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TABLE OF
CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
CHRONOLOGY: A CONCISE HISTORY OF COSMIC DISCOVERY . . . . . . . 1
2800 BC to 1600 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1600 to 1700 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1900 to 2010 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
GLOSSARY WITH DATA TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
AUTHOR INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
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CONTINUED
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/FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF  0SJHJO  MJGFJOTJEF&BSUI 


/JUSPHFO  ‡  MJGFPO&BSUI 
/PCFM1SJ[F  ‡  MVOBSDSBUFST 
/PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFST  ‡  NBHOFUJDêFMET 
/POCBSZPOJDNBUUFS  ‡  .JMLZ8BZ 
/PO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ     ‡  .PPODSBUFST 
/POUIFSNBMTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO  ‡  PDFBOT 
/PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB   ‡  4PMBS4ZTUFN  
/PSUI4UBS  ‡  TQBDF 
/PSUIFSOMJHIUT  0SJPO/FCVMB   
/PWB   0TDJMMBUJOH6OJWFSTF 
‡  BOECJOBSZTUBST   040 
‡  BOEXIJUFEXBSGTUBS  0XM/FCVMB 
‡  "OESPNFEB/FCVMB   0YZHFO 
/VDMFBSFOFSHZ  0[POF 
‡  TUBST  ‡  EFQMFUJPO 
‡  4VO     ‡  EFTUSVDUJPOCZDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT 
/VDMFBSêTTJPO     0[POFIPMF    
‡  QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
/VDMFBSGVTJPO  0[POFMBZFS  
‡  JOTUBST 
‡  4VO  1BJSBOOJIJMBUJPO 
/VDMFBSSFBDUPS êSTUTFMGTVTUBJOJOH  1BMMBT 
/VDMFBSSFBDUJPOT XIJUFEXBSGTUBST  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
/VDMFPO  1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 
/VDMFPTZOUIFTJT  1BOTQFSNJB 
/VDMFPTZOUIFTJT #JH#BOH    1BSBMMBY 
/VDMFVT BUPN   ‡  TUBST 
‡  $PNFU)BMMFZ  1BSJT0CTFSWBUPSZ GPVOEBUJPO 
‡  MJRVJEESPQMFUBUPNNPEFM  1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ 
/VUBUJPO  1BSTFD 
1BVMJ&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF 
0TUBS  1FMJDBO/FCVMB  
0#BTTPDJBUJPOT  1FSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF 
‡  FYQBOTJPO  1FSJIFMJPO 
0CTFSWBUPJSFEF1BSJT GPVOEBUJPO  1FSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO 
0DDVMUBUJPO  ‡  $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBST  
0DFBOT PSJHJO  1FSNBOFODF 
0DLIBNTSB[PS  1FSTFJET 
0MCFSTQBSBEPY   1IJMPTPQIBFOBUVSBMJTQSJODJQJBNBBUIFNBUJB 
0MZNQVT.POT  1IPCPT 
0NFHB  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
0NFHB$FOUBVSJ  1IPUPFMFDUSJDFĒFDU 
0NFHB/FCVMB   1IPUPJPOJ[BUJPO 
0O$POUJOVFE(SBWJUBUJPOBM$POUSBDUJPO  1IPUPO  
JODI)PPLFSUFMFTDPQF     1IPUPOFOFSHZ 
JODI4IBOFUFMFTDPQF -JDL0CTFSWBUPSZ  1IPUPTQIFSF 
  ‡  EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 
0PSUDPNFUDMPVE   1IPUPTZOUIFTJT 
0QFODMVTUFS  1JDEV.JEJ0CTFSWBUPSZ 
