gandhi,

Nehru and Lohia though somewhat contrasting in their views shared

by a common problem of ordering international society. The author

discusses as to how Gandhi, Nehru and Lohia articulated their ideas

on the problem of international order and world peace against the

backdrop of views of three western thinkers viz. Hobbes, Kant on

the same subject. This is followed by a discussion of views of these

three Indian thinkers on the notion of international society, its

nature, functioning and organizing principles. Finally the author has

dealt with the views of Nehru on new values which he suggested in

order to reorganization of international society. The work provides

us with a comparative account of Nehru’s internationals

V.P. Verma in the book, Modern Indian Political Thought54,

has attempted to analyse the roots of Nehru’s political thoughts and

32
ideas. He also has tried to trace the fundamentals of Nehru’s

philosophy. The author has also compared socialism with Nehru’s

theory of nationalism and the ideal of humanity. In his views

nationalism is not the last category of Nehru’s political philosophy.

Author has considered Nehru as one of the earliest prophets of

international peace. The work however, do not deal with directly the

ideas of nationalism and internationalism.

C.D. Narasimhaiah in his book, Jawaharlal Nehru: The

Statesman’s as Writer55, has tried to fill a long-standing gap in the

literature on Nehru. He has made a study of Nehru the writer and

Nehru’s achievements as a statesman. This book gives a detailed

account of Nehru’s major and minor work and presents a

comparison between the Autobiographies written by great souls.

Chapter four five and six deal with Nehru’s major works Glimpses

of world history, An Autobiography and The Discovery of India-

respectively, This book expounds an analysis of Nehru’s writing and

in conclusion attempt to present a comparative estimate of their great

nationalists and Nehru.

Partha Chatterjee, in his book, Essay in Political Criticism56,

has made and analyse the political ideas of Nehru and his articles.
33
The evolution of his political ideas during the pre-independence

period has been analyzed in the larger context of the freedom

movement. Though his ideas were subjected to adverse comments

and criticisms of many the present studies is confined to his class of

ideas with those of Gandhi, Subash, and the communities. An

attempt has also been made in this study to analyse the fundamental

differences between Nehru and Gandhi in their understanding and

approach to various issues and problems during the period of their

active political association. The study also deals with Indian

Communist Criticism of Nehru and the letters reactions total. The

study concludes that the main point of friction between Nehru and

others was faith regard to the efficiency of the methods of actions

and the real content of the nationalism.

Brown in his book, Nehru: A Political Life57, has made

attempts to throw some light on the area of Indian politics in the late

nineteenth century with particular emphasis on life and activities

of Jawaharlal Nehru. The author has also discussed Nehru’s

leading role in Indian National movement and his outstanding and

emerging leadership in Indian National Congress. She has revealed

Nehru as Gandhi’s political heir and focused her study on Nehru’s

34
life from the time, he come in contact with Gandhi upto

independence of India. She had further highlighted as to how Nehru

achieved a position of dominance in India politics and his

achievements as a Prime Minister of India. Finally, the author has

tried to evaluate that how far he succeeded in implementation of his

thought.

Suneera Kapoor in his book, Thought and visions of

Jawaharlal Nehru58, consists of various papers contributed by

different scholars which deals with different aspect of Nehru’s

socialism and political thought. The introductory chapter of the

book has made an attempt to analyze Nehru’s concept of democracy.

This paper highlights Nehru’s views on the preconditions necessary

for the proper functioning of democracy. Nehru’s views on the

weakness of democracy have also been discussed. Saroj Bhardwaj

analises Nehru’s views on nationalism and internationalism. The

work is quite helpful in underling.

Vidyut Verma, Rajendra Kumar Pandey, in his book, Modern

Indian Political59, Thought text & context has presented a systematic

picture of modern Indian political ideas and has analysed various

phases, aspects and early life of modern Indian thinkers. The

35
explicit and implicit political and social leaders and thinkers in

modern Indian has been discussed systematically in the book. The

authors various have discussed Nehru’s early life of metaphysical

and philosophy of social references, nationalism, political

philosophy and his concepts of nationalism. This book contributed

to the understanding of context of Nehru’s Writings.

Indira Rothermund, Indira Rothermund in his article “Gandhi

and the Reflective Foreign Policy of Nehru” 60, aims at critically

analyzing the foreign policy India towards. China as envisaged by

Nehru. It is argued that Nehru’s policy of China was born because

of his vast experience of world affairs and geographical and strategic

imperatives of the time. The author asserts that the foreign policy

that Nehru conceived for India was theoretically and ideologically

flawlegs. But, its implantation in certain spheres raised questions.

Liza Lazari Pawlowsha in his article, Nehru’s Arguments for

Indian Independence61, A critique covers a wide range of

dimensions. He covers in his article the ideas of Nehru on world

peace, non-alignment, socialism, secularism and democracy and

highlights the political leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, both in

Indian politics and international relations was unique. However, in

36
spite of these pitfalls in the Nehruivan model, the ideas and

objectives of Nehru’s philosophy had greatly contributed and

provided to the making of modern India. Development and

modernization. Nehru viewed democracy, socialism secularism and

welfare state as major theoretical constructs which can bring about

change and new look to Indian society.

