External Field Produced by a Cylindrical Electromagnet

BY CARY T. HUTCHINSON
Consulting Engineer, New York, Í. Y.

AND

HAROLD PENDER
U n i v e r s i t y ot P e n n s y l v a n i a , Philadelphia

I N some investigations by the authors during the

Great War occasion arose to solve the following
problems:
netizing force at a given point on its axis (extended)
be increased by using a tapered core (e. g., cone-shaped
ends) instead of a core of uniform cross-section?
PROBLEM A . Given the dimensions and permea- Answer: For the same volume of core and same
bility of a straight cylindrical iron core, how many number of ampere-turns, a tapered core will give a
ampere-turns, uniformly distributed over the length slightly greater magnetizing force, but the difference
of the core, are required to produce a given magnetiz- is so small that it is doubtful whether the slight gain
ing force (magnetic field intensity) at a point on the from a tapered core would justify the extra cost.
axis of the core at a distance from its center large in The method of arriving at the above conclusions
comparison with its length? is given in detail in the following paragraphs.
Answer:
MAGNETIZING FORCE AT EXTERNAL POINT ON
6.37 x / 1 3 Κ \ AXIS OF CORE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF THE
Ampere-turns = — j | — +
2 — jÇ
AVERAGE FLUX IN THE CORE

where The strength of the magnetic pole at an area d S

Ç = magnetizing force, in gilberts per cm., of the surface of a piece of iron or other magnetic
substance (the surrounding medium being non-mag-
χ = distance of point from center of core,
in centimeters, netic) is
d diameter of core, in centimeters,
ì average permeability of core, in c. g. s. d m ="A* (1 _ ι/ì ) d)
electromagnetic units,
ρ = ratio of the length of the core to its where d ö is the magnetic flux (number of lines of
diameter, magnetic force) through this area and ì is the per-
ê =. a factor whose value depends upon the meability of the iron just inside this surface. In 1

value of p, and given by the lower this formula all quantities are in c. g. s. electromagnetic
curve in Fig. 6. units. When the permeability is 100 or more c. g. s.
PROBLEM B . When the core is excited by means electromagnetic units, equation (1) becomes, with an
of an alternating current, how many volt-amperes error of less than 1 per cent,
are required to produce a given maximum magnetizing
αö
force at a point on the axis of the core at a distance dm = (la)
from its center large in comparison with its length? 4 7Ã

Answer: The magnetizing force (or magnetic field intensity)

ôô j x
2 Q t 1 Κ \ r r
at any point Ñ at a distance χ from a pole of strength
Volt-amperes = γ— y— ~ì + ~ ú~)
ρ H * x 10~ 7
d m, due directly to this pole, is, in c. g. s. electro-
magnetic units,
where
d m
/ = frequency of current, in cycles per second, dH = (2)
V = volume of core in cubic centimeters
and other symbols as in Problem A . irrespective of the nature of the medium in which the
PROBLEM C . What disposition of the winding on point Ñ is located. Hence, at a point Ñ at a distance
the core will require the least number of volt-amperes χ from an area d S in the surface of a magnet, through
for a given magnetizing force at the given point; which area passes d ö lines of force, the magnetic
i. e., should the winding be uniform, concentrated at pole at this area produces a magnetizing force
the center of the core, or concentrated at the ends? Üö
Answer: For maximum external field per volt- dH = (3)
4 ðá: 2
ampere of excitation, the winding should cover the
entire length of core and be uniformly distributed. The magnetic poles on a straight iron core, even
PROBLEM D . For a given number of volt-amperes, 1. See Pender, Harold, Electricity and Magnetism for Engineers,
and given weight of core, by how much will the mag- (1918,) p . 2 4 1 .