0QFO6OJWFSTF  1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ 
0QQPSUVOJUZ.BST3PWFS   1MBHF 
0QQPTJUJPO  1MBODL.JTTJPO 
0QUJDBMSBEJBUJPO  1MBODLTDPOTUBOU  
0QUJDT   1MBOFU  
0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ  1MBOFUBSZNPUJPO ,FQMFSTMBXT  
0SJHJO DPOUJOFOUT  1MBOFUBSZOFCVMB  
‡  FMFNFOUTJO4VO  ‡  GPSCJEEFOUSBOTJUJPOT 
‡  HBMBYJFT   ‡  SFDPNCJOBUJPO  
‡  MJGF   1MBOFUBSZSJOHT EJTDPWFSZ 
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1MBOFUFTJNBM  143¢ 


1MBOFUT FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ  143  
‡  NBHOFUJDêFMET  143  
‡  PSCJUT  143  
‡  QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT  1UPMFNBJDDPTNPMPHZ 
‡  TBUFMMJUFT   1UPMFNZT6OJWFSTF  
1MBTNB  1VMTBSQMBOFUT EJTDPWFSZ 
1MBUFUFDUPOJDT   1VMTBST 
1MFJBEFT  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
1MVSBMJUZPGXPSMET     ‡  SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBST 
1MVUP   1VMTBUJOHTUBS 
‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
‡  PWFSTJ[FENPPO$IBSPO  2VBOESBOUJET 
1PMBSJT  2VBOUB  
1PMFTUBS  ‡  FOFSHZ 
1PMMVY  ‡  MJHIU 
1PQVMBUJPO*TUBST    2VBOUVNFMFDUSPEZOBNJDT 
1PQVMBUJPO**TUBST    2VBOUVNëVDUVBUJPO PSJHJOPG6OJWFSTF 
1PTJUSPO  2VBOUVNNFDIBOJDT 
‡  EJTDPWFSZ  ‡  $PQFOIBHFO*OUFSQSFUBUJPO 
‡  QSFEJDUJPO  2VBOUVNUIFPSZ   
1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFĒFDU  2VBSLT 
1SBFTFQF  2VBTBST 
1SFDFTTJPO   ‡  IPTUHBMBYJFT 
1SFDFTTJPOPGUIFFRVJOPYFT EJTDPWFSZ  ‡  TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFT  
1SFEJDUJPO CMBDLIPMF  ‡  $ 
‡  CMBDLIPMF9SBZSBEJBUJPO  ‡  $  
‡  DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO  2VBTJTUFMMBSSBEJPTPVSDFT 
‡  /FQUVOF  2VJOUFTTFODF 
‡  OFVUSJOP 
‡  OFVUSPO  3.POPDFSPUJT 
‡  QPTJUSPO  3BEBS  
‡  SBEJPSBEJBUJPOJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO 3BEBSBTUSPOPNZ 
BUPNT  3BEJBMWFMPDJUZ 
‡  TPMBSOFVUSJOPT  3BEJBOU 
‡  TPMBSXJOE  3BEJBUJPO 
1SJNF.FSJEJBO  ‡  CMBDLCPEZ  
1SJNFWBMBUPN  ‡  QSFTTVSF 
1SJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT  ‡  UIFSNBM  
1SJODJQJB   3BEJBUJPOCFMUT  
1SJODJQMFPG$PNQMFNFOUBSJUZ  3BEJBUJWF[POF 
1SJODJQMFTPG1IZTJDBM(FPMPHZ  3BEJPBTUSPOPNZ 
1SPDZPO  3BEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPO TPMBSJOUFSGFSFODF 
‡  VOTFFODPNQBOJPO  ‡  USBOT"UMBOUJD 
1SPNJOFODF  3BEJPHBMBYZ 
1SPQFSNPUJPO  ‡  $ZHOVT" 
‡  TUBST  ‡  TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFT 
1SPTUZTIJK4QVUOJL  3BEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS 
1SPUPO   3BEJPQVMTBS  
1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO    ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
1SPUPOQSPUPOSFBDUJPO  ‡  SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBS 
1SPUPQMBOFU  3BEJPSBEJBUJPO 
1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLT  ‡  DPSPOB 
‡  #FUB1JDUPSJT  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