Nalini Kant Jha in the Article, “Peace and Security:

Traditional Indian Perspective”62 has examined the relevance of

traditional Indian wisdom for securing peace and security on

internationalism level. The author has also highlighted the

contemporary vision of peace and security and has laid more

emphasis on Nehru, for his work, for the world peace. He says that

by following Nehru’s teaching the socialism powers in man can be

awakened which will socialize the humanity and solve the crises of

today and tomorrow.

I.R. Probhash in his article, “Jawaharlal Nehru and the Crises

of National Building”63 attempts to make an objective and critical

study of nation building. He has delineated various elements of

Nehru’s nation building which were, according to him, constitution

based on consensus and accommodation, policy of non-alignment,

37
parliamentary, democracy, decentralization, party building and

penetration of the centre into the external through the administrative

process. The author concludes that Nehru’s crises of nation-building

had both functional and dysfunctional consequences for India.

Bhupinder Sing Hooda in his article, “Nehru makes of modern

India”64 lakes into account Nehru’s contribution during independence

movement constitution making and also his role as a Prime Minister

and to shape the Indian Nation. The author has analysed Nehru’s roe

for the liberation of mankind and his efforts & establish peace at

international level. He has also highlighted Nehru’s role at world

level to deal the issues of Koreian Crisin, middle east policy etc.

This article will help us to analyse Nehru’s views in shaping the

Indian nation and nations of the world.

Asha Kaushik has attemption an analyses of Nehru’s ideas of

national sovereignty self-reliance and independent foreign policy in

her article, “Revisiting Nehruvian Model of Development in the

context of Globalization.65” The authors opines that Nehru tried to

bridge the gape between Indian Tradition and Western modernity

while looking for a modern Indian. She observes that Nehru in the

ultimate analysis, believed in empowerment of each and every

38
section of society particularity minorities and marginalized groups in

order to make India a Self-reliant country. This article is important

in analysis economic democracy and equality, as Nehru had thought.

Dr. Vangra Bhumiaiah’s article, “Nehru and India’s Foreign

Policy”66 has mainly dealt with the Nehru’s ideas and ideals of

foreign policy. In his opinion India impendent foreign policy was

result of Nehru’s wish to remain self relevant and independent of

any power play of power block. The author also appreciates Nehru

for his deep thinking and humanitarian concerns. He marks Nehru as

a champion of peace and custodian of renaissance of newly emerged

nation. This article is helpful in grasping of Nehru’s internationalism

vis-a-vis of his foreign policy.

The works under review are significant and highlight

important aspects of philosophy of Jawaharlal Nehru. However, it is

observed that so for sufficient attention has not been paid to a

systematic comparative and analytical study of their views on

nationalism and internationalism.

Method of Data Analyses

39
 The present work, “Jawaharlal Nehru’s views on Nationalism

and Internationalism: An Analytical Study” will try to fill this gap.

Now the question arises as to how one can analyse or interpret the

ideas of a thinker, who lived in a historical context which was

different from the context in which are living. The study will mainly

concentrate on textual approach. Those scholars who advocate

textual approach argue that concentration on pieces of writings texts

is sufficient for the understanding of the ideas contained in them.

“They insist on the autonomy of text itself as a sole necessary key to

its own meaning”67 conducting researcher Jawaharlal Nehru views

on nationalism Internationalism, the researcher will examine the

various original works, documents and speeches written by him.

Besides this the secondary sources on Jawaharlal Nehru also will be

consulted.

Moreover the terms and concepts are relative and they change

with time and circumstance. The use of particular word, therefore,

does not specify the meaning understood by the author. To trace on

hidden meaning, terms and concepts, researchers has to go beyond

that text. The knowledge of circumstances effecting environmental

setup of the author at the time of writing is also essential. Contextual

40
analysis is, therefore, needed to supplement the textual are useful

and adequate, as it makes the researcher familiar with the situational

context of the writer and aims of his works. Ernest Gellner argues,

“Concepts and belief do not exist in isolation in the life of man and

societies. The activities and institutions in the context of which a

word or phrase set of phrases is used must be known before that

word or those phrases can be understood, before we can really speak

of context or a belief”68 This statement signifies the importance of

contextual analysis.

It is observed that the meaning of terms sometimes change in

overtime and the text itself does not dedicate the way of terms are

used by its author to understand the meaning of the terms which a

researcher comes across in a given term he has to go beyond the text.

Pure textual study also does not enable the researcher to understand

the hidden or oblige reference that the thinker may be making or to

see of the thinker is weaving irony into his arguments. For these

again, it is necessary to examine the social context in which the

thinkers are waiting. Thus, an integral approach would follow

involving the study of both text and the social contest in which the

text is written.

41
 In the succeeding chapter the basic postulates Jawaharlal

Nehru’s thought will be discussed while third and fourth deal with

nationalism and internationalism views respectively. The final

chapter deal with a brief appraisal of his ideas on these two issues.

42
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49