822
Sept. 1920
though it be relatively long compared with its dia-
meter, are in general not confined to its end surfaces,
but are distributed over its lateral walls as well. That
is, an appreciable proportion of the total flux through
the core passes out through its lateral walls, so that
the flux through successive cross-sections of the core
diminishes with the distance of the given cross-section
from the center of the core, as shown in Fig. 1.
Center of Core
FIG.
Consider the special case (Fig. 2) of a point Ñ which
is on the axis of a straight core of length I, and at such
a distance χ from its center that ( l/x ) is negligible
in comparison with unity. Consider an elementary
length d ζ of this core at a distance ζ from its center
and in its north pole half. Let d ö be the flux which
passes through the lateral walls of this elementary
fa z3-
* V
FIG.
length, viz., d ö is the difference between the flux
through the cross-section which is at a distance ζ
from the center of the core and the flux through the
cross-section at the distance (z + d z) from the center.
Then the magnetizing force at Ρ due to the pole on
the lateral walls of the length d ζ is
Üö
d H
« = 4ôô(æ-æ)
Similarly, the magnetizing force at Ρ due to the pole
on the lateral walls of an elementary length d ζ at a
distance ζ from the center of the magnet, but in its
south pole half, is
Üö
d H s =
~ 4 ôô (x + zy
The resultant magnetizing force at Ρ d
two elementary lengths is then
d ö Ã 1
d H =
4 ôô L (x - zy
When a is so large in comparison with ζ that ( — - — ^
may be neglected in comparison with unity, as is
HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD 823
here assumed, this equation becomes
zd ö
dH = (5a)
7à ×ü
The resultant magnetizing force at! Ñ due to the
magnetic poles on the entire lateral surface of the
core is the integral of this expression between the
limits ζ = 0 and ζ = 1/2. Hence the resultant
magnetizing force at Ñ due to the poles on the entire
surface of the core is (see Fig. 1)
Η = X (Area BCDO)
7Ã X6
The area BCDO, however, is equal to the average
value of the flux through the core (i. e., the average
1
ordinate of the curve Β C) multiplied b y one-half
the length of the core. Let this average flux be desig-
nated ö . Then the resultant magnetizing force at
á
Ñ is
2
l ö α
Η = gilberts per cm. (6)
2wx 3
where I is the length of the core, in centimeters, χ is
the distance of the point Ñ from the center of the
core, in centimeters; and ö is the average flux through
the core in maxwells. 2
á
Hence the magnetizing force produced at any point
2
on the axis of a straight core at a distance from its
center great in comparison with its length is (1) directly
proportional to the length of the core, (2) directly
proportional to the average flux through the core, and
(3) inversely proportional to the cube of the distance
of the point from the center of the core.
In order to check this formula, and others which
will be given subsequently, an iron core solenoid was
constructed as follows: The core was a bundle of
2 ( 4 )
272 straight, soft iron wires. The cross-section of
the bundle was practically circular. The length of
the core was 102 centimeters. The total cross-
section of iron in the core was 8.45 square centimeters.
As the ' 'effective' ' diameter of the core is taken the
diameter of a circle of this same radius, viz.,
4 X 8.45
d 7Ã
3.28 centimeters.
to these
The core was uniformly wound throughout its Ë
1 º
length (except the last two centimeters at each end)
with a total of 735 turns of insulated copper wire
(x + zy J (No. 12 A. W . G. ) . This winding was divided
zd ö into 21 coils, with both terminals of each coil brought
(5) out to binding posts. With this arrangement the core
could be excited with any number of coils in series,
or different currents could be sent through the several
coils in order to make any desired distribution of the
ampere-turns.
2. T h e gilbert per centimeter is the same as the c. g. s. electro-
m a g n e t i c unit of m a g n e t i c field intensity.
824 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD Journal A . I. E . E-

The flux through the successive cross-sections of the C o i l N o 1&21 2&20 3&19 4&18 5&17 6to 16
5.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6
core was measured b y means of an exploring coil and LA emnpget rhe so f c o i l , c m . . 51.0 2.70 2.00 1.50 1.10 0.84

ballistic galvanometer. The magnetizing force at a

point on the axis of the core, 315 centimeters from its The 21 coils were numbered consecutively from one
center, was measured b y means of a magnetometer. end of the core t o the other. T h e same distribution
of ampere-turns would have been obtained from a
16.000
series winding of 21 coils, had the coils had the follow-
\
ing numbers of turns; 3

\
Hpoo
Coil N o 1&21 2&20 3&19 4&18 5&17 6&16

Turns per coil 2130 112 83 63 46 35

12,000 T u r n s per c m 402 24 18 14 10 7.6
Λ
F ield Stre n g t h a t 3 15 cm.
\
UJ \ F l u x IDensity
# 10,000
f rom Cen er of C o re,
at Point on Axis; The total number of coils in this equivalent winding

\ is 5253, and the equivalent current is 0.84 amperes.

