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Supervisor
SUPERVSIOR’S NAME

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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QURTUBA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION
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TECHNOLOGY
D. I. KHAN, K. P. K, PAKISTAN
MONTH, YEAR
 Title of the Thesis
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A thesis
Presented to the Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan
in partial fulfillment for the degree requirement of
Degree name Bachelors of Science
in
Electrical Engineering

Year of degree Year

completion

D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis,
including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. It is further declared,
that I have fulfilled all the requirements in line with the Quality Assurance guidelines of the
Higher Education Commission.
I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

Student #1 Name ______________________

Student #2 Name ______________________

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 Abstract Font: Time New Romna, Size: 14 pts

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 Acknowledgements Font: Time New
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We would first like to thank my FYP advisor (Supervisor Name) of the Department of
Electrical Engineering at Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I.
Khan. The door to (Supervisor Name)’s office was always open whenever we ran into a
trouble spot or had a questions about my project or writing. He steered us in the right the
direction whenever he thought we needed it.

Finally, we must express our very profound gratitude to our families and to oue friends for
providing us with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of
study and through the process of researching and writing this FYP report. This
accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

Authors:

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Student #2 Name ______________________

iii
 Font: Time New Roman, Size:
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iv
 Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts
Table of Contents
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION................................................................................................ i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii
Dedication (optional) ............................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii
List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. viii
Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Modelling the Complexity of Water and Wastewater Network Management ................ 1
1.2.1 Feedback loop in infrastructure deterioration (R1) .................................................. 2
1.2.2 Demonstration Model Simulations ........................................................................... 3
Chapter 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 4
2.1 Heading 2 ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 Heading 3 .................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 3. Material and Methodolgy ................................................................................. 5
3.1 Heading 2 ........................................................................................................................ 5
3.1.1 Heading 3 .................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 4. Results and Analysis ......................................................................................... 6
4.1 Heading 2 ........................................................................................................................ 6
4.1.1 Heading 3 .................................................................................................................. 6
Chapter 5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 7
5.1 Heading 2 ........................................................................................................................ 7
5.1.1 Heading 3 .................................................................................................................. 7
References ............................................................................................................................. 8

v
 List of Figures Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts

Figure 1.1: Feedback loops in water and wastewater network management. ........................... 2

vi
 List of Tables Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts

Table 1: Initial distribution of pipes in various Condition Groups. .......................................... 3

vii
 List of Acronyms Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts

GCV Gross Calorific Value

NCV Net Calorific Value

viii
 All chapter headings
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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Background Font: Time New Roman, Size: 14 pts, Left

aligned
Supply of clean drinking water and efficient disposal of wastewater are essential to
maintaining a high quality of life and promoting economic activity in a modern city. Reliable
provision of these services requires installation, operation and maintenance of expensive
infrastructure including water abstraction and treatment facilities, storage reservoirs,
watermain distribution networks, pumping stations, wastewater collection networks and
treatment plants. The value of these infrastructure assets in Ontario is estimated to be $72
billion (1). The earliest water and wastewater systems in Ontario were constructed around the
middle of nineteenth century. However, extension of these services across the province really
picked up in pace in the period following the World War II, and by 1983, 98% of Ontario’s
urban population had received coverage (2). This rapid expansion was made possible by the
grants that municipalities received from the federal and provincial governments. However,
the generous grants also encouraged municipal governments to install infrastructure systems
with unnecessarily large capacity (3). Furthermore, user fees for water and wastewater
services were designed so as to recover only the operating expenditures incurred on these
services (4). In general, no proactive measures were undertaken to recover capital costs so
that adequate resources would be available to finance the impending
replacement/rehabilitation of the ageing infrastructure. This approach was to some extent
motivated by the expectation of continuing flow of grants from the senior levels of
government (5).

1.2 Modelling the Complexity of Water and Wastewater Network

Management
In this chapter, first the complex interconnections and feedback loops between the
physical infrastructure, financial and consumer sectors, are demonstrated. Then the use and
application of system dynamics modeling for integrated water and wastewater network
pipeline asset management is described. This is the first known application of system

1
dynamics to self-sustaining water and wastewater asset management. This is then followed
by the development of a basic aggregated water and wastewater system dynamics
demonstration model that is used to model the significance of complex interconnections and
feedback loops on management decisions. A fully integrated water and wastewater model
can be developed that includes water and wastewater pipe network, access chambers
(manholes), laterals, valves, hydrants, and treatment plants, using the proposed system
dynamics approach. Font: Time New Roman, Size: 12 pts, Left
aligned
1.2.1 Feedback loop in infrastructure deterioration (R1)
Reinforcing loop R1 (Figure 1.1) represents the typical deterioration process for
physical infrastructure. It shows that the rate of deterioration of infrastructure is a function of
its existing condition, which in turn, determines the condition of the infrastructure. If the
condition of an infrastructure component increases (e.g., on a scale of 1-5, where 5 is a poor
state and 1 is the best state), an increase in the deterioration rate occurs

Infrastructure
Deterioration Rate
All figures centre aligned + R1
_
+
Infrastructure
Infrastructure Condition
Rehabilitation
+ + + B1
Capital _
All figure Service
Expenditures Pressure to Improve
captions placed Performance
Infrastructure Condition
below the B3 _
respective figures,
centre aligned, _
font: Times New _ User
_ _
Roman, Size: 12
Funds
Balance Fees B2 Willingness to
pts _ + + accept fee hike
Numbered R2 _
including chapter
Revenues Water R3
number Consumption
+ +
Operational
Expenditures

Figure 1.1: Feedback loops in water and wastewater network management.

