HUMAN RIGHTS

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Human rights are generally defined as those rights, which are inherent in our nature, and
without which, we cannot live as human beings.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS ALLOW US TO DEVELOP AND USE
OUR HUMAN QUALITIES, INTELLIGENCE, TALENTS AND CONSCIENCE, AND TO
SATISFY OUR SPIRITUAL AND OTHER NEEDS. THE DIGNITY OF MAN AND HUMAN
LIFE IS INVIOLABLE.
THE DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS NOT ONLY IS AN
INDIVIDUAL AND PERSONAL TRAGEDY, BUT ALSO CREATES SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL UNREST, SOWING THE SEEDS OF VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT WITHIN A
BETWEEN SOCIETIES AND NATIONS. AS THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS STATES, “RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND
HUMAN DIGNITY IS THE FOUNDATION OF FREEDOM, JUSTICE AND PEACE IN THE
WORLD.”
Philippine commission on Human rights
Human rights are supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and self-
development.
Man’s responsibility in Human Society
While freedom gives man the right to make moral decisions, he is responsible for doing so
and has to answer to his own conscience.
Basic characteristics of Human Rights
Human rights are generally characterized as inherent, fundamental, inalienable,
imprescriptibly, indivisible, universal and interdependent.
Civil and Political Rights as applied in the Philippines
The ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear
and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy civil
and political rights as well as his economic, social and cultural rights.”
Right of Self – Determination
Includes the right to freely determine their political status and to pursue their economic,
social and cultural development (art. I, sec.1).
To prevent foreign influence, a provision in the 1986 Philippine Constitution now reads:
“The state shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest,
and the right to self-determination.” (Art. II, sec. 7)
Right to Life, Liberty and Security
The most basic human rights from which other rights flow is the right to life. Art. 3 of the
universal declaration of human rights states “everyone has the right to life, liberty and
security of persons.”
Death penalty. No person, not even the state authority, has the right to take the life of a
person except in the cases of heinous crimes.
Admonition on death penalty. In his encyclical, evangelium vitae (gospel of life,), issued
on 25 march 1995, Pope John Paul ii admonished that modern society now has all the
means of effectively suppressing all crimes by rendering criminals harmless without
definitely denying them the chance to reform.
Euthanasia—mercy killing. Another form of the deprivation of life is the practice of
euthanasia. “Euthanasia” means the decision of a person who is terminally ill with little hope
of recovering may give his consent to a physician to terminal his life or to withdraw all life
support or medicine.
Abortion. Whether intentional or unintentional expulsion of the fetus from the woman’s
womb before the term of its viability is another violation of the right to life.
Prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude. Slavery has been a legalized institution
since the ancient Roman law period.
Article 8 of the covenant states
No one shall be held in slavery and slave trade in all forms shall be prohibited.”
Involuntary servitude - forced labor
The Philippine constitution states,
“No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.” (art. I, sec. 18 [2])
Exception on forced labor. Forced or compulsory labor is not absolutely prohibited. Under
article, 8 section 3(b) of the convention on civil and political rights, forced or hard labor is
legally allowed in countries where imprisonment for hard labor may be imposed as a
punishment for crime; for work as ordered by a competent court or work required of a
detained prisoner upon lawful order of court or as a condition to his release; or service in a
military character or national service exacted in cases of emergencies or calamities or as
part of normal civil obligation.
Torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment. “no one shall be
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In
particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific
experimentation” (art 7, political covenant).
Equality before the law. “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to the equal protection of the law” (art. 26, political covenant).
Arbitrary arrest and detention. “Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his
liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established
by law” (art. 9 covenant).
Warrantless arrest. There are instances when any state police officer or private person,
without judicial warrant, may arrest a person who, (1) has committed or is actually
committing, or attempting to commit an offense in his presence (2) when an offense was
committed and he has personal knowledge that the person to be arrested has committed
the offense, (3) a prisoner who has escaped. (Rule 113, sec. 5, rules of court.)
Military or police checkpoint. The practice of the police or the military of maintaining
checkpoints are some street corners and searching a person passing or stopping a vehicle
to conduct searches has been constituted as violation human rights.
Rights of the arrested or detained Person
“Any person arrested by police or military authorities should be informed, at the time of
arrest, of the reasons of his arrest. He should be brought promptly before a judge or other
officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power.
He shall be entitled to appropriate proceedings before a court, I order that the court may
decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention, and order his release if the
detention is not lawful. A victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable
right to compensation.” (Art. 9, political covenant)
Miranda doctrine. Promulgated by the U.S. supreme court in Miranda vs. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436 (1960), ruling that during the investigation of a detained person, he has the right to
be informed of the charges against him and to be assisted by an independent and
competent counsel of his own choice when making a statement.
Right of Fair and Public Trial
The accused is entitled to public trial by an impartial tribunal (art. 9, political covenant).
The Philippine constitution has a corresponding provision, which reads:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proves, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public to
have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the
absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable” (art. Iii, sec. 14[2]).
Right of Confrontation
The right of the accused to meet the witnesses face to face is intended to give the accused
the opportunity to cross-examine them. The said provisions are implanted in more detail
under Rule 113 of the Rules of court of the Philippines.
Self-incrimination. Article 14, section 3 (g) of the Philippine constitution reads:
“A person may not be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt”.
Presumption of innocence. One of the important rights of the accused is his right to be
presumed innocent (art. 2, sec. 14, political covenant). Article iii, section 14(2) of the
Philippine constitution likewise provides for presumption of innocence of the accused until
the contrary is proved.
Right to Bail
Bail. Is a security filed by an accused for his temporary release (rule 114, rules, of court).
An accused is entitled to bail except when he is charged of a crime punishable by life or
death sentence and the evidence is strong (art. Ii, sec. 13, Philippine constitution).
Right to Appeal One’s conviction of a Crime
“Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being
reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law” (art. 14, sec. 5, political covenant.).
The right of appeal is not expressly provided for in the Philippine constitution but it is
considered as a necessary requirement of due process if it is granted by the statute as a
means of correcting possible substantial error committed by the trial court.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY. “No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence
for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in
accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country”. (art 14, sec. 7, political
covenant.)
Right to compensation Due to Miscarriage of Justice
Article 14, Section 6 of the Covenant states that when a person has a final conviction of
criminal offense and when subsequently, his conviction has been reversed or he has been
pardoned on a ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that these
has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of
such conviction shall be compensated according to law.
Special procedures for juveniles. “In the case of the juvenile person, the procedure shall
be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation”
(art. 14, sec. 4, covenant).
“Every child deprived of his liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other
appropriate assistance” (art. 37[d], convention on the rights of the child.)
Prohibition against ex-post facto law. “No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence
on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offense, under national
or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be
imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was
committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the
imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby” (art 15, sec. 1, political
covenant)
Ex post facto law means a statute which renders a previously innocent act a criminal
offense, aggravates or increases the punishment for a crime or alters the rules of evidence,
or deprives an accused of some protection or defense previously available.
RIGHT TO PRIVACY
“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation.” (Art. 17, sec.
1, covenant).
Freedom of movement and choice of domicile. Everyone lawfully within the territory of
the state, shall, within the territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to
choose his residence.
Asylum. Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum due to political
persecution by his/her country. Asylum means the granting of sanctuary by state to persons
politically persecuted in his own country.
Right of Nationality
Everyone has the right to nationality and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality (art. 15, universal declaration of human rights). Nationality has a broader
meaning than citizenship in political law.
End.