< ay Magn etometer
0.047 5 Gauss
i 8000
In Table I are given the calculated and observed
\
ζ

\
ο
values of the magnetizing force at a point on the axis
§ 6000
IL. of the core 315 centimeters from its center.
¸

\
õ
g 100 4000
ο.
to
ζ
3 50 2000 - 9 9 cm.-
Wr/7/Λ
±
H il
/ T o t a l \mpere-t u r n s ^
! 21 2(j 19 H 1 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 â 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
( (

4400
Location of Primary Coils on Core
10 10 • 50 (5-turn Secondary over Center of
CENTIMETERS each Primary) ~" ^

FIG. 3
Field Strength at 315 cm
from Center of Magnet,
In Figs. 3, 4 and 5 are shown the flux distribution at Point on Axis,
by Magnetometer
in the core for three different distributions of the 1
0.0279 Gauss

ampere-turns. Fig. 3 shows the flux distribution for or 2 0 0

a current of 5.98 amperes in the winding when all Flux Density

18000

È 4000 i 100 Ampere-turns.

Ampere-turns = 4470 '
16,000
. per Cm.

14,000
Field Strength at 315 cm. IFlux Density
from Center of Magnet,
1 at Point on Axis, 50 -40-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
12000 CENTIMETERS
by Magnetometer
0

= 0.0491 Gauss
ï
FIG. 5
510.000

T A B L E I

Magnetizing force

Flux distribution Average

flux Calculated Observed

* 100 4000

> T o t a l Ampere-turns:
\ Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
99,000
101,000
51,000
0.051
0.052
0.026
0.048
0.049
0.028
50 2000
= 4430

V/, ,. Considering the difficulty in making accurate magneto-

-30 -10 0 10
CENTIMETERS
30
meter measurements, the agreement between the
observed and calculated values is as good as could be
FIG. 4
expected.
the coils were connected in series (uniform distribu- AVERAGE F L U X IN CORE D U E ÔÏ A GIVEN NUMBER
tion of ampere-turns). Fig. 4 shows the flux dis- OF UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED AMPERE-TURNS
tribution for a current of 11.5 amperes in the 11 coils The resultant magnetomotive force acting in any
(total of 385 turns) covering the central half of the line of force is always equal to the line integral of the
core. magnetizing force (H) completely around the closed
Fig. 5 shows the flux distribution when the 21 coils
3. T h e s e equivalent turns are taken proportional t o the actual
were connected in parallel, with a suitable resistance
currents in the coils. T h e actual n u m b e r of turns in each of the
in series with each, and the currents in these coils coils w a s 3 5 . H e n c e the equivalent turns in coil N o . 1 are
adjusted to give practically the same flux through each
cross-section of the core. The currents in the coils 5 ! £ X 3 5 > 2 1 3 0 .
were as follows:
 Sept. 1920 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD 825

path formed by this line, viz., As a first approximation', the magnetic poles pro-
duced on a core of uniform cross-section, magnetized
Hdx by a solenoid completely covering it, may be assumed
•j (7)
to be distributed in the same manner as the poles
where Ν I is the number of current-turns which link induced by a uniform field on an ellipsoid of revolu-
this line of force and an elementary length in the
line of force. In this expression all quantities are
in c. g. s. electromagnetic units. When I is expressed
in amperes, Η in ampere-turns per centimeter (or inch)
and χ in centimeters (or inches) this expression becomes

NI Hdx (7a)
-s
Consider the special case of an iron core of length
I and diameter d magnetized by a coil of Ν turns,
uniformly distributed over its length. Referring to
Fig. 2, let H s be the* magnetizing force at any point Ñ 0 20 40 60 80 100
VALUES OF P
on the axis of the core (inside or outside the space
FIG. 6
occupied by it), which the current in the solenoid
which forms the winding would produce were there
no iron present. The value of this magnetizing force tion, whose length and maximum diameter are respec-
in c. g. s. electromagnetic units is tively equal to the length and diameter of the rod, and
4

in which the flux through the central cross-section has

2 t N I χ + 0.51 the same value as the flux through the central cross-
H =·
I section of the given core. Compare the dotted curve
9

Vr + (x + 0.5 I) 2 2

in Fig. 6 showing the flux distribution in such an

x-0.51 ellipsoid, with the full line curve showing the actual
(8) distribution in a rod of uniform cross-section. On
Vr + (x- 0.5 I) 2 2 1

this assumption it may be shown that, when I is 5

Let H be the magnetizing force at Ρ due to the greater than 10 d,

m

magnetic poles at the surface of the core. Then the

resultant magnetizing force at Ρ is
Η = H s *+ H
Equation (7), applied to this particular case, then
becomes
oo

1/2
Η ,dχ =• I
m
luge
21
- 1

where B is the flux density at the center of the core.

