Introduction to Research Dossier

The topic I chose to research for my research project this semester is the relationship between
Artificial intelligence and human life doctors in the medical field due to rapid needs of
treatments. I have an interest in the medical field and this topic is still in discussion today.
Vaccinations have been in question for over 200 years, so many diseases have come and gone
with the improvement of technology. In the 21st century we have overcame smallpox, polio,
rinderpest, and many more. The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed how outpatient
care is delivered in health care practices. To decrease the risk of transmitting the virus to either
patients or health care workers within their practice, providers are using AI for fevers,
temperatures, radiology, etc. In my upcoming research paper, I want to show how artificial
intelligence can deplete Covid-19 faster than any solution. The sources I used show’s the
relationship of artificial intelligence and medicine. Another source shows the improvement
artificial intelligence has had in reliability over the last couple of years. Another source
represents the idea of making a Covid-19 as soon as possible with the help of AI.

I always knew I wanted to major in biomedical as a young kid. Helping people is very important
to me especially ones who can’t help themselves. This major provides discipline-specific
knowledge required for students to pursue graduate programs in the health sciences. It provides a
thorough foundation in biology’s fundamental principles including organism function, cell
biology, genetics, physiology and the research process. You could help save a life or help bring a
new one into the world. You can care for patients as they recover, assist families through some
of the most difficult times in their lives, or work behind the scenes to keep a medical facility
running smoothly. Regardless of your specific role in the industry, you'll play some part in
helping people, or even entire communities, and positively affect their lives as a result.

With completing my research for this project, I will be able to decide whether or not the medical
field is a good choice of profession for me. If I do make the ultimate decision of pursuing a
career in the medical field, it will be because of how much of a positive contribution I can make
in bettering people in need of or seeking medical treatment.

I want to become a radiologist which is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease and injury by using medical imaging technologies, such as MRI and
CT. Radiologists also treat diseases, such as cancer or heart disease, by means of radiation or
minimally invasive, image-guided surgery. This includes artificial intelligence, AI in
medicine read in some type of data, either numerical (such as heart rate or blood pressure) or
image-based (such as MRI scans or Images of Biopsy Tissue Samples) as an input. Since Covid-
19 radiology practices have experienced declines in volumes never seen before, or maybe even
imagined. Many radiology volumes have declined by 50 percent-70-percent, with even greater
reductions in outpatient volumes. The most severely impacted practices are those in COVID-19
hot spot areas where many centers have been forced to close their operations almost completely.

Research Proposal
Subject: Research Proposal: The impact Artificial Intelligence has on Covid-19

Topic Description:

Technology has help us evolve tremulously since the 15th century. With an infectious disease like
COVID-19, surveillance is crucial. Human activity -especially migration- has been responsible
for the spread of the virus around the world. Canada based BlueDot has leveraged machine
learning and natural language processing to track, recognize, and report the spread of the virus
quicker than the World Health Organization and the US Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Thermal cameras have been used for some time now for detecting people
with fever. The drawback to the technology is the need for a human operator. Now, however,
cameras possessing AI-based multisensory technology have been deployed in airports, hospitals,
nursing homes, etc. The technology automatically detects individuals with fever and tracks their
movements, recognize their faces, and detect whether the person is wearing a face mask. Patient
care, without risk to healthcare workers, has also benefited as robots are used for food and
medication delivery. The role of room cleaning and sterilization of isolation wards has also been
filled by robots. 

Documentation Style: I will be using MLA style.

Purpose: My major is biomedical sciences, and this relates to me because I want to become a
doctor and the impact that technology has may change the medical field forever. With the
documents I have chosen to put in my bibliography, they give opposing views so I can have an
overall outlook on the topic. Covid-19 has put the world In shambles people are sick and dying
and a cure is not out there. Artificial intelligence increases the likely of a vaccine coming out and
people being treated and high survival rates. The use of Artificial intelligence has led to the
decrease of human interaction which initially spreads the disease.

