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Deaundreia Williams

Dr.Guenzel

ENC 1102

November 12, 2020

A Rhetorical Analysis of: Artificial Intelligence spiraling in Healthcare

  From my research, I came across this article that needs further analysis. The argument between

vaccines and artificial intelligence is becoming arduous. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly

becoming an important approach across biomedical discovery, clinical research, medical

diagnostics/devices, and precision medicine. Such tools can uncover new possibilities for

researchers, physicians, and patients, allowing them to make more informed decisions and

achieve better outcomes. There are many concerns that artificial intelligence will cause issues

concerning health. The article " Societal Issues Concerning the Application of Artificial

Intelligence in Medicine", effectively indicates the wrongdoings of Artificial intelligence and

how it can impact medicine for the worst.

In the text, "A Rhetoricians View: Rhetorical Analysis of Nontraditional Texts" the author

speaks about the content, purpose, and audience of a text. The text states " When you review the

text for evidence, you are clarifying your own initial thoughts, you are searching for the

truth..."(374). Meaning that the reader is looking for rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and

logos to ensure the validity of what's being stated. The author’s tone is solemn she is very

serious about the societal issues related to the use of AI. She states specific issues such as

“fairness, privacy and anonymity, explain ability and interpretability, but also some broader

societal issues, such as ethics and legislation”(Vellido 2018). This gives the text reasoning on
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why AI should not be used in the medical field. Data analysis in medicine has for long been the

territory of statisticians, but medical data are reaching beyond the merely quantitative to take

more complex forms, such as, for instance, textual information in Electronic Health Records

(EHR), images in many modalities, on their own or mixed with other types of signals, or graphs

describing biochemical pathways or biomarker interactions .

The author shows pathos by saying medical data is reaching beyond what it's capable of

performing she cares about the patient’s well-being. The text states” Since AI technology is

advancing so rapidly, it is vital for us to start to debate the best ways for AI to develop positively

while minimizing its destructive potential” ( Vellido 2018). The author feels as if artificial

intelligence is used for many good causes including to help us make better medical diagnoses,

find new ways to cure cancer and make our cars safer. Unfortunately, as our AI capabilities

expand, we will also see it being used for dangerous or malicious purposes. With artificial

intelligence your privacy can be leaked, artificial intelligence is multi-faceted and responds to the

environmental pressures of human societies. Ethics is one of those facets for which AI is still

fairly unprepared she argues.

Eliminating the empathetic relationship is another potential consequence of poorly designed

and integrated AI. Health care is built on a human-human link. So many people in the U.S. are

mis diagnosed “medical error is the third leading cause of death in the U.S., attesting to both the

need for improving the system but also the fragility of the system and consequences of poor

design”( Enid). Humans desire and benefit from the problem-solving that comes from

conversations. In clinics with electronic health records, physicians spend about 27 percent of

their time on patient care and 52 percent time in the exam room interacting with the patient. For

instance, your data set might be drawing from a cancer screening clinic that is only open for lung
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cancer tests on Fridays. As a result, an AI algorithm could decide that scans taken on Fridays are

more likely to be lung cancer. That trivial relationship would then get baked into the formula for

making further diagnoses. If AI is going to prove truly revolutionary, it will need to do more than

just reinstate the status quo in medicine; and before any such approach is adopted, it’s important

to address a pair of fundamental questions: What problem is the technology trying to address,

and how will it improve patient outcomes? It may take some time to find the necessary answers.

In one case, AI software incorrectly concluded that people with pneumonia were less likely to

die if they had asthma, an error that could have led doctors to deprive asthma patients of the

extra care they need. “It’s only a matter of time before something like this leads to a serious

health problem,” said Steven Nissen, chairman of cardiology at the Cleveland Clinic. This doctor

agrees with Vellido in the terms of artificial intelligence becoming too advanced for medicine.