J
J
c

oo In this formula all quantities are in c. g. s. electro-

(9) magnetic units.
(H + 8 H )dx
m

Put
ï
which may also be written
RI/2 lOge - 1 (12)
4 ôô Ν I = 2 (H +H )dxs m
I d
J ï

J
also, let H be the average value of the resultant
a

co magnetizing force inside the core. Then equation (10)

+ 2 (H +H )dx
s m
may be written
1/2 4 ôô Ν I = (H +Ki B ) I (13)
When the length of the magnetizing solenoid is a c

The average flux through a uniformly magnetized

10 or more times its diameter, it may readily be shown,
ellipsoid of revolution is equal to 2/3 of the flux through
by integrating equation (8), that

J
its central cross-section. This follows from the fact
oo that the flux through any given cross-section is in-
H dx
8
less than 1 per cent of 4 π Ν I versely proportional to the area of this cross-section.
1/2 Hence, on the assumption that the poles on the given
Hence, for a core whose length is 10 or more times its core are distributed in the same manner as the poles
diameter, equation (9) becomes on a uniformly magnetized ellipsoid, the flux density

J
l/2 Γ00
B at the center of the core is equal to 3/2 times the
c

(10) average flux density B in the core. (The actual ratio

a

for the rod in Fig. 3 is 1.36 instead of 1.50). On

Hdx + 2 H d:
m
4. (See Pender, " E l e c t r i c i t y and M a g n e t i s m for E n g i n e e r s , " 5 . D u B o i s , " T h e M a g n e t i c Circuit in T h e o r y and Practise/'
J 1/2
Part I, p . 2 3 1 ) . (1896), p . 38.
826 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD Journal Á . I. Å . E .

this assumption, equation (13) may be written This last expression is the total reluctance of the path
4 ð Ν I = (H + 3/2 K B ) I a (13a) x a of the flux through the core, including both the re-
Therefore, on the assumptions above stated, the luctance of the core itself and the reluctance of the
magnetomotive force required to magnetize a core, return circuit of the flux through the surrounding air.
by means of a uniformly wound solenoid concentric The reluctance of the core itself is
with it and of the same length as the core, is 4Î
Ri (21)
ð ì d 2

4 ð iV I = ÎH a + — Â
a )l (14)
It is interesting to note that when the permeability
where of the core is high, its reluctance is but a small fraction
of the total reluctance of the complete magnetic
Length of core
Ñ = (15) circuit, even though the rod be relatively long. For
Diameter of core example, when ì = 1000 and ñ = 20,
and
_3_
Κ = ( l o g 2 p - 1) (16) Ä< ì 0.001
2 e
= 0.0975
R ê
i l l
0.001 +
In these equations I is in absamperes; I is the length
ì + 400
of the core, in centimeters; d is the diameter of the
core, in centimeters; H is the average value of the
a That is, under these conditions the reluctance of the
resultant magnetizing force in the core, in gilberts per rod itself is only 9.75 per cent of the total reluctance
centimeter; and B is the average flux density in the
a of the complete magnetic circuit.
core, in gausses, viz., The data given in Fig. 3 serves as an experimental
4 ö check of equations (19) and (20). The permeability
á

B = (17) of the core was not measured, but a fair assumption

a
7Ã d2

is that it is approximately 1000. The value o f ñ for

where ö is the average flux through the core in
α
102
maxwells. the given core is = 31. From Fig. 6 the cor-
3.28
From the experimental data given in DuBois'
"The Magnetic Circuit in Theory and Practise' ' responding value of Ê is 4.27. Whence, from equa-
(p. 41), the value of the factor Κ for a uniform rod tion (20) the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit is
is somewhat less than for an ellipsoid. (The factor
4 (0.001 + 0.00444) X 102
3 R =
7Ã X ( 3 . 2 8 ) 2