INTERIOR GUARD DUTY

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. GUARD - A term used when referring to:
a. A special unit responsibilities to the Officer of the Day for the protection and security of an
installation or area. This unit includes a Commander of the Guard, Sergeant of the Guard,
Commander of the Relief and the Guard.
b. An individual responsible to keep watch over, protect, shield, defend, warn or any duties
prescribed by general orders. Also referred to as Sentinel, Sentry or lookout.
2. SENTRY - A guard Sentinel or Lookout.
3. SENTINEL - An individual of the guards whose duties are prescribed by general or
special orders. Also referred to as guard, sentry or lookout.
4. OFFICERS OF THE DAY - An Officer acting directly under the commanding officer who
is responsible on a given day for the execution of all orders of the commanding officer
relating to interior guard duty and other as maybe assigned.
5. COMMANDER OF THE GUARD - The senior officer or non-commissioned officer who is
responsible for the instruction, discipline and performance of duty of the guard. He is the
member of the guard next junior to the Officer of the Day.
6. SERGEANT OF THE GUARD - The senior of non-commissioned officer of guard. He
supervise the enlisted members of the guard and responsible to the Commander of the
Guard for the execution of all orders relating to the guard duties.
7. COMPANY - Includes battery, or any other similarly organized unit.
8. GUARD HOUSE - A building occupied by men detailed for interior guard duty. It might
guard tent or any other designated location for the headquarters for the guard.
9. CHALLENGE - The command “HALT” WHO IS THERE? Is used to cause an
unidentified. If secret challenge is used, it follows the original challenge and consists of a
word or distinctive sound. Any process carries-out by one unit or person with the objects of
ascertaining the friendly or hostile character or identify of another.
10. PASSWORD - A word, or distinctive sound, used to answer a challenge identifies the
person or party desiring to enter or pass and is always secret. By 2028, a world – class Army
that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
11. COUNTERSIGN - A countersign consist of a secret challenge and password. The words
comprising the countersign are issued from the principal headquarters of a command to aid
guards and sentinels in their security of person who apply to pass the lines.
12. FIXED POST - A specific post with defined limits.
13. SENTINEL POST - An area for which the sentinel is responsible. Within his post a
sentinel performs the duties required by general and special order.
14. CONFINEMENT OFFICER - A Military police assigned to a stockade and charge with
the security, administration, care, and custody of all prison confined in the local stockade or
hospital prisoner ward.
15. RELIEF - is the procedure whereby members of the post are relieved and members are
posted in place.
16. RELEIVED – is to direct any members of the guard to cease performance of duty.
17. SENTRY - enlisted personnel assigned to duty as member of the guard to keep watch,
maintain order, protect property and given alarm of any attack or disorders.
18. WATCH - is a period of time during which member of the guard performed the
prescribed duties beginning when he is posted and terminated his duties.
19. STOCKADE - A confinement facility under the jurisdiction of an installation commander,
used for the confinement of the military prisoners.
II. THE ORGANIZATION OF INTERIOR GUARDS
1. Officer of the Day (OD).
2. Commander of the relief or Junior Officer of the Day (JOOD)
3. Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)
4. Corporal of the Guard COG)
5. Sentries of Sentinel
NOTE: The strength of the interior guard varies the number of the post at a certain
installation.
ARMS AND EQUIPMENT VARIES ACCORDING TO THEIR PARTICULAR DUTIES
Rifles (M16)
Carbines
Pistols
Shot Gun
Motor Vehicles By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
III. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERIOR GUARD
Commanding Officer
1. Provide sentinel for security
2. Prescribe regulation and special order of the guard.
3. Received the report of the Officer of the Day.
4. Supervise and inspect stockade prisoners.
Field Officer of the Day
1. Representative of the Commanding Office.
2. Supervise the interior guard duties.
3. Conduct inspection for details.
Officer of the Day
1. Responsible for the performance of the guard.
2. Protect life and properties in case of alarm.
3. Signature of the guard report.
4. Responsible for guard.
Commander of the Relief
1. Responsible for instruction performance and discipline of the guard.
2. Prepare the daily report card.
3. Responsible for the posting of relief at the proper time.
4. Form the reserve in case of alarm.
Sergeant of the Guard
1. Supervise the non-commissioned officer of the guard
2. Responsible for the cleanliness of the guard house and surroundings.
3. Responsible for the posting of relief at the proper time.
4. From the guard in case of emergency.
Corporal of the Guard
1. Assigned members of the guard to their post.
2. Report to the Sergeant of the guard all violation of orders and unusual incidents.
3. Post him at the guardhouse. By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
4. Awaken the next relief on time of relieving.
5. Examine persons halted or determined by the sentinel.
Sentinels
1. Memorize, understand and complied with the general order.
2. Memorize, understand and complied with special orders.
III. TYPE OF ORDERS FOR INTERIOR GUARD
1. General Orders - are orders applied to all sentries to the main and special guard.
2. Special Orders - are orders promulgated by the Commanding Officer prescribed the
special Duties for the main and special guards.
IV. THE ELEVEN (11) GENERAL ORDERS
1. To take charge of this post and all government properties in view.
2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping always on alert and observing everything
that takes place within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violation of orders that I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from my post more distance from the guardhouse than my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass on the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the
Commanding Officer of the day and Non-commissioned Officer of the guard only.
7. To talk to no one except in line of duty.
8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
9. To call the commander of the relief in any case not covered by instruction.
10. To salute all officers, colors and standard not case.
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of challenging and to challenge all
persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.
IV. GUARD COMPOSITION
The guard may be one of types interior guard (Part Two) or exterior (Part three)
a. Interior Guard - An interior guard is detailed by the commanders of the military installation
to preserve orders protect property and enforce military regulation. The installation
commander is responsible for the interior guard of the installation and he prescribed the
composition of the guard. When brigade and separate units are By 2028, a world – class
Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
responsible for an interior guard with their own areas, their composition, duties and
responsibilities are similar to those outlined in this manual, Commanders’ of Unit furnishing
personnel for guards are responsible to insure that these men are qualified or familiar with
the weapons they use on guard.
The interior guards may consist of the following elements;
1. The main guard, which is a combination of patrols and fixed post
2. The Special Guard which are use to protect parks, trains, boats, aircraft and other
special purposes.
b. Exterior Guard - Are those guards whose duties and responsibilities are different from
those set down for interior guard Exterior guard is not as formal and restricted as interior
guard. Classified as exterior guards lookout, listening post outpost specially designated
patrols and other guard in combat zone. Field training alerts, and guard outside the limits of
military installation. The exterior guard performs their duties as prescribed by special orders
and instruction.
V. PROCEDURES FOR CHALLENGING AND REPLY WITH THE PASSWORD
When you are posted as sentry, you should report the situation on your post when you are
inspected by officers or non –commissioned officers of the guard. Likewise, you should
know the proper procedure for challenging and reply for the password.
Reporting a sentry post – Report to your superior in this manner
“Sir, private _______ report in post number ______ is secure (Or you report anything that is
not ordinary).
Challenging one person.
MARINE SENTRY
a. To a person about to enter his post: “HALT, WHO GOES THERE?
b. The sentry orders the person forward: “ADVANCED, LT ROMAN TO BE RECOGNIZED”
c. When person are closed enough to be identified. The sentry commands: “HALT” (He
does not recognized LT ROMAN)
d. The sentry will give the challenge in low voice: “PEPSI”
e. When the sentry has identified the person, he will permit him to proceed: “PASS SIR” By
2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Person Challenged
a. Person halts immediately and answer: “LT ROMAN, THE OPERATION OFFICER”
b. The person will advance without giving any reply.
c. Person will halt on command and wait for further instructions.
d. The person challenge will give the reply in low voice: “SARSI”
e. Person will proceed when told to proceed.
3. Challenging a group.
SENTRY GROUP CHALLENGED
To a group of person about to enter, his Group will immediately halt and
Post “HALT, WHO GOES THERE” most senior will answer “LT LUCERO
WITH PATROL”
Sentry will order the senior forward Person will advance without any replying.
Come forward to be recognized
“ADVANCE LT LUCERO TO BE RECOGNIZED” LT LUCERO will come forward then, he will be
directed to identify other members of his group
The patrol will pass through post.
When LT LUCERO is close enough to
Be identified, sentry will command
“ADVANCE THE PATROL TO RECOGNIZED”
The sentry will halt, identify or control the patrol as the situation demand.
VI. GUARD MOUNTING (INFORMAL)
SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES
A. The Sergeant of the Guard forms the guard by commanding HUMANAY. The relief
commander Falls in so that the guard is there steps in front and centered on the sergeant of
the guard. Each relief forms at normal interval to the left of each respective commander,
sentinels forms in the order of their assigned post (one, two, three, etc) the sergeant of the
