Chapter -I Int~~daction

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solid State Ionics
1.2.1 Ionic solids and theiu classification
1.2.2. Classificationof super ionic cor~ductors
1.3 Science of solid polymer electrolytes
1.3.1. Classificationof solid polymer electrolyte materials
1.3.2. Polymer salt complexes
1.3.3. Basic characteristicsof polymer salt complexes
1.3.4. Criteria for Polymer - Salt Complexation
1.4 Alteration of polymer electrolytes
1-4.1. Blend-Based polymer systems
1.5 Applications of Polymer Electrolytes
1.6 Solid state electrochemicalcells
1.6.1. Primary batteries
1.6.2. Secondary batteries
1.6.3.The major drawback of solid state batteries
1.7 Solid state polymer batteries
1.7.1. Some conventional polymer batteries
1.7.2. Advantages of polymer electrolytes in battery
applications
1.8 Non-battery applications solid polymer electrolytes
1.9 Literature survey on polymer electrolytes
1.9.1. Structural and electrical characterization
1.9.2. Dielectric relaxation mechanism
1.9.3. Optical absorption studies
1.9.4. Polymer Batteries
1.10. Aim and scope of the present work
Rvfprpn~~
Cbapter-II EXPEWNTAL TECHNIQUES
2.1 Wuetiion
2.2 Details of the materials used in the present Investigations
2.2.1. Poly ethylene oxide (PEO)
2.2.2. Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)
2.2.3. Solubility of polymers in methanol
2.2.4. Dissociation of salt in present electrolytes
2.3. Methods of polymer film preparation
2.4. Polymer blend film preparation in the present studies
2.5. Thickness of the film
2.6. Structural and Compositional studies
2.6.1.X-ray diffraction technique (XRD)
(i) Principle of x-ray diffraction
(ii) Origin of X-ray diffraction (peaks)
(iii) XRD-Instrumentation
(iv) X-ray diffraction patterns
2.6.2. Infrared Spectroscopy
(i) FT-IR - Instrumentation
(ii) Origin of IR bands (Spectra)
(iii) Fundamental vibrations
(iv) Nomenclature used to describe the fundamental
vibrations
(v) IR spectrum
2.6.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
(i) Principle of imaging
(ii) Instrumentation of SEM
2.6.4. Thermal analysis of polymers
A. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
(i) Instnunentation of DSC
(i) The Basic Principle of phase transition
(iii) DSC c u m 9
B. Tharmo Gravhtric Analysis (TGA)
(i) Principle
 (iii) TGA tnuxs
2.7. Electrical chmcterbtion
2.7.1. Transport numben
2.7.2. Complex impedancespectroscopy (CIS)
2.7.3. Dielectric studies
2.8. Optical studies
2.8.1. Optical spectroscopy
2.8.2. Optical absorption studies
2.8.3. Instrumentation
2.9. Polymer electrolyte electrochemicalcells
2.9.1. Fabrication and discharge characteristics of
electrochemical cells
References

Chapter-111 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

3.1 Introduction
3.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies
3.2.1. Identification of contents and their phase
3.2.2. Confirmation of (complexation) salt interaction with
host polymer
3.3. Infrared spectrometry
3.3.1. IR Absorption spectra- Analysis
3.3.2. Qualitative analysis of vibrational spectra
(i) PEO backbone confirmation
(ii) PVP backbone confirmation
(iii) Absorption peaks of salts
(iv) Confirmation of complexation
3.4. Electron microscopy
3.4.1.The membrane surfwe morphology
3.5. Thermal analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.5.1. Glass transition temperatwe
3.5.2. Glass Imdtion tempemhe of pun and complexsd
3.5.3. clysanity
3.5.4. Crsytellinity pure and compkxd
3.5.5. Crystalline nwlt~Me1tinattmmdm
 3.5.6. Melting knqmmture
3.6. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.6.1. Thermo gravimetric analysis of pure and doped
References

Chapter IV ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION

4.1 Introduction
Section-A
4.2 Conduction mechanism
(a) Free volume theory
(b) The Gibbs-DiMarzio configurational entropy model
(c) Dynamic bond percolation model
4.2.1. Measurement of charge carrier transport numbers
Confirmation of nature of conductivity in the present
4.2,2. Cationic and anionic contribution to the ionic
transport number
(i) Cationic transport number
(ii) Anionic transport number
4.2.3. Complex Impedance spectroscopic analysis
4.2.3.1. Impedance data analysis -Theory of Impedance
measurements
4.2.3.2. Impedance analysis of PEO/PVP/NaX blend
electrolytes
(a) Ionic conductivity measurements
(b) Temperalute dependence of conductivity-
Arrhenius behavior
. (c) Activation energies
(d) Compositional dependence of conductivity
analysis
4.2.3.3. Frequency dependent total d u c t i v i t y
(a) Tern- depahw of n
(b) C o e o n dependence of n
 4.3. Dielectric studies
(a) Polarization in polymers
(b)Dielectric relaxation
(c) Dielectric loss
(d) Dielectric Loss tangent
4.3.1. Frequency dependence of tan6 of pure and complexed
(a) Apparent activation energies
(b) Relaxation times
4.3.2.Temperature dependence of tan6 and dielectric
relaxation
4.3.3.Dielectric constant
4.3.3.1Frequency dependence of real part of dielectric
constant
4.3.3.2Temperature dependence of real part of dielectric
constant
4.3.4Electric Modulus - spectra analysis
4.3.4.1Frequency dependence of real part of
electric modulus M'
4.3.4.2Frequency dependence of imaginary part of
electric modules M"
4.3.4.3Temperature dependence of Mu
Section - C
4.4 Optical Properties
4.4.1Optical parameters of PEOIPVP polymer blend
electrolytes
4.4,l.1 Absorption coefficient
4.4.1.2 Absorption edge
4.4.1.3 Direct and Indirect band gaps
Seetion -D
4.5 Polymer Batteries
4.5.1 Design.coobi@on, working principle of
Palymcrbattories
4.5.2 E l m h e m i d cell paformanctpsrameters
 4.5.3 Advantages of solid state elemchemical cells
4.5.4 Fabrication of electrochemicalcells using.
4.5.5 Discharge characteristics
References

Cbapter -V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structural characterization
5.2.1 X-ray diffraction studies
5.2.2 FTIR spectroscopic studies
5.2.3SEM studies on surface morphology
5.2.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for
thermal analysis
5.2.5 Tbermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
5.3 Electrical characterization
5.3.1 Measurement of charge carrier transport numbers
5.3.2 Cationic and anionic contribution to the ionic
transport number
5.3.3 Impedance analysis
5.3.4 Frequency dependent total conductivity
5.3.5 Dielectric studies
5.3.6 Electric modulus
5.3.7 Optical absorption studies
5.4. Solid state polymer electrochemical cells
5.5 Scope for further research