Ê is equal to ^ — = 0.1194 times the factor C em-

O 7Ã
= 0.0656 oersted.
ployed by DuBois.) In Fig. 6 are given the values For a current of 5.98 amperes in 735 turns the magneto-
of Κ for a core of uniform cross-section, as calculated motive force is 4 ôô X 735 X 0.598 = 5530 gilberts.
from DuBois' experimental data, and also the theoreti- Whence from equation (19) the average flux is
cal values of Κ for an ellipsoid.
Defining the average permeability ì of the core as 5530
Φα = 84,500
the ratio of the average flux density in it to the average 0.0656
of the resultant magnetizing force in it, when both are The actual value of ö was 99,000. Considering the
α

expressed in c. g. s. electromagnetic units, equation (14) uncertainty in the assumed value of ì, this may be
for the magnetomotive force required to magnetize considered a fairly satisfactory check of equation
the core may be written (20).
ê Comparing Figs. 3 and 4 it is evident that the flux '
ΑπΝ I = B (18)
ì
+ a
distribution in the core is approximately the same for
a winding covering the central half as for a winding
where ì is in c. g. s. electromagnetic units. Or, covering the entire length of the core. Consequently,
substituting for B its value in terms of the total
a equation (20) may also be applied, with a fair degree
averagejflux ö (equation 17), this relation may be
α of approximation, even when the winding covers only
written half the total length of the core. That is, for the
4 7TJV I
same total ampere-turns, the average flux is approx-
Φα = maxwells (19) imately independent of the axial length of the winding,
R
provided this winding is uniformly distributed over
the central portion of the core. This is entirely in
Κ accord with the experimental data given in Figs. 3
R = I
ird 2

oersteds (20) and 4, viz., the total ampere-turns in the two cases
 Sept. 1920 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD 827

are 4400 and 4430 respectively, and the average in the length d χ is Ν/I d x. Whence the flux linkages
fluxes 99,000 and 101,000 respectively. of these turns are
SOLUTION OF PROBLEM A . Combining equations
Ν
(6) and (19) it follows that the magnetizing force d ë -γ ö dx
produced at the point Ñ on the axis of a straight core
magnetized b y a current of I absamperes in a uni- and the total flux linkages of the entire solenoid are
formly wound solenoid completely covering this core 1/2

is, ë = 2 - r ö dx
2N II
Η = Let ö be the average value of the flux through the
x R
3 á

turns which make up the solenoid. Then

1/2
ôô N Id 2
I
gilberts per cm. (22) ø dX = ö α

1_ ê
2χ 3

ì The total flux linkages of the solenoid are therefore

ë = Νö α

where all quantities are in c. g. s. electromagnetic Let I be the current required to produce the average
units. This formula is of course applicable only flux ö . Then the self-inductance of the solenoid
á

when the point Ñ is at a distance from the center of is

the core large in comparison with the length of the core. Ν ö α
When I is in amperes, the last relation becomes L = —æ— abhenries (23)
Nid 2

Η = where ö is in maxwells and J in absamperes.

gilberts per cm. (22a) á
6.37 χ (1/ì + Κ/ñ )
3 2

Equation (23) is directly applicable to a uniformly

In this expression I is the current in the winding, in wound solenoid on an iron core of the same length
amperes; Ν is the number of turns in the winding; as the solenoid. Neglecting the axial component of
d is the diameter of the core, in centimeters; χ is the the flux in the air between the surface of the core and
distance of the point Ñ from the center of the core, the mean circumference of the solenoid, the average
in centimeters, ì is the average permeability of the flux which links the turns of the solenoid may be taken
core, in c. g. s. electromagnetic units; ñ is the ratio equal to the average flux in the core, viz., to the value
of the length to the diameter of the core, and Κ is of ö given by equation (19). Whence, for such a wind-
α

a factor whose value is given b y the lower curve in ing the self-inductance is
Fig. 6.
4 ôô JV 2

Equation (22) applied to core and winding corres- L = abhenries (24)

R
ponding to Figs. 3 and 4 gives for Ç at a point 315
centimeters from the core the value 0.044 (as compared where R is given by equation (20).
with 0.048 observed) when the winding completely The reactance of this winding to a voltage of fre-
covers the core (Fig. 3 ) ; and the value 0.044 (as quency / i s X = 2 ð / L X 10~ ohms. Neglecting 9

compared with 0.049 observed) when the winding the resistance of the winding, the volt-amperes re-
covers only the central half of the core (Fig. 4 ) . The quired to produce in it a current whose maximum
permeability is assumed t o be 1000 in each case. value is I absamperes is
PROBLEM B . The self-inductance L of a winding is,
by definition, equal to the flux linkages of this winding Volt-amperes = X
per unit current in it. When the successive turns 10
of a winding of Ν turns are all threaded b y the same
4 7T /(iV 2
I)2