guard orders inspection of arms by the commands SIYASAT TA, AGAP TA, BABA TA. By
2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
B. If an officer has been detailed as commander of the guard, the sergeant of the guard
faces about and reports “Nandito na pong lahat”. Salutes are exchange. After completing
the report, the sergeant of the guard faces
about, faces half right in marching a marches by the most direct route to position directly
behind the commander of their relief a normal distance.
C. If an officer has not been detailed as commander of the guard, the sergeant of the guard
takes three (3) steps forward and assumes the position of the commander of the guard.
D. When the officer of the day arrives, the commander of the guard reports: Nandito Na po
lahat”. They exchange salutes.
E. Marching to center - The officer of the day commands PINUNO AT MGA KAWAL
PUMAGITNA NA, KAD. On the command PUMAGITNA the non-commissioned Officers
(NCO) farthest to the rear commands the other NCOs SA KANANG BALIKAT, TA. On the
command KAD the commander of the guard. The NCO in the rear commands the other
NCOs to halt and face to the right (at right shoulder arms) when they are centered on the
commander of the guard.
F. After the commander of the guard and the NCOs halt and are in position, the officer of
the day Marches forward, halt at normal distance in front of the commander of the guard
and designate PINUNO NG TANOD. He then faces half right in marching and marches
around and to the near to the commander of the guard. He halts at normal distance in front
of the right flank NCO and designated SARHENTO NG TANOD. He then faces half right in
marching takes two-step, halts, executes a left face, and designates PINUNO
PANGALAWANG PAMALIT and PINUNO UNANG PAMALIT. He then faces about,
marches by most direct route to his post halts and faces about again. If an officer is not
present as commander of the guard the officer of the day designates the right flank NCO,
PINUNO NG TANOD.
G. Return to post - the officer of the day commands SUMALUNAN. At this command, the
commander of the guard and NCO face about, march to their designated post, and halt
without command. The sergeant of the guard commands the relief commander to BABA TA
and HARAP SALIKOD, NA. If an officer has not been detailed as commander of the guard
the first relief commander gives these commands.
Inspection of Guards
1. The Officer of the day commands HUMANDA SA PAGSISIYASAT. At this command the
commander of the guard without saluting faces about and commands BUKANG
TALUDTOD NA Ranks are opened and dressed. When the commander of the guard has
taken his post, the officer of the day inspects the guard. By 2028, a world – class Army that is
a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
2. The officer of the day orders sentinel who are not presentable for guard to fall out and
return to quarters, supernumeraries. If any, replace the men who have fallen out.
3. After inspecting the guard, the officer of the day resumes his original position and
commands DALHIN ANG MGA, TANOD SA BAHAY TANURAN. Salutes are exchange.
The commander of the guard faces to the left and commands LAPIT TALUDTOD, NA. He
then moves to his position six steps in front of and centered on the guard, faces the guard
and commands HARAP SA KANAN, NA; KANANG balikat, ta. He positions himself at the
head of the left file at normal distance and marches the guard to the guardhouse.
4. Relieving the Old Guard - before the new guard arrives at the guardhouse, the old guard
is formed in a line formation with two or more relief. The commander of the guard position
himself six steps in front of an centered on the guard. When the new guard six step from the
left flank of the old guard the commander of the new guard commands KANAN, TINGIN,
TA. He faces back to the front and renders proper salutes. When the new guard has cleared
the right flank of the old guard, the commander of the new guard commands HANDA,
HARAP. The commander of the old guard faces about, commands BABA, TA. and faces
back to the front.
5. Formation of the old Guard and New Guard at the Guardhouse - after the new guard
executes HANDA, HARAP, and the commander of the guard command KANANG PANIG,
NA he position himself six steps in the rear of and centered on his guard. He halts the new
guard when it is on line with six steps to the right of the old guard. Then he command
BABA, TA; HARAP SALIKOD, NA. The left flank man, first relief, verifies six steps interval;
dress. He aligns his guard.
6. Presenting New and Old Guard - when the new guard is in position, the commanders of
both guards face about and command TANGHAL, TA. Then the face each other and
exchange salutes, face toward their respective guards, command BABA, TA, and face back
to the front.
Presenting the Guards to the Officer of the Day;
1. After the new guard has been presented to the old guard, the new guard and old officers
of the day take their position 18 steps in front of and centered on their respective guards.
Commanders both guards face about, command TANGHAL, TA; face back to the front and
salute their respective officers of the day.
2. After exchanging salute, both commanders face about, command BABA, TA. And face
back to the front. When both have face back to the front the officer of the day face each
other and the new officer of the day salutes the old officer of the day. After saluting each
other , both officers of the day face their respective guards. By 2028, a world – class Army that
is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Disposition of the New and Old Guards
1. After both officers of the day have faced their guards, the new officer of the day
commands ISALUNAN AND UNANG PAMALIT. The new commander salutes the officer of
the day, faces about and command TIWALAG. The guards reports to the guardhouse and
commander of the guard for instruction on posting his relief.
2. The old officer of the day commands TIWALAG, AND MGA TAN OD. The commander
salutes the old officer of the day. Faces about and commands PAHINGA. He then contacts
the new commander and conveys any instruction.
a) If the old guard was finished from one company, the commander of the old guard
marches the guard to the company area and dismisses it by commanding SIYASAT, TA;
AGAP, TA; TIWALAG.
b) If the guard was furnished from one company, the commander of the old guard marches
the guard detail to the company area and dismisses it, in accordance with the above.
c) After relieving the third of the old guard, the commander of the relief reports to
commander of the guard. The commander of the new guard inspects the relief order
commander to march the relief to the company area and dismiss it. Salutes are exchanged.
VII. FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING
SEQUENCE OF THE ACTIVITIES
A. Assembly of Band - the band takes its place on the parade ground at a point where its
left flanks is 12 steps to the right where of the guard will be. When the adjutant is ensure
that the guard is ready to march unto the parade ground, he signals the band to sound the
adjutant call.
Assembly and forming the Guard:
1) The guard detail are formed as prescribed of informal guard mounting. When assembly
Sounds, each guard detail is marched to the point of assembly of the parade ground and is
reported to the Sergeant of the Guard.
The Guard Details are assembled and formed into a platoon. If there are more than 14 men
per rank the guard is divided into two platoons.
2) The assistant sergeant of the guard takes his post three steps and centered on the
second. The remaining NCOs if any, form on the left flank to equalize the number of men in
each rank. After the platoons are formed, the sergeant of the guards faces the guard to the
right.
Marching the Guard to the Parade Ground: By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source
of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
1) Upon the Adjutant’s Call the band plays march music. The Adjutant will the Sergeant
major on his, marches forward on the first note of the music.
2) The Sergeant of the Guard takes his post three steps to the left and centered on the
Guard. He commands KANANG, BALIKAT, TA at the first note of the Adjutant call and
marches the guard in column unto the parade ground. He approaches the parade ground
from direction near to the final line, which the guard will form. He halts the guard when the
head of column is 12 steps from the left flank of the band and centered on the Sergeant
Major. At this time the band stop playing. The sergeant of the guard faces to the right and, if
appropriate commands BABA, TA; HARAP SA KALIWA, RAP.
Dressing of the Guard - The sergeant of the guard and the assistant of the guard, if there
are two platoons dress the guard.
Sergeant of the Guard:
When the Sergeant of the Guard commands, HANDA, HARAP, the Commander of the
guards takes a position six steps in the near in the right flank man of the rear flank. (if there
are two platoons, the assistant commander of the guard takes his post behind the second
platoon in the same position as prescribed for the commander of the guard). The Sergeant
of the Guard faces about and reports the Sergeant Major Lahat po'’ SUMALUNAN. The
Sergeant of the Guard faces about, faces halt right in marching, and march to his post. He
halts at normal distance directly behind the commander of the relief.
If an assistant sergeant of the guard is presented, he executes the movements cited above
at the command SUMALUNAN and posts himself directly the commander of the relief. The
Sergeant of the Guard positions himself behind the assistant sergeant of the guard at a
normal distance.
Sergeant Major’s Report
1) After commanding SUMALUNAN, the Sergeant Major faces about and reports to the
Adjutant “Lahat, Po’y Narito “or” ___________________ and wala” They exchange salutes.
The Sergeant Major faces about marches to his post and halts at normal interval to the left
the left flank men of the first rank of the second platoon.
2) When the Sergeant major has finished his report and has faced about, the commander of
the guard marches his position in the rear of the guard around its right flank to his six steps
in front of and centered on the guard. If there are two platoons, the assistant commander of
the guard if present takes his post in front of the second platoon.
Marching
The Adjutant commands PINUNO (OR) MGA PINUNO) AT PINUNONG HINDI HIRANG,
NA. The procedures for marching to center is the same as in parade of By 2028, a world –
class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
informal Guard Mounting except that when there are two commanders of the guard, the
senior is designated “Punong Tanod” and the junior “Pangalawang Punong Tanod”.
End.

