I have argued that CSOs need to work collaboratively with other institutions in

order to increase the effectiveness of disaster management practices.44 Collaborative

disaster governance, which involves networks and partnership, is one important aspect

in managing complex emergencies (Kapucu et al., 2009; Kapucu et al., 2010; Kapucu

and Garayev, 2011; Tierney, 2012). It serves as "a function of increasing societal

complexity" which involves collective actions of many various institutions, be it

formal or informal (Mitchell, 2006). In the global Disaster Risk Reduction framework

of Hyogo and Sendai, partnership is also considered to be crucial (UNISDR, 2005,

2015). According to the Sendai Framework “partnerships play an additional important

role by harnessing the full potential of countries and supporting their national

capacities in disaster risk management and in improving the social, health and

economic well-being of individuals, communities and countries.” (UNISDR, 2015:

25).

Collaborative works will occur if all stakeholders have mutual trust and

understanding. This section demonstrates the contributions of the networks of major

CSOs, particularly the Humanitarian Forum Indonesia (HFI), in expanding their

networks in different forms of partnerships in disaster management practice in

Indonesia. The findings of this study reveal that these collaborative works took place

across all phases of disaster management (emergency response, preparedness and

mitigation) except recovery.