number of lines of force ö, the flux linkages are X 10- 7

(25)
R
ë = Ν ö. When the successive turns are not threaded
by the same number of lines of force the flux linkages In this equation R is the reluctancejin oersteds, as
are given b y equation (20). Substituting for (NI) its
ë = öÀ + ö + ö . - . • Φη 2 3
value from (22) and for R its value from equation
where öé, ö , ö , etc. are the number of lines of force
2 3
(20), there results
which thread the successive turns. Volt-amperes
Consider the special case of a uniformly wound
4 π/χ 6

solenoid of Ν turns and of axial length I Let d χ be +

2
X 10- 7
(26)
the width of a group of turns at an axial distance χ Id 2
ì Ë 2
y
from the center of the solenoid, and let ö be the flux This formula gives the volt-amperes necessary to
through this group of turns. The number of turns produce a magnetizing force o f \ H gilberts per centi-
 828 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD Journal Á . I. Å . E .

meter at a point on the axis of a straight core, at a

3.85 X 142,000
distance of χ centimeters from the center of the core, abhenries = 0.0475 henries
the core being uniformly wound throughout its length. 1.15
The other symbols in the formula are I = length of The self-inductance of the uniform winding (735
core in centimeters, d = diameter of core in centi- turns) covering 98 centimeters, or 96 per cent of the
meters, ñ = l/d , Κ = a factor given by the lower curve length of the core (Fig. 3) is
in Fig. 6, ì = the average permeability of the core,
/ = the frequency in cycles per second. 735 X 102,000
abhenries = 0.125 henries
The volume of the core is 0.598
7Ã
V =I d2
= Currents of 5.98 and 11.5 amperes respectively in
cu. cm.
these two windings produced substantially the same
Whence equation (26) may also be written external magnetic field. Hence, designating the volt-
amperes for the two cases P and P respectively,A 3
π fx"
2
/ J. Κ and noting that
Volt-amperes =
É + Η ÷ ÉÏ-
2 7

V ì
. 1 11.5
(26a) P = 2tt/L X 10° I
4 4
10 V2
where V is the volume of the core in cubic centimeters.
Note particularly that for a core of given dimensions 5.98
and given permeability the volt-amperes required P = 2tt/L X 10-
10 V2~
3 3

are proportional to the square of the magnetiz-

ing force which it is desired to produce and to the
sixth power of the distance of the given point from the
center of core. Also, for a given volume of core, the
longer the core in comparison with its diameter, the
more effective will it be.
For example, consider a core 50 feet long and 1 foot
in diameter, whose average permeability is 1000
c. g. s. electromagnetic units. The volt-amperes at 25
cycles required to produce a magnetizing force of 0.2
gilberts per centimeter (equal approximately to the
horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field)
at a point 150 feet from the center of the core (and on
its axis) are
4ôô X 25 X (150 X 3 0 . 4 8 ) 6
4.85
(50 X 30.48) (30.48) 2
1000À +
(50)
× (0.2) X 10- 2 7
there results
P 4 0.0475 11.5
1.40
0.125 5.98
The core which has a winding covering only its central
half therefore requires, to produce the same external
magnetic field, 40 per cent more volt-amperes for
excitation than the core which is uniformly wound
throughout its entire length. The exact percentage
difference will of course depend upon the permeability
and the relative dimensions of the ore. However,
irrespective of the permeability and dimensions, the
short winding will always require more volt-amperes,
due to the fact that the average flux which links its
2 turns is always greater than the average flux for the
entire length of the core.

When the winding is so distributed as to give a

= 23,900,000 volt-amperes, or 23,900 kilovolt-amperes. practically constant flux through each cross-section of
T o produce this same field intensity 300 feet from the the core, as in Fig. 5, its self-inductance is
center of the magnet would require 64 times as many
kilovolt-amperes, or 1,530,000 kv-a. Or, for the same Ν ö
kilovolt-amperes. (23,900), the magnetizing force 300
feet from the center of the magnet would be
1/2 = l/8th the intensity of the horizontal component
3 where Ν is the total number of turns in the winding
of the earth's field. and J the current. The self-inductance of the winding
PROBLEM C . Equation (23) is applicable not only corresponding to Fig. 5 is therefore
to the uniform winding covering the entire length of 5253 X 51,500
core, but also to a uniform winding covering only a U = abhenries = 3.22 henries
0.084
portion of the core, provided ö in this equation is
α