INTRO TO CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS

CMO are planned activities undertaken independently or in coordination with civilian entities
in support to the accomplishment of the AFP mission to gain popular support and weaken
the will of the enemy to fight.
Categories of CMO:
➢Public Affairs
➢Civil Affairs
➢Psychological Operations

Public Affairs is defined as a CMO pillar that conducts information-related activities

directed to the external public to ensure a clear, accurate, and timely dissemination of
information consistent with preserving security and privacy.
a. Public Information is a program component pillar that conducts information activities
directed to the public to ensure a clear, accurate, and timely dissemination of
INFORMATION
b. Community Relations is a program component pillar that establishes and maintains
constructive relations with the Communities through information activities in order to
promote the organization’s objectives
Civil Affairs is a CMO pillar undertaken independent of or in coordination with civilian
entities that promotes public trust through cooperation, collaboration and conduct of
sociological and developmental activities in order to gain popular support
a. Civil Relations promotes cooperation and collaboration between the military and Civilian
Authority in order to gain popular support
b. Civil Action(CIVAC) conducts military initiated activities with developmental and
sociological purposes in order to gain popular support.
Psychological Operation is a CMO pillar conducted to influence the beliefs, emotions,
attitudes, opinions and ultimately the behavior of target audiences (enemy and its mass
base and supporters
Its objectives are:
to reinforce favorable attitudes and behavior;
to redirect unfavorable attitudes and behavior and make them favorable; and
to transform neutral or passive attitude and behavior to become favorable.

a. Words PsyOps is a program component of the PsyOps pillar that involves the
dissemination of any information, concept or idea through the various media to influence
the attitude and behavior of the target audience.
b. Deeds PsyOps is a program component of the PsyOps pillar that involves the conduct of
combat and non-combat activities, outside of pure communication activities “actions”, to
influence the attitude and behavior of the target audience.
c. Counter-propaganda measures include:
-Preventive Actions
-Counter-actions
End.

US 5.56 mm M16 Rifle (Armalite)

It is the basic rifle of the Philippine Army. Because of its proven reliability in worst conditions,
this weapon is widely used in the Infantry Battalions. It was introduced during the Vietnam War
in the late 1960’s and was found to be effective in tropical areas like the Philippines.
Features of a US 5.56mm M16:
1. Can be fired either automatic or semi-automatic.
2. The barrel assembly has an adjustable sight and flash suppressor.
3. The barrel is surrounded by heat resistant materials made of fiberglass, which is shape into
hand guard and forearm.
4. The butt of the stock has a rubber recoil pad. It helps absorb the recoil when firing the M16
Rifle.
5. For M16A1 butt of the stock has storage for cleaning gear/materials.
6. It has a forward assist assembly located on the rear of the upper receiver. It assists the action
spring in driving the bolt fully home.
7. A bipod can be attached to the rifle.