‡  0SJPO/FCVMB  ‡  FYUSBHBMBDUJD 
‡  7FHB  ‡  JOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFOBUPNT 
1SPUPTUBS  ‡  JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT 
1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ  ‡  +VQJUFS  
143   ‡  .JMLZ8BZ 
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3BEJPSBEJBUJPO  RVBTBST  3PXMBOEHSBUJOH 


‡  TPMBSëBSFT  3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ 
‡  4VO   ‡  1SJNF.FSJEJBO 
3BEJPUFMFTDPQF  3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZPG&OHMBOE GPVOEBUJPO 
3BEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT  3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI 
3BEJPBDUJWJUZ      33-ZSBF 
3BEJVT #FUFMHFVTF  3VOBXBZ4UBS 
‡  &BSUI  395&  
‡  NBJOTFRVFODFTUBST 
3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD 4BHJUUBSJVT"  
*NBHFS   4BIBJPOJ[BUJPOFRVBUJPO 
3FDPNCJOBUJPO  4BUFMMJUFT 
3FEEFOJOH  ‡  MBSHF 
3FEEXBSGTUBS  ‡  .BST 
3FEHJBOU  ‡  QMBOFUT  
3FETIJѫ  4BUVSO  
3FETIJѫBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFEJBHSBN HBMBYJFT  ‡  QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT 
3FETVQFSHJBOU  ‡  SJOHT    
3FëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF    4BUVSO/FCVMB 
3FëFDUJPO  4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF  
3FëFDUJPOOFCVMBF   4DISÕEJOHFSXBWFFRVBUJPO 
3FëFDUPSUFMFTDPQF  4DIXBS[TDIJMENFUSJD 
3FGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQF  4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT  
3FGSBDUJPO  4DJOUJMMBUJPO 
3FGSBDUPSUFMFTDPQF  4DPSQJVT9 
3FHPMJUI  4FBëPPSTQSFBEJOH  
3FHVMVT  4FBTPO  
3FMBUJWJTUJD  4FFJOH 
3FTPMVUJPO  4FWFO4JTUFST 
3FUSPHSBEFMPPQT  4FWFOUI0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 
‡  $PQFSOJDBO6OJWFSTF  4FYUBOU 
‡  1UPMFNBJD6OJWFSTF  4FZGFSUHBMBYJFT  
3FUSPHSBEFPSCJUBMNPUJPO  4IBOFUFMFTDPQF 
3FUSPHSBEFSPUBUJPO  4IBQMFZ$VSUJTEFCBUF 
3)&44*   4IPDLXBWFT 
3JHFM  ‡  TVQFSOPWB 
3JHIUBTDFOTJPO  4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU 
3JHJM,FOUBVSVT  4IPPUJOHTUBST 
3JQQMFT DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJB 4IPSUQFSJPEDPNFU 
UJPO  4JEFSFBMUJNF 
3JOH/FCVMB  4JEFSFVTOVODJPT 
3JOHT  4JEJOH4QSJOH0CTFSWBUPSZ 
3JOHT /FQUVOF  4JOHVMBSJUZ 
‡  4BUVSO   ‡  CMBDLIPMF  
‡  6SBOVT  4JSJVT 
3PDIFMJNJU    ‡  PCTFSWBUJPOPGGBJOUDPNQBOJPO 
3PDIFMPCF  ‡  VOTFFODPNQBOJPO 
3PDLFU MJRVJEQSPQFMMFE  ‡  XIJUFEXBSGDPNQBOJPO 
3¸OUHFO4"5FMMJUF    4*35'  
304"5    $ZHOJ  
3PTFUUF/FCVMB   ‡  EJTUBODF 
3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS   4LZ CMVFDPMPS 
3PUBUJPO  4LZMBC  
‡  CMBDLIPMF  4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ  
‡  (BMBYZ   4MPBO(SFBU8BMM HBMBYJFT 
‡  .FSDVSZ  4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE 
‡  .JMLZ8BZ  4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM
‡  4VO  0CTFSWBUPSZ 
‡  7FOVT  4..   