In James Porter's article, "Intertextuality and the Discourse Community" the idea of

intertextuality comes from a background of sorts, " the principle that all writing and speech-

indeed, all signs-arise from a single network" ( Porter,pg.34). This works like a food chain, in

order for intertextuality to work there has to be an interconnection between similar texts of

speech. Intertextuality gives a text meaning such as rhetoric. Vellido uses intertextuality in his

article about artificial intelligence. There is a connection between the positive use of artificial

intelligence and the negative. The author just wants to be safe with the impact artificial

intelligence will have on the world. Intertextuality gives the reader a clear understanding of

what's being stated. In the article, “Artificial Intelligence Is Rushing Into Patient Care-And

Could Raise Risks” there is a clear example of a study that was performed to test Al abilities.

Both articles have a connection with each other however, giving examples proves your point

rather than opinionated reasoning.

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In the text, “ A Philosopher's View: The Toulmin Model " ( 293-306) the author goes over

elements of argumentation. The first element discussed is the claim "every argument has a

purpose, goal, or aim-namely, to establish a claim. "( 294) A claim is what your argument will be

about. Claims are, essentially, the evidence that writers or speakers use to prove their point. The

role of claims in writing is essential. The claim was done very well in this article it was a very

clear statement. The claim was that artificial intelligence is a threat concerning the health of

human beings in times of Covid-19.

In the text, Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, Gee argues that language often ties into

grammar which confuses the importance of writing. The text states " What is important is not a

language, surely not grammar, but saying ( writing)-doing-being-valuing-believing combinations

( Gee 2). The author suggests these combinations are called discourses which are ways of being

that includes beliefs, values, and attitudes, and other social reliance’s. The author is a doctor who

knows a history in the understanding of artificial intelligence. Discourse is more than a language

they represent who you are. Ways of talking, acting, can be counted as discourses.

In the text, “ Analyzing an Argument “ the author speaks about the intended purpose of a text

argument. This text basically says to look out for the author’s purpose, why was this so

important? The author’s purpose in “Societal Issues Concerning the Application of Artificial

Intelligence in Medicine” is to inform readers about the uncertainty of artificial intelligence

when it comes down to our health. He constantly reminds the reader that many of these

difficulties should concern medical and healthcare practices and should be brought to the

attention of the public. The audience would be individuals who believe that artificial intelligence

could end Covid-19 or anyone who has Covid-19 and is thinking about a treatment option.
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The author of this article did not provide enough statistical evidence to prove his point

concerning artificial intelligence. With the use of stats, the reader can know for sure that artificial

intelligence has a negative impact concerning health specifically, Covid-19. This can weaken the

argument since evidence is not distinct. Other than that, the author had a detailed argument

discerning artificial intelligence.

This is an informal piece of writing because she is speaking about why he feels that AI is a

bad choice when it comes down to our health. This document disagrees with my topic however,

there is also some middle ground that I can put into my research paper. This would be an

example of intertextuality which is the interrelationship between texts, especially works of

literature; the way that similar or related texts influence, reflect, or differ from each other. By

analyzing this argument the author has strong and weak components. The article " Societal Issues

Concerning the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine", overall, distinctly proves the

uncertainty of Artificial Intelligence concerning health.

Works Cited
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A Philosopher’s View: The Toulmin Model” (293-306)

"A Rhetoricians View: Rhetorical Analysis of Nontraditional Texts" ( 374)

Enid Montague. “Dangers of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.” TheHill, The Hill, 16 Jan.

2020, thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/478651-dangers-of-artificial-intelligence-in-medicine.

Gee. “Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics”, Page 2.

Szabo, Liz. “Artificial Intelligence Is Rushing Into Patient Care-And Could Raise
Risks.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 24 Dec. 2019,
www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-intelligence-is-rushing-into-patient-care-and-
could-raise-risks/.

Vellido, Alfredo. “Societal Issues Concerning the Application of Artificial

Intelligence in Medicine.” Kidney Diseases, Karger Publishers, 3 Sept. 2018,.