2
 1.2.2 Demonstration Model Simulations
Table 1.1 provides the initial distribution of pipes in each condition group stock. All
pipes are assumed to have an average service life of 100 years. The initial and minimum
water demand are set at 300 and 200 litres per capita per day (lpcd) respectively. Capital and
operational expenditure unit prices are set at $1,000 and $50 per metre. These unit prices are
assumed constant during the simulations.

Table 1: Initial distribution of pipes in various Condition Groups.

Pipe Groups
Condition Condition Condition Condition Condition
20 40 60 80 100
Length (kilometers) 140 280 140 105 34

Fraction of Network (%) 20 40 20 15 5

All tables Center aligned

All table captions placed above the respective tables, center aligned, font:
Times New Roman, Size: 12 pts
Numbered including chapter number

3
 Chapter 2. Literature Review

2.1 Heading 2

2.1.1 Heading 3

2.1.1.1 Heading 4

4
Chapter 3. Material and Methodolgy

3.1 Heading 2

3.1.1 Heading 3

3.1.1.1 Heading 4

5
Chapter 4. Results and Analysis

4.1 Heading 2

4.1.1 Heading 3

4.1.1.1 Heading 4

6
Chapter 5. Conclusions

5.1 Heading 2

5.1.1 Heading 3

5.1.1.1 Heading 4

7
 References inside the text should be cited as continuous (across the chapters) numbers. The
referencing in-line needs to be enclosed inside parenthesis (____) when being cited inside the
text. References should be written in APA (6th Edition) format
References inside the text should be cited as continuous (across the chapters) numbers. The
References
referencing in-line needs to be enclosed inside parenthesis (____) when being cited inside the
text. References should be written in APA (6th Edition) format

References
References: (APA 6th Edition referencing style should be adopted)

Bentur, A., Mindness, S., Bentur, Arnon; Mindess, S., Bentur, A., & Mindness, S. (2007).
Cementitious Composites. Civil Engineering, 625.

Brandt, A. M. (1985). On the optimal direction of short metal fibres in brittle matrix
composites. Journal of Materials Science, 20(11), 3831–3841.

Chen, P.-W., & Chung, D. D. L. (1993). Concrete reinforced with up to 0.2 vol% of short
carbon fibres. Composites, 24(1), 33–52.

Chen, P.-W., Fu, X., & Chung, D. D. L. (1997). Microstructural and mechanical effects of
latex, methylcellulose, and silica fume on carbon fiber reinforced cement. ACI Materials
Journal, 94(2).

Chung, D. D. L. (2000). Cement reinforced with short carbon fibers: a multifunctional

material. Composites Part B: Engineering, 31(6), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-
8368(99)00071-2

Fu, X., Lu, W., & Chung, D. D. L. (1996). Improving the bond strength between carbon fiber
and cement by fiber surface treatment and polymer addition to cement mix. Cement and
Concrete Research, 26(7), 1007–1012.

Fu, X., Lu, W., & Chung, D. D. L. (1998). Improving the strain-sensing ability of carbon
fiber-reinforced cement by ozone treatment of the fibers. Cement and Concrete Research,
28(2), 183–187.

Futaba, D. N., Goto, J., Yamada, T., Yasuda, S., Yumura, M., & Hata, K. (2010). Outer-
specific surface area as a gauge for absolute purity of single-walled carbon nanotube forests.
Carbon, 48(15), 4542–4546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.08.036

Igarashi, S., & Kawamura, M. (1994). Doboku Gakkai Rombun-Hokokushu. In Proc. Japan
Soc. Civil Eng (Vol. 502, p. 83).

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Katz, A., & Li, V. C. (1995). Inclination Angle Effect of Carbon Fibers in Cementitious
Composites. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 121(12), 1340–1348.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:12(1340)

Lu, W., Fu, X., & Chung, D. D. L. D. L. (1998). A comparative study of the wettability of
steel, carbon, and polyethylene fibers by water. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(6), 783–
786. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00056-8

Park, J. K., Lee, J. Y., & Won, Y. G. (2008). Strengthening effect of the misaligned fibers on
high-temperature mechanical properties of spun-yarn type carbon composites. Composites
Science and Technology, 68(2), 551–556. https://doi.org/DOI
10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.06.010

Sáez de Ibarra, Y., Gaitero, J. J., Erkizia, E., & Campillo, I. (2006). Atomic force microscopy
and nanoindentation of cement pastes with nanotube dispersions. Physica Status Solidi (A),
203(6), 1076–1081. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200566166

Sugama, T., Kukacka, L. E., Carciello, N., & Stathopoulos, D. (1989). Interfacial reactions
between oxidized carbon fibers and cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 19(3), 355–
365.

Uomoto, T., & Katsuki, F. (1994). Doboku Gakkai Rombun-Hokokushu. Proc. Japan Soc.
Civil Engineers, 490(167), 1995.

Xu, Y., & Chung, D. D. L. (1999). Carbon fiber reinforced cement improved by using silane-
treated carbon fibers. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(5), 773–776.