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4/"  4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJB    


‡  EJTDPWFSZ  4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZ   
‡  OFVUSJOPT  4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF 
4/0   4QBDFXFBUIFS 
4Pѫ9SBZT  4QBDF 5JNFBOE(SBWJUBUJPO 
40)0    4QBDFUJNF 
4PMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF  4QFDJBMUIFPSZPGSFMBUJWJUZ   
‡  BOEDPTNJDSBZT  4QFDUSBMMJOFT 
4PMBS"   ‡  BOETUFMMBSMVNJOPTJUZ 
40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ    4QFDUSPHSBQI 
  4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI  
4PMBSBUNPTQIFSF  4QFDUSPIFMJPTDPQF 
4PMBS#  4QFDUSPTDPQF 
4PMBSDPOTUBOU   4QFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBST  
‡  WBSJBUJPOT  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
4PMBSDPSF  4QFDUSPTDPQJDQBSBMMBY 
4PMBSDZDMF  4QFDUSPTDPQZ 
4PMBSFDMJQTF    4QFDUSVN 
‡  .BZ  ‡  CMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO  
‡  UPUBM  ‡  FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD 
4PMBSëBSFT EJTDPWFSZ   4QJDB 
‡  NBHOFUJDFOFSHZ  ‡  FDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBS 
‡  NBHOFUJDSFDPOOFDUJPO  4QJDVMF 
‡  NPEFM  4QJSBMBSNT 
‡  SBEJPSBEJBUJPO  ‡  .JMLZ8BZ   
‡  XIJUFMJHIU  4QJSBMHBMBYZ 
4PMBSNBTT  ‡  EBSLIBMP  
4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO    ‡  EBSLNBUUFS 
4PMBS/FCVMB   4QJSBMOFCVMBF 
4PMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN    ‡  EJTDPWFSZPGFYJTUFODF 
4PMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN TPMWFE  ‡  EJTDPWFSZPGFYUSBHBMBDUJDOBUVSF 
4PMBSOFVUSJOPT DIBOHFUZQF  ‡  EJTDPWFSZPGMBSHFSFDFTTJPOWFMPDJUJFT  
‡  EFUFDUJPO  ‡  MBSHFSFDFTTJPOBMWFMPDJUJFT 
‡  QSFEJDUJPO  ‡  QIPUPHSBQIZ 
4PMBSQBSBMMBY  ‡  VCJRVJUPVTOBUVSF 
4PMBS4ZTUFN  4QJSJU.BST3PWFS  
‡  BHF  4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF    
‡  GPSNBUJPO   4QÕSFSTMBX 
‡  PSJHJO  4QÕSFSTNJOJNVN 
4PMBSUJNF  4QSFBEJOHTFBëPPS 
4PMBSUSBOTJU 7FOVT  4QSJOHUJEF 
4PMBSXJOE    4QVUOJL 
‡  IFMJVNBCVOEBODF  4QZHMBTT JOWFOUJPO 
‡  PSJHJO  44   
‡  QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT  445   
‡  QSFEJDUJPO  4UBSDMVTUFS 
‡  TBNQMFECZ-VOB  4UBSTUSFBNJOH 
4PMBSZFBS  4UBSTUSFBNT 
4PMTUJDF  4UBSCVSTUHBMBYZ 
4PVUIFSODSPTT  4UBSEVTUDPNFUNJTTJPO  
4QBDFDVSWBUVSF   4UBSMJHIU JOUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPO  
‡  CZNBTT   4UBST  
4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF'BDJMJUZ   ‡  BCTPSQUJPOPGMJHIU 
4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO  ‡  BDDSFUJPO 
4QBDFNJTTJPOT  ‡  BOHVMBSEJBNFUFS 
4QBDF PSJHJO  ‡  CJOBSZ 
4QBDF3BDF  ‡  CSJHIUFTU 
4QBDF4IVUUMF"UMBOUJT    ‡  DBUBMPHVFT   
4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFS    ‡  EJTUBODF   
 4VCKFDU*OEFY 

4UBST  EXBSG  4VO  EJTUBODF  


‡  FWPMVUJPO  ‡  FDMJQTF 
‡  HJBOU  ‡  FOFSHZTPVSDF 
‡  )FOSZ%SBQFS$BUBMPHVF  ‡  FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ 
‡  MVNJOPTJUZGSPNTQFDUSBMMJOFT  ‡  'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT 
‡  NBJOTFRVFODF  ‡  IFMJVN 
‡  NBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO   ‡  IZESPHFO  