taken, not as the average flux for the entire core, but
for that particular portion which is covered by the
winding. Referring to Fig. 4, the average flux through
the central portion of the core covered b y the winding
(namely, the central 51 centimeters of the core) is the
average of ö between the limits χ = 0 and χ = 2 5 . 5 .
This average flux is 142,000. The self-inductance of
this winding (385 turns) is then, from equation (23),
The magnetizing force produced by a current of
0.84 amperes in this winding, at a point on the axis
of the core 315 centimeters from its center, was 0.028,
as against 0.048 for a current of 5.98 amperes in the
uniform winding of 735 turns covering the entire
length of core. Neglecting variations in permeability,
the current required in the full-length uniform winding,
to produce a magnetizing force of 0.028, would be
Sept. 1920 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD 829

Comparing equation (28) with equation (20), and

0.028
X 5.98 = 3.49 amperes. Hence, for the ex- noting that K for an ellipsoid is greater than Κ for
e
0.048
a cylinder, it is evident that, although the volume of
ternal magnetic field, the relative volt-amperes re- an ellipsoid of revolution is less than the volume of a
quired for the two windings would be in the ratio of cylinder of the same length and cross-section, the
reluctance of the complete path of the flux in the case
P 6 _ 3.22 / 0.84
0.84 V
49 of the ellipsoid is greater than the reluctance of the
P 3
=
0.125 VT« ; - · 1
complete path of the flux in the case of a cylinder.
A lumped winding at the two ends of the core therefore This greater reluctance is due to the fact that the
also requires more volt-amperes for excitation than flux density in an ellipsoid has the same value through-
a uniform winding covering the entire length of the out its length, whereas in a cylindrical core the average
core. flux density is only about 2/3 of the value at the center.
For the maximum external field per volt-ampere of The self-inductance of a uniform winding covering
excitation, the winding should therefore cover the entire the entire length of an ellipsoidal core is
length of the core and be uniformly distributed. Ν ö α

PROBLEM D . The volume of an ellipsoid of revolu- L =

tion, of a given length and maximum diameter is 2/3
of a volume of a cylinder of the same length and same where I is the current and ö the average flux through α

diameter. Assuming a uniformly wound solenoid to the core. Substituting for ö its value from equation α

produce a uniform magnetic field in the space enclosed (27), there results
by its winding (which is approximately true except 4 irN 2

for the region near its two ends), the ampere-turns L =

required to magnetize such a core are, from equation Re
(13), From equation (25) the volt-amperes required for
4 ôô Ν I = (H + K B ) a x e
excitation, to produce a maximum current of J
where K is given b y equation (12) and
x absamperes, is then
4 ö ο 4ôô /(ËÃ 2
I)
2

B = Volt-amperes = - X io- 7 (29)

c
ird 2
Re
and öο is the flux through the central cross-section of where I is in absamperes (maximum value) and R is
the ellipsoid. This maximum flux ö is equal to 3/2 à
in oersteds. Substituting for (NI) its value from
times the average flux ö through the ellipsoid. Also,
α
(27) there results
B c fRe
H a = . Whence Volt-amperes = Φα × ÉÏ"
2 7

Substituting for ö its value from equation (6), and

α

4ôôËß J for R its value from (28), there results

e

4 7Ã / X 6

and therefore Volt-amperes

Id 2
2 ì + ÷ io- 7

AwNI
Φα (27) (30)
Re
The volume of an ellipsoid of revolution is
where
7Ã
3 3 V = —— id 2

Re
7Ã d 2
\ 2 ì
Whence equation (30) may be written
As before equation (16), put
Volt-amperes
_3
K log 2p- 1 π fx
2 6
( \_ 2 Ke
+ Η ßï-
2
7
2
e e

V \ ì ÷
(The subscript " e " is here used to designate that this (30a)
value of Κ refers to an ellipsoid). Then Comparing this expression with equation (26a) for
3 K a cylindrical core it is evident that for the same volt-
e