Intended Audience: The readers that would benefit from this research would be individuals who
are interested in the relationship between AI and medicine. Also, everyone in the world could
benefit from the information since Covid-19 is a global pandemic.

Research Question: Has the widespread of Covid-19 led to the urgent Al applications in the
medical field?

Type of Research Areas: I will be using scholarly and other sources of information via Internet.

Visuals:
 Annotated Bibliography

The practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine

Kermany, D. S. et al. Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep
learning. Cell 172, 1122–1131.e9 (2018).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0307-0
Content: The author speaks on the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies
in medicine, which is advancing rapidly, but real-world clinical implementation has not yet
become a reality.
Author: The author Kermany is a doctor in radiology which identifies medical diseases.
Beam: I will be using this source to provide background information on the increase of Artificial
intelligence and its’s impact on the world today. The key practical issues surrounding the
implementation of AI into existing clinical workflows, including data sharing and privacy,
transparency of algorithms, data standardization, and interoperability across multiple platforms,
and concern for patient safety.

Artificial intelligence powers digital medicine

Stanford University. One Hundred Year Study onArtificial Intelligence. Online (2015).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-017-0012-2]/

Content: Stanford University speaks on AI success which has been driven by advances in
machine learning, in which computer algorithms learn from data without human direction. Most
sophisticated processes that involve some form of prediction generated from a large data set use
this type of AI, including image recognition, web-search, speech-to-text language processing,
and e-commerce product recommendations. 

Author: Stanford University, high rank school of medicine.

BEAM: There is anticipation that these advances will continue to accelerate: a recent survey of
leading AI researchers predicted that, within the next 10 years, AI will outperform humans in
transcribing speech, translating languages, and driving a truck. This reading speaks on the
positive outcomes of Artificial intelligence in the medical field and the advances the world can
have in the future.

Optimizing safety surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines

Hotez, P. J., Corry, D. B. & Bottazzi, M. E. COVID-19 vaccine design: the Janus face of
immune enhancement. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 347–348 (2020).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-0372-8

Content: Hotez speaks on The deployment of a vaccine (or vaccines) to COVID-19 which, will
be ground-breaking, given the immediacy of its need in relation to the current development
phase of the candidate vaccines. Some initial work on coronavirus vaccines had been completed
before the COVID-19 pandemic, and challenges to the development of effective and safe
vaccines against coronaviruses have been detailed in the literature.

Author: Hotez is a part of Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX,
USA.

BEAM: The imbalance between our knowledge of the safety of a vaccine candidate and the
extent of potential post-approval use of that vaccine at the time of licensure will be very large
indeed. This document speaks on the uncertainty of vaccines there are issues with technology
that no one may never figure out, it’s a possibly.

How Artificial Intelligence is helping fight the Covid-19 Pandemic

Obeidat, S. (2020, March 30). How Artificial Intelligence Is Helping Fight The COVID-19
Pandemic.
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/348368
Content: This article speaks about the many intelligent devices that are being used to combat
Covid-19.

Author: The author is from the company Entrepreneur Middle East, an international franchise of
Entrepreneur Media. Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

Beam: This article well be helpful because it shows what type of devices are used such as
thermal actions and healthcare bots.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

J. Needham, D. Kuhn, T.-H. Tsuen Science and civilization in China

Physics and physical technology; pt. 2, mechanical engineering, vol. 4, Cambridge University
Press (1965)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002604951730015X
Content: The document speaks on informatics approaches from deep learning information
management to control of health management systems, including electronic health records, and
active guidance of physicians in their treatment decisions. 
Author: The authors are doctors in Montreal, specializing in medicine.
BEAM: This article will give insight on how other parts of the world are reacting Covid-19 and
their use of artificial intelligence.