‡  NPUJPO  ‡  JEFOUJêDBUJPOPGBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT 
‡  OFBSFTU  ‡  NBHOFUJDDZDMF 
‡  OVDMFBSFOFSHZ   ‡  NBHOFUJDEZOBNP 
‡  OVDMFBSGVTJPO  ‡  NJMMJPOEFHSFFDPSPOB 
‡  QBSBMMBY  ‡  OFVUSJOPTEFUFDUFE 
‡  QIPUPHSBQIJDTQFDUSB  ‡  OVDMFBSFOFSHZ    
‡  QMBOFUT  ‡  OVDMFBSGVTJPO 
‡  QPQVMBUJPOT  ‡  QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT 
‡  QSPQFSNPUJPO  ‡  QMBTNBFKFDUJPOT 
‡  QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLT     ‡  SBEJPCVSTUT 
‡  SBEJVT  ‡  SBEJPëBSFT 
‡  TZOUIFTJTPGFMFNFOUT   ‡  SBEJPSBEJBUJPO  
‡  WBSJBCMF  ‡  TQBDFDVSWBUVSFBOEEFMBZPGSBEJPTJHOBMT 
‡  XJUI+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUT  ‡  TVOTQPUDZDMF 
4UFBEZ4UBUF$PTNPMPHZ   ‡  9SBZSBEJBUJPO   
‡  JODPOTJTUFOUXJUISBEJPHBMBYZFWPMVUJPO  4VODFOUFSFEDPTNPMPHZ  
4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU  4VOMJHIU BOEJDFBHFT 
4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX   4VOMJLFTUBST XJUI+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUT 
4UFMMBSBDDSFUJPO  4VOTQPUT   
4UFMMBSBDUJWJUZ  ‡  BOEBVSPSBT 
4UFMMBSBTTPDJBUJPOT FYQBOTJPO  ‡  BOEDPTNJDSBZTBU&BSUI 
4UFMMBSCMBDLIPMF   ‡  BOETPMBSSPUBUJPO 
4UFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO   ‡  CJQPMBSQBJST 
4UFMMBSFOFSHZ    ‡  NBHOFUJDêFMET 
4UFMMBSFWPMVUJPO   ‡  .BVOEFS.JOJNVN 
‡  HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF   4VOTQPUDZDMF  
4UFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT  ‡  BOEHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT 
4UFMMBSXJOE  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
45&3&0  4VQFSDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT   
4UFXBSE0CTFSWBUPSZ  4VQFSHJBOU 
4UPOFIFOHF  4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 
4UPOZNFUFPSJUF  4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF  
4USBUPTQIFSF  4VQFSMVNJOBMKFUT 
4USJOHT  4VQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO 
4USJOHUIFPSZ  4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF 
4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT  ‡  . 
4USÕNHSFOTQIFSF  ‡  RVBTBST 
4USPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF  ‡  SBEJPHBMBYJFT 
454D*  4VQFSOPWB$PTNPMPHZ1SPKFDU 
4VCBSVUFMFTDPQF  4VQFSOPWBF  
4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ   ‡  BDDFMFSBUJPOPGDPTNJDSBZT 
4VO m ‡  IJTUPSJDBM 
‡  BCTPSQUJPOMJOFT  ‡  OFVUSJOPFOFSHZMPTT 
‡  BCVOEBODFPGFMFNFOUT  ‡  OFVUSJOPT 
‡  BCVOEBOUFMFNFOUT  ‡  SBEJPBDUJWFOJDLFM 
‡  CFOEJOHPGTUBSMJHIU    ‡  TIPDLXBWFT 
‡  DPNQPTJUJPO  4VQFSOPWB" m
‡  DPSPOBMFNJTTJPOMJOFT  4VQFSOPWB4/" EJTDPWFSZ 
‡  DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO    4VQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 
‡  EFëFDUJPOPGTUBSMJHIU  ‡  $SBC/FCVMB 
‡  EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO  ‡  5ZDIP 
‡  EJTDPWFSZPGIFMJVN  4VQFSTPOJD 
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4XJѫTQBDFDSBѫ  5PUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO 


4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU  5PUBMJOUFOTJUZSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS 
