† The amount of thermal energy required to change the state of substance is given by the

following formula :

Q=m×L

where, m = mass of the substance L = Latent heat of the substance

† The coefficient of linear expansion ( l ), superficial area expansion and volume expansion
( v) are defined by the

MORE ABOUT SOLID, LIQUID AND GASES

l T A T V T

† Surface Tension : A molecule of the liquid near the surface

relations : l

l ; A

; V v

is attracted by fewer molecules of the liquid (there is only

air on one side) then molecule deep inside. Therefore, the molecule of the free surface has less
attractive force than the deeper one, and so it is energetically unfavaourable for a liquid to have a
surface. This property of liquid surface is called surface tension.

† When the water touches the glass, it ‘rises up’ the glass surface then forms a concave
meniscus.

† Mercury behaves in a different manner. Mercury molecules are attracted more strongly to
other mercury molecules than they are attracted to glass molecules. Here, the cohesive force is
stronger than adhesive force. That is why, when mercury touches the glass surface, it ‘rises down’
the glass forming a convex meniscus.

† Pascal Law : When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted equally to all
parts of the fluid. This is called Pascal’s law.

† Pascal’s law holds, both for liquid and gases.