General Characteristics of the M16 Series Weapons

1. Lightweight
2. Air Cooled
3. Magazine Fed
4. Shoulder or Hip Weapon
5. Gas Operated
6. Automatic and Semi-automatic
Other Characteristics M16A1 M16A2/A3
Weight (pounds)
Without magazine and sling 6.35 7.78
With sling and loaded:
20-round magazine 6.75 8.48
30-round magazine 7.06 8.79
Bayonet Knife, M9 1.50 1.50
Scabbard 0.30 0.30
Sling, M1 0.40 0.4 2
Length: (inches)
Rifle with bayonet knife 44.25 44.88
Overall rifle length 30.00 39.63
Operational Characteristic:
Barrel rifling hand 1 twist in 9 inches 12 7
Muzzle velocity (fps) 3,250 3,100
Cyclic rate of fire (rounds per minute) 700-800 700-900
Maximum Effect Rate of Fire:
Semi-automatic (rounds per minute) 45-90 45
Burst (3-round burst; rounds per minute) N/A 90
Automatic (rounds per minute) 150-200 150-200A3
Sustained (rounds per minute) 12-15 12-15
RANGE (meters)
Maximum range 2653 3600
Maximum effective range:
Point target 460m 550m
Area target N/A 800
Parts of the M16 A1 or M16A2 Rifle:
Upper Receiver Group
1. Flash Suppressor 10. Barrel Extension
2. Ejecting Assist Assembly 11. Carrying Handle
3. Front Sight Assembly 12. Gas Tube
4. Dust Cover 13. Rear Sight
5. Bayonet Stud 14. Windage Drum
6. Barrel 15. Slip Ring
7. Upper Sling Swivel 16. Charging Handle
8. Bolt Carrier 17. Forward Assembly
9. Hand Guard
10. Barrel Extension

Lower Receiver Group Bolt Carrier Assembly

1. Butt Plate 1. Bolt Carrier
2. Trigger 2. Firing Pin Retaining Pin
3. Storage Cleaning Gear (M16 A1) 3. Bolt
4. Magazine Release Button 4. Bolt Cam Pin
5. Stock 5. Firing Pin
6. Magazine Catch 6. Extractor
3
7. Rear Sling Swivel
8. Selector Level
9. Takedown Pin
10. Bolt Catch
11. Pistol Grip
12. Receiver Pivot Pin
13. Trigger Guard

Eight (8) Cycles of Operation

1. Feeding – the forward movement of the bolt, stripping the top round from the magazine and
moving it toward the chamber.

2. Chambering – refers to fully seating the round in the chamber.

3. Locking -the step in the cycle of operation that is a counterclockwise rotation of the bolt,
securing it into the barrel locking lugs.

4. Firing – refers to pulling the trigger, releasing the hammer to strike the firing pin, which
strikes the primer. The primer ignites and, in turn ignites the powder charge within the cartridge
care.

5. Unlocking– refers to the clockwise rotation of the bolt after firing, freeing the bolt from the
barrel locking lugs.

6. Extracting – the steps in the cycle of operation that pulls the round from the chamber.

7. Ejecting - the step in the cycle of operation that removes the expended cartridge from the
weapon out of the ejection port.

8. Cocking – refers to the rearward movement of the bolt riding over the hammer, resetting the
weapon for subsequent firing.
456
Malfunction
Malfunction is a failure of a weapon to function normally and one common form of malfunction is
stoppage. Stoppage is a failure of automatic or semi-automatic firearms to complete the cycle of
operation.
Immediate Action for Stoppage
When the rifle fails to operate you must attempt to clear it as soon as possible and do this by
applying immediate action. Immediate is recognized by using the acronym “SPORTS”.
S - Slap bottom of magazine to make sure it is properly seated.
P - Pull charging handle all the way to the rear.
O- Observe ejection of case or cartridge. Eyeball chamber and check for obstruction.
R - Release the charging handle to feed new round. (Don’t ride the charging handle).
T - Tap the forward assist.
S - Shoots, if it won’t fire, look for trouble and apply remedial action.
Remedial Action
Remedial Action is a continuing effort to determine the cause of stoppages or malfunctions and
to try to clear the stoppage once it had been identified.
Disassembly/Assembly:
Disassembly
1. Remove the sling and place the rifle on a table or flat surface with its muzzle to the left.
2. Push the magazine catch button on the right side of the receiver and remove the magazine.
3. Pull the charging handle to the
rear and look inside the chamber to make sure the weapon is clear. Then release the charging
handle and put the selector lever on safe position.
4. Keeping the muzzle to the right, use cartridge or nail to press the takedown pin and pivot pin
until the upper receiver is free of the lower receiver.
5. Pick-up the upper receiver, grasp the charging handle, pressing in and pull to the rear to
withdraw the bolt carrier from the receiver. Grasp the bolt carrier and pull it from the receiver.
7
6. To disassemble the bolt carrier group, press out the firing pin retaining pin by using nail or the
nose of a cartridge. Elevate the bolt carrier and allow the

firing pin to drop from the bolt. Pull the bolt and remove the cam pin then the bolt is easily
remove from the bolt carrier.

NOTE: After the assembly of the weapon, replace the hand guard. Removal of the hand guard should be
done only when absolutely necessary for the proper care and maintenance of the weapon.
1 – Ring, Bolt 2 - Bolt 3 - Pin, Extractor 4 - Pin, Spring Ejector 5 - Spring, helical, Compression
Ejector 6 - Ejector, Cartridge 7 - Extractor, Cartridge 8 - Spring Assembly, Extractor (M16A2) 9 -
Spring Assembly, Extractor (M4 ND M4A1)(BLACK) 8
Assembly:
1. Assemble the bolt carrier group. (CAUTION: Do not spread ends of the firing pin retainer).
Check for proper assembly by elevating the front of the bolt. The firing pin must not drop out.
2. Place the charging handle in the upper receiver. Place the bolt carrier group into the open
end of the receiver. Push forward in the upper receiver until the sub-assembly is fully seated.
3. Place the two receivers together and reset the pivot pin.
4. Place the buffer assembly in the lower receiver.
5. Cock the hammer and ensure that the selector lever is at ‘SAFE’
position. Withdraw the takedown pin and close the weapon. Fully set the takedown pin.

Check the Assembly of the Weapon

1. Check the proper operation of the selector lever at “SAFE”, “SEMI” and “AUTO” position.
2. The upper and lower receiver groups must be in the open position, hammer cock and the
weapon cleared.
3. “SAFE” POSITION – pull the trigger, hammer should not fall.
4. “SEMI” POSITION – pull the trigger to the rear, recock the rifle (Hammer) and release the
trigger. The hammer should transfer from the hammer hooks and disconnect to the rear
engagement.
5. “AUTO” POSITION – pull trigger. Hammer should fall. Hold the trigger to the rear and recock
the hammer. Push forward on the automatic sear, the hammer should fall.

Maintenance
Care and Cleaning: Normal care and cleaning result in the proper functioning of all parts of the
weapon. Improper maintenance causes stoppages and malfunctioning.
Cleaning and Lubricating the Barrel
NOTE: Never reverse the direction of the brush while it is still in the bore.
Attach a wire brush to the cleaning rod, dip it in a cleaning solvent compound or bore cleaner
and brush the bore thoroughly. Brush from the bore to the chamber using a straight through
stroke. 9
Continue the process until the bore is coated with the cleaning compound. Replace the brush
with a cleaning patch and continue the cleaning process until the patch comes out clean and
dry.
Clean the locking lugs in the barrel extension using a small bristle brush.
After cleaning, lubricate the bore and locking lugs in the barrel extension by applying a light coat
of oil to prevent pitting and corrosion. Rub a light coat of oil on the surface of the barrel enclosed
by the hand guards.
Cleaning and Lubricating the Bolt Carrier Group
Remove the bolt carrier group from the upper receiver group and disassemble. Clean all parts
with a patch dipped in a solvent - cleaning compound.
Clean the locking lugs of the bolt using a small brush and cleaning solvent. Dry with a patch and
oil lightly.
Put one drop of oil in each hole on the right side of the bolt carrier and the open of the bolt
carrier key.
Cleaning and Lubricating the Lower receiver Group
Normal cleaning will not require the detailed disassembly of the lower receiver group.
With a clean dry patch or bristle brush remove dirt or sand from the receiver. Place a drop of oil
on each pin for lubrication.
After extensive use or field exercise, the lower receiver must be disassembled and cleaned
thoroughly. Apply a light coat of oil on all parts.
Maintenance Before, During and After Firing
Operation/Firing
The barrel must be wiped dry and free of oil. Clean the bore with a dry patch to ensure that it is
dry and free of dirt. Check the forward assist assembly and the dust cover.
During Firing
Follow the recommended rates of fire. Observe for any sluggish operation of any moving parts.
Discontinue the use of any rifle that shows signs of wear or tear.
After Operation/ Firing 10
Follow the normal maintenance operation outlined in the foregoing paragraphs.
End.

ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES CORE VALUES

“The profession of arms, as a noble calling, demands from its members not only specialized
knowledge and skills but also a distinct lifestyle governed by a commonly held belief system
containing non-negotiable enduring core values of honor, loyalty, valor, duty and
solidarity..."
AFP Code of Ethics
The profession of arms, as a noble calling, demands from its members not only specialized
knowledge and skills but also a distinct lifestyle governed by a commonly held belief-system
containing non-negotiable enduring core values of honor, loyalty, valor, duty and solidarity.
The system guides the way members live their lives, perform their duties, and account for
their behavior under all circumstances of peace and conflict situations. Every members of
the AFP shall voluntarily bind himself to build and sustain his character and life-style with
the core values as foundation, otherwise he shall have no place in the military service.
These core values have been incorporated into present time’s finest military traditions.
I. HONOR
Honor is the Military crowning value, the hallmark of military conduct, the quality of the
soldier’s consciousness of personal dignity and self-worth
No matter the arena, honor is respected in one’s self as in the other. In outward form, honor
is seen in cleanliness of the person, courtesy manner, decency in daily living and prudence
in the use of personal or country resources. It shows in the candor, frankness in speech as
well as in action. When one leads an honorable life, he is supposed having a good
reputation; differed to because of his credibility and sincerity; and emulated for his
uprightness and transparency in all his dealings. An individual soldier with honor does the
following:
a. Develop and maintain a keen sense of ethical conduct.
b. Adhere to the public code of professional AFP values.
c. Identity with the ideals embodied in the AFP values.

II. LOYALTY
Loyalty underlies the soldier’s Oath of Service. It demands obedience to the legal
prerogatives of duly constituted authority in the pursuit of the nation’s interest, observance
of the Chain of Command and compliance with orders to the best of one’s ability as all
orders must be obeyed. Loyalty while itself a cause, reaps the harvest of military unity. It
foster cohesion, sincere concern for the welfare of each member of the By 2028, a world-class
Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
 a. Put obligations in correct order: the Constitution, the AFP, the unit and finally, self.

Army and those they work with, and is best expressed in each member’s adherence to the
military value system as herein explained, just as he is bound to follow the rule of law and
the declared policies and principles of the country. An individual soldier of loyalty displays
the following:
b. Show faithfulness to unit and comrades by finishing all tasks with them.
c. Carry out tough orders without expressing personal criticism.
d. Defend soldiers against unfair treatment.

III. VALOR
We believe in valor as the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear, which
enables the soldiers to carry out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly
impossible. It is more than bravery or ability to endure pain. Valor is calmness and presence
of mind in the heat of battle where danger or death is imminent. It is the courage to stand for
what is right and the perseverance to make it difficult for others to do wrong.
Valor flows naturally from one’s love of the country. It is the ability to overcome fear in
carrying out one’s mission. Courage is beyond bravery. It is pursuing a mission against all
odds. It is calculating but not suicidal. With courage you do what is right.
It is also means moral courage in continuing the fight for a principled cause. Indeed, it was
both the physical and moral courage of the Filipino soldier, whose fierce resistance against
subjugating powers in the past and despite enemy’s superior arms and number, which
defined the road map to independence and to freedom. Such courage beyond measure
exhibited by valiant Filipinos rebelling against Spanish, American and Japanese forces
determined the course of Philippine history and provided an important role.
In shaping the Filipino soldier’s identity. Even beyond valor, one could also see the strong
sense of honor that resonated with the call to arms in the past. Your valor will allow you to
do the following:
a. Control your fear in physical and moral context.
b. Take responsibility for your actions, mistakes and decisions.
c. Confront problems and do what you believe is right.
d. Report successes and failure with equal candor.

IV. DUTY
Duty is service plain and simple. Actual duty means being constantly alert, all senses
employed and used whether in the garrison or in the field. Duty means fulfilling your
obligation. The exacting standard of duty also requires that those in command positions
discharge their responsibilities to the fullest. By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of
national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Expressing the value of duty means, at a minimum, doing the following:
a. Carrying out the requirements of the position to the best of your ability.
b. Fulfill legal, civic and moral obligations.
c. Sacrifice personal time in pursuit of excellence.

V. SOLIDARITY
Solidarity is camaraderie at the visible level and internally being aligned with the AFP’s
goals, vision and programs for reform. Solidarity binds the Armed Forces to oneness with
the aspirations of the rest of the country in the manner of a Filipino proud of his country.
Solidarity within the organization is the AFP's benchmark for action, growth, and resilience
as it protects the country and nurtures its development. With the internalization by the
soldier of all the core values herein and the ensuing self-discipline and confidence that
follows, solidarity with the organization is achieved. Solidarity is also as much a
manifestation of sound leadership as it is the expression of a soldier's solid commitment to
the service. It is solidarity that powers the smallest unit to the largest command.
When expanded to cover a national scale, a solid AFP can now provide a model of action,
and the organization can become an effective social change agent. In this light, the
solidarity of the AFP is the soldier's own protection against threats to its mission, whether
internal or external and, by extension, a formidable opponent to challenges to the
sovereignty and the integrity of the country and a deterrent to those initially intending to
commit adverse acts.
End.

BASICS IN MAP READING

A Map is a graphical representation of the earth's surface drawn to scale, as seen from
above. It uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the ground.
SECURITY: Maps are documents that must not fall into unauthorized hands.
CARE: Protect from water, mud and tearing.
How to read Map? --- “Read Right Up”
How to orient map? --- Map is oriented in horizontal position with each north and south
corresponding to the north and south on the ground.
CATEGORIES AND USES OF MILITARY MAPS:
a) Scale = - the ratio of map distance to ground distance on the surface of the earth.
1. Small scale - Maps at scale of 1:600,000 and smaller are used for general planning and
for strategical studies at the high echelons.
2. Medium scale - Maps at scale larger than 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000
are used for planning operations, including the movement and concentration of troops and
supplies.
3. Larger scale - Maps at scale of 1:75:000 and larger are used to meet tactical,
technical and administrative needs of field units.
4. STANDARD LARGE-SCALE is 1:50,000.

b) Type - Map categorized according to its purpose or the manner it was made. 1.
Planimetric map – shows only the horizontal (flat) position of features. Sometimes, it is
called a line map. 2. Topographic map – a two-dimensional map which presents the
horizontal (flat) and vertical (relief) positions of features represented. 3. Photo map – A
map reproduction of photograph or photo mosaic upon which grid lines, marginal data,
place names and boundaries may be added.