The coming of age of artificial intelligence in medicine

V.L. Patel, J. Zhang, N.A. Yoskowitz, R. Green, O.R. SayanTranslational cognition for decision

support in critical care environments: a review
Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 41 (2008), pp. 413-431
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365708000961

Content: This paper is based on a panel discussion held at the Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Europe (AIME) conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in July 2007.
Author: The authors are from the department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State
University.
BEAM: This is useful because it shows the start of Artificial intelligence so I can compare from
2007 to 2020. Participants focus on their personal areas of expertise, ranging from clinical
decision-making, reasoning under uncertainty, and knowledge representation to systems
integration, translational bioinformatics, and cognitive issues in both the modeling of expertise
and the creation of acceptable systems.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

William B. Schwartz, M.D.
Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA 02111
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM198703123161109
Content: This document speaks about the wrongdoings of Artificial intelligence and how it can
impact medicine for the worst.
Author: The author studied at Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA 02111.
BEAM: This will give my research a counterargument so my proposal would not be one sided.

Vaccines for COVID-19: The current state of play

Pediatric Respiratory Reviews
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526054220300956/?via=ihub
Content: This document review vaccine types, and progress with 10 vaccine candidates against
SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19 currently undergoing early phase human trials.
Also consider the many challenges of developing and deploying a new vaccine on a global scale.
Author: National Centre for Immunization Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW,
Australia.
BEAM: This will give me more insight on the biology side of Covid. In SARS-CoV, of all the
structural proteins, S protein was found to elicit neutralizing antibody and is a major target
antigen for vaccine development

The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

Tung Thanh Le, Zacharias Andreadakis, Arun Kumar, Raúl Gómez Román, Stig Tollefsen,
Melanie Saville and Stephen Mayhew May, 2020.Volume 35, September 2020, Pages 43-49
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tung_Le53/publication/340535627_The_COVID-
19_vaccine_development_landscape/links/5ead65c5a6fdcc7050a1c089/The-COVID-19-vaccine-
development-landscape.pdf
Content: This article is about the global vaccine R&D effort and the response to the COVID-19
pandemic in terms of scale and speed.
Author: The authors are from CEPI. CEPI is a funder of some of the vaccine projects
highlighted in this article. M.S. owns stock in a COVID-19 vaccine developer that is not funded
by CEPI
BEAM: This would be helpful to me because it shows where vaccinations development are
taken place.

Vaccines for COVID-19: Perspectives, Prospects, and Challenges Based on Candidate SARS,
MERS, and Animal Coronavirus Vaccines. ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY • March 2020
https://emj.emg-health.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Vaccines-for-COVID-19-
Perspectives-Prospects-and-Challenges-Based-on-Candidate-SARS-MERS-and-Animal-
Coronavirus-Vaccines.pdf
Content: This article shows how there are no coronavirus vaccines to prevent respiratory
infections in humans have been licensed. In animals, only IBV vaccines are licensed to prevent
upper respiratory CoV infections in chickens.
Author: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio, USA 2. Ohio Agricultural Research &
Development Center (OARDC), Ohio, USA
BEAM: This would helpful to know what vaccines are out there and candidate vaccines for
humans.

Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed

This article was published on March 30, 2020, and last updated on May 21, 2020, at NEJM.org.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005630

Content: This article speaks about the steps of developing a vaccine. This requires a new
pandemic paradigm with a fast start and many steps executed in parallel before confirming a
successful outcome of another step, hence resulting in elevated financial risk.

Author: World Health Organization. Draft landscape of Covid-19 candidate vaccines. 

BEAM: This article shows the financial impact vaccines will have on the world. This gives
another aspect of the topic.
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward
Published: 15 July 2020
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-020-0737-y?
elqTrackId=5debe8a10e41435b86d1608376c3e89a

Content: This document shows when designing a vaccine, one needs to define the antigen, the
adjuvant, the manufacturing system and the delivery strategy.

Author: Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,

USA

BEAM: This would be helpful because it shows the steps for a vaccine to be created and
certified to the public.