4ZNCJPUJDTUBS  53"$&  
4ZODISPOPVTPSCJU  5SBOTJU 
4ZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO  5SBOTJU 7FOVTBDSPTT4VO   
4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO  5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPOBOE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS  
‡  $SBC/FCVMB  
‡  .KFU  5SBQF[JVN 
4ZODISPUSPOSBEJPSBEJBUJPO .JMLZ8BZ  5SJBOHVMBUJPO 
4ZOUIFTJT DBSCPOJOTUBST  5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZ 
‡  FMFNFOUTJO#JH#BOH    5SJêE/FCVMB  
‡  FMFNFOUTJOTUBST  5SJHPOPNFUSJDQBSBMMBY 
‡  IFBWZFMFNFOUTGSPNMJHIUFMFNFOUT  5SJQMFBMQIBQSPDFTT 
‡  IFMJVNJO#JH#BOH  5SJUPO 
4ZSUJT.BKPS  5SPKBOBTUFSPJE 
5SPQPTQIFSF  
55BVSJ  5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO  
55BVSJTUBST  5VOOFMFĒFDU   
5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB   5XFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF  
5FDUPOJDT   5XP%FHSFF'JFME BCCSFWJBUFEE' (BMBYZ3FE
5FMFTDPQF   m TIJѫ4VSWFZ 
‡  CJHHFTUPQUJDBM  JODI NFUFS
)BMFUFMFTDPQF    
‡  JOWFOUJPO  .BST0EZTTFZ 
‡  SFëFDUJOH  5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU  
‡  SFëFDUPS  5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWB 
‡  SFGSBDUPS  5ZQF**TVQFSOPWB 
5FNQFSBUVSF  
‡  BCTPMVUF  6IVSV.JTTJPO    
‡  CMBDLCPEZ  6MUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO  
‡  DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO  6MZTTFT.JTTJPO  
‡  ,FMWJOTDBMF  6NCSB 
5FSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT  6ODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF  
ѮF$SFBUJPO )BZEO  6OJUFE,JOHEPN*OGSBSFE5FMFTDPQF 
ѮF&YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF  6OJUFE4UBUFT/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ 
ѮF*OUFSOBM$POTUJUVUJPOPG4UBST  6OJWFSTBMUJNF 
ѮF0SJHJOPG$IFNJDBM&MFNFOUT  6OJWFSTF 
ѮF0SJHJOPG-JGFPO&BSUI  ‡  BDDFMFSBUFEFYQBOTJPO 
ѮF0SJHJOPG4QFDJFTCZ.FBOTPG/BUVSBM4FMFDUJPO ‡  CBSZPOEFOTJUZ 
PSUIF1SFTFSWBUJPOPG'BWPSFE3BDFTJOUIF ‡  DPOUSBDUJOH 
4USVHHMFGPS-JGF  ‡  $PQFSOJDBO  
ѮF3FBMNPGUIF/FCVMBF  ‡  &JOTUFJOmEF4JUUFS 
ѮF4UBSSZ.FTTFOHFS  ‡  FYQBOEJOH  
ѮFSNBMCSFNTTUSBIMVOH  ‡  FYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO 
ѮFSNBMFOFSHZ  ‡  NBTTEFOTJUZ 
ѮFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN  ‡  NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBM 
ѮFSNBMHBT  ‡  PSJHJOJORVBOUVNëVDUVBUJPO 
ѮFSNBMSBEJBUJPO   ‡  1UPMFNBJD  
ѮFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPO  6SBOVT  
ѮJSE0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ  ‡  EJTDPWFSZ 
ѮPNBT8SJHIU NPEFMPG.JMLZ8BZ   ‡  QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT 
5JEFT   ‡  SJOHT 
5JNF  67$FUJ 
5JNF CFHJOOJOH 
5JNFEJMBUJPO  7BDVVN  
5JUBO   7BO"MMFOSBEJBUJPOCFMUT  
‡  BUNPTQIFSF   7BSJBCMFTUBST  
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‡  TPVOE  8FTUFSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF 
‡  TQJSBMOFCVMBF  8IBUJT-JGF  
7FMPDJUZEJTUBODFSFMBUJPO HBMBYJFT m   8IJSMQPPMHBMBYZ 
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‡  TPMBSUSBOTJU   8*.1 
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