Re = amperes and same volume of iron, the magnetizing

㚠2
2 ì +
P 2

force H produced at a point at a given distance χ

e

(28) from the center of an ellipsoid core, and the magnetiz-

The value of K for an ellipsoid is given b y the upper
e ing force Η produced at a point at an equal distance
curve in Fig. 6. from the center of a cylindrical core, are in the ratio
 830 HUTCHINSON A N D PENDER: EXTERNAL FIELD
(31)
Η the winding (10 amperes) was found to be reduced
For example, for ì = 1000 and ñ 31, Κ = 4 . 2 7
and K = 4 . 7 0 . Whence
e
1.13
Η square-root of the volume of the core (equation 30a),
For these conditions the effectiveness of the ellipsoid
core is only 13 per cent greater than that of a cylin-
drical core. This gain would hardly justify the labor
involved in tapering the core.
As a rough experimental check on the effect of
tapering a core, the core of iron wires above described
was excited by a current of 10 amperes in a coil covering
the central 61 centimeters of its axial length. The
magnetizing force at a point 300 centimeters from the
center of the core was measured b y means of a magneto-
meter, and found to be 3 5 . 2 units (arbitrary scale).
The core was then tapered at each end (by cutting
off the wires of successive layers to different lengths),
REORGANIZATION OF NELA RESEARCH
LABORATORIES
Nela Research Laboratory was organized in 1908
under the Directorship of Dr. Edward P. Hyde as The
Physical Laboratory of the National Electric Lamp
Association. The name was changed to Nela Research
Laboratory in 1913, when the National Electric Lamp
Association became the National Lamp Works of
General Electric Company. For some years the Labo-
ratory was devoted exclusively to the development of
those sciences on which the art of lighting has its foun-
dation, but in 1914 the functions of the Laboratory
were extended b y the addition of a small Section of
Applied Science, which had an immediate practical
objective.
The Section of Applied Science is now being largely
extended as a separate Laboratory of Applied Science
under the immediate direction of Mr. M . Luckiesh,
who becomes Director of Applied Science, and a new
building is being constructed to house this branch of
the work, which will be carried forward with a staff of
several physicists, an engineer, an architect and a de-
signer, together with the necessary technical and cler-
ical assistants.
Dr. Ernest Fox Nichols, formerly President of Dart-
mouth College, and more recently Professor of Physics
at Yale University, has accepted an invitation to assume
the immediate direction of the Laboratory of Pure
Science under the title of Director of Pure Science. The
work of this Laboratory, which will be continued in
the present building, will be somewhat further extended
under the new organization.
Journal Á . I. Å . Å
making a taper from 3.28 to 2 . 1 centimeters in a
distance of 19 centimeters. The magnetizing force
at the same point as before for the same current in
to 33.7 units (on the same arbitrary scale). The
decrease in the volume of the core was 11.3 per cent,
and the decrease in the magnetizing force was 4 . 3 per
cent.
Since for a fixed number of volt-amperes the
magnetizing force at the external point varies as the
had the tapered core been of the same volume as the
cylindrical core, (i. e., increased from a volume of 0.87
to 1.00, or 15 per cent) the magnetizing force for the
same number of volt-amperes in the two cases would
have been in the ratio of
(33.7) V I . 15
1.03
Η 35.2
That is, for the same volume and same volt-amperes
the tapered core used in the experiment would have
produced a magnetizing force only 3 per cent greater
than a cylindrical core.
The Laboratory of Pure Science and the Labora-
tory of Applied Science will together constitute the
Nela Research Laboratories, and will be co-ordinated
under the general direction of Dr. Hyde, who becomes
Director of Research.
INVESTIGATIONS IN ELECTROLYSIS
Early in the year, definite arrangements were made
with the American Committee on Electrolysis, which
represents all of the great national associations of
utility companies, for cooperative work between that
Committee and the Bureau of Standards in conducting
an extensive research in the field of electrolysis miti-
gation. After this arrangement had been made, the
Committee asked the Bureau to outline a program of
research work to be carried out jointly, and such a pro-
gram was formulated by the Bureau and approved by
the Committee.
During the last four months a number of somewhat
extended investigations have been carried out in co-
operation with this Committee in several middle West-
ern cities. This work has been confined largely, and
almost exclusively, to the effect of pipe drainage on
underground systems, especial attention being given
to the possibility of joint electrolysis on high resis-
tance joints and interchange of current between drained
systems. Some attention has also been given to the
three-wire systems of power distribution and also to
automatic substation installations as a means of elec-
trolysis mitigation. This joint investigation is an ex-
tremely important one and it is hoped that means will
be found for continuing it during the coming year.