4. Joint Operations Graphics - Maps based on the format of standard 1:250,000

medium-scale military topographic maps that contain additional information needed in joint
air-ground operations.

By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
 5. Photomosaic – An assembly of aerial photographs to form a composite picture.

6. Plastic relief photomap – printed in plastic and molded into a three-dimensional

form.

7. Plastic relief map – a topographic map printed in plastic and molded into a three-
dimensional form.

8. Terrain Model - A three – dimensional representation of an area, mold plaster,

rubber of other materials. It is distinguished from the other maps in that it shows some
cultural and terrain features realistically instead of symbolically.

9. Military City maps – A topographic map (usually at 1:12,550 scale, sometimes up

to 1:5,000), showing the details of a city.

10. Special maps – These are maps for special purposes, such as traffic,
communications, and assault maps.

Marginal Information and Symbols:

--- are informations and instructions written on the outer edge of the map
a) Sheet name – title of the map and is named after the largest geographical area
presented.

b) Sheet number – used as a reference number for the map sheet

c) Series name and scale –found in the upper left margin of the map.

d) Series number – It is a sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit

numeral (1501) or as a letter, followed by a three- or four-digit numeral (S711, S701, etc). In
the regional grouping of allied mapping projects, our map series was designated “S”.

e) Map Scale - A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a map distance to the
corresponding distance on the earth's surface.

f) Declination diagram – Indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid north
& magnetic north.

g) Bar scale – Are rulers used to convert map distance to ground distance.

h) Grid reference box – Contains instructions for composing a grid reference.

i) Legend – Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of
the more prominent features on the map. The symbols are not always the same on every
map.
By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Colors used in Military Map
a. Black. represents man-made objects, i.e. Buildings, tower, etc.

b. Red-Brown. depicts classification of roads, built-up areas & special features.

c. Blue. Water Features (Hydrography)

d. Green. represents vegetation.

e. Brown. depicts relief and elevation such as contours on older maps

f. Red. Classifies cultural features, such as populated areas, main roads, and
boundaries on older maps. Usually combined with brown, and screen is used to vary tonal
shades.

g. Other. Occasionally other colors may be used to show special information. These
are indicated in the marginal information as a rule.

Grid coordinates.
Division of the earth’s surface into 6-degree by 8-degree quadrangles, and covered these
with 100,000 meter squares. The military grid reference of a point consist of the numbers
and letters indicating in which of these areas the point lies, plus the coordinates locating the
point to the desired position within the 100,000-meter square.
Grid lines.
Division of the 100,000-meter square; the lines are spaced at 10,000 or 1,000 meter
intervals. Each of these lines is labeled both ends of the map with its false easting or false
northing value, showing its relation to the origin of the zone.
Grid squares.
The North-south and the east-west grid lines intersect at 90* forming grid squares. Normally
the size of one of these grid squares on large-scale maps is 1,000 meters (1 kilometer)
Grid coordinates scale.
The primary tool for plotting grid coordinates is the grid coordinates scale. The grid
coordinates scale divides the grid square more accurately than can be done by estimation
and the result are more consistent. When used correctly, it provides less chance of errors.
Scale and Distance.
A map is a scaled graphic representation of a portion of the earth’s surface. The scale of
the map permits the user to convert distance on the map to distance on the By 2028, a
world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
ground or vice versa. The ability to determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s
surface, is an important factor in planning and executing military missions.
Graphic (Bar) Scales.
A graphic scale is a ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to
actual ground distances. The graphic scale is divided into two parts. To the right of the zero,
the scale is marked in full units to measure and is called the primary scale. To the left of the
zero, the scale is divided into tenths and is called the extension scale. Most map have three
or more graphic scales, each using a different unit of measurement. When using the graphic
scale, be sure to use the correct scale for the unit of measure desired.
Direction
Directions are expressed as units of angular measurement.
a. Degree. - the most common unit of measure.
- 360 degrees in a circle.

b. Mil. - abbreviated as “m”

- used in artillery, tank & mortar gunnery.
- circle is divided into 6,400 angles

c. Grad. - is a metric unit of measure.

- there are 400 grads in a circle.

Base lines.
To express direction as a unit of angular measure, there must be a starting point or zero
measure and a point of reference.
These two points designate the base or reference line.
There are three base lines ⎯ true north, magnetic north, and grid north.
a. True North. A line from any point on the North Pole. All lines of longitude are true
north it is usually represented by a star.

b. Magnetic North. The direction to the north indicated by the north seeking needle
of a Magnetic North is usually symbolized by an arrowhead.

c. Grid North. is the north that is established by using the vertical grid lines on the
map. Grid north may be symbolized by the letters GN or the letter “y”.

Azimuth
➢An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line.

➢This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north.

➢The azimuth is the most common military method to express direction.

By 2028, a world – class Army that is a source of national pride.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Back azimuth. -- is the opposite direction of an azimuth.
Magnetic azimuth. -- The magnetic azimuth is determined by using magnetic instruments
such as lensatic and M2 compasses.
Grid Azimuth. -- An angle measured clockwise based on the vertical grid lines of the map.
METHODS OF POINT LOCATION
1. Polar plot
2. Intersection
3. Resection
4. Modified resection

Polar Plot . -- A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known point by
giving a direction and a distant along that direction line is called a polar plot or polar
coordinates. Three elements must be present when using polar coordinates.
Intersection. -- Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying
at least two (preferably three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the
unknown location.
It is used to locate distant or inaccessible points or objects such as enemy targets and
danger areas.
Resection
Resection is the method of locating one’s position on a map by determining the grid azimuth
to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.
For greater accuracy, the desired method of resection would be to use three or more well-
defined locations.
Modified Resection
Modified resection is the method of locating one’s position on the map when the person is
located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream.
End.

BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Signal communication – is a method or means or a combination thereof of conveying
information from one person or place to another except by direct conversation.
Means of communication – a medium by which a message is conveyed from one person
to another.
Agency of communication – a facility which embraces the personnel and equipment to
provide signal communication by any particular means or combination thereof.
Tactical radio sets – is the principal means of communication in tactical units. It is used for
command, fire control, exchange of information and administrative purposes between &
within the units. It is especially adopted to rapid changing situation such as air ground ship
to shore, air to air communication. It also essential for communication impassable terrain or
in large wire & other means are impracticable to install.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Wire – it is used as the principal means of communication in all military units.
This means of communication embraces all equipment used for laying recovering wire,
battery operated & sound-powered telephones, switch boards & teletype equipment when
their use is authorized.
The operating range of wire communication varies, depending principally on the weather &
the condition of wire.
Wet weather, poor splices, & damage insulation are factors that greatly reduce its operating
range.
Radio – this means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most frequently used for
maintaining command, control, contact & direction in contact.
The radio has one distinct advantage over other means of communication. It has a relatively
high degree of mobility & flexibility, resulting from the fact that physical circuits are
unnecessary to establish communication between radio stations.
The radio set is the only adequate means of communication available in the fast-moving
situations, such as armoured attacks, amphibious operation, naval gun fire support, serial
bombing & strafing mission.
The radio can bridge gaps in a wire system & can provide communication across a terrain
where the use of the other means of communication is not possible.
Messenger – the use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred over the rest
when maps & classified documents are to be transmitted to other operating units.
Since time immemorial, messengers have been used as a means of communication. It is no
less important today as it was in times gone by.
It is the most secret means used by infantry units. Maps & classified documents are
delivered through this means. It also the best means for the transmission of long messages
over short distances.
Visual signal – is used to control the action of a small unis. Over the years, a visual signal
has been relegated to the role of an auxiliary means of communication.
Any signal that is received by the eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is the “common
sense” definition of a visual signal.
Flags, signal flares, & smoke signals have been used throughout the ages as visual means
of communication have been developed. These included light, pyrotechnics panels &
others.
They are most effective during day light or under conditions of clear visibility. Otherwise,
they are inefficient means of communication.
Sound signal – this means of communications is used primarily to spread alarms.
Normally, it used to warn troops of an impending hostile air, mechanized, or gas attack.
Signal received by the unaided ear, regardless of the method of transmission, are sound
means of communication. They may be transmitted by whistles, bugler, horns, weapons, &
other noise-making devices. Pre-arranged messages are transmitted through this means.
They are rapid means of communication over short distance but their effective range is
greatly reduced by battle noises.
Like visual signals, they are not secure means of communication. Their use may be
prohibited for security reasons.
TACTICAL RADIOS
Advantages of tactical radio sets:
1. Speed of installation – it is easy to establish than wire or other means of communication.
2. Flexible – it is no fixed circuit are required to be constructed.
3. It provides communication across terrain over which it may be impractical to install wire.

Disadvantages of tactical radio sets:

1. Lack of security – radio is the least secured means. It is always assumed that
interception every time the transmitter is place on operation.
2. Subject for interception radio is less vulnerable to enemy terrorist activity than wire,
however, it is subject for interference from precipitation & jamming to other mission.

Fundamentals of tactical radio communication:

1. Radio net – a group of several stations working together in the same frequency.
2. Call sign - a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or station.
3. Individual call sign – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within the net.
4. Collective call sign – this call sign identifies two or more stations in particular radio net
but not all stations in the net.
5. Net call sign – this call sign identifies all radio station calling transmits the identity of the
station called as well as his own identity.
6. Pro words – are pronounceable words which have assigned meaning to facilitate
transmission by radio communication.

PROWORDS:
a) Over – my transmission is ended & I expect a response from you
b) Roger – I received your last message satisfactorily.
c) Out – my transmission is ended & I expect no response from you.
d) Wilco – I will comply to your instruction.
e) Query - clarification.
f) Lima Charlie – I received your message loud & clear.
g) Say again - I did not understand your transmission, request repeat your last
transmission.
h) Request net with – can I talk with MSg Nemer.
i) Wait one – request that you wait for a minute.
j) Read back – read back the message you have copied.
k) Radio silence – cease transmission immediately, however, keep on listening on
the same frequency.
l) Break – stop your conversation & allow me to this net to transmit for an urgent
message.

PHONETIC ALPHABET: A N – NOVEMBER

– ALPHA O – OSCAR
B – BRAVO P - PAPA
C – CHARLIE Q - QUEBIC
D – DELTA R - ROMEO
E – ECHO S – SIERRA
F – FOXTROT T – TANGO
G - GULF U -UNIFORM
H - HOTEL V – VICTOR
I – INDIA W – WHISKY
J – JULIET X - X-RAY
K – KILO Y – YANKEE
L – LIMA Z - ZULU
M - MIKE

HANDOUTS ON THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

National Security – is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs our democratic way of life, our
institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well- being as a nation and people are permanently protected
and continuously enhanced.

Fundamental Elements: There are seven (7) fundamental elements that lie at the core which therefore further amplify
our definition of national security. At the same time, they constitute the most important challenges we face as a
nation and people.

1. Socio–Political Stability- We must achieve peace and harmony among all Filipinos, regardless of creed,
ethic origin or social station. The government and the people must engage in nation – building under the
rule of law, constitutional democracy and the full respect for human rights.

2. Territorial integrity- we must ensure the permanent inviolability of our nation territory and it’s effective control
by the government and the state.

3. Economic Solidarity and Strength – we must vigorously pursue a free – market economy through
responsible entrepreneurship based on social conscience, respect for the dignity of labor and concern for
the public interest.

4. Ecological Balance – national survival rests upon the effective conservation of our natural environmental in
the face of industrial and agricultural expansion and population growth.

5. Cultural Cohesiveness – our lives as a people must be ruled by a common set of values and believe
grounded on high moral and ethical standards, drawn from our heritage and embodying a Filipino standard
identity transcending religious, ethic and linguistic differences.

6. Moral–Spiritual Consensus – we must be propelled by a national vision inspired and manifested in our
words and deeds, by patriotism national pride and the advancement of national goals and objective.

7. External Peace – we must pursue constructive and cordial relations with all nations and peoples, even as
our nations itself must chart an independent course, free from external control, interference or threat or
aggression.

INTERNAL THREATS our national security environment is infused with the internal threats to our national security.

1. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)- a small band of highly mobile terrorists with suspected links to international
networks. Standing leaders of this bandits are splintered members of previously Southern Philippines
Secessionist Groups (SPSG).
2. The Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army/National Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)-
continuous to pose a serious threat to national security, although presently weakened in comparison with
their peak strength in the period 1985-87.

3. Organized Crime - is a national security concern. The challenge of illegal drugs in particular has grown into
a major threat to the national community.

4. Grave Incidence of Poverty -is also a serious threat to national security, especially to the extent that it
breeds rebellion, crime and dissidence. Poverty incidence affects about one-third (1/3) of Filipino
nationwide.

5. Economic Sabotage- undermines the market economy, the financial system and the nation’s resources.
Under this category are underground activities such as counterfeiting, money laundering, large-scale
smuggling, inter-oceanic poaching and commercial dumping.

6. Graft and Corruption -has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the huge scale by
which it saps public resources, undermines the morale of the civil service and affects the delivery of quality
basic services.

7. Severe Calamities - Cause serious food shortages, abet hoarding and profiteering tool stands at more than
thousands of lives lost and billions worth of property destroyed.

8. Persistent Environment Degradation –poses a long term security threat. The attrition of forest and
watersheds, air-land-water pollution and the proliferation of toxic substances are a cause of sickness, death
and the diminution of national productivity and well-being.

EXTERNAL THREATS

1. The multi lateral dispute over the Spratly Island, is a source of intermittent tensions, owing to the build-up
structures, believed to be military -oriented, by some claimant countries in the area.

2. The smuggling firearms and contraband, illegal migration and occasional movement of foreign terrorists
through the porous borders of our southwestern frontier have elicited transnational concern. Philippine law
enforcement agencies work closely with international police organizations, bilaterally and multilaterally, to
check these activities.

3. The lingering effects of the currency crisis affecting the countries within the Association of South East Asian
Nations (ASEAN) are a cause of regional anxieties which tend to aggravate the political instabilities and
socio-economic dislocations involving the poorest people.

4. The serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations keeps the world in a state of instability and
virtually on the brink or war in many places.

5. Ethnic, religious and cultural conflict pervades many regions and nations including our own. It is constantly
exacerbated by mass poverty, limited access to resources, denial of human rights, lack of national
integration and international issues.